Latest / Okay, But... Birds / Okay, but why do some birds thrive in cities?

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Okay, but why do some birds thrive in cities? · Okay, But... Birds

• 0:00
  Yeah,
• 0:00
  so
• 0:00
  we
• 0:00
  found
• 0:00
  that
• 0:01
  the,
• 0:01
  the
• 0:01
  birds
• 0:02
  that
• 0:02
  nested
• 0:02
  in
• 0:03
  the
• 0:03
  most
• 0:03
  disturbed
• 0:04
  places,
• 0:05
  like
• 0:05
  in
• 0:05
  the
• 0:05
  Arby's
• 0:06
  drive
• 0:06
  throughs
• 0:06
  and
• 0:06
  parking
• 0:07
  lots,
• 0:07
  they
• 0:08
  had
• 0:08
  higher
• 0:08
  fledging
• 0:09
  success.
• 0:09
  They
• 0:09
  were
• 0:09
  more
• 0:10
  likely
• 0:10
  for
• 0:10
  their
• 0:11
  nests
• 0:11
  to
• 0:11
  survive.
• 0:12
  And
• 0:12
  we
• 0:12
  think
• 0:12
  it's
• 0:13
  because
• 0:13
  of
• 0:13
  this
• 0:14
  thing
• 0:14
  called
• 0:14
  the
• 0:14
  human
• 0:15
  shield
• 0:15
  hypothesis.
• 0:40
  Back
• 0:40
  in
• 0:41
  rural
• 0:41
  Canada,
• 0:41
  the
• 0:42
  city
• 0:42
  felt
• 0:42
  like
• 0:42
  a
• 0:43
  different
• 0:43
  species.
• 0:44
  I
• 0:44
  grew
• 0:44
  up
• 0:44
  in
• 0:44
  a
• 0:44
  place
• 0:45
  where
• 0:45
  the
• 0:45
  loudest
• 0:45
  thing
• 0:45
  on
• 0:46
  the
• 0:46
  street
• 0:46
  was
• 0:47
  like
• 0:47
  a
• 0:47
  pickup
• 0:47
  truck
• 0:48
  that
• 0:48
  needed
• 0:48
  a
• 0:48
  new
• 0:48
  muffler,
• 0:49
  where
• 0:49
  traffic
• 0:50
  meant
• 0:50
  you
• 0:50
  got
• 0:50
  stuck
• 0:51
  behind
• 0:51
  a
• 0:51
  tractor
• 0:51
  for
• 0:52
  two
• 0:52
  minutes
• 0:52
  and
• 0:52
  then
• 0:52
  you
• 0:52
  told
• 0:53
  that
• 0:53
  story
• 0:53
  for
• 0:54
  a
• 0:54
  week.
• 0:54
  And
• 0:55
  I
• 0:55
  loved
• 0:55
  it.
• 0:56
  I
• 0:56
  was
• 0:56
  a
• 0:56
  woods
• 0:57
  kid,
• 0:57
  a
• 0:57
  field
• 0:58
  edge
• 0:58
  kid,
• 0:59
  a
• 0:59
  stand
• 1:00
  really
• 1:00
  still
• 1:00
  and
• 1:00
  you'll
• 1:01
  see
• 1:01
  something
• 1:01
  cool
• 1:01
  kid.
• 1:02
  The
• 1:03
  city,
• 1:03
  though,
• 1:03
  I
• 1:04
  did
• 1:04
  not
• 1:04
  feel
• 1:04
  built
• 1:04
  for
• 1:05
  it.
• 1:05
  The
• 1:05
  lights,
• 1:06
  the
• 1:06
  noise,
• 1:06
  the
• 1:06
  way
• 1:07
  everyone
• 1:07
  walks
• 1:07
  like
• 1:08
  they're
• 1:08
  late
• 1:08
  to
• 1:08
  a
• 1:08
  meeting,
• 1:09
  the
• 1:09
  vibes
• 1:10
  were
• 1:10
  overstimulating.
• 1:11
  So
• 1:12
  for
• 1:12
  a
• 1:12
  long
• 1:12
  time
• 1:12
  I
• 1:12
  had
• 1:13
  this
• 1:13
  assumption
• 1:13
  that
• 1:13
  cities
• 1:14
  were
• 1:14
  kind
• 1:14
  of
• 1:15
  biological
• 1:15
  dead
• 1:16
  zones.
• 1:16
  Like
• 1:16
  sure,
• 1:16
  there
• 1:17
  are
• 1:17
  people
• 1:17
  and
• 1:17
  coffee
• 1:18
  and
• 1:18
  that
• 1:18
  one
• 1:18
  tree
• 1:18
  in
• 1:19
  the
• 1:19
  sidewalk
• 1:19
  cutout
• 1:20
  that's
• 1:20
  doing
• 1:20
  its
• 1:20
  best,
• 1:21
  but
• 1:21
  real
• 1:22
  nature,
• 1:22
  real
• 1:22
  birds,
• 1:23
  that's
• 1:23
  out
• 1:23
  there
• 1:23
  in
• 1:24
  the
• 1:24
  real
• 1:24
  world.
• 1:25
  And
• 1:25
  then
• 1:25
  I
• 1:26
  moved
• 1:26
  to
• 1:26
  Denver
• 1:27
  and
• 1:27
  Denver
• 1:27
  was
• 1:27
  like,
• 1:27
  oh,
• 1:28
  you
• 1:28
  thought.
• 1:28
  Because
• 1:29
  now
• 1:29
  I've
• 1:30
  got
• 1:30
  great
• 1:30
  horned
• 1:30
  owls
• 1:31
  posting
• 1:31
  up
• 1:31
  like
• 1:31
  they
• 1:31
  own
• 1:32
  my
• 1:32
  neighborhood.
• 1:32
  Juncos,
• 1:33
  nuthatches
• 1:34
  and
• 1:34
  bush
• 1:34
  tits
• 1:34
  hanging
• 1:35
  out
• 1:35
  on
• 1:35
  the
• 1:35
  power
• 1:35
  lines.
• 1:36
  Canada
• 1:36
  geese
• 1:37
  treating
• 1:37
  the
• 1:37
  park
• 1:37
  like
• 1:38
  a
• 1:38
  private
• 1:38
  country
• 1:38
  club.
• 1:39
  And
• 1:39
  Cooper's
• 1:40
  hawks
• 1:40
  just
• 1:40
  casually
• 1:40
  doing
• 1:41
  surveillance
• 1:41
  from
• 1:41
  a
• 1:42
  light
• 1:42
  pole
• 1:42
  across
• 1:42
  the
• 1:42
  street
• 1:43
  from
• 1:43
  my
• 1:43
  house.
• 1:44
  And
• 1:44
  it's
• 1:44
  not
• 1:44
  even
• 1:45
  subtle.
• 1:45
  I'll
• 1:46
  be
• 1:46
  walking
• 1:46
  the
• 1:46
  dog
• 1:46
  and
• 1:46
  there's
• 1:47
  a
• 1:47
  bird
• 1:47
  two
• 1:47
  feet
• 1:47
  away
• 1:48
  acting
• 1:48
  like
• 1:48
  I'm
• 1:49
  the
• 1:49
  one
• 1:49
  who
• 1:49
  wandered
• 1:49
  into
• 1:49
  their
• 1:50
  habitat
• 1:50
  by
• 1:50
  accident.
• 1:51
  I'm
• 1:52
  coming
• 1:52
  to
• 1:52
  realize
• 1:52
  that
• 1:52
  some
• 1:53
  birds
• 1:53
  are
• 1:53
  not
• 1:53
  just
• 1:54
  surviving
• 1:54
  in
• 1:54
  cities,
• 1:54
  they're
• 1:55
  thriving.
• 1:55
  They're
• 1:56
  street
• 1:56
  smart
• 1:56
  and
• 1:57
  they've
• 1:57
  hacked
• 1:57
  concrete,
• 1:59
  which
• 1:59
  is
• 1:59
  wild
• 2:00
  because
• 2:00
  on
• 2:00
  paper,
• 2:00
  cities
• 2:01
  seem
• 2:01
  like
• 2:01
  the
• 2:01
  worst
• 2:02
  group
• 2:02
  project
• 2:02
  of
• 2:03
  all
• 2:03
  time
• 2:03
  for
• 2:03
  a
• 2:04
  bird.
• 2:04
  There's
• 2:05
  noise,
• 2:05
  there's
• 2:06
  glass,
• 2:06
  there
• 2:06
  are
• 2:06
  cars,
• 2:07
  there
• 2:07
  are
• 2:07
  outdoor
• 2:08
  cats,
• 2:08
  which
• 2:09
  respectfully
• 2:10
  are
• 2:10
  tiny
• 2:10
  apex
• 2:11
  predators
• 2:11
  with
• 2:11
  zero
• 2:11
  remorse.
• 2:13
  There's
• 2:13
  also
• 2:13
  weird
• 2:13
  lighting
• 2:14
  at
• 2:14
  night
• 2:14
  that
• 2:14
  makes
• 2:14
  everything
• 2:15
  feel
• 2:15
  like
• 2:15
  a
• 2:15
  gas
• 2:16
  station
• 2:16
  at
• 2:16
  2am
• 2:17
  and
• 2:17
  yet
• 2:18
  some
• 2:18
  species
• 2:18
  are
• 2:19
  out
• 2:19
  here
• 2:19
  absolutely
• 2:20
  crushing
• 2:20
  it.
• 2:21
  I
• 2:21
  think
• 2:22
  the
• 2:22
  moment
• 2:22
  this
• 2:22
  really
• 2:23
  hit
• 2:23
  me
• 2:23
  was
• 2:23
  my
• 2:23
  first
• 2:24
  trip
• 2:24
  to
• 2:24
  New
• 2:24
  York
• 2:24
  City.
• 2:25
  I
• 2:25
  remember
• 2:26
  stepping
• 2:26
  out
• 2:26
  and
• 2:26
  feeling
• 2:26
  like
• 2:27
  the
• 2:27
  air
• 2:27
  itself
• 2:27
  was
• 2:28
  moving
• 2:28
  faster
• 2:28
  than
• 2:28
  I
• 2:29
  was.
• 2:29
  Everything
• 2:29
  was
• 2:30
  louder
• 2:30
  than
• 2:30
  my
• 2:30
  thoughts.
• 2:31
  And
• 2:31
  I
• 2:31
  had
• 2:31
  the
• 2:31
  classic
• 2:32
  rural
• 2:32
  kid
• 2:32
  reaction
• 2:33
  of,
• 2:33
  wow,
• 2:33
  this
• 2:34
  is
• 2:34
  a
• 2:34
  lot.
• 2:34
  I
• 2:34
  would
• 2:35
  like
• 2:35
  to
• 2:35
  go
• 2:35
  lie
• 2:35
  down
• 2:35
  now.
• 2:36
  So
• 2:36
  I
• 2:37
  escaped
• 2:37
  the
• 2:37
  only
• 2:37
  way
• 2:37
  I
• 2:38
  know
• 2:38
  how
• 2:38
  To
• 2:38
  I
• 2:38
  went
• 2:39
  to
• 2:39
  Central
• 2:39
  park.
• 2:40
  And
• 2:40
  if
• 2:40
  you've
• 2:40
  never
• 2:40
  had
• 2:41
  this
• 2:41
  experience,
• 2:41
  Central
• 2:42
  park
• 2:42
  is
• 2:42
  like
• 2:42
  a
• 2:42
  portal.
• 2:43
  You're
• 2:43
  surrounded
• 2:44
  by
• 2:44
  skyscrapers.
• 2:45
  You're
• 2:45
  in
• 2:45
  the
• 2:45
  middle
• 2:45
  of
• 2:45
  one
• 2:45
  of
• 2:46
  the
• 2:46
  busiest
• 2:46
  places
• 2:47
  on
• 2:47
  earth.
• 2:47
  And
• 2:47
  then
• 2:48
  you
• 2:48
  take
• 2:48
  10
• 2:48
  steps
• 2:49
  into
• 2:49
  the
• 2:49
  trees
• 2:49
  and
• 2:49
  it's
• 2:50
  like,
• 2:50
  oh,
• 2:50
  birds
• 2:51
  live
• 2:51
  here
• 2:51
  too.
• 2:52
  And
• 2:53
  not
• 2:53
  just
• 2:53
  pigeons
• 2:53
  on
• 2:54
  statues.
• 2:54
  I'm
• 2:54
  talking
• 2:55
  about
• 2:55
  woodpeckers
• 2:56
  and
• 2:56
  warblers
• 2:57
  flitting
• 2:57
  around
• 2:57
  like
• 2:57
  little
• 2:57
  neon
• 2:58
  confetti
• 2:59
  hawks
• 2:59
  overhead
• 2:59
  and
• 3:00
  waterfowl
• 3:00
  just
• 3:00
  hanging
• 3:01
  out
• 3:01
  like
• 3:01
  they've
• 3:01
  got
• 3:01
  nothing
• 3:02
  scheduled
• 3:02
  till
• 3:02
  brunch.
• 3:03
  I
• 3:03
  remember
• 3:04
  seeing
• 3:04
  a
• 3:04
  red
• 3:04
  bellied
• 3:05
  woodpecker
• 3:05
  on
• 3:05
  fifth
• 3:06
  Avenue
• 3:06
  median
• 3:06
  just
• 3:07
  adjacent
• 3:07
  to
• 3:07
  Central
• 3:08
  park
• 3:08
  and
• 3:08
  having
• 3:09
  this
• 3:09
  split
• 3:09
  second
• 3:09
  thought,
• 3:10
  wait,
• 3:10
  how
• 3:10
  is
• 3:11
  this
• 3:11
  happening
• 3:11
  here?
• 3:12
  It
• 3:12
  was
• 3:12
  genuinely
• 3:12
  comforting,
• 3:13
  though.
• 3:13
  A
• 3:13
  reminder
• 3:14
  that
• 3:14
  nature
• 3:14
  doesn't
• 3:14
  always
• 3:15
  leave
• 3:15
  when
• 3:15
  humans
• 3:15
  move
• 3:16
  in.
• 3:16
  Sometimes
• 3:17
  it
• 3:17
  adapts.
• 3:18
  Sometimes
• 3:18
  it
• 3:18
  moves
• 3:18
  into
• 3:19
  the
• 3:19
  empty
• 3:19
  lot
• 3:19
  next
• 3:19
  door
• 3:20
  and
• 3:20
  starts
• 3:20
  a
• 3:20
  new
• 3:20
  life.
• 3:21
  And
• 3:21
  a
• 3:21
  reminder
• 3:22
  that
• 3:22
  city
• 3:22
  parks
• 3:22
  can
• 3:23
  play
• 3:23
  a
• 3:23
  huge
• 3:23
  role
• 3:23
  as
• 3:23
  habitats
• 3:24
  for
• 3:24
  birds.
• 3:25
  Which
• 3:25
  brings
• 3:25
  us
• 3:26
  to
• 3:26
  today's
• 3:26
  question.
• 3:27
  Okay,
• 3:27
  but
• 3:27
  why
• 3:27
  do
• 3:28
  some
• 3:28
  birds
• 3:28
  thrive
• 3:28
  in
• 3:29
  cities?
• 3:29
  To
• 3:30
  help
• 3:30
  us
• 3:30
  explore
• 3:30
  the
• 3:31
  topic
• 3:31
  of
• 3:31
  urban
• 3:31
  birds,
• 3:32
  I'll
• 3:32
  talk
• 3:32
  to
• 3:32
  Dr.
• 3:33
  Fran
• 3:33
  Bonnier,
• 3:33
  a
• 3:33
  professor
• 3:34
  at
• 3:34
  Queen's
• 3:34
  University.
