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16 - The Decentralisation of Industry - The Conquest of Bread · Philosophy and Faith

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  Speaker 1: Chapter sixteen, the Decentralization of Industry, Part one. After the
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  Speaker 1: Napoleonic Wars, Britain all but succeeded in ruining the main
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  Speaker 1: industries which had sprung up in France at the end
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  Speaker 1: of the preceding century. She became also mistress of the
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  Speaker 1: seas and had no rival of importance. She took in
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  Speaker 1: the situation and knew how to turn its privileges and
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  Speaker 1: advantages to account. She established an industrial monopoly, and imposing
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  Speaker 1: upon her neighbors or prices for the goods she alone
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  Speaker 1: could manufacture, cumulated riches upon riches. But as the middle
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  Speaker 1: class revolution of the eighteenth century abolished serfdom and created
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  Speaker 1: a proletariat in France, industry hampered for a time, in
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  Speaker 1: its flight soared again, and from the second half of
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  Speaker 1: the nineteenth century France ceased to be a tributary of
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  Speaker 1: England for manufactured goods. To day, she too has grown
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  Speaker 1: into a nation with an export trade. She sells far
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  Speaker 1: more than sixty million pounds worth of manufactured goods, and
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  Speaker 1: two thirds of these goods are fabrics. The number of
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  Speaker 1: Frenchmen working for export or living by their foreign trade
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  Speaker 1: is estimated at three millions. France is therefore no longer
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  Speaker 1: England's tributary. In turn, she has driven to monopolize certain
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  Speaker 1: branches of foreign industry, such as silk and ready made cloths,
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  Speaker 1: and has reaped immense profits therefrom but she is on
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  Speaker 1: the point of losing the monopoly forever. As England is
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  Speaker 1: on the point of losing the monopoly of cotton goods.
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  Speaker 1: Traveling eastwards, industry has reached Germany. Fifty years ago, Germany
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  Speaker 1: was a tributary of England and France for most manufactured
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  Speaker 1: commodities in the higher branches of industry. It is no
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  Speaker 1: longer so. In the course of the last forty five years,
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  Speaker 1: and especially since the Franco German War, Germany has completely
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  Speaker 1: reorganized her industry. New factories are stocked with the best machinery,
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  Speaker 1: the latest creation of industrial art and cotton goods from
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  Speaker 1: Manchester or in soilkes from Lyons, etc. Are now realized
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  Speaker 1: in recent German factories. It took two or three generations
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  Speaker 1: of workers at Lyons and Manchester to construct the modern machinery,
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  Speaker 1: but Germany adopted it in its perfect state. Technical schools
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  Speaker 1: adapted to the needs of industry supply the factories with
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  Speaker 1: an army of intelligent workmen, practicing engineers who can work
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  Speaker 1: with hand and brain. German industry starts at the point
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  Speaker 1: which was only reached by Manchester's and Lyon after fifty
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  Speaker 1: years of groping in the dark of exertion and experiments.
