Latest / For the Birds / Nature and Art, Vol. VIII, No 1, June 1900-Various

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Nature and Art, Vol. VIII, No 1, June 1900-Various · For the Birds

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  Speaker 1: Section one of Nature and Art, Volume eight, number one,
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  Speaker 1: June nineteen hundred, recorded for LibriVox dot Org. Alone with Nature,
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  Speaker 1: Alone with Nature, I love to roam midst forest shades,
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  Speaker 1: over meadows green, where the soft winds blow neath the
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  Speaker 1: azure dome, and only the works of God are seen.
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  Speaker 1: Away away from the city's din, long murmuring brooks by
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  Speaker 1: placid ponds, far from the sight of human sin and
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  Speaker 1: moral weakness in Satan's bonds. Away away neath the towering trees,
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  Speaker 1: where the thrush pours forth his wildwood song, and the
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  Speaker 1: gray squirrel nimbly leap with ease from branch to branch
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  Speaker 1: of the maple strong, where the hornets build their marvelous
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  Speaker 1: nest and hang it high from human foe. Where the blackbird,
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  Speaker 1: neath her soft, warm breast shelters her young when the
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  Speaker 1: storm winds blow. Where the tortoise gravely stalks along like
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  Speaker 1: sage of old in somber thought, and the great horned
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  Speaker 1: owl in utterance strong bemoans the changes time has wrought.
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  Speaker 1: Along the hillsides facing south, where the earliest wild flowers
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  Speaker 1: may be found, Where the big bull frog with cavernous
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  Speaker 1: mouth welcomes spring from the marshy ground, where the red
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  Speaker 1: wing swinging among the reeds saucily sings, Ye can't come ere,
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  Speaker 1: Where the running railbird yearly breeds and razors her brood
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  Speaker 1: with little fear. On the banks of streams. Two lie
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  Speaker 1: and watch the gambols of the fish, while the pond
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  Speaker 1: turtles lazily bask nearby, in indolent freedom from care or wish.
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  Speaker 1: Thus with nature to commune and to note her creature's gay,
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  Speaker 1: while mind and heart are in a tomb with Creation's
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  Speaker 1: work from day to day. F Alex Lucas, end of section.
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  Speaker 2: One, Section two of Nature and Art, Volume eight, number one,
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  Speaker 2: June nineteen hundred. This is a Libertyvox recording. All Libertyvox
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  Speaker 2: recordings are in the public domain. For modern information, auto volunteer,
• 2:52
  Speaker 2: please visit libertyvox dot org. Recording by Tavarish Flowers at
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  Speaker 2: pattern Flower John M. Coulter. Flowers are of very many patterns,
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  Speaker 2: and it must not be supposed that there is any
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  Speaker 2: special pattern for them all. There are four parts which
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  Speaker 2: belong to flowers in general, and they are repeated in
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  Speaker 2: various flowers in numberless ways. Or one or more of
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  Speaker 2: the parts may be omitted. The flower of the common
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  Speaker 2: wild lily chosen for our illustration is highly organized, with
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  Speaker 2: all the parts represented and well developed. Each part is
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  Speaker 2: constructed for some definite work which we may or may
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  Speaker 2: not fully understand. The flower of the illustration shows on
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  Speaker 2: the outside six leaf like bodies, colored a deep orange
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  Speaker 2: or reddish and bearing dark spots. These six bodies are
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  Speaker 2: in two sets of three, an outer and an inner set.
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  Speaker 2: When there are two sets of these leaflike bodies, the
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  Speaker 2: outer set is called the calyx, and the inner one
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  Speaker 2: the corolla. The three leaves of the calyx are called sepals,
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  Speaker 2: and the three leaves of the corolla petals. In this case,
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  Speaker 2: the sepals and petals look alike, and then it is
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  Speaker 2: usual to speak of the whole set of six as
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  Speaker 2: the perianth. In many flowers, however, the sepals and petals
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  Speaker 2: do not look at all alike. In the common whaycrobin
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  Speaker 2: or trillium, a near relative of the lily, the three
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  Speaker 2: sepals are like ordinary small green leaves, while the petals
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  Speaker 2: are much larger and showy, giving the characteristic color to
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  Speaker 2: the flower. In the lily, it should be further noticed
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  Speaker 2: that the sepals and petals are all separate, but in
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  Speaker 2: many flowers they are united in various ways to form urns, tubes, funnels, trumpets,
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  Speaker 2: et cetera. The common morning glarry is an illustration of
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  Speaker 2: a flower in which the petals are united so as
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  Speaker 2: to form a beautiful trumpet shaped or funnel form corolla.
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  Speaker 2: The general purpose of the perianth, that is, the two
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  Speaker 2: outer parts of the flower, is to protect the far
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  Speaker 2: more important inner parts in the bud, and when the
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  Speaker 2: flower opens, the perianth unfolds and exposes the inner parts,
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  Speaker 2: which are then ready for their peculiar work. The bright
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  Speaker 2: color usually shown by the corolla, and sometimes also by
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  Speaker 2: the calyx as in the lily, is probably associated with
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  Speaker 2: the visits of insects which come to the flower for
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  Speaker 2: nectar or other food. Since it has been found, however,
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  Speaker 2: that some visiting inn sects are color blind, it is
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  Speaker 2: doubtful whether the color is so universal an attraction as
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  Speaker 2: it was once thought to be, but it is certainly
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  Speaker 2: associated with some sort of important work. A summary of
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  Speaker 2: these various duties is as follows. The green leaflike calyx
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  Speaker 2: is certainly for bud protection. The brightly colored corolla, and
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  Speaker 2: sometimes calyx adds to the duty of protection that of
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  Speaker 2: attracting necessary insects, or some other duty that we do
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  Speaker 2: not as yet understand. Just within the corolla, the third
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  Speaker 2: part or set appears, consisting of six stamens. These six
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  Speaker 2: stamens are also in two sets of three, each an
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  Speaker 2: outer and an inner one. Each stamen consists of a
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  Speaker 2: long stalk like part called the filament, and at the
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  Speaker 2: summit of the filament is borne the anther, which in
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  Speaker 2: the lily consists of two long, narrow pouches lying side
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  Speaker 2: by side. When the anther is ripe, these pouches are
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  Speaker 2: filled with a yellow, powdery dust called the pollen. Each
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  Speaker 2: particle of the dust like pollen consists of a minute
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  Speaker 2: but beautifully organized, globular body known as the pollen grain.
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  Speaker 2: The anther pouches are therefore full of pollen grains. In
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  Speaker 2: the lily, it will be noticed that when the anthers
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  Speaker 2: are ripe and the pollen is ready to be shed
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  Speaker 2: as slit opens lengthwise in each of the two pouches
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  Speaker 2: of sacs. This is the common method for opening the
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  Speaker 2: anther sax, but in some flowers it is curiously modified.