• 3:35
  She
• 3:35
  studies
• 3:36
  urban
• 3:36
  birds,
• 3:36
  especially
• 3:37
  how
• 3:37
  city
• 3:38
  living
• 3:38
  shapes
• 3:38
  their
• 3:38
  stress,
• 3:39
  physiology
• 3:39
  and
• 3:39
  behavior
• 3:40
  and
• 3:40
  what
• 3:41
  that
• 3:41
  tells
• 3:41
  us
• 3:41
  about
• 3:41
  weather.
• 3:42
  City
• 3:42
  is
• 3:42
  actually
• 3:43
  good
• 3:43
  for
• 3:43
  them
• 3:44
  because
• 3:44
  cities
• 3:44
  are
• 3:45
  growing.
• 3:45
  The
• 3:45
  world
• 3:46
  is
• 3:46
  getting
• 3:46
  more
• 3:46
  urban.
• 3:47
  And
• 3:47
  whether
• 3:47
  we
• 3:47
  realize
• 3:48
  it
• 3:48
  or
• 3:48
  not,
• 3:48
  we're
• 3:48
  building
• 3:48
  the
• 3:49
  habitats
• 3:49
  that
• 3:49
  a
• 3:49
  lot
• 3:50
  of
• 3:50
  species
• 3:50
  will
• 3:51
  either
• 3:51
  learn
• 3:51
  to
• 3:51
  live
• 3:51
  in
• 3:52
  or
• 3:52
  not.
• 3:53
  So
• 3:53
  if
• 3:53
  a
• 3:53
  pigeon
• 3:53
  can
• 3:54
  turn
• 3:54
  a
• 3:54
  subway
• 3:54
  platform
• 3:55
  into
• 3:55
  a
• 3:55
  reliable
• 3:55
  food
• 3:56
  patch
• 3:56
  and
• 3:57
  a
• 3:57
  falcon
• 3:57
  can
• 3:57
  turn
• 3:57
  a
• 3:58
  downtown
• 3:58
  high
• 3:58
  rise
• 3:58
  into
• 3:59
  both
• 3:59
  a
• 3:59
  hunting
• 3:59
  and
• 4:00
  nesting
• 4:00
  tower,
• 4:01
  what
• 4:01
  does
• 4:01
  that
• 4:02
  tell
• 4:02
  us
• 4:02
  about
• 4:02
  adaptation,
• 4:03
  about
• 4:03
  avian
• 4:03
  intelligence
• 4:04
  and
• 4:04
  about
• 4:04
  resilience?
• 4:05
  And
• 4:06
  what
• 4:06
  does
• 4:06
  it
• 4:06
  say
• 4:06
  about
• 4:07
  us
• 4:07
  that
• 4:07
  some
• 4:07
  birds
• 4:08
  can
• 4:08
  live
• 4:08
  alongside
• 4:09
  us
• 4:09
  so
• 4:09
  successfully
• 4:10
  while
• 4:10
  others
• 4:10
  cannot?
• 4:11
  After
• 4:12
  the
• 4:12
  break,
• 4:12
  Dr.
• 4:12
  Fran
• 4:13
  Bonier
• 4:13
  helps
• 4:13
  us
• 4:13
  understand
• 4:14
  the
• 4:14
  winners,
• 4:14
  the
• 4:15
  losers,
• 4:15
  and
• 4:15
  what
• 4:15
  street
• 4:16
  smart
• 4:16
  really
• 4:16
  means
• 4:16
  when
• 4:17
  you're
• 4:17
  a
• 4:17
  bird
• 4:17
  trying
• 4:18
  to
• 4:18
  make
• 4:18
  it
• 4:18
  in
• 4:18
  the
• 4:18
  big
• 4:19
  city.
• 4:19
  Stay
• 4:20
  tuned.
• 4:26
  Well,
• 4:26
  welcome
• 4:27
  to
• 4:27
  the
• 4:27
  show,
• 4:27
  Fran.
• 4:28
  I'm
• 4:28
  really
• 4:28
  excited
• 4:29
  that
• 4:29
  you
• 4:29
  could
• 4:29
  join
• 4:29
  us
• 4:29
  today.
• 4:30
  Yeah,
• 4:30
  thanks.
• 4:31
  I'm
• 4:31
  excited
• 4:31
  to
• 4:31
  chat.
• 4:32
  When
• 4:32
  we're
• 4:32
  thinking
• 4:32
  about
• 4:33
  urban
• 4:33
  birds
• 4:33
  and
• 4:33
  birds
• 4:34
  that
• 4:34
  live
• 4:34
  in
• 4:34
  cities,
• 4:34
  what
• 4:35
  sort
• 4:35
  of
• 4:35
  species
• 4:35
  are
• 4:36
  we
• 4:36
  usually
• 4:36
  thinking
• 4:37
  about?
• 4:37
  Yeah,
• 4:38
  so
• 4:38
  there's
• 4:38
  probably
• 4:39
  a
• 4:39
  bunch
• 4:39
  of
• 4:39
  species
• 4:40
  that
• 4:40
  everyone's
• 4:41
  familiar
• 4:41
  with
• 4:42
  because
• 4:42
  they
• 4:42
  occur
• 4:43
  in
• 4:43
  almost
• 4:43
  every
• 4:43
  city
• 4:44
  around
• 4:44
  the
• 4:44
  world.
• 4:45
  So
• 4:45
  things
• 4:45
  like
• 4:46
  rock
• 4:46
  pigeons,
• 4:48
  starlings,
• 4:49
  house
• 4:49
  sparrows,
• 4:51
  and
• 4:51
  then
• 4:52
  here
• 4:52
  in
• 4:52
  North
• 4:53
  America
• 4:53
  and
• 4:54
  a
• 4:54
  lot
• 4:54
  of
• 4:54
  our
• 4:54
  cities,
• 4:54
  we
• 4:54
  also
• 4:55
  have
• 4:55
  lots
• 4:55
  of
• 4:55
  native
• 4:56
  birds.
• 4:56
  So
• 4:56
  those
• 4:56
  familiar
• 4:57
  ones
• 4:57
  that
• 4:57
  are
• 4:58
  all
• 4:58
  over
• 4:58
  the
• 4:58
  World
• 4:58
  have
• 4:59
  been
• 4:59
  introduced.
• 5:00
  Then
• 5:00
  we've
• 5:00
  got
• 5:00
  our
• 5:01
  native
• 5:01
  ones
• 5:02
  like
• 5:03
  American
• 5:04
  robin,
• 5:05
  Black
• 5:05
  capped
• 5:05
  chickadee,
• 5:06
  northern
• 5:07
  cardinal
• 5:08
  and
• 5:08
  a
• 5:08
  bunch
• 5:08
  of
• 5:09
  sparrows.
• 5:09
  There's
• 5:09
  a
• 5:10
  bunch
• 5:10
  of
• 5:10
  native
• 5:10
  sparrows
• 5:11
  that
• 5:11
  do
• 5:11
  well
• 5:11
  in
• 5:11
  cities.
• 5:12
  Yeah,
• 5:13
  yeah.
• 5:13
  There's
• 5:14
  often
• 5:14
  this
• 5:14
  time
• 5:14
  of
• 5:14
  year
• 5:14
  in
• 5:15
  Denver
• 5:15
  anyways.
• 5:15
  There's
• 5:16
  lots
• 5:16
  of
• 5:16
  juncos
• 5:17
  around
• 5:17
  that
• 5:17
  seem
• 5:17
  to
• 5:17
  do
• 5:17
  pretty
• 5:18
  well
• 5:18
  in
• 5:18
  backyards
• 5:19
  while
• 5:19
  they're
• 5:19
  overwintering
• 5:20
  down
• 5:20
  here.
• 5:21
  What
• 5:21
  is
• 5:21
  the
• 5:22
  going
• 5:23
  knowledge
• 5:23
  on
• 5:24
  why
• 5:24
  some
• 5:24
  of
• 5:24
  these
• 5:24
  birds
• 5:25
  thrive
• 5:25
  in
• 5:25
  cities?
• 5:25
  Like
• 5:26
  rock
• 5:26
  pigeons
• 5:26
  and
• 5:27
  starlings
• 5:27
  and
• 5:27
  house
• 5:27
  sparrows.
• 5:28
  Like
• 5:28
  you
• 5:28
  said,
• 5:28
  they're
• 5:29
  basically
• 5:29
  in
• 5:30
  any
• 5:30
  city
• 5:30
  you
• 5:30
  go
• 5:30
  to
• 5:30
  on
• 5:31
  the
• 5:31
  planet.
• 5:31
  Some.
• 5:32
  Some
• 5:32
  native
• 5:32
  species,
• 5:32
  but
• 5:33
  not
• 5:33
  all
• 5:33
  native
• 5:33
  species
• 5:34
  that
• 5:34
  can
• 5:34
  live
• 5:34
  in
• 5:35
  our
• 5:35
  cities.
• 5:35
  What's
• 5:35
  the
• 5:35
  deal
• 5:36
  with
• 5:36
  that?
• 5:36
  Why
• 5:36
  do
• 5:36
  some
• 5:37
  disappear
• 5:37
  even
• 5:38
  if
• 5:38
  you
• 5:38
  find
• 5:38
  them
• 5:38
  nearby?
• 5:39
  Yeah,
• 5:39
  so
• 5:40
  that's
• 5:40
  one
• 5:40
  of
• 5:40
  the
• 5:41
  biggest
• 5:41
  questions
• 5:42
  in
• 5:42
  urban
• 5:42
  ecology
• 5:43
  that
• 5:43
  people
• 5:43
  have
• 5:44
  been
• 5:44
  trying
• 5:44
  to
• 5:44
  answer
• 5:45
  for
• 5:45
  decades,
• 5:46
  including
• 5:46
  me.
• 5:47
  And
• 5:48
  so
• 5:48
  there's
• 5:48
  a
• 5:48
  few
• 5:49
  things
• 5:49
  that
• 5:49
  seem
• 5:49
  to
• 5:49
  come
• 5:50
  out
• 5:50
  that
• 5:50
  are
• 5:51
  pretty
• 5:52
  broad
• 5:53
  patterns.
• 5:53
  Like
• 5:53
  we're
• 5:54
  pretty
• 5:54
  sure
• 5:55
  they're
• 5:55
  part
• 5:55
  of
• 5:55
  the
• 5:55
  answer.
• 5:56
  And
• 5:56
  that's
• 5:58
  generalist.
• 5:59
  Species
• 5:59
  tend
• 6:00
  to
• 6:00
  do
• 6:00
  well.
• 6:00
  So
• 6:00
  those
• 6:01
  are
• 6:01
  things
• 6:01
  that
• 6:01
  can
• 6:01
  live
• 6:02
  in
• 6:02
  lots
• 6:02
  of
• 6:02
  environments,
• 6:03
  eat
• 6:03
  different
• 6:04
  foods,
• 6:05
  tolerate
• 6:05
  different
• 6:06
  temperatures.
• 6:07
  And
• 6:07
  that
• 6:07
  seems
• 6:08
  to
• 6:08
  be
• 6:08
  the
• 6:08
  one
• 6:10
  most
• 6:10
  repeated
• 6:11
  pattern
• 6:12
  that
• 6:12
  we
• 6:12
  see
• 6:12
  across
• 6:13
  birds.
• 6:13
  But
• 6:14
  there's
• 6:14
  a
• 6:14
  lot
• 6:14
  that
• 6:15
  don't
• 6:15
  really
• 6:15
  fit
• 6:15
  that
• 6:15
  where
• 6:16
  it
• 6:16
  seems
• 6:16
  like
• 6:16
  instead
• 6:17
  of
• 6:17
  being
• 6:17
  a
• 6:17
  generalist,
• 6:18
  they're
• 6:18
  kind
• 6:19
  of
• 6:19
  city
• 6:19
  specialists.
• 6:20
  Like
• 6:22
  some
• 6:22
  cliff
• 6:23
  nesting
• 6:23
  birds
• 6:24
  that
• 6:25
  buildings
• 6:26
  look
• 6:26
  close
• 6:26
  enough
• 6:27
  to
• 6:27
  cliffs
• 6:27
  so
• 6:27
  they
• 6:28
  can
• 6:28
  nest
• 6:28
  on
• 6:28
  them.
• 6:29
  As
• 6:29
  long
• 6:29
  as
• 6:29
  they
• 6:29
  can
• 6:29
  find
• 6:30
  food,
• 6:30
  they
• 6:30
  can
• 6:30
  do
• 6:31
  well
• 6:31
  in
• 6:31
  cities.
• 6:32
  It's
• 6:32
  interesting
• 6:32
  to
• 6:32
  think
• 6:33
  about
• 6:33
  cities
• 6:33
  as
• 6:33
  just
• 6:34
  a
• 6:34
  lot
• 6:34
  of
• 6:34
  really
• 6:34
  big
• 6:35
  artificial
• 6:35
  cliffs.
• 6:36
  I
• 6:36
  think
• 6:36
  the
• 6:37
  first
• 6:37
  time
• 6:37
  I
• 6:37
  saw
• 6:37
  a
• 6:37
  peregrine
• 6:38
  falcon
• 6:38
  in
• 6:39
  a
• 6:39
  city,
• 6:39
  it
• 6:39
  didn't
• 6:39
  really
• 6:40
  click
• 6:41
  until
• 6:41
  it
• 6:41
  did
• 6:41
  that.
• 6:42
  Yeah.
• 6:42
  We've
• 6:42
  created
• 6:43
  all
• 6:43
  these
• 6:43
  cliffs
• 6:43
  across
• 6:44
  North
• 6:44
  America
• 6:44
  and
• 6:45
  in
• 6:45
  other
• 6:45
  cities
• 6:45
  of
• 6:45
  the
• 6:45
  world
• 6:46
  that
• 6:46
  are
• 6:46
  great
• 6:46
  for
• 6:46
  peregrines.
• 6:47
  And
• 6:48
  then
• 6:48
  the
• 6:48
  pigeons
• 6:48
  come
• 6:48
  in.
• 6:49
  They
• 6:49
  also
• 6:49
  nest
• 6:49
  on
• 6:50
  the
• 6:50
  cliffs
• 6:50
  and
• 6:51
  get
• 6:51
  eaten
• 6:52
  by
• 6:52
  the
• 6:52
  peregrines.
• 6:53
  Yes,
• 6:53
  cities
• 6:53
  are
• 6:53
  a
• 6:53
  huge
• 6:54
  part
• 6:54
  of
• 6:54
  the
• 6:54
  peregrines
• 6:55
  comeback.
• 6:56
  You
• 6:56
  know,
• 6:57
  they
• 6:57
  were
• 6:57
  endangered.
• 6:58
  They're
• 6:58
  one
• 6:58
  of
• 6:59
  the
• 6:59
  great
• 6:59
  success
• 7:00
  stories
• 7:00
  of
• 7:01
  conservation.
• 7:01
  And
• 7:02
  in
• 7:02
  part
• 7:02
  it's
• 7:02
  because
• 7:03
  they
• 7:03
  can
• 7:03
  do
• 7:03
  so
• 7:04
  well
• 7:04
  in
• 7:04
  cities.
• 7:05
  Because
• 7:05
  skyscrapers
• 7:06
  are
• 7:07
  great
• 7:07
  for
• 7:07
  nesting
• 7:08
  on
• 7:08
  and
• 7:08
  pigeons
• 7:09
  are
• 7:09
  everywhere
• 7:10
  and
• 7:10
  they
• 7:10
  love
• 7:10
  eating
• 7:10
  them.
• 7:11
  So
• 7:12
  yeah,
• 7:12
  it's
• 7:12
  such
• 7:13
  an
• 7:13
  interesting
• 7:13
  consequence
• 7:14
  of
• 7:14
  development
• 7:15
  and
• 7:15
  urbanization
• 7:16
  to
• 7:16
  create
• 7:16
  all
• 7:16
  this
• 7:16
  habitat
• 7:17
  for
• 7:17
  what
• 7:17
  was
• 7:17
  once
• 7:18
  an
• 7:18
  endangered
• 7:18
  species.