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  Speaker 1: It follows that as Germany manufactures as well at home,
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  Speaker 1: she diminishes her imports from France and England year by year,
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  Speaker 1: she has not only become their rival and manufactured goods
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  Speaker 1: in Asia and in Africa, but also in London and
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  Speaker 1: in Paris. Short Sighted people may cry out against the
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  Speaker 1: Frankfurt Treaty. They may explain German competition by little differences
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  Speaker 1: in railway tariff. They may linger on the petty side
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  Speaker 1: of question and neglect great historical facts. But it is
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  Speaker 1: nonetheless clear that the main industries formerly in the hands
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  Speaker 1: of England and France had progressed eastward, and in Germany
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  Speaker 1: they found a country young, full of energy, possessing an
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  Speaker 1: intelligent middle class, and eager in its turn to enrich
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  Speaker 1: itself by foreign trade. While Germany freed itself from subjection
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  Speaker 1: to France and England manufactured her own cotton cloth, constructed
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  Speaker 1: her own machines, in fact, manufactured all commodities. The main
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  Speaker 1: industries took also root in Russia, where the development of
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  Speaker 1: manufacture is the more surprising as it sprang up. But yesterday,
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  Speaker 1: at the time of the abolition of serfdom in eighteen
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  Speaker 1: sixty one, Russia hardly had any factories. Everything they needed machines, rails,
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  Speaker 1: railway engines, rich materials came from the West. Twenty years
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  Speaker 1: later she possessed already eighty five thousand factories, and the
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  Speaker 1: goods from these factories had increased fourfold in value. The
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  Speaker 1: old machinery was superseded, and now nearly all the steel
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  Speaker 1: in use in Russia, three quarters of the iron, two
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  Speaker 1: thirds of the coal, all railway engines, railway carriages, rails,
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  Speaker 1: nearly all steamers are made in Russia. Russia, destined, so
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  Speaker 1: wrote economists, to remain in agricultural territory, has rapidly developed
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  Speaker 1: into a manufacturing country. She orders hardly anything from England
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  Speaker 1: and very little from Germany. Economists hold the customs responsible
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  Speaker 1: for these facts, and yet cotton manufactures in Russia are
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  Speaker 1: sold at the same price as in London capital, taking
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  Speaker 1: no cognizance of fatherland. German and England capitalists accompanied by
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  Speaker 1: engineers informers of their own nationalities, have introduced in Russia
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  Speaker 1: and in Poland manufactories the excellence of whose good compete
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  Speaker 1: with the best from England. If customs were abolished tomorrow,
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  Speaker 1: manufacture would only gain by it. Not long ago, the
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  Speaker 1: Brindish manufacturers delivered another hard blow to the imports of
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  Speaker 1: cloth and woolens from the West. They set up in
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  Speaker 1: southern and Middle Russia immense wool factories docked with the
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  Speaker 1: most perfect machinery from Bradford, and already now Russia hardly
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  Speaker 1: imports more than a few pieces of English cloth and
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  Speaker 1: French woolen fabrics as samples. The main industries not only
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  Speaker 1: move eastward, they are spreading to the southern peninsulas. Turin
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  Speaker 1: exhibition of eighteen eighty four has already shown the progress
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  Speaker 1: made in Italian manufactured produce, and let us not make
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  Speaker 1: any mistake about it. The mutual hatred of the French
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  Speaker 1: and Italian middle classes has no other origin than their
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  Speaker 1: industrial rivalry. Spain is also becoming an industrial country, while
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  Speaker 1: in the East Bohemia has suddenly sprung up to importance
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  Speaker 1: as the new center of manufacturers, provided with perfected machinery
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  Speaker 1: and applying the best scientific methods. We might also mention
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  Speaker 1: Hungary's rapid progress in the main industries, but let us
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  Speaker 1: rather take Brazil as an example. Economists sentenced Brazil to
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  Speaker 1: cultivate cotton forever, to export it in its raw state,
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  Speaker 1: and to receive cotton cloth from Europe and exchange. In fact,
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  Speaker 1: forty years ago Brazil had only nine wretched little cotton
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  Speaker 1: factories with three hundred and eighty five spindles. Today there
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  Speaker 1: are one hundred and eight cotton mills possessing seven hundred
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  Speaker 1: and fifteen thousand spindles and twenty six thousand fifty looms,
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  Speaker 1: which till grothe two hundred and thirty four million yards
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  Speaker 1: of textiles on the market annually. Even Mexico is setting
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  Speaker 1: about manufacturing cotton cloth instead of importing it from Europe.
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  Speaker 1: As to the United States, they have quite freed themselves
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  Speaker 1: from European tutelage and have triumphally developed their manufacturing powers.