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  Speaker 2: For example, In the heaths such as the huckleberry, the
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  Speaker 2: sacks open by a hole at the end, and sometimes
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  Speaker 2: the tips of the sax are drawn out into long,
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  Speaker 2: hollow tubes through which the pollen is discharged. In other cases,
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  Speaker 2: as in the sassafras, the sacs opened by little trap
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  Speaker 2: doors which swing open as if upon hinges. Of the
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  Speaker 2: two parts of the stamen, the filament and anther, the
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  Speaker 2: latter is the essential one, so that in some cases
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  Speaker 2: the filament may be lacking entirely, only the anther appearing
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  Speaker 2: to represent the stamen. Furthermore, the essential thing about the
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  Speaker 2: anther is the pollen to manufacture, which is the sole
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  Speaker 2: purpose of the stamen. The pollen is necessary to enable
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  Speaker 2: the flower to produce seeds, but it must be transferred
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  Speaker 2: from the anther which produces it, to the fourth part
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  Speaker 2: of the flower not yet described, in which the seeds
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  Speaker 2: are formed. This transfer of pollen is known as pollination,
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  Speaker 2: and the transfer is usually affected in one of two ways,
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  Speaker 2: by the wind or by insects. As a rule, also,
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  Speaker 2: the pollen made by one flower must be transferred to
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  Speaker 2: some other flower to do its work, and sometimes the
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  Speaker 2: other flower may be at a considerable distance. If the
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  Speaker 2: pollen is to be transferred by the wind, it must
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  Speaker 2: be very light and dry, and it must also be
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  Speaker 2: very abundant, for the wind is a chance carrier and
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  Speaker 2: drops the pollen everywhere in a very wasteful fashion. In
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  Speaker 2: such a case, the pollen must come down like rain,
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  Speaker 2: to be sure that some of it strikes the right
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  Speaker 2: spot on the right flowers. Occasionally one hears in the
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  Speaker 2: papers of showers of sulfur, which always prove to be
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  Speaker 2: showers of pollen carried by the wind from some forest,
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  Speaker 2: chiefly evergreen forests, and dropped at random. In the case
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  Speaker 2: of pines, the minute pollen grains develop wings to assist
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  Speaker 2: in the wind transportation. If the pollen is to be
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  Speaker 2: transferred by insects, it does not need to be so
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  Speaker 2: dry and powdery, or so abundant as in the other case,
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  Speaker 2: for the insect passes directly from one flower to another
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  Speaker 2: without any random scattering of the pollen. Only winged insects
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  Speaker 2: are used for this purpose, as those which must creep
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  Speaker 2: or other walk would brush the pollen from their bodies
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  Speaker 2: by rubbing against the various obstructions in the way. The
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  Speaker 2: insects most commonly used are the numerous kinds of bees, wasps, butterflies,
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  Speaker 2: and moths. These insects visit the flowers for different purposes.
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  Speaker 2: The butterflies and moths are after the nectar, while the
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  Speaker 2: bees and wasps feed upon the pollen. Visiting insects are
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  Speaker 2: therefore often grouped nectar feeders and pollen feeders, but in
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  Speaker 2: either case they are instrumental in transferring the pollen. The
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  Speaker 2: fourth or innermost part of the lily flower is an
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  Speaker 2: organ called the pistol. It stands in the center of
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  Speaker 2: the flower and is composed of three distinct regions. At
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  Speaker 2: the bays, it is bulbous and hollow, containing the bodies
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  Speaker 2: which are to become seeds. This bulbous region is called
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  Speaker 2: the ovary, and the little bodies it contains, which through
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  Speaker 2: the action of the pollen, are to become seeds, are
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  Speaker 2: called arvules. Rising from the top of the ovary is
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  Speaker 2: a slender, stalk like part called the style, and at
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  Speaker 2: the top of the style is a knob like region
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  Speaker 2: called the stigma. The most essential region of the pistol
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  Speaker 2: is the ovary, for it contains the aarvules. Next in
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  Speaker 2: importance is the stigma, for it must receive the pollen greens.
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  Speaker 2: The style is of least importance, and therefore is sometimes wanting,
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  Speaker 2: the stigma being directly upon the ovary. The duty of
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  Speaker 2: the style, when it is present, seems to be to
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  Speaker 2: put the stigma into a favorable position to receive the pollen.
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  Speaker 2: It must not be supposed that the stigma always resembles
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  Speaker 2: a knob like top to the style. It is really
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  Speaker 2: only a surface prepared to receive pollen. So it may
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  Speaker 2: be upon the top of the style, or may run
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  Speaker 2: like a line down one side of it, or may
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  Speaker 2: display itself in some other way. The pistol of the lily, however,
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  Speaker 2: is not a single structure. If the ovary be cut across,
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  Speaker 2: it will be found to be made up of three compartments,
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  Speaker 2: each one of which contains arvules. Each one of these
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  Speaker 2: compartments represents a unit of structure which has entered into
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  Speaker 2: the formation of the pistol. These units are called carpels,
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  Speaker 2: and the pistol of the lily is made up of
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  Speaker 2: three carpils. In this case, the three are distinct only
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  Speaker 2: in the ovary, and have completely lost their identity in
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  Speaker 2: the region of the style. In many relatives of the lily, However,
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  Speaker 2: the three carpils are kept distinct in the style region,
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  Speaker 2: three styles, or a three parted style appearing upon the ovary.
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  Speaker 2: In some flowers, the carpils are kept entirely distinct, each
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  Speaker 2: one having its own ovary style and stigma. For example,
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  Speaker 2: in the buttercup, there is a little mound in the
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  Speaker 2: center of the flower made up of numerous pistols, each
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  Speaker 2: consisting of a single carpel. It is evident therefore, that
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  Speaker 2: a pistol may consist of one carpel or several carpils,
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  Speaker 2: and that in the larter case, the carpils may be
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  Speaker 2: more or less completely united. The sure indication of a
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  Speaker 2: carpal is that each carpel bears its own ovules. In
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  Speaker 2: some flowers there is but a single carpal, as in
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  Speaker 2: peas and beans, whose pots have developed from a pistol
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  Speaker 2: consisting of a single carpal, as is indicated by the
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  Speaker 2: single lengthwise set of seeds. In some plants, the flowers
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  Speaker 2: do not have all the four parts described above. In
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  Speaker 2: some cases, the petals may be lacking the one set
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  Speaker 2: of perianth parts represented, being regarded as the calyx, although
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  Speaker 2: it may look like a corolla as in the clematis
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  Speaker 2: or anemone. Such flowers are said to be a petiless,
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  Speaker 2: which means without petals. In other cases, both the calyx
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  Speaker 2: and corolla may be wanting, the flower consisting of only
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  Speaker 2: stamens and carpels. Such flowers are spoken of as naked.
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  Speaker 2: In other flowers, the stamens may be lacking and the
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  Speaker 2: pistol is the only essential part present. Such flowers are
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  Speaker 2: said to be pistolate. It may be counted upon, however,
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  Speaker 2: that if there are pistolate flowers, there are also corresponding
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  Speaker 2: staminate flowers in which the pistols are lacking and the
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  Speaker 2: stamens present. In such cases, both staminate and pistolate flowers
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  Speaker 2: may occur on the same plant, or they may occur
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  Speaker 2: on different plants, so that there may be not only
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  Speaker 2: staminate and pistolate flowers, but also staminate and pistolate plants.