• 7:19
  For
• 7:19
  sure.
• 7:19
  Yeah.
• 7:20
  So
• 7:20
  like,
• 7:21
  related
• 7:21
  to
• 7:21
  the
• 7:22
  first
• 7:22
  question
• 7:22
  about
• 7:23
  why
• 7:23
  we
• 7:23
  don't
• 7:23
  see
• 7:24
  all
• 7:24
  of
• 7:24
  our
• 7:25
  native
• 7:25
  birds
• 7:25
  doing
• 7:26
  well
• 7:26
  in
• 7:26
  Cities.
• 7:26
  That's
• 7:27
  because
• 7:27
  of
• 7:27
  the
• 7:27
  costs
• 7:29
  for
• 7:29
  sure.
• 7:29
  And
• 7:30
  so
• 7:30
  the
• 7:30
  costs
• 7:30
  and
• 7:30
  benefits
• 7:31
  really
• 7:31
  depend
• 7:32
  on
• 7:32
  the
• 7:32
  species
• 7:33
  that
• 7:33
  you're
• 7:33
  asking.
• 7:34
  But
• 7:34
  some
• 7:34
  of
• 7:35
  the
• 7:35
  general
• 7:35
  benefits
• 7:37
  for
• 7:37
  the
• 7:37
  species
• 7:37
  that
• 7:38
  can
• 7:38
  tolerate
• 7:38
  all
• 7:39
  the
• 7:39
  noise
• 7:39
  and
• 7:39
  everything
• 7:39
  that
• 7:40
  comes
• 7:40
  along
• 7:40
  with
• 7:40
  cities
• 7:41
  is
• 7:42
  stable
• 7:43
  environment,
• 7:44
  more
• 7:44
  stable
• 7:45
  resources,
• 7:45
  so
• 7:46
  they
• 7:46
  can
• 7:46
  find
• 7:46
  food
• 7:47
  year
• 7:47
  round
• 7:48
  because
• 7:48
  of,
• 7:48
  you
• 7:49
  know,
• 7:49
  our
• 7:49
  bird
• 7:50
  feeders
• 7:50
  and
• 7:51
  also
• 7:51
  like
• 7:52
  food
• 7:52
  waste
• 7:52
  and
• 7:53
  things
• 7:53
  like
• 7:53
  that.
• 7:54
  But
• 7:54
  also
• 7:54
  cities
• 7:55
  tend
• 7:55
  to
• 7:55
  be
• 7:56
  warmer
• 7:56
  than
• 7:57
  the
• 7:57
  surrounding
• 7:57
  area
• 7:58
  and
• 7:58
  have
• 7:59
  less
• 7:59
  varied
• 8:00
  temperatures.
• 8:01
  So
• 8:01
  there's
• 8:01
  a
• 8:02
  lot
• 8:02
  of
• 8:02
  birds
• 8:02
  that
• 8:03
  can
• 8:03
  overwinter
• 8:04
  in
• 8:04
  cities
• 8:05
  farther
• 8:06
  north
• 8:06
  at
• 8:06
  higher
• 8:07
  latitudes
• 8:07
  than
• 8:08
  they
• 8:08
  would
• 8:09
  outside
• 8:09
  of
• 8:09
  cities
• 8:10
  because
• 8:10
  of
• 8:10
  that
• 8:11
  warmth.
• 8:12
  And
• 8:12
  then
• 8:12
  escape
• 8:13
  from
• 8:13
  some
• 8:13
  predators
• 8:15
  is
• 8:15
  a
• 8:15
  real
• 8:15
  benefit
• 8:16
  for
• 8:17
  some
• 8:17
  urban
• 8:17
  birds
• 8:18
  because
• 8:18
  their
• 8:19
  natural
• 8:19
  predators
• 8:20
  don't
• 8:20
  come
• 8:21
  into
• 8:21
  cities,
• 8:22
  but
• 8:22
  for
• 8:23
  costs.
• 8:23
  Yeah,
• 8:23
  it's
• 8:24
  noise,
• 8:25
  pollution,
• 8:26
  artificial
• 8:27
  light,
• 8:28
  and
• 8:28
  then
• 8:28
  there's
• 8:28
  some
• 8:29
  predators
• 8:29
  that
• 8:29
  are
• 8:29
  in
• 8:30
  cities
• 8:30
  that
• 8:30
  aren't
• 8:31
  outside,
• 8:31
  like
• 8:32
  rats
• 8:32
  and
• 8:33
  cats
• 8:33
  and
• 8:33
  things
• 8:34
  like
• 8:34
  that
• 8:34
  that
• 8:34
  love
• 8:35
  eating
• 8:35
  eggs
• 8:36
  and
• 8:36
  nestlings
• 8:36
  and
• 8:37
  can
• 8:37
  be
• 8:37
  a
• 8:37
  real
• 8:37
  challenge.
• 8:38
  And
• 8:38
  there's
• 8:39
  disease
• 8:39
  too.
• 8:39
  Like
• 8:40
  because
• 8:41
  bird
• 8:41
  populations
• 8:42
  in
• 8:42
  cities
• 8:43
  are
• 8:43
  often
• 8:44
  more
• 8:44
  dense,
• 8:44
  there's
• 8:45
  more
• 8:45
  birds
• 8:46
  of
• 8:46
  a
• 8:46
  given
• 8:46
  species,
• 8:47
  disease
• 8:48
  can
• 8:48
  transmit
• 8:48
  more
• 8:49
  easily
• 8:49
  through
• 8:49
  them.
• 8:50
  What
• 8:50
  are
• 8:50
  some
• 8:50
  examples
• 8:51
  of
• 8:51
  birds
• 8:51
  that,
• 8:52
  that
• 8:52
  can
• 8:52
  live
• 8:52
  in
• 8:52
  cities
• 8:53
  farther
• 8:53
  north
• 8:53
  than
• 8:53
  they
• 8:54
  would
• 8:54
  if
• 8:54
  they
• 8:54
  weren't
• 8:54
  in
• 8:54
  a
• 8:55
  city?
• 8:55
  My
• 8:56
  favorite
• 8:56
  and
• 8:56
  like
• 8:57
  the
• 8:57
  textbook
• 8:57
  example
• 8:58
  is
• 8:58
  Anna's
• 8:59
  hummingbird
• 8:59
  on
• 8:59
  the
• 9:00
  west
• 9:00
  coast.
• 9:00
  So
• 9:00
  they
• 9:01
  used
• 9:01
  to
• 9:01
  only
• 9:01
  occur
• 9:02
  in
• 9:03
  like
• 9:03
  central
• 9:03
  California
• 9:04
  and
• 9:04
  south
• 9:05
  along
• 9:05
  the
• 9:05
  west
• 9:05
  coast
• 9:06
  of
• 9:06
  North
• 9:06
  America
• 9:06
  and
• 9:07
  they
• 9:07
  have
• 9:07
  expanded
• 9:08
  all
• 9:08
  the
• 9:08
  way
• 9:08
  up
• 9:08
  to
• 9:09
  southern
• 9:09
  Alaska
• 9:10
  and
• 9:10
  they're
• 9:11
  year
• 9:11
  round
• 9:11
  residents.
• 9:12
  So
• 9:12
  they're
• 9:12
  living
• 9:13
  there,
• 9:13
  you
• 9:13
  know,
• 9:14
  through
• 9:14
  the
• 9:14
  winter.
• 9:15
  And
• 9:15
  that's
• 9:16
  because
• 9:16
  of
• 9:17
  urban
• 9:17
  tolerance.
• 9:18
  So
• 9:18
  because
• 9:18
  they
• 9:18
  can
• 9:18
  live
• 9:19
  in
• 9:19
  cities
• 9:19
  and
• 9:20
  they
• 9:20
  eat,
• 9:21
  eat
• 9:21
  nectar
• 9:22
  at
• 9:22
  hummingbird
• 9:22
  feeders,
• 9:23
  but
• 9:23
  they
• 9:23
  also
• 9:24
  go
• 9:25
  to
• 9:25
  flowers
• 9:25
  in
• 9:26
  people's
• 9:26
  gardens.
• 9:27
  So
• 9:28
  that's
• 9:28
  the
• 9:28
  best
• 9:28
  example
• 9:29
  that
• 9:29
  I
• 9:29
  know
• 9:30
  of.
• 9:30
  That's
• 9:31
  an
• 9:31
  amazing
• 9:31
  example.
• 9:32
  Yeah.
• 9:32
  To
• 9:32
  think
• 9:32
  of
• 9:32
  a
• 9:32
  hummingbird,
• 9:33
  these
• 9:33
  tiny
• 9:33
  little
• 9:34
  birds
• 9:34
  that
• 9:34
  are
• 9:35
  living
• 9:35
  kind
• 9:35
  of
• 9:35
  on
• 9:35
  the
• 9:35
  edge
• 9:36
  of
• 9:36
  everything.
• 9:37
  From
• 9:38
  a
• 9:39
  metabolic
• 9:39
  perspective,
• 9:40
  being
• 9:40
  able
• 9:40
  to
• 9:40
  overwinter
• 9:41
  in
• 9:41
  southern
• 9:41
  Alaska
• 9:42
  is
• 9:42
  incredible.
• 9:42
  Yeah.
• 9:43
  It
• 9:43
  also
• 9:43
  helps
• 9:43
  that
• 9:44
  they
• 9:44
  go
• 9:44
  into
• 9:44
  torpor
• 9:45
  overnight
• 9:45
  so
• 9:46
  they
• 9:46
  can
• 9:47
  save
• 9:47
  their
• 9:47
  calories
• 9:48
  overnight.
• 9:49
  Torpor
• 9:50
  is
• 9:50
  basically
• 9:50
  a
• 9:50
  mini
• 9:51
  hibernation.
• 9:52
  So
• 9:52
  it's
• 9:53
  where
• 9:53
  the
• 9:53
  animal
• 9:54
  can
• 9:54
  slow
• 9:54
  down
• 9:55
  its
• 9:55
  metabolic
• 9:55
  rate,
• 9:56
  slows
• 9:56
  down
• 9:56
  its
• 9:57
  heart
• 9:57
  rate.
• 9:57
  It'll
• 9:58
  look
• 9:58
  like
• 9:58
  it's
• 9:59
  fast
• 9:59
  asleep,
• 10:00
  but
• 10:00
  it's
• 10:01
  difficult
• 10:01
  to
• 10:01
  even
• 10:02
  wake
• 10:02
  it
• 10:02
  up.
• 10:02
  It's
• 10:03
  completely
• 10:03
  out
• 10:03
  during
• 10:04
  torpor
• 10:04
  and
• 10:05
  it
• 10:05
  helps
• 10:06
  them
• 10:06
  save
• 10:06
  calories.
• 10:07
  Basically.
• 10:08
  Yeah.
• 10:08
  So
• 10:08
  you're
• 10:08
  not
• 10:08
  maintaining
• 10:09
  the
• 10:09
  same
• 10:09
  body
• 10:09
  temperature
• 10:10
  overnight
• 10:10
  when
• 10:11
  you're
• 10:11
  not
• 10:11
  eating
• 10:11
  all
• 10:11
  the
• 10:12
  time.
• 10:12
  It's
• 10:12
  super
• 10:13
  important
• 10:13
  for
• 10:13
  hummingbirds
• 10:14
  in
• 10:14
  many
• 10:14
  parts
• 10:14
  of
• 10:14
  the
• 10:15
  world.
• 10:15
  I
• 10:15
  think
• 10:15
  in
• 10:16
  the
• 10:16
  high
• 10:16
  Andes
• 10:16
  as
• 10:17
  well,
• 10:17
  a
• 10:17
  lot
• 10:17
  of
• 10:17
  them
• 10:17
  go
• 10:18
  into
• 10:18
  nightly
• 10:18
  torpor,
• 10:19
  right?
• 10:19
  Yeah.
• 10:19
  So
• 10:20
  if
• 10:20
  you
• 10:20
  think
• 10:20
  about
• 10:20
  it
• 10:20
  like,
• 10:21
  cities
• 10:21
  are
• 10:22
  sort
• 10:22
  of
• 10:22
  replicated
• 10:25
  natural
• 10:26
  experiments,
• 10:26
  for
• 10:26
  lack
• 10:27
  of
• 10:27
  a
• 10:27
  better
• 10:27
  word,
• 10:28
  where
• 10:28
  we've
• 10:28
  changed
• 10:29
  the
• 10:29
  landscape
• 10:29
  in
• 10:30
  similar
• 10:30
  ways
• 10:30
  all
• 10:31
  across
• 10:31
  the
• 10:32
  globe,
• 10:33
  there's
• 10:33
  some
• 10:33
  sort
• 10:33
  of
• 10:34
  similarities.
• 10:35
  And
• 10:35
  so
• 10:35
  if
• 10:35
  you
• 10:35
  can
• 10:36
  tolerate
• 10:36
  cities,
• 10:37
  you
• 10:37
  should
• 10:38
  be
• 10:38
  able
• 10:38
  to
• 10:39
  use
• 10:39
  them
• 10:40
  wherever
• 10:40
  they
• 10:40
  are,
• 10:42
  more
• 10:42
  or
• 10:42
  less.
• 10:43
  And
• 10:43
  so
• 10:43
  when
• 10:43
  you
• 10:43
  think
• 10:44
  about
• 10:44
  why
• 10:44
  species
• 10:45
  have
• 10:45
  range
• 10:46
  limits,
• 10:46
  it's
• 10:47
  usually
• 10:47
  because
• 10:47
  the
• 10:48
  habitat
• 10:48
  towards
• 10:49
  the
• 10:49
  edge
• 10:49
  of
• 10:50
  where
• 10:50
  they
• 10:50
  occur
• 10:50
  starts
• 10:51
  to
• 10:51
  become
• 10:51
  too
• 10:52
  challenging
• 10:52
  for
• 10:53
  them.
• 10:53
  But
• 10:54
  if
• 10:54
  there's
• 10:54
  a
• 10:54
  city
• 10:55
  there,
• 10:55
  it
• 10:55
  allows
• 10:56
  them
• 10:56
  to
• 10:56
  persist
• 10:57
  and
• 10:57
  keep
• 10:57
  high
• 10:57
  numbers.
• 10:58
  And
• 10:58
  then
• 10:58
  they
• 10:58
  can
• 10:59
  do
• 10:59
  this
• 10:59
  sort
• 10:59
  of
• 11:00
  leapfrog
• 11:01
  expansion
• 11:02
  from
• 11:02
  one
• 11:02
  city
• 11:02
  to
• 11:03
  the
• 11:03
  next
• 11:03
  to
• 11:03
  the
• 11:04
  next
• 11:04
  and
• 11:04
  push
• 11:05
  their
• 11:05
  ranges
• 11:05
  out.
• 11:05
  And
• 11:06
  that's
• 11:06
  what
• 11:06
  we
• 11:06
  saw
• 11:06
  with
• 11:07
  Anna's
• 11:07
  hummingbirds.
• 11:08
  We
• 11:08
  also
• 11:08
  see
• 11:09
  it
• 11:09
  with,
• 11:09
  like
• 11:10
  white
• 11:10
  crowned
• 11:10
  sparrows
• 11:11
  on
• 11:11
  the
• 11:11
  west
• 11:11
  coast
• 11:12
  have
• 11:12
  moved
• 11:13
  up
• 11:13
  into
• 11:14
  ski
• 11:14
  resorts.