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  Speaker 1: But it was India which gave the most striking proof
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  Speaker 1: against the specialization of national industry. We all know the
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  Speaker 1: theory the great European nations need colonies, for colonies send
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  Speaker 1: raw material cotton fiber, unshed wool, spices, et cetera, to
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  Speaker 1: the Motherland, and the Motherland under pretense of sending them
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  Speaker 1: manufactured wares, gets rid of her burnt stuffs, her machines,
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  Speaker 1: scrap iron in everything which she no longer has used
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  Speaker 1: for it costs her little or nothing, and nonetheless the
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  Speaker 1: articles are sold at exorbitant prices. Such was the theory,
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  Speaker 1: such was the practice for a long time in London
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  Speaker 1: and Manchester. Fortunes were made while India was being ruined.
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  Speaker 1: In the India Museum in London, unheard of riches collected
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  Speaker 1: in Calcutta and Bombay by English merchants are to be seen.
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  Speaker 1: But other English merchants and capitalists conceived the very simple
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  Speaker 1: idea that it would be more expedient to exploit the
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  Speaker 1: natives of India by making cotton cloth in India itself
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  Speaker 1: than to import from twenty to twenty four million pounds
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  Speaker 1: worth of goods annually. At first, a series of experiments
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  Speaker 1: ended in failure. Indian weavers, artists and experts in their
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  Speaker 1: own craft, could not inure themselves to factory life. Machinery
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  Speaker 1: sent from Liverpool was bad. The climate had to be
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  Speaker 1: taken into account. The merchants had to adapt themselves to
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  Speaker 1: new conditions now fully observed before British India could become
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  Speaker 1: the menacing rival of the Motherland she is to day.
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  Speaker 1: She now possesses two hundred cotton factories which employ about
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  Speaker 1: one hundred ninety six thousand, four hundred workmen, and contains
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  Speaker 1: five million, two hundred thirty one thousand spindles and forty
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  Speaker 1: eight thousand, four hundred looms and thirty eight jute mills
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  Speaker 1: with four hundred and nine thousand spindles. She exports annually
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  Speaker 1: to China, to the Dutch Indies and to Africa nearly
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  Speaker 1: eight million pounds worth of the same white cloth, said
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  Speaker 1: to be England's specialty. While English workmen are unemployed and
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  Speaker 1: in great want, Indian women weave cotton by machinery for
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  Speaker 1: the Far East at the rate of six expence the day.
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  Speaker 1: In short, intelligent manufacturers are fully aware that the day
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  Speaker 1: is not far off when they will not know what
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  Speaker 1: to do with the factory hands who formerly waved cotton
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  Speaker 1: cloth exported from England. Besides which it is becoming more
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  Speaker 1: and more evident that India will not import a single
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  Speaker 1: ton of iron from England. The initial difficulties in using
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  Speaker 1: the coal and the iron ore obtained in India have
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  Speaker 1: been overcome and foundriies rivaling those in England have been
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  Speaker 1: built on the shores of the Indian Ocean colonies competing
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  Speaker 1: with the motherland in its production of manufactured goods. Such
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  Speaker 1: is the factor which will regulate economies in the twentieth century.
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  Speaker 1: And why should India not manufacture what should be the
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  Speaker 1: Hindrance Capital? But capital goes wherever there are men poor
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  Speaker 1: enough to be exploited knowledge, but knowledge recognizes no national
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  Speaker 1: barriers technical skill of the worker. Now are then Hindu
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  Speaker 1: workmen inferior to the two hundred and thirty seven thousand
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  Speaker 1: boys and girls not eighteen years old at present working
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  Speaker 1: in English textile factories. Part two. After having glanced at
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  Speaker 1: national industries, it would be very interesting to turn to
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  Speaker 1: special industries. Let us take silk, for example, an eminently
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  Speaker 1: French product. In the first half of the nineteenth century.