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  Speaker 2: It also sometimes happens that staminate and pistolate flowers are
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  Speaker 2: also naked, so that in such cases the flower is
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  Speaker 2: represented by stamins alone, or even by a single stamen,
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  Speaker 2: or by carpels alone, or by a single carpel. It
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  Speaker 2: would be hard to imagine a more simple flower than
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  Speaker 2: one composed of a single stamen or a single carpel.
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  Speaker 2: Such flowers may be found in the willows. In this
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  Speaker 2: study of the lily, it should be observed that the
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  Speaker 2: number three runs through all the parts of the flower.
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  Speaker 2: The flower formula may be expressed as follows sepals three petals,
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  Speaker 2: three stamens three plus three carpels three. This number is
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  Speaker 2: established in many families related to the lilies, and is
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  Speaker 2: one of their characteristic features. In other groups of flowering plants,
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  Speaker 2: a different number is established, the number five being the
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  Speaker 2: most common. For example, in the common wild geranium, the
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  Speaker 2: flower formula is as swallows sepals, five petals, five stamens
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  Speaker 2: five plus five carpels five. In still other flowers, the
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  Speaker 2: number four is established. In any common flowers, it will
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  Speaker 2: be noticed that no definite number is established, or that
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  Speaker 2: it is not completely established. For example, in the common
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  Speaker 2: wild rows there are five sepals and five petals, but
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  Speaker 2: an indefinite number of stamens and carpels, while in the
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  Speaker 2: water lily there is no definite number established, the sepals
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  Speaker 2: being usually four and the other parts indefinitely repeated. In
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  Speaker 2: those flowers, in which some number is definitely established, it
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  Speaker 2: often happens that one set may be reduced in number,
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  Speaker 2: and this is usually the carpel set. In the families
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  Speaker 2: of highest rank among flowering plants, such as the fig worts, mints,
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  Speaker 2: and composites sunflowers asked as dnderlions, et cetera. The flower
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  Speaker 2: formula is sepals five, petals five, stamens five, and carpels two.
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  Speaker 2: Another fact shown by the flower is that the difference
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  Speaker 2: sets alternate with each other. In possession, the three petals
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  Speaker 2: do not stand directly in front of the three sepals,
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  Speaker 2: but in front of the spaces between the sepals. In
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  Speaker 2: the same way, the three outer stamens alternate with the petals,
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  Speaker 2: the inner stamens alternate with the outer ones, and the
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  Speaker 2: three carpels alternate with the inner set of stamens. It
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  Speaker 2: is very uncommon to find one set standing directly in
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  Speaker 2: front of the next outer set, and this position opposite
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  Speaker 2: the other set always needs some special explanation. As a rule, therefore,
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  Speaker 2: the flower sets alternate with one another, but in some
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  Speaker 2: cases a set may be opposite. The history of a
• 18:51
  Speaker 2: flower does not end with the opening of the blossom.
• 18:56
  Speaker 2: If the stigma has succeeded in receiving some pollen, and
• 19:00
  Speaker 2: the pollen has succeeded in doing its work, the ovules
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  Speaker 2: within the ovary become gradually transformed into seeds, and the
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  Speaker 2: ovary becomes transformed into the fruit, the outer sets of
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  Speaker 2: the flower, usually disappearing. In the lily, these fruits take
• 19:17
  Speaker 2: the form of dry pods, some of which may be
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  Speaker 2: seen in the illustration. Such pods have various ways of
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  Speaker 2: opening to discharge their ripened seeds. In many cases, the
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  Speaker 2: commonly recognized fruit includes more than the ovary. For example,
• 19:35
  Speaker 2: in the apple and pear, the modified ovary is represented
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  Speaker 2: by what is called the core, and the pulpy part
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  Speaker 2: are outside forming The edible part of the fruit is
• 19:46
  Speaker 2: the thickened calyx. In the strawberry, the real fruits are
• 19:51
  Speaker 2: the small nut like pits, which are more or less
• 19:55
  Speaker 2: embedded in the surface, while the pulpy part is the
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  Speaker 2: very much in larged and fleshy tip of the stem
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  Speaker 2: which bore the numerous carpals. In the pineapple, the change
• 20:08
  Speaker 2: involves a whole flower cluster, and a pineapple is a
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  Speaker 2: cluster of flowers which has formed a pulpy mass, flowers, leaves, stems,
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  Speaker 2: and all. From what has been said, it will be
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  Speaker 2: noticed that some fruits ripen dry, as in the case
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  Speaker 2: of the lilypod, bean pod, et cetera, and that others
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  Speaker 2: ripen fleshy, as in the case of apples, strawberries, et cetera.
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  Speaker 2: It must not be supposed that flesh can only be
• 20:38
  Speaker 2: formed by parts outside of the ovary. For the peach
• 20:42
  Speaker 2: is a modified ovary whose wall has separated into two layers,
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  Speaker 2: the outer of which forms the pulp, and the inner
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  Speaker 2: the stone, the kernel within the stone being the real seed.
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  Speaker 2: Whatever form or structure the fruit may take, everything is
• 21:00
  Speaker 2: with reference to the dispersal of the seeds, which must
• 21:03
  Speaker 2: be carried to places suitable for their germination. How seeds
• 21:08
  Speaker 2: are carried about is a long story which must be
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  Speaker 2: deferred to some later time, but it belongs to the
• 21:14
  Speaker 2: general subject of flowers. It will be seen from the
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  Speaker 2: above brief account that flowers occur in almost infinite variety,
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  Speaker 2: so that we are able to tell the various groups
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  Speaker 2: of flowering plants by the kind of flowers they produce.
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  Speaker 2: Amidst all of this infinite variety, however, there are but
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  Speaker 2: two purposes shown the variety being merely the different ways
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  Speaker 2: in which different plants have carried them out. These two
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  Speaker 2: purposes are the securing of pollination in order that seeds
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  Speaker 2: may be formed, and the proper distribution of the seeds.
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  Speaker 2: All structures found in flowers should be made to answer
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  Speaker 2: these two problems. End of section two.
• 22:07
  Speaker 3: Section three of Nature and Art Volume eight, number one,
• 22:12
  Speaker 3: June nineteen hundred. Recorded for LibriVox dot Org by Betty B.
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  Speaker 3: God's handiwork John Wesley Waite. How beauteous every shade on
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  Speaker 3: springs awake in trees? How perfect the colors laid by
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  Speaker 3: His most kind decrees? End of section three. This recording
• 22:34
  Speaker 3: is in the public domain.
• 22:41
  Speaker 2: Section four of Nature and Art Volume eight one June
• 22:45
  Speaker 2: nineteen hundred. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings
• 22:50
  Speaker 2: are in the public domain. For more information, Auto volunteer,
• 22:53
  Speaker 2: please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Tavarish Birds Natural
• 23:01
  Speaker 2: Rights of Birds Lynde's Jones. What do we mean by
• 23:07
  Speaker 2: a natural right? Are the rights of any other sort
• 23:11
  Speaker 2: in the world. Yes, a legal right may not always
• 23:16
  Speaker 2: be a natural right. On the contrary, a legal right
• 23:19
  Speaker 2: is sometimes a natural wrong. In many states, it has,
• 23:24
  Speaker 2: at one time or another been legally right to slaughter
• 23:27
  Speaker 2: the hawks and owls, which are far more useful than harmful.