• 11:15
  So
• 11:15
  the
• 11:15
  mountain
• 11:16
  subspecies
• 11:17
  of
• 11:17
  white
• 11:17
  crown
• 11:18
  sparrows
• 11:18
  is
• 11:18
  meeting
• 11:19
  the
• 11:19
  coastal
• 11:20
  Puget
• 11:20
  Sound
• 11:21
  subspecies
• 11:22
  because
• 11:22
  it
• 11:23
  uses
• 11:24
  sort
• 11:24
  of
• 11:24
  disturbed
• 11:25
  habitat
• 11:25
  to
• 11:25
  move
• 11:26
  into
• 11:26
  different
• 11:26
  areas.
• 11:28
  There's
• 11:29
  some
• 11:29
  classic
• 11:29
  examples
• 11:30
  in
• 11:30
  mammals
• 11:30
  too.
• 11:30
  Like
• 11:31
  red
• 11:31
  foxes
• 11:32
  in
• 11:32
  Europe
• 11:32
  have
• 11:33
  expanded
• 11:33
  all
• 11:34
  over
• 11:34
  the
• 11:34
  place
• 11:34
  because
• 11:35
  of
• 11:35
  their
• 11:35
  urban
• 11:35
  tolerance.
• 11:37
  Coyotes
• 11:38
  in
• 11:39
  North
• 11:39
  America
• 11:39
  are
• 11:40
  doing
• 11:40
  the
• 11:40
  same,
• 11:40
  and
• 11:40
  even
• 11:41
  cougars
• 11:41
  seem
• 11:42
  to
• 11:42
  be
• 11:42
  starting
• 11:42
  to
• 11:42
  do
• 11:43
  it.
• 11:43
  They're
• 11:43
  a
• 11:44
  great
• 11:44
  example
• 11:44
  of
• 11:45
  something
• 11:45
  that's
• 11:45
  recently
• 11:46
  becoming
• 11:46
  more
• 11:47
  urban
• 11:47
  tolerant
• 11:47
  in
• 11:48
  a
• 11:48
  bunch
• 11:48
  of
• 11:48
  different
• 11:48
  places,
• 11:49
  including
• 11:49
  in
• 11:49
  Colorado.
• 11:50
  Yeah,
• 11:51
  we
• 11:51
  have
• 11:51
  them
• 11:51
  in
• 11:51
  Boulder
• 11:52
  pretty
• 11:52
  regularly,
• 11:52
  for
• 11:52
  sure.
• 11:53
  Yeah.
• 11:54
  And
• 11:54
  that
• 11:54
  seems
• 11:54
  to
• 11:55
  be
• 11:56
  a
• 11:57
  cool
• 11:57
  example
• 11:57
  of
• 11:57
  where
• 11:58
  they're
• 11:58
  sort
• 11:58
  of
• 11:59
  recovering
• 11:59
  from
• 12:00
  habitat
• 12:00
  loss
• 12:01
  that
• 12:02
  reduced
• 12:02
  their
• 12:02
  numbers
• 12:04
  a
• 12:04
  ton
• 12:04
  earlier
• 12:05
  and
• 12:05
  then
• 12:05
  allowing
• 12:06
  them
• 12:06
  to
• 12:08
  expand,
• 12:09
  probably
• 12:10
  because
• 12:10
  they're
• 12:10
  evolving
• 12:11
  to
• 12:12
  tolerate
• 12:13
  cities.
• 12:14
  Yeah.
• 12:14
  What
• 12:15
  about
• 12:15
  Eurasian
• 12:16
  collared
• 12:16
  doves?
• 12:17
  I
• 12:17
  think
• 12:17
  a
• 12:17
  lot
• 12:17
  of
• 12:17
  people.
• 12:18
  Did
• 12:19
  they
• 12:19
  use
• 12:19
  cities
• 12:19
  as
• 12:20
  a
• 12:20
  leapfrogging
• 12:21
  across
• 12:21
  North
• 12:21
  America
• 12:22
  or
• 12:22
  is
• 12:22
  there
• 12:22
  less
• 12:22
  evidence
• 12:23
  of
• 12:23
  that?
• 12:23
  I
• 12:23
  don't
• 12:24
  know
• 12:24
  the
• 12:24
  Eurasian
• 12:25
  collared
• 12:25
  dove
• 12:25
  example
• 12:26
  as
• 12:26
  well
• 12:26
  as
• 12:27
  some
• 12:27
  of
• 12:27
  the
• 12:27
  other
• 12:27
  ones.
• 12:28
  But
• 12:28
  a
• 12:29
  lot
• 12:29
  of
• 12:29
  our
• 12:29
  introduced
• 12:30
  species
• 12:31
  seem
• 12:31
  to
• 12:32
  use
• 12:32
  cities
• 12:33
  to
• 12:33
  expand,
• 12:34
  and
• 12:35
  sometimes
• 12:35
  they
• 12:36
  can't
• 12:36
  expand
• 12:36
  beyond
• 12:37
  them,
• 12:37
  but
• 12:37
  as
• 12:38
  long
• 12:38
  as
• 12:38
  they
• 12:38
  can
• 12:38
  get
• 12:39
  to
• 12:39
  the
• 12:39
  next
• 12:39
  city,
• 12:40
  they
• 12:40
  can
• 12:40
  expand
• 12:40
  their
• 12:41
  range.
• 12:41
  But
• 12:42
  like
• 12:42
  the
• 12:42
  house
• 12:42
  sparrow,
• 12:43
  part
• 12:43
  of
• 12:43
  why
• 12:43
  the
• 12:43
  house
• 12:44
  sparrow
• 12:44
  is
• 12:44
  so
• 12:44
  successful
• 12:45
  is
• 12:45
  because
• 12:45
  of
• 12:46
  its
• 12:46
  urban
• 12:46
  tolerance.
• 12:47
  And
• 12:47
  at
• 12:47
  least
• 12:47
  in
• 12:47
  North
• 12:48
  America,
• 12:48
  you
• 12:48
  don't
• 12:49
  really
• 12:49
  see
• 12:49
  them
• 12:49
  much
• 12:50
  away
• 12:50
  from
• 12:50
  cities
• 12:51
  except
• 12:51
  at
• 12:52
  farms,
• 12:54
  but
• 12:54
  you
• 12:54
  don't
• 12:55
  see
• 12:55
  them
• 12:55
  away
• 12:55
  from
• 12:55
  people.
• 12:56
  So
• 12:57
  there's
• 12:57
  a
• 12:57
  lot
• 12:58
  of
• 12:58
  examples
• 12:58
  of
• 12:59
  introduced
• 12:59
  species
• 13:00
  that
• 13:00
  seem
• 13:00
  to
• 13:01
  really
• 13:01
  rely
• 13:01
  on
• 13:01
  cities
• 13:02
  for
• 13:02
  their
• 13:03
  establishment
• 13:04
  and
• 13:04
  expansion.
• 13:05
  Yeah.
• 13:06
  And
• 13:06
  for
• 13:06
  some
• 13:06
  of
• 13:06
  those
• 13:06
  house
• 13:07
  sparrows,
• 13:08
  I
• 13:08
  guess
• 13:09
  house
• 13:09
  sparrows
• 13:09
  were
• 13:09
  intentionally
• 13:10
  introduced
• 13:10
  in
• 13:11
  New
• 13:11
  York
• 13:11
  at
• 13:11
  some
• 13:11
  point.
• 13:12
  But
• 13:12
  they
• 13:12
  kind
• 13:13
  of
• 13:13
  follow
• 13:13
  people
• 13:13
  around
• 13:13
  the
• 13:14
  world.
• 13:14
  And
• 13:14
  there's
• 13:14
  really
• 13:14
  cool
• 13:15
  evolutionary
• 13:16
  studies
• 13:16
  of
• 13:16
  house
• 13:16
  sparrows
• 13:17
  that
• 13:17
  show
• 13:17
  that
• 13:18
  kind
• 13:18
  of
• 13:18
  their
• 13:18
  global
• 13:18
  expansion
• 13:19
  was
• 13:20
  with
• 13:20
  humans
• 13:21
  as
• 13:21
  humans,
• 13:21
  you
• 13:22
  know,
• 13:22
  became
• 13:22
  agricultural
• 13:23
  and
• 13:23
  moved
• 13:24
  around
• 13:24
  the
• 13:24
  planet
• 13:24
  and.
• 13:25
  But
• 13:25
  it
• 13:25
  is,
• 13:25
  it's
• 13:26
  crazy,
• 13:26
  you
• 13:26
  know,
• 13:27
  to
• 13:27
  be
• 13:27
  in
• 13:27
  some
• 13:27
  completely
• 13:28
  different
• 13:28
  part
• 13:28
  of
• 13:28
  the
• 13:28
  world
• 13:29
  and
• 13:29
  see
• 13:29
  house
• 13:29
  sparrows
• 13:30
  like
• 13:31
  cities
• 13:32
  in
• 13:32
  Africa
• 13:33
  or
• 13:33
  here
• 13:34
  or
• 13:34
  South
• 13:35
  America.
• 13:35
  They're
• 13:35
  just
• 13:36
  thriving
• 13:36
  everywhere
• 13:37
  except
• 13:38
  I
• 13:38
  guess
• 13:38
  kind
• 13:38
  of
• 13:38
  where
• 13:39
  they
• 13:39
  came
• 13:39
  from,
• 13:39
  they're.
• 13:39
  Not
• 13:39
  too
• 13:39
  in
• 13:40
  their
• 13:40
  native
• 13:40
  range,
• 13:41
  they're
• 13:41
  declining.
• 13:42
  Yeah.
• 13:42
  So
• 13:42
  in
• 13:43
  western
• 13:43
  Europe
• 13:44
  they're
• 13:44
  in
• 13:44
  decline.
• 13:46
  We're
• 13:46
  doing
• 13:47
  a
• 13:47
  global
• 13:47
  urban
• 13:48
  bird
• 13:48
  survey
• 13:49
  where
• 13:49
  we're
• 13:49
  using
• 13:49
  acoustic
• 13:50
  surveys
• 13:51
  to
• 13:51
  record
• 13:51
  birds
• 13:52
  during
• 13:52
  dawn
• 13:53
  chorus
• 13:53
  in
• 13:54
  five
• 13:54
  different
• 13:54
  cities
• 13:55
  so
• 13:55
  far
• 13:55
  around
• 13:55
  the
• 13:56
  world.
• 13:56
  And
• 13:56
  the
• 13:56
  house
• 13:56
  sparrow
• 13:57
  is
• 13:57
  the
• 13:57
  one
• 13:57
  species
• 13:58
  that
• 13:58
  we
• 13:58
  get
• 13:58
  in
• 13:59
  every
• 13:59
  single
• 13:59
  city.
• 14:00
  So
• 14:00
  they're
• 14:00
  in
• 14:01
  Rio,
• 14:01
  they're
• 14:02
  in
• 14:02
  Dakar,
• 14:02
  they're
• 14:03
  in
• 14:03
  Nairobi,
• 14:04
  they're
• 14:04
  in
• 14:04
  Paris
• 14:04
  and
• 14:05
  they're
• 14:05
  in
• 14:05
  Toronto,
• 14:06
  which
• 14:07
  is
• 14:07
  super
• 14:08
  cool.
• 14:09
  Yeah,
• 14:09
  it's
• 14:10
  amazing
• 14:10
  to
• 14:10
  have
• 14:10
  such
• 14:10
  a
• 14:11
  globally
• 14:11
  distributed
• 14:12
  thing
• 14:12
  that
• 14:12
  you
• 14:12
  can
• 14:12
  study,
• 14:12
  like
• 14:12
  you
• 14:13
  said,
• 14:13
  in
• 14:13
  these
• 14:13
  different
• 14:13
  kind
• 14:14
  of
• 14:14
  replicated
• 14:14
  same,
• 14:15
  same
• 14:15
  but
• 14:15
  slightly
• 14:16
  different
• 14:16
  environments.
• 14:17
  So
• 14:18
  the
• 14:18
  study
• 14:18
  was
• 14:18
  really
• 14:18
  motivated
• 14:19
  by
• 14:19
  the
• 14:21
  bias
• 14:21
  that
• 14:21
  exists
• 14:22
  in
• 14:22
  urban
• 14:22
  ecology,
• 14:23
  but
• 14:23
  also
• 14:23
  just
• 14:24
  in
• 14:24
  ecology
• 14:25
  more
• 14:25
  generally.
• 14:25
  Where
• 14:26
  most
• 14:26
  of
• 14:26
  our
• 14:26
  research
• 14:26
  is
• 14:27
  done
• 14:27
  in
• 14:27
  the
• 14:27
  global
• 14:28
  North.
• 14:29
  And
• 14:29
  yet
• 14:29
  when
• 14:30
  you
• 14:30
  look
• 14:30
  at
• 14:30
  cities
• 14:30
  and
• 14:31
  where
• 14:31
  they're
• 14:31
  growing
• 14:31
  the
• 14:32
  fastest
• 14:32
  and
• 14:33
  where
• 14:33
  they
• 14:33
  are,
• 14:33
  a
• 14:34
  problem
• 14:34
  for
• 14:34
  biodiversity
• 14:36
  is
• 14:36
  in
• 14:37
  tropical
• 14:37
  and
• 14:38
  coastal
• 14:38
  regions
• 14:39
  in
• 14:39
  the
• 14:39
  global
• 14:39
  South.
• 14:40
  That's
• 14:40
  where
• 14:40
  our
• 14:40
  cities
• 14:41
  are
• 14:41
  growing
• 14:41
  the
• 14:41
  fastest.
• 14:42
  And
• 14:42
  we
• 14:42
  just
• 14:43
  don't
• 14:43
  have
• 14:43
  good
• 14:44
  data
• 14:45
  on
• 14:46
  how
• 14:46
  cities
• 14:47
  affect
• 14:47
  biodiversity
• 14:48
  in
• 14:48
  those
• 14:48
  parts
• 14:48
  of
• 14:49
  the
• 14:49
  world.
• 14:49
  And
• 14:50
  so
• 14:50
  we
• 14:50
  partnered
• 14:50
  with
• 14:51
  experts
• 14:51
  in
• 14:52
  each
• 14:52
  of
• 14:52
  those
• 14:52
  cities.
• 14:53
  So
• 14:53
  it's
• 14:54
  work
• 14:54
  that's
• 14:54
  being
• 14:55
  done
• 14:55
  by
• 14:55
  people
• 14:56
  who
• 14:56
  live
• 14:56
  in
• 14:56
  those
• 14:56
  cities
• 14:57
  and
• 14:58
  they
• 14:58
  use
• 14:58
  them
• 14:59
  community
• 15:00
  members,
• 15:00
  they
• 15:00
  recruit
• 15:01
  community
• 15:01
  members
• 15:02
  to
• 15:02
  go
• 15:02
  out
• 15:02
  with
• 15:02
  little
• 15:03
  digital
• 15:03
  recorders
• 15:05
  to
• 15:05
  random
• 15:06
  points
• 15:06
  across
• 15:07
  the
• 15:07
  whole
• 15:07
  city.
• 15:08
  So
• 15:08
  they're
• 15:08
  going
• 15:08
  out
• 15:09
  and
• 15:09
  recording
• 15:09
  like
• 15:10
  in
• 15:10
  the
• 15:10
  middle
• 15:10
  of
• 15:10
  giant
• 15:11
  stories,
• 15:11
  slums
• 15:11
  in
• 15:12
  Rio
• 15:12
  or
• 15:12
  in
• 15:12
  Nairobi,
• 15:15
  which
• 15:15
  just
• 15:15
  isn't
• 15:16
  where
• 15:16
  most
• 15:17
  urban
• 15:17
  ecology
• 15:18
  research
• 15:18
  happens.
• 15:19
  And
• 15:19
  so
• 15:19
  we
• 15:20
  don't
• 15:20
  know
• 15:21
  near
• 15:21
  as
• 15:21
  much
• 15:22
  about
• 15:22
  how
• 15:23
  cities
• 15:23
  affect
• 15:24
  biodiversity
• 15:24
  in
• 15:25
  the
• 15:25
  global
• 15:25
  South.