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  Speaker 1: We all know how Lyons became the emporium of the
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  Speaker 1: silk trade. At first, raw silk was gathered in southern France,
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  Speaker 1: till little by little they ordered it from Italy, from Spain,
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  Speaker 1: from Austria, from the Caucasus and from Japan from the
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  Speaker 1: manufacture of their silk fabrics. In eighteen seventy five, out
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  Speaker 1: of five million kilos of raw silk converted into stuffs
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  Speaker 1: in the vicinity of Lyons, there were only four hundred
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  Speaker 1: thousand kilos of French silk. But if Lyons manufactured imported silk, Whutch,
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  Speaker 1: not Switzerland, Germany, Russia do as much. Silk weaving developed. Indeed,
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  Speaker 1: in the villages round Zurich, Bale became a great center
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  Speaker 1: of the silk trade. The Caucasian administration engaged women from
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  Speaker 1: Marseilles and workmen from Lyons to teach Shortens the perfected
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  Speaker 1: rearing of silkworms in the art of converting silk into
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  Speaker 1: fabrics to the Caucasian peasants. Austria followed, then Germany, with
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  Speaker 1: the help of Lyon's workmen, built great silk factories. The
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  Speaker 1: United States did likewise in Patterson, and today the silk
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  Speaker 1: trade is no longer a French monopoly. Silks are made
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  Speaker 1: in Germany, in Austria, in the United States, and in England.
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  Speaker 1: In winter, Caucasian peasants weave silk handkerchiefs at ways that
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  Speaker 1: would mean starvation to the silk weavers of Lyons. Italy
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  Speaker 1: sends silk to France and Lyons, which in eighteen seventy
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  Speaker 1: to eighteen seventy four exported four hundred sixty million francs
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  Speaker 1: worth of silk fabrics exports now only one half of
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  Speaker 1: that amount. In fact, the time is not far off
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  Speaker 1: when Leons will only send higher class goods and a
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  Speaker 1: few novelties as patterns to Germany, Russia and Japan. And
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  Speaker 1: so it is in all industries. Belgium has no longer
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  Speaker 1: the cloth monopoly. Cloth is made in Germany, in Russia,
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  Speaker 1: in Austria, in the United States, Switzerland and the French
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  Speaker 1: Jura no longer have a clockwork Monopoly watches are made everywhere.
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  Speaker 1: Scotland no longer refined sugar for Russia. Russian sugar is
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  Speaker 1: imported into England. Italy, although neither possessing coal nor iron,
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  Speaker 1: makes its own iron clads and engines for her steamers.
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  Speaker 1: Chemical industry is no longer an English monopoly. Sulfuric acid
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  Speaker 1: and soda are made even in the Euros. Steam engines
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  Speaker 1: made at winterthere have acquired everywhere a wide reputation, and
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  Speaker 1: at the present moment Switzerland that has neither coal nor iron.
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  Speaker 1: Nothing but excellent tech schools makes machinery better and cheaper
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  Speaker 1: than England. So on as the theory of exchange, the
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  Speaker 1: tendency of trade, as for all else, is towards decentralization.
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  Speaker 1: Every nation finds it advantageous to combine agriculture with the
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  Speaker 1: greatest possible variety of foundriies and manufactories. The specialization of
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  Speaker 1: which economists spoke so highly enrich the number of capitalists,
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  Speaker 1: but is now of no use. On the contrary, it
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  Speaker 1: is to the advantage of every region every nation to
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  Speaker 1: grow their own wheat, their own vegetables, to manufacture all
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  Speaker 1: produce they consume at home. This diversity is the surest
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  Speaker 1: pledge of the complete development of production by mutual cooperation,
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  Speaker 1: and the moving cause of progress, while specialization is a
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  Speaker 1: hindrance to progress. Agriculture can only prosper in proximity to factories,
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  Speaker 1: and no sooner does a single factory appear, that an
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  Speaker 1: infinite variety of other factories must spring up around, so that,
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  Speaker 1: mutually supporting and stimulating one another by their inventions, they
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  Speaker 1: increase their productivity.
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  Speaker 2: It is foolish, indeed, to export wheat and import flour,
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  Speaker 2: to export wool and import cloth to export iron and
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  Speaker 2: import machinery, not only because transportation is a waste of
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  Speaker 2: time and money, but above all, because a country with
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  Speaker 2: no developed industry inevitably remains behind the times in agriculture,
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  Speaker 2: because a country with no large factories to bring steel
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  Speaker 2: to a finished condition is also backward in all other industries.