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  Speaker 2: The birds had a clear title to the natural right
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  Speaker 2: of life, which the laws denied until the lawmakers discovered
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  Speaker 2: their mistake long ago. Our forefathers declare that all men
• 23:46
  Speaker 2: possess the natural right to life, liberty, and the pursuit
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  Speaker 2: of happiness. Certainly, no one will deny that any creature
• 23:55
  Speaker 2: has a right to life, so long as in its
• 23:59
  Speaker 2: life it contry tributes more to always the welfare of
• 24:01
  Speaker 2: the world than in its death. It also has a
• 24:05
  Speaker 2: right to liberty, so long as it can do more
• 24:08
  Speaker 2: good at liberty than as a captive. Granting that the
• 24:12
  Speaker 2: lower animals are capable of happiness, no one would think
• 24:16
  Speaker 2: of denying them the right of the pursuit of their happiness,
• 24:19
  Speaker 2: except for some higher good. Without discussing these general principles further,
• 24:26
  Speaker 2: let us see how they will apply to the birds
• 24:29
  Speaker 2: as natural rights. Has the bird a right to live?
• 24:34
  Speaker 2: According to our first principle? He has if he is
• 24:38
  Speaker 2: more useful alive than dead. What then does he do
• 24:42
  Speaker 2: that can be called really useful? If he is a diver,
• 24:47
  Speaker 2: a gull, a turn, or any one of the really
• 24:50
  Speaker 2: seafaring birds. He eats fish, water, insects of all and
• 24:56
  Speaker 2: whatever small animals resort to the water, doing little or
• 25:01
  Speaker 2: no harm and a great deal of good. Near large
• 25:07
  Speaker 2: sea coast cities, the gulls dispose of the garbage which
• 25:11
  Speaker 2: is taken out a distance from shore and dumped into
• 25:15
  Speaker 2: the ocean, and so prevent its drifting back upon the beach.
• 25:20
  Speaker 2: If he is a duck, goose, or swan, he feeds
• 25:26
  Speaker 2: upon fish, the plants which grow in the water and
• 25:29
  Speaker 2: at its margins, upon the insects and worms which inhabit
• 25:34
  Speaker 2: the ooze at the bottom, and sometimes upon grains in
• 25:38
  Speaker 2: the fields and about the marshes. He does a great
• 25:42
  Speaker 2: deal of good and rarely any harm. If he is
• 25:46
  Speaker 2: a heron, crane, rail coot, or glinule, his food is frogs, snakes,
• 25:54
  Speaker 2: insects and worms, and so he is useful. If he
• 25:59
  Speaker 2: is a snipe, sandpiper or plover, he destroys large numbers
• 26:05
  Speaker 2: of insects, worms, and such small animals as are to
• 26:10
  Speaker 2: be found in wet places, and is always a very
• 26:13
  Speaker 2: useful help to the farmer. If he is a bird
• 26:16
  Speaker 2: of the foul kind or a pigeon, He eats grain mostly,
• 26:22
  Speaker 2: but also many insects. He may sometimes do a little
• 26:26
  Speaker 2: damage to the ripe grain, but he usually gathers that
• 26:30
  Speaker 2: which has gone to waste. If he is a vulture, hawk, eagle,
• 26:36
  Speaker 2: or owl, he destroys great quantities of animals that are
• 26:40
  Speaker 2: harmful to man, not often visiting the poultry yard, and
• 26:45
  Speaker 2: so does great good. If he is a kingfisher, he
• 26:50
  Speaker 2: eats small fish mostly, and so is not harmful. Among
• 26:56
  Speaker 2: all the remaining birds, there are but a few which
• 27:00
  Speaker 2: do not feed almost entirely upon insects or other creatures
• 27:05
  Speaker 2: which menace vegetation. Even these seed eaters feed the young
• 27:11
  Speaker 2: upon insects and worms, and do good by destroying vast
• 27:15
  Speaker 2: quantities of injurious plants. Those which eat ripe fruit pay
• 27:22
  Speaker 2: for what they eat by scattering broadcasts the seeds of
• 27:27
  Speaker 2: the fruit. When there is no ripe fruit, they eat
• 27:30
  Speaker 2: insects and worms. The crows and blackbirds and bobbling are
• 27:36
  Speaker 2: rather overly fond of green corn and ripe grains in
• 27:40
  Speaker 2: the fall of the air, but they pay for what
• 27:43
  Speaker 2: they eat by destroying immense quantities of insects and worms.
• 27:49
  Speaker 2: In the spring. When the whole life of the bird
• 27:53
  Speaker 2: is taken into account, we cannot escape the fact that
• 27:56
  Speaker 2: the bird has a natural right to life on account
• 28:00
  Speaker 2: of the good he does. How does the value of
• 28:04
  Speaker 2: the bird's body used for food compare with the good
• 28:08
  Speaker 2: the bird would do if allowed to live reckoned In
• 28:12
  Speaker 2: dollars and cents, the flesh on an average bird's body
• 28:16
  Speaker 2: would be worth, say twenty five cents at the price
• 28:19
  Speaker 2: of good beef. But let us say seventy five cents.
• 28:23
  Speaker 2: To do full justice to the greater excellence of the
• 28:26
  Speaker 2: bird's flesh as food. We must consider, however, that the
• 28:31
  Speaker 2: most of the birds which are not good for food
• 28:34
  Speaker 2: civilized food, are among our largest birds. The size of
• 28:40
  Speaker 2: the average edible bird would therefore be greatly reduced. So
• 28:44
  Speaker 2: our estimate is a very liberal one. But during the
• 28:49
  Speaker 2: average lifetime of the average bird, it would destroy many
• 28:53
  Speaker 2: times its own weight of injurious animals. Careful investigations have
• 28:59
  Speaker 2: shown that these injurious animals would do many times more
• 29:03
  Speaker 2: damage than the worth of the bird's flesh. We have
• 29:08
  Speaker 2: no need, then, to take into account the real good
• 29:12
  Speaker 2: we derive in the pleasure which the beautiful plumage the
• 29:17
  Speaker 2: sweet voice and the graceful form bring to us, that is,
• 29:23
  Speaker 2: an added value which nothing can compensate for. How does
• 29:28
  Speaker 2: the value of the bird's skin as an ornament of dress,
• 29:33
  Speaker 2: or of the dwelling, or as a scientific specimen compare
• 29:38
  Speaker 2: with its value as a living creature. As an ornament,
• 29:43
  Speaker 2: it may be a thing of beauty or a hideous caricature.