• 15:25
  So
• 15:26
  that
• 15:26
  was
• 15:26
  the
• 15:26
  main
• 15:26
  goal,
• 15:26
  is
• 15:27
  just
• 15:27
  to
• 15:27
  document
• 15:29
  what
• 15:29
  birds
• 15:30
  are
• 15:30
  able
• 15:30
  to
• 15:31
  persist
• 15:31
  in
• 15:32
  those
• 15:32
  cities
• 15:33
  and
• 15:33
  then
• 15:33
  try
• 15:33
  and
• 15:33
  figure
• 15:34
  out
• 15:34
  why.
• 15:34
  So
• 15:35
  can
• 15:35
  you
• 15:35
  tell
• 15:35
  us
• 15:35
  a
• 15:35
  little
• 15:35
  bit
• 15:36
  about
• 15:36
  which
• 15:36
  traits
• 15:36
  tend
• 15:37
  to
• 15:37
  predict
• 15:37
  an
• 15:37
  urban
• 15:38
  winter
• 15:38
  and
• 15:38
  why
• 15:39
  those
• 15:39
  traits
• 15:39
  matter
• 15:40
  in
• 15:40
  these
• 15:40
  concrete,
• 15:41
  noisy
• 15:42
  human
• 15:42
  made
• 15:43
  environments?
• 15:44
  To
• 15:44
  take
• 15:45
  advantage
• 15:45
  of
• 15:45
  all
• 15:45
  the
• 15:46
  opportunities
• 15:46
  in
• 15:47
  cities,
• 15:47
  you
• 15:48
  have
• 15:48
  to
• 15:48
  be
• 15:48
  able
• 15:48
  to
• 15:49
  adjust
• 15:49
  and
• 15:49
  do
• 15:50
  things
• 15:50
  differently
• 15:50
  than
• 15:51
  you
• 15:51
  would
• 15:51
  in
• 15:52
  your
• 15:52
  natural
• 15:52
  habitat.
• 15:54
  So,
• 15:54
  you
• 15:54
  know,
• 15:54
  nesting
• 15:55
  on
• 15:55
  a
• 15:55
  skyscraper
• 15:56
  is
• 15:56
  a
• 15:56
  great
• 15:56
  example
• 15:57
  of
• 15:57
  behavioral
• 15:58
  flexibility.
• 16:01
  Eating
• 16:01
  different
• 16:02
  foods
• 16:02
  like
• 16:03
  gulls,
• 16:03
  being
• 16:04
  able
• 16:04
  to
• 16:04
  figure
• 16:04
  out
• 16:04
  that
• 16:05
  they
• 16:05
  can
• 16:05
  go
• 16:05
  eat
• 16:05
  out
• 16:06
  of
• 16:06
  dumpsters,
• 16:08
  that's
• 16:08
  behavioral
• 16:08
  flexibility.
• 16:10
  Also,
• 16:10
  behavioral
• 16:11
  flexibility
• 16:11
  is
• 16:11
  important
• 16:12
  for
• 16:12
  habituating.
• 16:13
  To
• 16:13
  figure
• 16:14
  out
• 16:14
  what
• 16:15
  parts
• 16:15
  of
• 16:15
  the
• 16:16
  busy
• 16:16
  city
• 16:16
  are
• 16:17
  true
• 16:17
  threats
• 16:18
  and
• 16:18
  which
• 16:18
  things
• 16:19
  should
• 16:19
  you
• 16:19
  ignore?
• 16:20
  Because
• 16:21
  with
• 16:21
  traffic
• 16:21
  going
• 16:22
  by
• 16:22
  your
• 16:22
  nest
• 16:23
  or
• 16:23
  people
• 16:23
  walking
• 16:24
  by
• 16:24
  and
• 16:24
  whatever,
• 16:25
  all
• 16:26
  those
• 16:26
  urban
• 16:26
  challenges
• 16:28
  that
• 16:28
  are
• 16:29
  associated
• 16:29
  with
• 16:29
  human
• 16:29
  activity,
• 16:30
  you
• 16:30
  need
• 16:30
  to
• 16:31
  be
• 16:31
  able
• 16:31
  to
• 16:31
  go
• 16:32
  about
• 16:32
  your
• 16:32
  regular
• 16:33
  daily
• 16:33
  life,
• 16:34
  take
• 16:34
  care
• 16:34
  of
• 16:34
  your
• 16:34
  eggs
• 16:35
  and
• 16:35
  your
• 16:35
  nestlings,
• 16:36
  and
• 16:36
  if
• 16:36
  you're
• 16:37
  disturbed
• 16:37
  every
• 16:38
  time
• 16:38
  somebody
• 16:38
  walks
• 16:39
  by,
• 16:39
  you're
• 16:39
  not
• 16:39
  going
• 16:39
  to
• 16:40
  do
• 16:40
  well.
• 16:40
  So
• 16:41
  being
• 16:41
  able
• 16:41
  to
• 16:41
  either
• 16:42
  baseline
• 16:42
  just
• 16:42
  ignore
• 16:43
  that
• 16:43
  human
• 16:44
  activity
• 16:44
  or
• 16:44
  habituate
• 16:45
  to
• 16:45
  it
• 16:46
  is
• 16:47
  really
• 16:47
  important.
• 16:48
  Yeah.
• 16:49
  So
• 16:49
  there
• 16:49
  are
• 16:49
  all
• 16:49
  these
• 16:49
  really
• 16:49
  cool
• 16:50
  examples
• 16:50
  of
• 16:51
  birds
• 16:51
  that
• 16:51
  are
• 16:52
  not
• 16:52
  just
• 16:52
  persisting
• 16:53
  in
• 16:53
  cities,
• 16:53
  but
• 16:53
  thriving,
• 16:54
  or
• 16:54
  we
• 16:55
  see
• 16:55
  examples
• 16:55
  of
• 16:55
  them
• 16:56
  being
• 16:56
  savvy
• 16:57
  to
• 16:57
  living
• 16:57
  in
• 16:57
  a
• 16:57
  city.
• 16:58
  What
• 16:58
  are
• 16:58
  some
• 16:58
  of
• 16:59
  your
• 16:59
  favorite
• 16:59
  examples
• 17:00
  of
• 17:00
  that?
• 17:01
  Of
• 17:01
  birds
• 17:01
  that
• 17:01
  do
• 17:02
  have
• 17:02
  interesting
• 17:03
  city
• 17:03
  adapted
• 17:04
  behaviors.
• 17:05
  Yeah.
• 17:06
  So
• 17:06
  there's
• 17:07
  a
• 17:07
  whole
• 17:08
  area
• 17:08
  of
• 17:08
  research
• 17:09
  into
• 17:09
  what
• 17:09
  they
• 17:10
  call
• 17:10
  foraging
• 17:11
  innovations,
• 17:12
  where
• 17:12
  a
• 17:13
  bird
• 17:13
  or
• 17:14
  whatever
• 17:14
  animal
• 17:15
  has
• 17:15
  figured
• 17:16
  out
• 17:16
  a
• 17:16
  novel
• 17:17
  way
• 17:17
  to
• 17:18
  and
• 17:18
  access
• 17:18
  food.
• 17:20
  And
• 17:20
  so
• 17:20
  there's
• 17:20
  a
• 17:20
  couple
• 17:21
  of
• 17:21
  examples
• 17:21
  of
• 17:22
  urban
• 17:22
  birds
• 17:23
  doing
• 17:23
  that,
• 17:23
  like
• 17:24
  crows
• 17:25
  that
• 17:25
  will
• 17:26
  drop
• 17:26
  nuts
• 17:27
  into
• 17:27
  traffic
• 17:28
  and
• 17:28
  let
• 17:29
  cars
• 17:29
  run
• 17:29
  them
• 17:30
  over
• 17:30
  so
• 17:30
  that
• 17:30
  they
• 17:30
  can
• 17:31
  access
• 17:31
  the
• 17:31
  seed
• 17:32
  inside.
• 17:33
  So
• 17:33
  cool
• 17:34
  gulls
• 17:35
  that
• 17:35
  will
• 17:35
  drop
• 17:36
  shellfish
• 17:37
  again
• 17:37
  in
• 17:37
  traffic
• 17:38
  and
• 17:39
  then
• 17:39
  just
• 17:39
  cool
• 17:40
  problem
• 17:40
  solving,
• 17:41
  like
• 17:41
  being
• 17:41
  able
• 17:41
  to
• 17:42
  open
• 17:42
  up
• 17:42
  garbage
• 17:43
  bins
• 17:43
  and
• 17:43
  things
• 17:44
  like
• 17:44
  that.
• 17:44
  Or
• 17:45
  knowing
• 17:45
  when
• 17:46
  to
• 17:46
  time
• 17:46
  visits
• 17:47
  to
• 17:47
  different
• 17:48
  places
• 17:48
  because
• 17:49
  that's
• 17:49
  when
• 17:49
  the
• 17:50
  restaurant
• 17:50
  is
• 17:50
  throwing
• 17:50
  away
• 17:51
  their
• 17:51
  leftovers
• 17:52
  for
• 17:52
  the
• 17:52
  day.
• 17:52
  There's
• 17:53
  a
• 17:53
  lot
• 17:53
  of
• 17:53
  really
• 17:53
  cool
• 17:54
  examples
• 17:54
  of
• 17:54
  that.
• 17:55
  Yeah.
• 17:55
  One
• 17:56
  example
• 17:56
  I
• 17:56
  think
• 17:56
  is
• 17:56
  really
• 17:57
  cool
• 17:57
  is
• 17:57
  in
• 17:57
  Arizona,
• 17:58
  where
• 17:58
  lovebirds,
• 17:59
  which
• 17:59
  have
• 17:59
  been
• 18:00
  introduced
• 18:01
  and
• 18:01
  you
• 18:02
  know,
• 18:02
  the
• 18:02
  introduction
• 18:02
  of
• 18:02
  these
• 18:03
  parrots
• 18:03
  in
• 18:04
  different
• 18:04
  cities
• 18:04
  across
• 18:04
  North
• 18:05
  America
• 18:05
  is
• 18:05
  often
• 18:05
  because
• 18:06
  of
• 18:06
  the
• 18:06
  pet
• 18:06
  trade.
• 18:06
  And
• 18:07
  anyways,
• 18:07
  that's
• 18:08
  a
• 18:08
  whole
• 18:08
  other
• 18:08
  interesting
• 18:09
  story,
• 18:09
  parrots
• 18:09
  and
• 18:09
  the
• 18:10
  pet
• 18:10
  trade.
• 18:11
  But
• 18:11
  these
• 18:12
  lovebirds
• 18:12
  have
• 18:12
  figured
• 18:13
  out
• 18:13
  that
• 18:13
  during
• 18:13
  the
• 18:14
  peak
• 18:14
  time
• 18:14
  of
• 18:15
  the
• 18:15
  day,
• 18:15
  where
• 18:15
  it's
• 18:15
  very
• 18:15
  hot,
• 18:16
  they
• 18:16
  visit
• 18:16
  air
• 18:16
  conditioning
• 18:17
  vents
• 18:17
  to
• 18:17
  cool
• 18:18
  down.
• 18:18
  And
• 18:19
  I
• 18:19
  think
• 18:19
  in
• 18:19
  the
• 18:19
  absence
• 18:20
  of
• 18:20
  that
• 18:20
  kind
• 18:20
  of
• 18:20
  learned
• 18:20
  behavior,
• 18:21
  not
• 18:21
  a
• 18:21
  force
• 18:21
  foraging
• 18:22
  behavior,
• 18:22
  but
• 18:22
  still
• 18:22
  an
• 18:22
  interesting
• 18:23
  urban
• 18:24
  survival
• 18:25
  behavior,
• 18:25
  they
• 18:26
  might
• 18:26
  not
• 18:26
  be
• 18:26
  able
• 18:26
  to
• 18:26
  persist
• 18:27
  in
• 18:27
  cities,
• 18:27
  which
• 18:27
  is
• 18:28
  pretty
• 18:28
  cool.
• 18:29
  Yeah.
• 18:29
  And
• 18:29
  that's
• 18:29
  another
• 18:30
  thing
• 18:30
  that
• 18:31
  seems
• 18:31
  to
• 18:31
  be
• 18:31
  important
• 18:32
  for
• 18:32
  some
• 18:33
  urban
• 18:33
  birds
• 18:33
  is
• 18:34
  being
• 18:34
  smart,
• 18:35
  being
• 18:35
  able
• 18:35
  to
• 18:36
  solve
• 18:36
  problems
• 18:37
  so
• 18:38
  like
• 18:38
  the
• 18:38
  cockatoos,
• 18:40
  there's
• 18:41
  studies
• 18:41
  on,
• 18:42
  I
• 18:42
  think
• 18:42
  it's
• 18:42
  sulfur
• 18:43
  crested
• 18:43
  cockatoo
• 18:44
  and
• 18:44
  how
• 18:44
  they
• 18:44
  can
• 18:45
  do
• 18:45
  multi
• 18:46
  step
• 18:46
  problem
• 18:46
  solving
• 18:47
  to
• 18:47
  open
• 18:47
  garbage
• 18:48
  bins
• 18:48
  that
• 18:48
  have
• 18:49
  latches
• 18:49
  on
• 18:49
  top
• 18:50
  of
• 18:50
  them
• 18:50
  and
• 18:50
  they'll
• 18:51
  watch
• 18:51
  each
• 18:51
  other
• 18:51
  and
• 18:52
  learn
• 18:52
  it.
• 18:53
  Yeah.
• 18:53
  And
• 18:54
  sometimes
• 18:54
  brain
• 18:54
  size
• 18:55
  is
• 18:55
  bigger
• 18:56
  for
• 18:56
  urban
• 18:57
  tolerant
• 18:57
  birds.
• 18:58
  Oh
• 18:58
  really?
• 18:58
  Like
• 18:59
  just
• 18:59
  on
• 18:59
  average.
• 19:00
  On
• 19:00
  average.
• 19:01
  Like
• 19:01
  controlling
• 19:02
  for
• 19:02
  body
• 19:02
  size.
• 19:04
  So
• 19:04
  birds
• 19:04
  that
• 19:04
  have
• 19:04
  a
• 19:05
  bigger
• 19:05
  brain
• 19:05
  than
• 19:05
  you
• 19:06
  would
• 19:06
  expect
• 19:06
  for
• 19:06
  their
• 19:07
  size
• 19:07
  tend
• 19:07
  to
• 19:08
  do
• 19:08
  well
• 19:08
  in
• 19:08
  cities.
• 19:09
  Oh
• 19:09
  cool.
• 19:10
  Corvids
• 19:10
  are
• 19:10
  one
• 19:11
  of
• 19:11
  those
• 19:11
  groups.
• 19:12
  Corvids,
• 19:12
  the
• 19:12
  parrots.
• 19:13
  Yeah.
• 19:14
  I
• 19:14
  guess
• 19:15
  I
• 19:15
  would
• 19:15
  expect
• 19:15
  there
• 19:16
  to
• 19:16
  be
• 19:16
  a
• 19:16
  stress
• 19:16
  response
• 19:17
  regardless
• 19:17
  of
• 19:17
  if
• 19:17
  you
• 19:18
  can
• 19:18
  tolerate
• 19:18
  it
• 19:18
  or
• 19:18
  not.
• 19:19
  There
• 19:19
  should
• 19:19
  be
• 19:19
  some
• 19:19
  indicator
• 19:20
  at
• 19:21
  least
• 19:21
  I
• 19:21
  would
• 19:21
  expect
• 19:21
  that
• 19:22
  there'd
• 19:22
  be
• 19:22
  elevated
• 19:22
  stress
• 19:23
  levels.