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  Speaker 2: And lastly, because the industrial and technical capacities of the
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  Speaker 2: nation remain undeveloped. In the world of production, everything holds
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  Speaker 2: together nowadays. Cultivation of the soil is no longer possible
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  Speaker 2: without machinery, without great irrigation works, without railways, without manure.
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  Speaker 2: Factories adapt this machinery, these railways, these irrigation engines, et cetera.
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  Speaker 2: To local conditions, a certain spirit of invention, a certain
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  Speaker 2: amount of technical skill that lie dormant as long as
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  Speaker 2: spades and plowshares are the only implements of cultivation, must
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  Speaker 2: be developed. If fields are to be properly cultivated and
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  Speaker 2: are to yield the abundant harvest man has the right
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  Speaker 2: to expect. It is essential that workshops, foundries, and factories
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  Speaker 2: develop within the reach of the fields. A variety of occupations,
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  Speaker 2: a variety of skill arising therefrom and working together for
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  Speaker 2: the common aim. These are the genuine forces of progress.
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  Speaker 2: And now let us imagine the inhabitants of a city
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  Speaker 2: or territory, whether vast or small, stepping for the first
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  Speaker 2: time onto the path of the social revolution. We are
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  Speaker 2: sometimes told that nothing will have changed, that the mines,
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  Speaker 2: the factories, et cetera, will be expropriated and proclaimed national
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  Speaker 2: communal property, that every man will go back to his
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  Speaker 2: usual work, and that the revolution will then be accomplished.
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  Speaker 2: But this is a dream. The social revolution cannot take
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  Speaker 2: place so simply. We have already mentioned that should the
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  Speaker 2: revolution break out tomorrow in Paris, Lyon or any other city,
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  Speaker 2: should the workers lay hands on factories, houses and banks,
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  Speaker 2: present production would be completely revolutionized. By this simple fact.
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  Speaker 2: International commerce will come to a standstill. So also will
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  Speaker 2: the importation of foreign bread stuffs. The circulation of commodities
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  Speaker 2: and of provisions will be paralyzed. And then the city
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  Speaker 2: or territory in revolt will be compelled to provide for
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  Speaker 2: itself and to reorganize production. If it fails to do so,
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  Speaker 2: it is death. If it succeeds, it will revolutionize the
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  Speaker 2: economic life of the country. The quantity of imported provisions
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  Speaker 2: having decreased, consumption having increased. One million Parisians working for
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  Speaker 2: exportation purposes have been thrown out of work. A great
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  Speaker 2: number of things imported to day from distant or neighboring
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  Speaker 2: countries not reaching their destination. Fancy trade being temporarily at
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  Speaker 2: a standstill. What will the inhabitants have to eat six
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  Speaker 2: months after the revolution? We think that when the stores
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  Speaker 2: are empty, the masses will seek to obtain their food
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  Speaker 2: from the land. They will be compelled to cultivate the soil.
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  Speaker 2: To combine agricultural production with industrial production in Paris and
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  Speaker 2: its environs, they will have to abandon the merely ornamental
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  Speaker 2: trades and consider the most urgent need bread. Citizens will
• 17:39
  Speaker 2: be obliged to become agriculturists, not in the same manner
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  Speaker 2: as peasants who wear themselves out plowing for a wage
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  Speaker 2: that barely provides them with sufficient food for the year,
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  Speaker 2: but by following the principles of market Gardener's intensive agriculture
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  Speaker 2: applied on a large scale, by means of the best
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  Speaker 2: machinery that man has invented or can invent, they will
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  Speaker 2: till the land. Not, however, like the country beast of burden.
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  Speaker 2: A Paris jeweler would object to that they will reorganize
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  Speaker 2: cultivation not in ten years time, but at once during
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  Speaker 2: the revolutionary struggles, from fear of being worsted by the enemy.