• 29:48
  Speaker 2: Even as a thing of beauty, it could not be
• 29:51
  Speaker 2: made more so than the living bird. No one will
• 29:56
  Speaker 2: be willing to declare that the quill or or the
• 30:00
  Speaker 2: wing or the skin is necessary to the bonnet. Many
• 30:05
  Speaker 2: of us honestly think that the bonnet would look far
• 30:10
  Speaker 2: better without either. As a scientific specimen, the skin will
• 30:15
  Speaker 2: serve some purposes, some legitimate purposes, which the living bird
• 30:20
  Speaker 2: will not. The living bird cannot be fully understood without
• 30:25
  Speaker 2: a careful study of its structure, any more than a
• 30:28
  Speaker 2: living man can. Unfortunately, birds which die a natural death
• 30:35
  Speaker 2: cannot be found, while their bodies are fit to study
• 30:40
  Speaker 2: if found at all. But happily, the number of dead
• 30:44
  Speaker 2: birds necessary for study is limited, even for scientific purposes.
• 30:49
  Speaker 2: There is no possible excuse for indiscriminate slaughter. Collecting should
• 30:55
  Speaker 2: be left to those and those only who know what
• 30:59
  Speaker 2: is new needed, and are content with enough. In these
• 31:04
  Speaker 2: days of large collections and advanced knowledge, it is the
• 31:08
  Speaker 2: rare exception when the dead bird will be more useful
• 31:12
  Speaker 2: than the living one. These exceptions do not affect the
• 31:15
  Speaker 2: right of the bird to live. Boys who begin to
• 31:19
  Speaker 2: study birds have a passion for making a collection of
• 31:23
  Speaker 2: the eggs. Eggs are beautiful things, and they look well
• 31:29
  Speaker 2: in a cabinet properly arranged. But all of the eggs
• 31:33
  Speaker 2: which most boys would be likely to find are already
• 31:37
  Speaker 2: well known, so that a study of the eggs in
• 31:41
  Speaker 2: the nest and of the young birds will teach him
• 31:44
  Speaker 2: far more that we really need to know about the birds.
• 31:50
  Speaker 2: The greater good is not to make a collection of
• 31:53
  Speaker 2: birds eggs. What shall we say about the bird's right
• 31:58
  Speaker 2: to liberty? Clearly, the bird, at liberty to perform the
• 32:03
  Speaker 2: part which nature intended for him, can fully accomplish that
• 32:07
  Speaker 2: part only when at liberty to go his own way.
• 32:12
  Speaker 2: But it would be idle to declare that the caged
• 32:16
  Speaker 2: bird is in no wise useful to the world. There
• 32:21
  Speaker 2: are some things which can be learned about birds only
• 32:25
  Speaker 2: from caged ones. If a bird be caged for the
• 32:30
  Speaker 2: purpose of learning these things. The very few that will
• 32:34
  Speaker 2: be needed for this purpose will be fulfilling a high good,
• 32:38
  Speaker 2: and if given their freedom again, when the lessons have
• 32:42
  Speaker 2: been learned, the harm, if there be any, will be
• 32:45
  Speaker 2: fully repaid. But here again, the caged bird will be
• 32:51
  Speaker 2: the rare exception, and so does not affect the right
• 32:56
  Speaker 2: of the average bird to liberty. We then have ownly
• 33:00
  Speaker 2: to inquire whether the bird has a right to the
• 33:02
  Speaker 2: pursuit of happiness. No one who has studied the living
• 33:07
  Speaker 2: bird with anything like an appreciation of it will think
• 33:12
  Speaker 2: of denying that birds are creatures of intense life, capable
• 33:17
  Speaker 2: of strong feeling and keen enjoyment. They speak out their
• 33:22
  Speaker 2: feelings in song and action. It is really their human
• 33:27
  Speaker 2: attributes which makes them appeal so strongly to us. We
• 33:32
  Speaker 2: know that they are capable of love and hate, of
• 33:36
  Speaker 2: joy and sorrow, of pleasure and pain. In them, we
• 33:41
  Speaker 2: recognize the heroic attribute of martyrdom. In order therefore, to
• 33:48
  Speaker 2: determine what the attitude of the bird would likely be
• 33:52
  Speaker 2: were his right to the pursuit of happiness denied, we
• 33:56
  Speaker 2: have only to ask what our own attitude would be
• 34:00
  Speaker 2: under the same circumstances. If our happiness should be threatened
• 34:05
  Speaker 2: in this place, we would certainly go where it would
• 34:08
  Speaker 2: not be. The birds do the same. But we have
• 34:12
  Speaker 2: already seen that the birds have a right to life
• 34:15
  Speaker 2: and liberty on account of the services they render to
• 34:19
  Speaker 2: the world. If we deny them the right of happiness,
• 34:23
  Speaker 2: they will not be able to perform their service for
• 34:26
  Speaker 2: us under persecution. They cannot do their best. Even if
• 34:32
  Speaker 2: they remain to do anything for us, persistent persecution will
• 34:37
  Speaker 2: either drive them away or destroy them altogether. Since we
• 34:42
  Speaker 2: cannot do without their services even for a single year,
• 34:46
  Speaker 2: it is clear that we must agree that they do
• 34:50
  Speaker 2: have the natural right to the pursuit of happiness. We
• 34:54
  Speaker 2: are ready, then, to concede to the birds as natural
• 34:58
  Speaker 2: rights what we long ago declared were the natural rights
• 35:02
  Speaker 2: of mankind, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. We
• 35:09
  Speaker 2: might properly discuss the question what do we owe to
• 35:13
  Speaker 2: the birds, but that is a separate topic for a
• 35:19
  Speaker 2: later time. End of Section four, Section five of Nature
• 35:30
  Speaker 2: and Art, Volume eight, number one, June nineteen hundred. This
• 35:36
  Speaker 2: is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the
• 35:40
  Speaker 2: public domain. For more information, what to volunteer. Please visit
• 35:46
  Speaker 2: LibriVox dot org. Structure and Habits of Birds from a
• 35:53
  Speaker 2: lecture by Frank M. Chapman, April nineteen hundred. How have
• 35:59
  Speaker 2: the various types of bird life come into existence? To
• 36:04
  Speaker 2: understand this, we must study the wings of the creature
• 36:07
  Speaker 2: to learn its evolution from the early reptile like type
• 36:11
  Speaker 2: of bird. The most primitive use of the wing is
• 36:14
  Speaker 2: as a hand by which the bird may climb about.
• 36:19
  Speaker 2: In contrast, the albatross has the finest developed wings of
• 36:22
  Speaker 2: any species, which are fourteen feet across. The manner war, however,
• 36:28
  Speaker 2: is even a better example, perhaps, for although having a
• 36:32
  Speaker 2: body no larger than a hen, it has wings which
• 36:36
  Speaker 2: spread apart to a distance of seven or eight feet,
• 36:39
  Speaker 2: enabling it to soar in the air for several days
• 36:43
  Speaker 2: without touching the earth. By intertwining the outer feathers of
• 36:48
  Speaker 2: the wings, some birds can remain stationary in the air
• 36:51
  Speaker 2: for hours at a time, not once moving a wing.
• 36:55
  Speaker 2: The razor billed hawk is the nearest living representative of
• 36:59
  Speaker 2: the extinct great hawk, a bird which, having small wings,
• 37:04
  Speaker 2: could not fly and soon became extinct. The penguin, with
• 37:08
  Speaker 2: its flippers can fly only on the water and has
• 37:12
  Speaker 2: to waddle.