• 19:24
  What
• 19:25
  have
• 19:25
  you
• 19:25
  found
• 19:25
  there?
• 19:26
  So
• 19:27
  that
• 19:27
  was
• 19:27
  actually
• 19:27
  one
• 19:28
  of
• 19:28
  my
• 19:28
  chapters
• 19:28
  for
• 19:29
  my
• 19:29
  PhD
• 19:30
  20
• 19:30
  years
• 19:31
  ago
• 19:31
  was
• 19:32
  over
• 19:33
  20
• 19:33
  years
• 19:33
  ago
• 19:33
  going
• 19:34
  up
• 19:34
  and
• 19:34
  down
• 19:34
  the
• 19:35
  west
• 19:35
  coast
• 19:35
  of
• 19:35
  North
• 19:36
  America
• 19:37
  comparing
• 19:37
  white
• 19:37
  crown
• 19:38
  sparrows
• 19:39
  in
• 19:39
  cities
• 19:39
  to
• 19:40
  white
• 19:40
  crown
• 19:40
  sparrows
• 19:41
  outside
• 19:41
  of
• 19:41
  cities.
• 19:42
  And
• 19:42
  we
• 19:43
  found
• 19:43
  them
• 19:43
  during.
• 19:45
  We
• 19:46
  made
• 19:46
  sure
• 19:46
  everybody
• 19:46
  was
• 19:47
  at
• 19:47
  the
• 19:47
  same
• 19:47
  breeding
• 19:48
  stage
• 19:48
  because
• 19:49
  we
• 19:49
  know
• 19:49
  that
• 19:49
  can
• 19:49
  affect
• 19:50
  stress
• 19:50
  hormone
• 19:50
  levels.
• 19:51
  And
• 19:52
  looked
• 19:52
  at
• 19:53
  whether
• 19:53
  the
• 19:53
  birds
• 19:54
  in
• 19:54
  the
• 19:54
  cities
• 19:55
  had
• 19:55
  different
• 19:56
  stress
• 19:56
  levels.
• 19:57
  Though
• 19:57
  I
• 19:57
  don't
• 19:57
  usually
• 19:58
  call
• 19:58
  the
• 19:59
  hormones
• 19:59
  or
• 19:59
  anti
• 20:00
  stress
• 20:00
  really,
• 20:01
  but
• 20:01
  the
• 20:01
  hormones
• 20:02
  a
• 20:02
  good
• 20:02
  measure
• 20:02
  of
• 20:02
  sort
• 20:03
  of
• 20:03
  how
• 20:03
  challenged
• 20:04
  they
• 20:04
  feel.
• 20:05
  And
• 20:06
  the
• 20:06
  females
• 20:07
  had
• 20:07
  higher
• 20:08
  stress
• 20:09
  hormone
• 20:09
  levels
• 20:10
  in
• 20:10
  cities
• 20:10
  but
• 20:10
  the
• 20:11
  males
• 20:11
  didn't.
• 20:12
  And
• 20:13
  that's
• 20:13
  kind
• 20:13
  of.
• 20:14
  And
• 20:14
  then
• 20:14
  when
• 20:14
  you
• 20:14
  go
• 20:14
  and
• 20:15
  look
• 20:15
  in
• 20:15
  other
• 20:16
  birds
• 20:16
  you
• 20:17
  find
• 20:17
  the
• 20:17
  opposite
• 20:18
  or
• 20:18
  you
• 20:18
  find
• 20:19
  no
• 20:19
  difference.
• 20:19
  So
• 20:20
  there
• 20:20
  doesn't
• 20:20
  seem
• 20:20
  to
• 20:21
  be
• 20:21
  one
• 20:21
  consistent
• 20:22
  effect
• 20:23
  of
• 20:23
  cities
• 20:23
  on
• 20:24
  stress
• 20:25
  hormone
• 20:25
  levels
• 20:26
  or
• 20:27
  any
• 20:27
  of
• 20:27
  the
• 20:27
  other
• 20:27
  measures
• 20:28
  that
• 20:28
  we
• 20:28
  have
• 20:29
  for
• 20:29
  trying
• 20:29
  to
• 20:29
  figure
• 20:30
  out
• 20:30
  how
• 20:30
  stressed
• 20:31
  a
• 20:31
  bird
• 20:32
  is.
• 20:33
  Like
• 20:33
  body
• 20:34
  condition
• 20:35
  or
• 20:35
  there's
• 20:36
  white
• 20:36
  blood
• 20:36
  cell
• 20:37
  counts
• 20:37
  some
• 20:37
  people
• 20:38
  use
• 20:38
  or
• 20:38
  things
• 20:39
  like
• 20:39
  that.
• 20:39
  Sometimes
• 20:40
  it's
• 20:40
  worse
• 20:40
  in
• 20:41
  the
• 20:41
  city,
• 20:41
  sometimes
• 20:41
  it's
• 20:42
  better.
• 20:42
  And
• 20:42
  that
• 20:43
  points
• 20:43
  to.
• 20:44
  It
• 20:45
  really
• 20:45
  matters
• 20:45
  what
• 20:45
  species
• 20:46
  you're
• 20:46
  talking
• 20:46
  about,
• 20:47
  what
• 20:47
  city
• 20:48
  you're
• 20:48
  talking
• 20:48
  about.
• 20:49
  Birds
• 20:50
  in
• 20:50
  Phoenix
• 20:51
  have
• 20:52
  way
• 20:53
  more
• 20:53
  stable
• 20:54
  and
• 20:54
  abundant
• 20:55
  resources
• 20:55
  than
• 20:56
  in
• 20:56
  the
• 20:56
  region
• 20:57
  around
• 20:57
  them.
• 20:58
  Around
• 20:58
  the
• 20:58
  city
• 20:58
  because
• 20:59
  it's
• 20:59
  desert.
• 21:00
  And
• 21:01
  so
• 21:02
  the
• 21:03
  stress
• 21:03
  levels
• 21:03
  of
• 21:03
  birds
• 21:04
  in
• 21:04
  Phoenix
• 21:04
  have
• 21:04
  been
• 21:05
  studied
• 21:05
  a
• 21:05
  lot
• 21:05
  and
• 21:06
  there's
• 21:06
  really
• 21:06
  no
• 21:06
  consistent
• 21:08
  negative
• 21:09
  effect
• 21:09
  of
• 21:09
  cities
• 21:09
  on
• 21:10
  stress
• 21:10
  levels.
• 21:11
  So
• 21:11
  that's
• 21:11
  cool.
• 21:12
  Yeah,
• 21:12
  I
• 21:12
  mean,
• 21:12
  I
• 21:12
  guess
• 21:13
  different
• 21:13
  birds
• 21:13
  would
• 21:13
  respond
• 21:14
  in
• 21:14
  different
• 21:14
  ways
• 21:14
  and
• 21:15
  we
• 21:15
  like
• 21:15
  to
• 21:15
  look
• 21:15
  for
• 21:15
  broad
• 21:16
  patterns
• 21:16
  in
• 21:16
  science
• 21:17
  but
• 21:17
  sometimes
• 21:18
  they
• 21:18
  just
• 21:18
  don't
• 21:18
  exist
• 21:18
  because
• 21:19
  there's
• 21:19
  different
• 21:19
  ways
• 21:19
  of
• 21:19
  being.
• 21:20
  Which
• 21:21
  is
• 21:21
  a
• 21:21
  good
• 21:21
  reminder.
• 21:22
  Yeah,
• 21:23
  a
• 21:23
  sharption
• 21:24
  just
• 21:24
  flew
• 21:24
  through
• 21:25
  the
• 21:25
  yard.
• 21:25
  Sorry,
• 21:25
  I
• 21:25
  got
• 21:26
  to
• 21:26
  cool
• 21:28
  that's
• 21:28
  awesome.
• 21:29
  I
• 21:29
  can't
• 21:29
  see
• 21:29
  out
• 21:30
  of
• 21:30
  our
• 21:30
  studio
• 21:31
  right
• 21:31
  now,
• 21:31
  so
• 21:32
  I'm
• 21:32
  sure
• 21:32
  I'd
• 21:32
  be
• 21:33
  distracted
• 21:33
  if
• 21:33
  I
• 21:34
  could.
• 21:35
  There's
• 21:36
  a
• 21:36
  lot
• 21:36
  of
• 21:36
  good
• 21:36
  winter
• 21:37
  sparrows
• 21:37
  around
• 21:37
  right
• 21:38
  now.
• 21:38
  Yeah,
• 21:38
  they've
• 21:39
  been
• 21:39
  eating
• 21:39
  the
• 21:39
  mourning
• 21:40
  doves
• 21:40
  at
• 21:40
  our
• 21:40
  feeder.
• 21:41
  Oh
• 21:42
  really?
• 21:42
  Way
• 21:43
  fewer
• 21:43
  mourning
• 21:43
  doves
• 21:44
  because
• 21:44
  they're
• 21:44
  being
• 21:44
  very
• 21:45
  careful
• 21:45
  now.
• 21:50
  We're
• 21:50
  actually
• 21:50
  doing
• 21:51
  some
• 21:51
  work
• 21:51
  comparing
• 21:53
  closely
• 21:53
  related
• 21:54
  species
• 21:54
  that
• 21:55
  do
• 21:55
  and
• 21:55
  don't
• 21:56
  do
• 21:56
  well
• 21:56
  in
• 21:56
  cities
• 21:57
  and
• 21:57
  seeing
• 21:58
  if
• 21:58
  their
• 21:58
  ability
• 21:58
  to
• 21:59
  habituate
• 21:59
  to
• 22:00
  human
• 22:00
  activity
• 22:01
  differs.
• 22:02
  So
• 22:02
  like
• 22:02
  song
• 22:03
  sparrows
• 22:03
  do
• 22:04
  really
• 22:04
  well
• 22:04
  in
• 22:04
  cities,
• 22:05
  but
• 22:05
  swamp
• 22:05
  sparrows
• 22:06
  don't.
• 22:07
  So
• 22:07
  you
• 22:07
  can
• 22:07
  go
• 22:07
  out
• 22:08
  to
• 22:08
  where
• 22:08
  they
• 22:08
  both
• 22:08
  are
• 22:09
  out
• 22:10
  in
• 22:10
  natural
• 22:11
  habitat
• 22:11
  and
• 22:12
  have
• 22:12
  a
• 22:13
  bunch
• 22:13
  of
• 22:13
  undergrads
• 22:14
  walk
• 22:14
  by
• 22:14
  their
• 22:14
  nests
• 22:15
  a
• 22:15
  bunch
• 22:15
  and
• 22:16
  see
• 22:16
  if
• 22:16
  the
• 22:17
  song
• 22:17
  sparrows
• 22:18
  are
• 22:18
  better
• 22:18
  able
• 22:18
  to
• 22:19
  learn
• 22:19
  that
• 22:19
  that's
• 22:20
  not
• 22:20
  a
• 22:20
  threat,
• 22:21
  habituate
• 22:21
  to
• 22:22
  it
• 22:22
  faster
• 22:22
  than
• 22:22
  the
• 22:22
  swamp
• 22:23
  sparrows.
• 22:24
  And
• 22:24
  that's
• 22:24
  ongoing
• 22:24
  work
• 22:25
  right
• 22:25
  now
• 22:25
  in
• 22:25
  your
• 22:25
  lab.
• 22:26
  Yeah.
• 22:26
  Nice.
• 22:27
  I
• 22:27
  would
• 22:28
  have
• 22:28
  loved
• 22:28
  to
• 22:28
  do
• 22:28
  a
• 22:28
  project
• 22:28
  like
• 22:29
  that
• 22:29
  as
• 22:29
  an
• 22:29
  undergrad.
• 22:30
  Just
• 22:30
  get
• 22:30
  to
• 22:30
  walk
• 22:30
  around
• 22:31
  past
• 22:31
  nests
• 22:32
  and
• 22:32
  see
• 22:32
  what
• 22:32
  mom
• 22:33
  does
• 22:33
  while
• 22:33
  she's.
• 22:34
  Is
• 22:34
  it
• 22:34
  during
• 22:34
  the
• 22:34
  incubation
• 22:35
  period
• 22:35
  then
• 22:35
  that
• 22:35
  you
• 22:36
  do
• 22:36
  that?
• 22:36
  Yeah,
• 22:36
  during
• 22:36
  incubation.
• 22:37
  Yeah.
• 22:37
  We
• 22:38
  put
• 22:38
  little
• 22:38
  eye
• 22:38
  button
• 22:39
  in
• 22:39
  the
• 22:39
  nest
• 22:39
  so
• 22:40
  that
• 22:40
  we
• 22:40
  can
• 22:40
  measure
• 22:41
  their
• 22:41
  incubation
• 22:42
  behavior
• 22:42
  because
• 22:42
  they
• 22:43
  might
• 22:43
  not
• 22:43
  do
• 22:43
  anything
• 22:44
  overt
• 22:44
  that
• 22:45
  you
• 22:45
  see
• 22:45
  like
• 22:45
  alarm
• 22:46
  calling
• 22:46
  or
• 22:46
  flushing
• 22:47
  off
• 22:47
  the
• 22:47
  nest.
• 22:47
  But
• 22:48
  we're
• 22:48
  also
• 22:48
  looking
• 22:48
  at
• 22:48
  whether
• 22:49
  they
• 22:49
  just
• 22:50
  adjust
• 22:50
  their
• 22:51
  parental
• 22:51
  behavior.
• 22:52
  How
• 22:52
  they're
• 22:52
  sitting
• 22:52
  on
• 22:53
  their
• 22:53
  eggs.
• 22:53
  Oh
• 22:54
  cool.
• 22:54
  Yeah.
• 22:54
  And
• 22:54
  whether
• 22:55
  maybe
• 22:55
  they're
• 22:55
  just
• 22:55
  like
• 22:56
  more
• 22:56
  skittish
• 22:56
  or
• 22:57
  something
• 22:57
  when
• 22:57
  they
• 22:58
  aren't
• 22:58
  used
• 22:59
  to
• 22:59
  people
• 22:59
  coming
• 22:59
  by
• 23:00
  versus
• 23:00
  when
• 23:00
  they
• 23:00
  are.
• 23:01
  So
• 23:02
  we
• 23:02
  wanted
• 23:02
  to
• 23:02
  also
• 23:02
  include
• 23:03
  an
• 23:03
  urban
• 23:03
  population.
• 23:04
  So
• 23:04
  we
• 23:04
  did
• 23:05
  song
• 23:05
  sparrows
• 23:05
  in
• 23:06
  Kingston
• 23:06
  last
• 23:07
  year.
• 23:07
  Yeah.
• 23:08
  And
• 23:08
  they
• 23:09
  like
• 23:10
  we
• 23:10
  couldn't
• 23:10
  measure
• 23:11
  habituation
• 23:11
  because
• 23:12
  they
• 23:12
  are
• 23:12
  so
• 23:13
  tolerant.
• 23:14
  So
• 23:14
  like
• 23:15
  we
• 23:15
  had
• 23:15
  nests
• 23:16
  in
• 23:16
  Arby's
• 23:17
  drive
• 23:17
  throughs
• 23:18
  and
• 23:19
  like
• 23:19
  in
• 23:19
  the
• 23:19
  middle
• 23:20
  of
• 23:20
  parking
• 23:20
  lots
• 23:21
  and
• 23:21
  stuff.
• 23:21
  So
• 23:22
  somebody
• 23:22
  had
• 23:22
  already
• 23:22
  done
• 23:23
  the
• 23:23
  experiment.
• 23:24
  Right.
• 23:24
  All
• 23:24
  the
• 23:24
  trucks
• 23:25
  and
• 23:25
  cars
• 23:25
  going
• 23:26
  through
• 23:26
  the
• 23:26
  Arby's
• 23:26
  drive
• 23:27
  through.