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  Speaker 2: Agriculture will have to be carried on by intelligent beings,
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  Speaker 2: availing themselves of their knowledge, organizing themselves in joyous gangs
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  Speaker 2: for pleasant work, like the men who one hundred years
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  Speaker 2: ago worked in the champ de Mar for the feasts
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  Speaker 2: of the Federation, a work of delight when not carried
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  Speaker 2: to excess when scientifically organized. When man invents and improves
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  Speaker 2: his tools and is conscious of being a useful member
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  Speaker 2: of the community, of course, they will not only cultivate,
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  Speaker 2: they will also produce those things which they formerly use
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  Speaker 2: to order from foreign parts. And let us not forget that,
• 18:49
  Speaker 2: for the inhabitants of a revolted territory, foreign parts may
• 18:52
  Speaker 2: include all districts that have not joined in the revolutionary movement.
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  Speaker 2: During the revolutions of seventeen ninety three and eighteen seventy one,
• 19:00
  Speaker 2: Paris was made to feel that foreign parts meant even
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  Speaker 2: the country district at her very gates. The speculator in
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  Speaker 2: grains at Troy starved the sans Coulottes of Paris more
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  Speaker 2: effectually than the German armies brought on French soil by
• 19:14
  Speaker 2: the Versailles conspirators. The revolted city will be compelled to
• 19:17
  Speaker 2: do without foreigners. And why not France invented beat root
• 19:22
  Speaker 2: sugar when sugar cane ran short during the Continental Blockade.
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  Speaker 2: Parisians discovered saltpeter in their cellars when they no longer
• 19:29
  Speaker 2: received any from abroad. Shall we be inferior to our grandfathers, who,
• 19:34
  Speaker 2: with difficulty lisped the first words of science. A revolution
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  Speaker 2: is more than the destruction of a political system. It
• 19:43
  Speaker 2: implies the awakening of human intelligence, the increasing of the
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  Speaker 2: inventive spirit tenfold, one hundredfold. It is the dawn of
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  Speaker 2: a new science, the science of men. Like Laplace, Lamarque, Lavasier.
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  Speaker 2: It is a revolution in the minds of men, more
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  Speaker 2: than in their institution. An economists tell us to return
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  Speaker 2: to our workshops, as if passing through a revolution. We're
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  Speaker 2: going home after a walk in the epping forest. To
• 20:10
  Speaker 2: begin with, the sole fact of having laid hands on
• 20:13
  Speaker 2: middle class property implies the necessity of completely reorganizing the
• 20:17
  Speaker 2: whole economic life in workshops, in dockyards, and in factories,
• 20:23
  Speaker 2: and the revolution will not fail to act in this direction.
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  Speaker 2: Should Paris, during the Social Revolution, be cut off from
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  Speaker 2: the world for a year or two by the supporters
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  Speaker 2: of middle class rule, its millions of intellects, not yet
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  Speaker 2: depressed by factory life, that city of little trades, which
• 20:38
  Speaker 2: stimulate the spirit of invention, will show the world what
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  Speaker 2: man's brain can accomplish without asking any help from without.
• 20:46
  Speaker 2: But the motor force of the sun that gives light,
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  Speaker 2: the power of the wind that sweeps away impurities, and
• 20:51
  Speaker 2: the silent life forces at work in the earth we
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  Speaker 2: tread on. We shall see then, what a variety of trades,
• 20:58
  Speaker 2: mutually cooperating on a spot of day the globe, and
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  Speaker 2: animated by the social revolution, can do to feed, clothe house,
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  Speaker 2: and supply with all manner of luxuries millions of intelligent men.
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  Speaker 2: We need write no fiction.
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  Speaker 1: To prove this.
• 21:12
  Speaker 2: What we are sure of, what has already been experimented
• 21:14
  Speaker 2: upon and recognized as practical, would suffice to carry it
• 21:18
  Speaker 2: into effect. If the attempt were fertilized, vivified by the
• 21:21
  Speaker 2: daring inspiration of the revolution and the spontaneous impulse of
• 21:25
  Speaker 2: the masses, end
• 21:28
  Speaker 1: Of chapter sixteen,