• 37:12
  Speaker 4: When on land. Certain grebes, which find their food in lakes,
• 37:17
  Speaker 4: have also lost their power of flight. This is true
• 37:21
  Speaker 4: of some pigeons, hawks, parrots, grebes, ducks, and other birds
• 37:27
  Speaker 4: which have not found it necessary to obtain their food
• 37:30
  Speaker 4: by flying. Wings are also used to express emotion. Many
• 37:37
  Speaker 4: young birds, of which the ariel furnishes an example, cause
• 37:41
  Speaker 4: their wings to quaver in supplication. Certain birds also make
• 37:47
  Speaker 4: use of their wings as a musical organ, as is
• 37:50
  Speaker 4: evinced in the whistling sound produced by the woodcock. Our
• 37:54
  Speaker 4: nighthawk makes a booming sound with its wings by extending
• 37:58
  Speaker 4: its outer quills as as it dies. Earthwood a weapon
• 38:02
  Speaker 4: is also found by some birds in their wings. The pigeon,
• 38:07
  Speaker 4: hen and other of our common birds using their wings
• 38:11
  Speaker 4: to strike with the foot shares with the wing the
• 38:15
  Speaker 4: duties of locomotion. Birds with highly developed wings have poor feet.
• 38:22
  Speaker 4: The swallow, an aerial bird, is an example. The chimney
• 38:26
  Speaker 4: swift has a tiny foot but enormously developed wings, and
• 38:30
  Speaker 4: if placed on a flat surface, is unable even to
• 38:34
  Speaker 4: support itself. All aquatic and terrestrial birds have excellently developed feet.
• 38:41
  Speaker 4: The loon is so thoroughly aquatic that it cannot walk
• 38:45
  Speaker 4: on land without the support of its breast and wings.
• 38:49
  Speaker 4: The sea snipe has a foot especially fitted for swimming,
• 38:53
  Speaker 4: and can be found a few hundred miles off the
• 38:55
  Speaker 4: Atlantic coast in flocks of hundreds of thousands, perfectly at
• 39:00
  Speaker 4: home in the water. The foot is generally related to
• 39:04
  Speaker 4: the length of the neck. The flamingo wades out into
• 39:08
  Speaker 4: the water and is able to duck its head and
• 39:10
  Speaker 4: secure its food with the aid of its particularly constructed neck.
• 39:15
  Speaker 4: In securing prey, the foot also plays an important part.
• 39:20
  Speaker 4: The great horned owl and the duck hawk have enormous
• 39:24
  Speaker 4: grasping power in their claws. In our grouse or partridge,
• 39:29
  Speaker 4: a horny, fringe like growth appears on the toes late
• 39:33
  Speaker 4: in the fall, serving as a sort of snow shoe
• 39:36
  Speaker 4: during the winter, by which the bird is enabled to
• 39:39
  Speaker 4: walk on the surface of the snow. This growth is
• 39:43
  Speaker 4: shed in the spring. The bill is the most important
• 39:47
  Speaker 4: organ of the four we are discussing. It has the
• 39:50
  Speaker 4: offices of the hand. There is an almost limitless variation
• 39:55
  Speaker 4: in its shape, admirably adapted in each instance to its
• 39:59
  Speaker 4: food require. The fish eating duck grasps its prey with
• 40:04
  Speaker 4: a saw bill The peddican catches its fish by diving
• 40:08
  Speaker 4: from the air, often from distances of forty feet, and
• 40:12
  Speaker 4: catches its fish in a bill an inch and a
• 40:14
  Speaker 4: half in width. As it throws its head out in diving,
• 40:19
  Speaker 4: it widens the rim of its bill and catches the
• 40:22
  Speaker 4: prey in its curious pouch. The flamingo catches with its
• 40:27
  Speaker 4: food mud and sand, which it expels through a curious
• 40:31
  Speaker 4: straining apparatus. The woodcock has the power of curving up
• 40:36
  Speaker 4: the upper portion of its bill, giving it the grasping
• 40:39
  Speaker 4: power of a finger, which greatly aids it in probing
• 40:43
  Speaker 4: for worms. The woodpecker uses its bill as a chisel.
• 40:48
  Speaker 4: In southern Arizona, the Californian woodpeckers have used the poles
• 40:52
  Speaker 4: of the Western Union Telegraph Company in which to store acorns,
• 40:57
  Speaker 4: and in some instances have bored law large holes entirely
• 41:01
  Speaker 4: through the poles. In those woodpeckers which feed on bark,
• 41:06
  Speaker 4: we find the tongue brush like to swab up the
• 41:09
  Speaker 4: sap where woodpeckers chisel. The tongue is horny. In prying
• 41:15
  Speaker 4: off cones from trees, the crossbill finds its apparently malformed
• 41:20
  Speaker 4: tongue most helpful in humming birds. There is a marked
• 41:24
  Speaker 4: variation in the bill, enabling them to feed on different
• 41:28
  Speaker 4: sorts of flowers. The heuer bird of New Zealand has
• 41:33
  Speaker 4: the most curious bill known. The male has one sort
• 41:37
  Speaker 4: which he uses in excavating, after which the female can
• 41:41
  Speaker 4: insert her bill and secure the food which the male
• 41:45
  Speaker 4: has thus obtained. After a study of the various forms
• 41:50
  Speaker 4: of bird structure and habits has been made, it still
• 41:53
  Speaker 4: remains a problem whether their structure is the result of
• 41:56
  Speaker 4: natural selection or natural selection is the result of their structure.
• 42:04
  Speaker 4: End of section.
• 42:05
  Speaker 5: Five Section six of Nature and Art, Volume eight, number one,
• 42:17
  Speaker 5: June nineteen hundred recorded for LibriVox dot Org Wilson's thrush
• 42:24
  Speaker 5: tirrdas Fuscuskin's. This very interesting bird is found in all
• 42:29
  Speaker 5: parts of eastern North America. Breeds in the states bordering
• 42:34
  Speaker 5: on the Great Lakes and as far north as Manitoba.
• 42:38
  Speaker 5: It winters in Central America. It is generally partial to
• 42:43
  Speaker 5: low swampy woodlands. He is much more shy than his
• 42:47
  Speaker 5: pretty cousin the wood thrush. He lives nearer the ground
• 42:51
  Speaker 5: and is not so likely to leave the cover of
• 42:53
  Speaker 5: his haunts. In localities where he is equally common with
• 42:58
  Speaker 5: the wood thrush, he is less freely observed. The nest
• 43:02
  Speaker 5: of this thrush is made of strips of bark, rootlets
• 43:06
  Speaker 5: and leaf stems, wrapped with leaves, and lined with fine rootlets.
• 43:11
  Speaker 5: The nest is always on or near the ground. Mister
• 43:15
  Speaker 5: Chapman says of him he has a double personality, or
• 43:19
  Speaker 5: he may repeat the notes of some less vocally developed ancestor.