• 23:27
  So
• 23:27
  you
• 23:28
  could
• 23:28
  walk
• 23:28
  right
• 23:28
  up
• 23:29
  to
• 23:29
  the
• 23:29
  nest
• 23:29
  and
• 23:29
  touch
• 23:30
  the
• 23:30
  branch
• 23:30
  that
• 23:31
  the
• 23:31
  nest
• 23:31
  is
• 23:32
  in.
• 23:32
  And
• 23:32
  the
• 23:32
  female
• 23:32
  just
• 23:33
  sits
• 23:33
  there
• 23:33
  and
• 23:33
  stares
• 23:34
  at
• 23:34
  you.
• 23:34
  You.
• 23:34
  Wow.
• 23:35
  She's
• 23:36
  not
• 23:36
  going
• 23:36
  anywhere
• 23:36
  until
• 23:37
  you
• 23:37
  have
• 23:37
  to
• 23:37
  actually
• 23:37
  poke
• 23:38
  the
• 23:38
  nest
• 23:39
  to
• 23:39
  get
• 23:39
  her
• 23:40
  to
• 23:40
  flush
• 23:40
  off
• 23:40
  of
• 23:40
  it.
• 23:41
  That's
• 23:41
  amazing.
• 23:42
  I
• 23:42
  mean,
• 23:42
  yeah,
• 23:43
  I
• 23:43
  see
• 23:43
  how
• 23:43
  that
• 23:43
  would
• 23:44
  be
• 23:44
  beneficial
• 23:44
  like
• 23:44
  if
• 23:45
  there's
• 23:45
  lots
• 23:45
  of
• 23:45
  people
• 23:45
  around.
• 23:45
  But
• 23:46
  I
• 23:46
  hope
• 23:46
  she
• 23:46
  has
• 23:46
  enough
• 23:46
  of
• 23:47
  a,
• 23:47
  like
• 23:48
  a
• 23:48
  understanding
• 23:49
  that
• 23:49
  a
• 23:49
  cat
• 23:50
  isn't
• 23:50
  a
• 23:50
  person
• 23:50
  to
• 23:51
  flush.
• 23:51
  You
• 23:51
  know,
• 23:51
  if
• 23:51
  there's
• 23:51
  a
• 23:52
  Cat
• 23:52
  coming
• 23:52
  or
• 23:52
  something
• 23:52
  like
• 23:53
  that.
• 23:53
  I
• 23:53
  wonder
• 23:53
  what
• 23:54
  the
• 23:54
  intersection
• 23:54
  there
• 23:55
  is
• 23:55
  between
• 23:55
  habituation
• 23:56
  and
• 23:57
  predator,
• 23:58
  like
• 23:59
  not
• 23:59
  being
• 23:59
  predator
• 23:59
  avoidance.
• 24:00
  I'm
• 24:00
  not
• 24:00
  with
• 24:00
  predators.
• 24:01
  Yeah.
• 24:02
  Or
• 24:03
  foolish
• 24:04
  boldness
• 24:04
  around
• 24:05
  predators.
• 24:06
  Yeah.
• 24:06
  So
• 24:06
  we
• 24:06
  found
• 24:07
  that
• 24:07
  the,
• 24:07
  the
• 24:07
  birds
• 24:08
  that
• 24:08
  nested
• 24:09
  in
• 24:09
  the
• 24:09
  most
• 24:09
  disturbed
• 24:10
  places,
• 24:11
  like
• 24:11
  in
• 24:11
  the
• 24:11
  Arby's
• 24:12
  drive
• 24:12
  throughs
• 24:12
  and
• 24:13
  parking
• 24:13
  lots,
• 24:13
  they
• 24:14
  had
• 24:14
  higher
• 24:14
  fledging
• 24:15
  success.
• 24:15
  They
• 24:15
  were
• 24:16
  more
• 24:16
  likely
• 24:16
  for
• 24:17
  their
• 24:17
  nests
• 24:17
  to
• 24:17
  survive.
• 24:18
  And
• 24:18
  we
• 24:18
  think
• 24:19
  it's
• 24:19
  because
• 24:19
  of
• 24:20
  this
• 24:20
  thing
• 24:20
  called
• 24:20
  the
• 24:20
  human
• 24:21
  shield
• 24:21
  hypothesis
• 24:22
  where,
• 24:23
  you
• 24:23
  know,
• 24:23
  animals
• 24:24
  go
• 24:24
  towards
• 24:25
  human
• 24:25
  activity
• 24:26
  for
• 24:26
  breeding
• 24:27
  because
• 24:27
  it
• 24:27
  protects
• 24:28
  their
• 24:28
  babies
• 24:29
  and
• 24:29
  themselves
• 24:30
  from
• 24:31
  their
• 24:31
  natural
• 24:31
  enemies,
• 24:32
  like
• 24:32
  the
• 24:32
  things
• 24:33
  that
• 24:33
  would,
• 24:34
  you
• 24:34
  know,
• 24:34
  eat
• 24:34
  their
• 24:34
  eggs
• 24:35
  or
• 24:35
  nestlings.
• 24:36
  And
• 24:36
  so
• 24:37
  those
• 24:37
  super
• 24:38
  busy
• 24:38
  places
• 24:39
  probably
• 24:39
  have
• 24:40
  fewer
• 24:40
  crows
• 24:41
  and
• 24:41
  raccoons
• 24:42
  and
• 24:42
  things
• 24:43
  coming
• 24:43
  in
• 24:43
  and
• 24:44
  finding
• 24:44
  their
• 24:44
  nests.
• 24:45
  Yeah,
• 24:45
  yeah.
• 24:46
  There
• 24:46
  are
• 24:46
  some
• 24:46
  birds
• 24:47
  that
• 24:47
  like
• 24:47
  seem
• 24:47
  they
• 24:48
  are
• 24:48
  tied
• 24:48
  to
• 24:48
  cities.
• 24:49
  One
• 24:49
  example
• 24:49
  is
• 24:49
  chimney
• 24:50
  swifts,
• 24:50
  which
• 24:51
  nest
• 24:51
  now
• 24:52
  predominantly
• 24:53
  in
• 24:53
  disused
• 24:54
  chimneys
• 24:55
  across
• 24:56
  North
• 24:56
  America
• 24:57
  that
• 24:57
  are
• 24:57
  kind
• 24:57
  of
• 24:57
  tied
• 24:58
  to
• 24:58
  cities.
• 24:58
  They
• 24:58
  don't
• 24:59
  have
• 24:59
  the
• 24:59
  large
• 25:00
  trees
• 25:01
  that
• 25:01
  they
• 25:01
  would
• 25:01
  have
• 25:01
  used
• 25:02
  historically
• 25:02
  to
• 25:03
  nest
• 25:03
  in
• 25:03
  and
• 25:04
  roost
• 25:04
  in.
• 25:04
  But
• 25:05
  they're
• 25:05
  also
• 25:05
  not
• 25:05
  doing
• 25:06
  well,
• 25:07
  which
• 25:07
  is
• 25:07
  interesting.
• 25:07
  And
• 25:08
  you
• 25:08
  guys
• 25:08
  have
• 25:08
  a
• 25:08
  big
• 25:08
  swift
• 25:09
  roost
• 25:09
  in
• 25:09
  Kingston,
• 25:10
  right?
• 25:11
  Yeah,
• 25:11
  yeah.
• 25:11
  So
• 25:11
  they
• 25:12
  even
• 25:12
  put
• 25:12
  up
• 25:12
  artificial
• 25:13
  chimneys
• 25:14
  on
• 25:15
  campus
• 25:15
  to
• 25:15
  try
• 25:16
  and
• 25:16
  replace
• 25:18
  as
• 25:19
  I
• 25:19
  guess
• 25:20
  the
• 25:21
  technology
• 25:22
  around
• 25:23
  the
• 25:23
  heating
• 25:23
  and
• 25:24
  stuff
• 25:24
  that
• 25:24
  requires
• 25:25
  chimneys
• 25:25
  has
• 25:25
  changed.
• 25:26
  So
• 25:26
  buildings
• 25:27
  have
• 25:27
  smaller
• 25:28
  or
• 25:28
  more
• 25:29
  protected
• 25:29
  chimneys,
• 25:30
  which
• 25:30
  is
• 25:30
  part
• 25:31
  of
• 25:31
  why
• 25:31
  they're
• 25:31
  not
• 25:31
  doing
• 25:32
  well.
• 25:33
  And
• 25:33
  in
• 25:33
  some
• 25:34
  places
• 25:34
  they're
• 25:35
  putting
• 25:35
  out
• 25:35
  sort
• 25:35
  of
• 25:35
  artificial
• 25:36
  chimneys
• 25:37
  just
• 25:37
  to
• 25:37
  provide
• 25:37
  them
• 25:38
  that
• 25:38
  nesting
• 25:38
  and
• 25:39
  roosting
• 25:39
  habitat.
• 25:40
  There
• 25:40
  was
• 25:40
  even
• 25:41
  someone
• 25:41
  here
• 25:42
  who
• 25:42
  studied
• 25:43
  a
• 25:44
  roost
• 25:44
  that
• 25:45
  had
• 25:45
  been
• 25:45
  there
• 25:45
  for
• 25:46
  decades
• 25:47
  and
• 25:47
  looked
• 25:47
  at
• 25:48
  how
• 25:48
  their
• 25:48
  diet
• 25:49
  had
• 25:49
  changed
• 25:49
  over
• 25:50
  time
• 25:50
  because
• 25:50
  they're
• 25:51
  pooping
• 25:51
  inside
• 25:51
  the
• 25:52
  chimney
• 25:52
  and
• 25:52
  they
• 25:53
  took
• 25:53
  basically
• 25:54
  like
• 25:54
  a
• 25:54
  core
• 25:54
  sample
• 25:55
  and
• 25:56
  looked
• 25:56
  at
• 25:56
  how
• 25:56
  the
• 25:57
  food
• 25:57
  has
• 25:57
  changed.
• 25:58
  And
• 25:58
  that's
• 25:58
  why
• 25:58
  we
• 25:58
  think
• 25:59
  they're
• 25:59
  doing
• 25:59
  badly
• 26:00
  is
• 26:00
  because
• 26:01
  their
• 26:01
  insect
• 26:01
  prey
• 26:02
  isn't
• 26:02
  doing
• 26:02
  well
• 26:03
  with
• 26:03
  climate
• 26:03
  change.
• 26:04
  And
• 26:04
  so
• 26:04
  a
• 26:05
  lot
• 26:05
  of
• 26:05
  birds
• 26:05
  like
• 26:06
  chimney
• 26:06
  swifts
• 26:07
  that
• 26:07
  eat
• 26:08
  insects
• 26:08
  are
• 26:09
  declining
• 26:09
  because
• 26:10
  of
• 26:10
  that.
• 26:10
  So
• 26:10
  it's
• 26:10
  not
• 26:10
  really
• 26:11
  cities
• 26:12
  that's
• 26:12
  causing
• 26:13
  them
• 26:13
  the
• 26:13
  problem,
• 26:15
  but
• 26:16
  they
• 26:16
  are
• 26:16
  really
• 26:17
  urban
• 26:17
  tolerant
• 26:18
  and
• 26:18
  still
• 26:18
  struggling
• 26:19
  because
• 26:19
  of
• 26:20
  climate
• 26:21
  change
• 26:21
  and
• 26:21
  insect
• 26:22
  declines.
• 26:23
  Probably,
• 26:23
  yeah.
• 26:24
  These
• 26:24
  insect
• 26:24
  declines
• 26:25
  are
• 26:25
  something
• 26:25
  we
• 26:25
  chatted
• 26:26
  about
• 26:26
  with
• 26:26
  John
• 26:27
  Fitzpatrick
• 26:27
  a
• 26:28
  few
• 26:28
  episodes
• 26:28
  ago
• 26:28
  and,
• 26:29
  and
• 26:29
  they
• 26:29
  are
• 26:29
  like
• 26:30
  global
• 26:30
  and
• 26:31
  catastrophic.
• 26:31
  And
• 26:31
  it's
• 26:32
  interesting
• 26:32
  to
• 26:32
  think
• 26:32
  about
• 26:32
  the
• 26:33
  context
• 26:33
  of
• 26:33
  like
• 26:33
  chimney
• 26:34
  swifts,
• 26:34
  which
• 26:34
  do
• 26:34
  super
• 26:35
  well
• 26:35
  in
• 26:35
  cities
• 26:36
  with
• 26:36
  chimneys
• 26:37
  where
• 26:37
  they
• 26:37
  roost
• 26:38
  as
• 26:38
  long
• 26:38
  as
• 26:38
  they
• 26:38
  have
• 26:39
  food.
• 26:40
  If
• 26:40
  you
• 26:40
  don't
• 26:40
  have
• 26:40
  food,
• 26:40
  it
• 26:41
  doesn't
• 26:41
  matter
• 26:41
  where
• 26:41
  you
• 26:41
  live,
• 26:42
  you're
• 26:42
  not
• 26:42
  going
• 26:42
  to
• 26:42
  survive.
• 26:43
  Very
• 26:43
  well.
• 26:44
  Yeah.
• 26:44
  Yeah.
• 26:45
  So
• 26:45
  I
• 26:45
  had
• 26:45
  an
• 26:46
  undergrad
• 26:46
  who
• 26:46
  did
• 26:47
  her
• 26:47
  honors
• 26:47
  thesis
• 26:48
  looking
• 26:49
  at
• 26:49
  whether
• 26:51
  urban
• 26:51
  tolerant
• 26:52
  birds,
• 26:52
  like
• 26:52
  these
• 26:52
  birds
• 26:53
  that
• 26:53
  thrive
• 26:53
  in
• 26:54
  cities,
• 26:54
  are
• 26:55
  they
• 26:55
  more
• 26:55
  protected
• 26:56
  from
• 26:56
  population
• 26:57
  declines
• 26:58
  than
• 26:58
  urban
• 26:58
  avoidant
• 26:59
  birds?
• 26:59
  It
• 27:00
  was
• 27:00
  actually
• 27:00
  following
• 27:01
  up
• 27:01
  on
• 27:01
  work
• 27:01
  that
• 27:03
  got
• 27:04
  lots
• 27:04
  of
• 27:04
  media
• 27:04
  attention
• 27:05
  a
• 27:05
  few
• 27:05
  years
• 27:05
  ago
• 27:05
  with
• 27:06
  the.
• 27:06
  Was
• 27:06
  it
• 27:07
  three
• 27:07
  billion
• 27:07
  birds?
• 27:09
  Yeah,
• 27:09
  yeah.
• 27:10
  That's
• 27:10
  what
• 27:11
  we
• 27:11
  talked
• 27:11
  about
• 27:11
  with
• 27:11
  John
• 27:11
  Fitzpatrick.
• 27:12
  So
• 27:12
  3
• 27:12
  billion
• 27:13
  birds
• 27:13
  since
• 27:14
  1970,
• 27:14
  basically,
• 27:15
  yeah.
• 27:15
  We
• 27:16
  followed
• 27:16
  up
• 27:16
  on
• 27:17
  that
• 27:17
  study
• 27:17
  and
• 27:17
  we
• 27:18
  took
• 27:18
  their
• 27:18
  estimates
• 27:19
  of
• 27:19
  population
• 27:20
  decline,
• 27:21
  and
• 27:21
  we
• 27:21
  looked
• 27:22
  at
• 27:22
  whether
• 27:22
  our
• 27:22
  measures
• 27:23
  of
• 27:23
  urban
• 27:23
  tolerance
• 27:24
  for
• 27:24
  like,
• 27:25
  430
• 27:26
  birds
• 27:27
  predicted
• 27:27
  their
• 27:28
  decline.