• 43:23
  Speaker 5: For on occasions he gives utterance to an entirely uncharacteristic
• 43:27
  Speaker 5: series of cacking notes, and even mounts high in the
• 43:32
  Speaker 5: tree to sing a hesitating medley of the same unmusical cacks,
• 43:37
  Speaker 5: broken whistled calls, and attempted trills. Fortunately, this performance is
• 43:44
  Speaker 5: comparatively uncommon, and to the most of us he is
• 43:47
  Speaker 5: known only by his own strange, unearthly song. His notes
• 43:52
  Speaker 5: touch chords which no other bird's song reaches. The water
• 43:56
  Speaker 5: thrush is inspiring the wood and hermit thry rushes serenely
• 44:01
  Speaker 5: exalve the spirit. But Wilson's thrush, or the very appeals
• 44:06
  Speaker 5: to higher feelings. All the wondrous mysteries of the wood
• 44:11
  Speaker 5: find a voice in his song. He thrills us with
• 44:14
  Speaker 5: emotions We cannot express end of section six. This recording
• 44:21
  Speaker 5: is in the public domain.
• 44:29
  Speaker 3: Section seven of Nature and Art Volume eight, number one,
• 44:33
  Speaker 3: June nineteen hundred. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 44:38
  Speaker 3: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 44:42
  Speaker 3: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Betty B.
• 44:49
  Speaker 3: Fishes The Fishes Place in Nature David Starr Jordan. Some
• 44:55
  Speaker 3: animals have their hard parts on the outside. These may
• 44:58
  Speaker 3: be a horny coat or skin, such as the beetle has,
• 45:02
  Speaker 3: or a double shell like the oysters, or a single
• 45:05
  Speaker 3: shell like the house of a snail. Or they may
• 45:08
  Speaker 3: be a hard crust like the lobster's coat of mail,
• 45:12
  Speaker 3: or a brittle crust like the sea urchins, or with
• 45:15
  Speaker 3: tough nodules on a leathery hide as in the starfish,
• 45:19
  Speaker 3: or any one of a hundred variations from these. But
• 45:23
  Speaker 3: in all such cases there is no backbone, no true skeleton,
• 45:27
  Speaker 3: and no real skull. Then there are a host of
• 45:30
  Speaker 3: animals that have their hard parts on the inside. When
• 45:34
  Speaker 3: this is the case, the animal has a regular head,
• 45:37
  Speaker 3: generally with a skull inside to protect a brain from
• 45:41
  Speaker 3: hard knocks. Then behind the skull is a backbone made
• 45:45
  Speaker 3: up of a number of separate joints of bone to
• 45:49
  Speaker 3: the skeleton. Other bones are attached to help the animal
• 45:52
  Speaker 3: to move himself about on land or in the water.
• 45:56
  Speaker 3: Sometimes these bones grow out as legs, with toes and
• 45:59
  Speaker 3: c at the tip of them. Sometimes they take the
• 46:03
  Speaker 3: form of wings, or they may spread out into flat
• 46:06
  Speaker 3: paddles or oars of one kind or another, and these
• 46:10
  Speaker 3: we call fins. What shape the parts take depends on
• 46:13
  Speaker 3: what the animal does with them, For every kind of
• 46:16
  Speaker 3: beast is built with direct reference to his business in life.
• 46:21
  Speaker 3: The backboned animals are the highest of all the animal kingdom.
• 46:25
  Speaker 3: That is, in general, they can do more things, they
• 46:28
  Speaker 3: have a greater variety of relations to the things around them,
• 46:31
  Speaker 3: and they are more definitely fitted for a high position.
• 46:35
  Speaker 3: Some of them are not very high nor very intelligent,
• 46:38
  Speaker 3: even as compared with their lower brethren, the insects. The
• 46:42
  Speaker 3: ant is a tiny creature with no skull and no backbone,
• 46:46
  Speaker 3: and cannot do any very big thing, But she is
• 46:50
  Speaker 3: a very wise beast by the side of a carp
• 46:53
  Speaker 3: or a herring. Still on the whole, the backboned animals
• 46:57
  Speaker 3: are the highest, and as you and I both belong
• 46:59
  Speaker 3: to that class. We could never afford to confess to
• 47:03
  Speaker 3: any doubts as to their superiority. But we are the
• 47:07
  Speaker 3: highest of the type, that is, we men, and the
• 47:10
  Speaker 3: rest of the tribe are all lower, and the lowest
• 47:13
  Speaker 3: of all backboned animals we call fishes. And we shall
• 47:17
  Speaker 3: know a fish when we see one, because the hard
• 47:20
  Speaker 3: parts or skeletons are on the inside, and he stays
• 47:24
  Speaker 3: in the water, breathing the air which is dissolved in it.
• 47:27
  Speaker 3: And he is never any toes or claws or feathers.
• 47:31
  Speaker 3: He breathes with gills, and he swims with fins. He
• 47:34
  Speaker 3: has no hair or feathers on his body, and when
• 47:38
  Speaker 3: he has any cover on his skin at all, it
• 47:41
  Speaker 3: takes the shape of scales. A fish is a water
• 47:44
  Speaker 3: backboned animal. A backboned animal is called a vertebrate. A
• 47:49
  Speaker 3: fish is therefore a water vertebrate. There were fishes before
• 47:53
  Speaker 3: there were any other kind of vertebrates. They have been
• 47:56
  Speaker 3: on the earth longer than birds or beasts or reptile.
• 48:00
  Speaker 3: They came first, and we have good reason to believe
• 48:03
  Speaker 3: that the fishes are the ancestors of all the others.
• 48:07
  Speaker 3: But when the forefathers of the land. Animals found means
• 48:10
  Speaker 3: of keeping alive on the land, So many new opportunities
• 48:14
  Speaker 3: opened out to them, and they found so much variety
• 48:17
  Speaker 3: in their surroundings that they throve and spread amazingly, and
• 48:22
  Speaker 3: there came to be many kinds of them, of many forms.
• 48:25
  Speaker 3: While the rest of the tribe kept in the water
• 48:28
  Speaker 3: and stayed fishes, and there was always a host of these,
• 48:32
  Speaker 3: and nearly all of them had fishes for their food.
• 48:35
  Speaker 3: So they fought for food and fought for place. Those
• 48:39
  Speaker 3: who could swim fastest got away from the rest, and
• 48:42
  Speaker 3: those who could move quickest got the most to eat.
• 48:45
  Speaker 3: Those with the longest teeth were present at the most meals,
• 48:48
  Speaker 3: and those with the biggest mouths dined with them. And
• 48:52
  Speaker 3: some escaped because they had hard bony scales too tough
• 48:55
  Speaker 3: to crack. Some were covered over with thorns, and some
• 48:59
  Speaker 3: had spine in their fins, which they set erect when
• 49:02
  Speaker 3: their enemies would swallow them. And some had poison in
• 49:06
  Speaker 3: their spines and benumbed their enemies, and some gave them
• 49:10
  Speaker 3: electric shocks. Some hid in crevices of rock or bored
• 49:14
  Speaker 3: holes in the mud, and lay there with their noses
• 49:17
  Speaker 3: and their beady eyes peeping out. Some crawled into dead shells,
• 49:22
  Speaker 3: Some stretched their slim, ribbon like bodies out in the
• 49:25
  Speaker 3: hanging seaweed. Some fled into caves, whither no one followed them,
• 49:30
  Speaker 3: and where they lay hid for a whole geological age,
• 49:34
  Speaker 3: until seeing nothing, they had all gone blind, And some
• 49:38
  Speaker 3: went down into the depths of the sea two miles,
• 49:41
  Speaker 3: three miles, five miles. I have helped haul them up
• 49:44
  Speaker 3: to the light, and these went blind like the others.