• 27:28
  So
• 27:29
  the
• 27:29
  ones
• 27:29
  that
• 27:29
  are
• 27:30
  really
• 27:30
  urban
• 27:31
  tolerant
• 27:31
  that
• 27:31
  can
• 27:32
  do
• 27:32
  well
• 27:32
  in
• 27:32
  these
• 27:34
  dramatically
• 27:35
  human
• 27:35
  impacted
• 27:36
  landscapes,
• 27:36
  you
• 27:37
  would
• 27:37
  think
• 27:37
  maybe
• 27:37
  they
• 27:37
  could
• 27:38
  also
• 27:38
  resist
• 27:39
  all
• 27:39
  the
• 27:39
  other
• 27:40
  anthropogenic
• 27:41
  challenges,
• 27:41
  the
• 27:42
  human
• 27:42
  caused,
• 27:42
  challenges
• 27:43
  that
• 27:43
  are
• 27:43
  driving
• 27:44
  declines.
• 27:45
  But
• 27:45
  we
• 27:45
  found
• 27:46
  they
• 27:46
  absolutely
• 27:47
  are
• 27:47
  just
• 27:47
  as
• 27:48
  at
• 27:48
  risk
• 27:48
  of
• 27:48
  decline
• 27:49
  as
• 27:50
  the
• 27:50
  most
• 27:50
  urban
• 27:51
  avoidant
• 27:51
  birds
• 27:52
  that
• 27:52
  we
• 27:52
  think
• 27:52
  of
• 27:52
  as
• 27:53
  more
• 27:53
  sensitive.
• 27:58
  Okay,
• 27:58
  we've
• 27:59
  reached
• 27:59
  the
• 27:59
  part
• 27:59
  of
• 27:59
  the
• 27:59
  show
• 27:59
  that
• 28:00
  we
• 28:00
  call
• 28:00
  that's
• 28:00
  BS
• 28:01
  or
• 28:01
  that's
• 28:01
  bird
• 28:01
  stuff,
• 28:02
  where
• 28:02
  we
• 28:02
  give
• 28:02
  our
• 28:02
  guests
• 28:03
  an
• 28:03
  opportunity
• 28:03
  to
• 28:04
  debunk
• 28:04
  a
• 28:04
  myth
• 28:04
  that
• 28:04
  ruffles
• 28:05
  their
• 28:05
  feathers.
• 28:06
  So,
• 28:06
  Fran,
• 28:06
  what
• 28:06
  do
• 28:06
  you
• 28:07
  want
• 28:07
  to.
• 28:07
  Call
• 28:07
  BS
• 28:07
  on
• 28:08
  people
• 28:08
  think
• 28:09
  you
• 28:09
  can't
• 28:09
  touch
• 28:10
  a
• 28:10
  nestling
• 28:10
  bird
• 28:11
  because
• 28:11
  if
• 28:12
  you
• 28:12
  touch
• 28:12
  it,
• 28:12
  its
• 28:13
  mom
• 28:13
  will
• 28:13
  reject
• 28:14
  it.
• 28:15
  And
• 28:15
  so,
• 28:15
  you
• 28:16
  know,
• 28:16
  if
• 28:16
  you
• 28:16
  see
• 28:16
  a
• 28:16
  nestling
• 28:17
  that's
• 28:17
  fallen
• 28:18
  out
• 28:18
  of
• 28:18
  a
• 28:18
  nest,
• 28:19
  you
• 28:19
  might
• 28:19
  think,
• 28:20
  oh,
• 28:20
  I
• 28:20
  need
• 28:20
  to
• 28:20
  leave
• 28:20
  it
• 28:21
  alone.
• 28:21
  But
• 28:21
  actually,
• 28:22
  it's.
• 28:22
  It's
• 28:22
  perfectly
• 28:23
  fine
• 28:23
  to
• 28:23
  pick
• 28:24
  it
• 28:24
  up
• 28:24
  and
• 28:24
  put
• 28:24
  it
• 28:24
  back
• 28:25
  in
• 28:25
  the
• 28:25
  nest
• 28:25
  or
• 28:26
  put
• 28:26
  it
• 28:26
  up
• 28:26
  somewhere
• 28:26
  safe
• 28:27
  so
• 28:27
  that
• 28:28
  predators
• 28:28
  won't
• 28:28
  get
• 28:29
  it.
• 28:29
  Because,
• 28:31
  mom,
• 28:31
  birds
• 28:32
  have
• 28:32
  put
• 28:32
  a
• 28:32
  lot
• 28:32
  of
• 28:32
  work
• 28:33
  into
• 28:33
  those
• 28:33
  babies,
• 28:34
  and
• 28:34
  so
• 28:34
  they're
• 28:35
  not
• 28:35
  going
• 28:35
  to
• 28:35
  abandon
• 28:36
  them
• 28:36
  just
• 28:37
  because
• 28:37
  somebody
• 28:38
  touched
• 28:38
  them.
• 28:39
  And
• 28:40
  a
• 28:40
  lot
• 28:40
  of
• 28:40
  birds
• 28:40
  also
• 28:41
  don't
• 28:41
  have
• 28:41
  a
• 28:41
  great
• 28:41
  sense
• 28:42
  of
• 28:42
  smell.
• 28:42
  So
• 28:43
  part
• 28:43
  of
• 28:43
  that
• 28:43
  myth
• 28:43
  is
• 28:44
  that
• 28:44
  the
• 28:44
  baby
• 28:45
  now
• 28:45
  smells
• 28:46
  like
• 28:46
  human,
• 28:46
  and
• 28:47
  so
• 28:47
  they'll
• 28:47
  reject
• 28:47
  it.
• 28:48
  They
• 28:48
  probably
• 28:49
  can't
• 28:49
  tell
• 28:49
  that
• 28:50
  it
• 28:50
  smells
• 28:50
  like
• 28:50
  human,
• 28:51
  but
• 28:51
  even
• 28:52
  if
• 28:52
  they
• 28:52
  could,
• 28:52
  they're
• 28:53
  not
• 28:53
  going
• 28:53
  to
• 28:53
  abandon
• 28:53
  their
• 28:54
  baby
• 28:54
  just
• 28:54
  because
• 28:54
  you
• 28:55
  picked
• 28:55
  it
• 28:55
  up.
• 28:55
  So
• 28:56
  if
• 28:56
  you
• 28:56
  find
• 28:57
  that
• 28:57
  nestling
• 28:57
  that's
• 28:58
  fallen
• 28:58
  out
• 28:58
  of
• 28:58
  a
• 28:58
  nest,
• 28:59
  feel
• 28:59
  free
• 28:59
  to
• 28:59
  pop
• 29:00
  it
• 29:00
  back
• 29:00
  in.
• 29:01
  Yeah,
• 29:01
  totally
• 29:02
  agree.
• 29:02
  I
• 29:02
  think,
• 29:02
  you
• 29:02
  know,
• 29:03
  if
• 29:03
  birds
• 29:03
  rejected
• 29:04
  the
• 29:04
  nestlings
• 29:04
  we
• 29:05
  touched,
• 29:05
  my
• 29:05
  entire
• 29:05
  research
• 29:06
  program
• 29:06
  would
• 29:06
  collapse
• 29:08
  because
• 29:08
  we
• 29:08
  wouldn't
• 29:08
  be
• 29:08
  able
• 29:09
  to
• 29:09
  ban
• 29:09
  baby
• 29:09
  chickadees
• 29:10
  without
• 29:10
  them
• 29:10
  just.
• 29:11
  Yeah,
• 29:11
  deserting
• 29:12
  them.
• 29:12
  So
• 29:12
  that's
• 29:12
  an
• 29:12
  awesome
• 29:13
  BS
• 29:13
  and
• 29:13
  a
• 29:13
  very
• 29:13
  common
• 29:14
  misconception.
• 29:15
  So
• 29:15
  thanks
• 29:15
  for
• 29:15
  bringing
• 29:16
  that
• 29:16
  up.
• 29:16
  Very
• 29:16
  common.
• 29:16
  We
• 29:17
  actually
• 29:17
  had
• 29:17
  to
• 29:17
  correct
• 29:18
  that
• 29:18
  misconception.
• 29:19
  With
• 29:19
  our
• 29:19
  animal
• 29:20
  ethics
• 29:20
  board
• 29:20
  which
• 29:21
  does
• 29:21
  a
• 29:21
  great
• 29:21
  job
• 29:22
  reviewing
• 29:22
  our
• 29:22
  research.
• 29:23
  Research.
• 29:23
  But
• 29:24
  the
• 29:24
  people
• 29:24
  on
• 29:24
  the
• 29:24
  ethics
• 29:25
  board
• 29:26
  saw
• 29:26
  that
• 29:26
  we
• 29:26
  wanted
• 29:27
  to
• 29:27
  ban
• 29:27
  to
• 29:27
  nestlings
• 29:28
  and
• 29:29
  they
• 29:29
  thought,
• 29:29
  oh
• 29:29
  no,
• 29:30
  the
• 29:30
  moms
• 29:30
  will
• 29:30
  abandon
• 29:31
  them
• 29:31
  if
• 29:31
  you
• 29:32
  touch
• 29:32
  them.
• 29:32
  So
• 29:32
  we
• 29:32
  had
• 29:33
  to
• 29:34
  explain
• 29:34
  that.
• 29:35
  That's
• 29:35
  bs.
• 29:36
  That's
• 29:37
  bs.
• 29:37
  You
• 29:37
  had
• 29:37
  to
• 29:38
  tell
• 29:38
  them.
• 29:38
  It's
• 29:38
  a
• 29:38
  very
• 29:39
  mammal
• 29:39
  centric
• 29:39
  opinion.
• 29:40
  And
• 29:40
  I
• 29:40
  think
• 29:41
  our
• 29:41
  Aya
• 29:41
  Cook
• 29:41
  board
• 29:42
  also
• 29:42
  mostly
• 29:42
  focuses
• 29:43
  on
• 29:43
  rats
• 29:43
  and
• 29:43
  mice,
• 29:44
  which
• 29:44
  there
• 29:44
  is
• 29:44
  the
• 29:44
  potential
• 29:45
  that
• 29:45
  they
• 29:45
  would
• 29:45
  reject
• 29:46
  their
• 29:46
  babies,
• 29:46
  but
• 29:46
  they
• 29:46
  use
• 29:47
  smell
• 29:47
  a
• 29:47
  lot
• 29:47
  more.
• 29:48
  Yeah.
• 29:48
  Awesome.
• 29:48
  Thanks
• 29:49
  so
• 29:49
  much
• 29:49
  for
• 29:49
  joining
• 29:49
  us
• 29:49
  this
• 29:50
  morning.
• 29:50
  I
• 29:51
  really,
• 29:51
  really
• 29:51
  appreciate
• 29:51
  you
• 29:52
  taking
• 29:52
  the
• 29:52
  time
• 29:52
  to
• 29:52
  chat
• 29:52
  about
• 29:53
  these
• 29:53
  urban
• 29:53
  birds
• 29:54
  and
• 29:54
  it's
• 29:54
  been
• 29:55
  to
• 29:55
  think
• 29:55
  about
• 29:56
  cities
• 29:56
  and
• 29:56
  what
• 29:57
  they're
• 29:57
  doing
• 29:57
  and
• 29:58
  that
• 29:58
  some
• 29:58
  birds
• 29:58
  are
• 29:58
  thriving
• 29:59
  and
• 29:59
  others
• 29:59
  aren't,
• 29:59
  but
• 29:59
  that
• 30:00
  there's
• 30:00
  a
• 30:00
  lot
• 30:00
  of
• 30:00
  interesting
• 30:01
  research
• 30:01
  still
• 30:01
  going
• 30:02
  on.
• 30:02
  So
• 30:02
  thanks
• 30:02
  for
• 30:02
  joining
• 30:02
  us.
• 30:03
  Yeah,
• 30:04
  thank
• 30:04
  you,
• 30:04
  Scott.
• 30:09
  Birds
• 30:09
  are
• 30:09
  dinosaurs,
• 30:10
  and
• 30:10
  around
• 30:10
  here
• 30:10
  we
• 30:11
  like
• 30:11
  our
• 30:11
  snacks.
• 30:11
  So
• 30:12
  we
• 30:12
  end
• 30:12
  each
• 30:12
  episode
• 30:12
  with
• 30:13
  a
• 30:13
  dinosaur
• 30:13
  nugget.
• 30:14
  Today's
• 30:14
  dinosaur
• 30:15
  nugget
• 30:15
  is
• 30:15
  that
• 30:15
  the
• 30:16
  birds
• 30:16
  that
• 30:16
  live
• 30:16
  in
• 30:16
  cities
• 30:17
  tend
• 30:17
  to
• 30:17
  be
• 30:17
  generalists,
• 30:18
  not
• 30:18
  habitat
• 30:19
  specialists.
• 30:19
  And
• 30:20
  they're
• 30:20
  often
• 30:20
  species
• 30:21
  of
• 30:21
  birds
• 30:21
  that
• 30:21
  are
• 30:22
  good
• 30:22
  at
• 30:22
  problem
• 30:22
  solving,
• 30:23
  like
• 30:23
  corvids
• 30:23
  and
• 30:24
  parrots.
• 30:25
  Despite
• 30:25
  this,
• 30:25
  urban
• 30:26
  birds
• 30:26
  are
• 30:26
  declining
• 30:27
  at
• 30:27
  similar
• 30:27
  rates
• 30:27
  to
• 30:27
  rural
• 30:28
  species.
• 30:28
  And
• 30:28
  we
• 30:28
  still
• 30:29
  have
• 30:29
  a
• 30:29
  lot
• 30:29
  to
• 30:29
  learn
• 30:30
  as
• 30:30
  urban
• 30:30
  areas
• 30:31
  expand
• 30:31
  across
• 30:31
  the
• 30:31
  globe.
• 30:33
  That's
• 30:33
  a
• 30:33
  wrap
• 30:33
  on
• 30:34
  this
• 30:34
  week's
• 30:34
  episode.
• 30:34
  Okay,
• 30:35
  but
• 30:35
  why
• 30:35
  do
• 30:35
  some
• 30:35
  birds
• 30:36
  thrive
• 30:36
  in
• 30:36
  cities?
• 30:37
  If
• 30:37
  you
• 30:37
  liked
• 30:37
  the
• 30:37
  episode,
• 30:38
  leave
• 30:38
  a
• 30:38
  comment.
• 30:38
  It
• 30:39
  really
• 30:39
  helps
• 30:39
  our
• 30:40
  show
• 30:40
  like
• 30:40
  and
• 30:41
  subscribe.
• 30:41
  And
• 30:42
  if
• 30:42
  you
• 30:42
  really
• 30:42
  want
• 30:42
  to
• 30:42
  show
• 30:43
  your
• 30:43
  support,
• 30:43
  grab
• 30:43
  some
• 30:43
  merch
• 30:44
  from
• 30:44
  our
• 30:44
  shop@okabutbirds.com
• 30:46
  like
• 30:46
  my
• 30:46
  stylish
• 30:47
  but
• 30:47
  comfortable
• 30:47
  hoodie
• 30:48
  or
• 30:48
  my
• 30:48
  OBB
• 30:49
  phone
• 30:49
  case.
• 30:50
  Thanks
• 30:50
  for
• 30:50
  listening
• 30:50
  and
• 30:51
  we'll
• 30:51
  catch
• 30:51
  you
• 30:51
  next
• 30:51
  time.
• 30:52
  Bye.
• 30:57
  Okay,
• 30:58
  But...
• 30:58
  Birds
• 30:59
  is
• 30:59
  hosted
• 30:59
  by
• 31:00
  Scott
• 31:00
  Taylor
• 31:01
  with
• 31:01
  production
• 31:01
  and
• 31:02
  creative
• 31:02
  by
• 31:02
  Zach
• 31:03
  Karl.