• 49:47
  Speaker 3: For the depths of the sea are black as ink
• 49:50
  Speaker 3: and cold as ice, and even there they are not safe,
• 49:54
  Speaker 3: for other fishes go down there to eat them. And
• 49:57
  Speaker 3: some carry lanterns, large shining spots on their heads or bodies,
• 50:01
  Speaker 3: sometimes like the headlight of an engine. And with these
• 50:05
  Speaker 3: flashing lanterns, these burglars of the deep hunt their prey,
• 50:09
  Speaker 3: and these are hunted by others fish hungry too, who
• 50:12
  Speaker 3: lurk in the dark and swallow them lanterns, headlight and all.
• 50:17
  Speaker 3: And so with all this eating and chasing, and fighting
• 50:20
  Speaker 3: and fleeing and hiding and lurking, it comes about that
• 50:24
  Speaker 3: wherever there is decent water on land or sea, there
• 50:27
  Speaker 3: are fishes to match it. And every part of every
• 50:30
  Speaker 3: fish is made expressly for the life the fish has
• 50:33
  Speaker 3: to lead. If any kind fail to meet requirements, other
• 50:37
  Speaker 3: fishes would devour and destroy it. So only the fit
• 50:41
  Speaker 3: can survive, and these people the water after their kind.
• 50:45
  Speaker 3: All kinds of fishes are good to eat, except a
• 50:48
  Speaker 3: few which are too tough, a few which are bitter,
• 50:51
  Speaker 3: and a few that feed on poisonous things about the
• 50:54
  Speaker 3: coral reefs and so become poisonous themselves. Some are stupid,
• 50:59
  Speaker 3: some full of small bones, and some are too lean
• 51:02
  Speaker 3: or too small to tempt anybody unless it be another fish.
• 51:07
  Speaker 3: But this is their business, not ours, and they have
• 51:10
  Speaker 3: flesh enough for the things they have to do. The
• 51:13
  Speaker 3: biggest fish is the great basking shark, which grows to
• 51:17
  Speaker 3: be thirty five feet long and lies on the surface
• 51:20
  Speaker 3: of the sea like a huge saw log, filling its
• 51:23
  Speaker 3: great mouth with the little things that float along beside it.
• 51:27
  Speaker 3: The smallest of all fishes lives in the Everglades of
• 51:30
  Speaker 3: Florida and the streams that run out of them. You
• 51:33
  Speaker 3: can find them in the little brook that runs through Jacksonville.
• 51:37
  Speaker 3: I have netted them there with a spread umbrella, which
• 51:40
  Speaker 3: will serve when you cannot get a better dip net.
• 51:43
  Speaker 3: They are pretty barred with jet black on a greenish ground,
• 51:46
  Speaker 3: and they belong to that group of top minnows to
• 51:49
  Speaker 3: which Agassies gave the name of Hetererondia. It is hard
• 51:54
  Speaker 3: to say what is the highest fish, what is the
• 51:57
  Speaker 3: one which has undergone the greatest modification of structure. Perhaps
• 52:02
  Speaker 3: this place should be assigned to the soul, with its
• 52:04
  Speaker 3: two eyes, both on one side of the head, peering
• 52:07
  Speaker 3: through the same socket, while the socket on the other
• 52:10
  Speaker 3: side has no eye at all. Or perhaps we may
• 52:14
  Speaker 3: place as highest some specialized form as the angler or
• 52:19
  Speaker 3: the sargassum fish, which has the pared fins greatly developed,
• 52:23
  Speaker 3: almost like arms and legs, and which has a dorsal
• 52:26
  Speaker 3: spine modified into a fishing rod, which has a bait
• 52:30
  Speaker 3: at the end hanging over the capacious mouth. Agassis put
• 52:35
  Speaker 3: the sharks higher than all these bony fishes, because, while
• 52:39
  Speaker 3: lower in most respects, the sharks have greater brain and
• 52:42
  Speaker 3: greater power of muscle. Others again, might give the highest
• 52:46
  Speaker 3: place to the lung fishes, fishes of the tropical swamps
• 52:50
  Speaker 3: with lungs as well as gills, and which can breathe
• 52:53
  Speaker 3: air after a fashion when the water is all gone.
• 52:57
  Speaker 3: These are not high in themselves, but they are near us.
• 53:00
  Speaker 3: The higher animals especially interesting to us, because from such
• 53:05
  Speaker 3: creatures in the past, all the frogs and salamanders, and
• 53:09
  Speaker 3: through these all the beasts that bite, the birds that fly,
• 53:13
  Speaker 3: and the reptiles that crawl are descended. These are near
• 53:16
  Speaker 3: the primitive fish stock, the ancestors of true fishes on
• 53:20
  Speaker 3: the one hand, and of the land vertebrates on the other.
• 53:24
  Speaker 3: As such, they partake of the nature of both. More correctly,
• 53:28
  Speaker 3: their descendants have divided their characters. Their land progeny lost
• 53:33
  Speaker 3: the gills, scales, and fins of the lungfishes, while their
• 53:36
  Speaker 3: water descendants have lost their lungs, or rather the use
• 53:40
  Speaker 3: of them. For the lung of the fish is generally
• 53:42
  Speaker 3: a closed sack called the air bladder. Sometimes it is
• 53:46
  Speaker 3: only partly closed, and sometimes it is lost altogether. But
• 53:51
  Speaker 3: while we may dispute about the highest fish, there is
• 53:54
  Speaker 3: no doubt about the lowest one. This is the lancelot.
• 53:59
  Speaker 3: It is of the size in shape of a toothpick, translucent, scaleless,
• 54:03
  Speaker 3: and almost finless, bearing itself in the sand on warm coasts.
• 54:08
  Speaker 3: In almost every region, the lancelot has no real bone
• 54:12
  Speaker 3: in it, just a line of soft tissue blocking out
• 54:15
  Speaker 3: the space where the backbone ought to be. It has
• 54:18
  Speaker 3: no skull, nor brain, nor eyes, nor jaws, nor heart,
• 54:23
  Speaker 3: nor anything in particular, just transparent muscle, spinal cord, artery, gills, stomach,
• 54:29
  Speaker 3: and ovaries with the fringe of feelers about the slit
• 54:33
  Speaker 3: we call the mouth. And even these organs are rather
• 54:36
  Speaker 3: blocked out than developed. Yet it is easy to see
• 54:40
  Speaker 3: that the creature is a vertebrate in intention, and therefore
• 54:44
  Speaker 3: essentially a fish. A fish and a vertebrate reduced to
• 54:47
  Speaker 3: their lowest terms. You can go fishing almost anywhere, but
• 54:52
  Speaker 3: whether it is good to do it or not depends
• 54:54
  Speaker 3: on your reasons for doing it. There are about three
• 54:57
  Speaker 3: good reasons for going a fishing, one indifferent one and
• 55:01
  Speaker 3: one that is wholly bad. One good reason is that
• 55:05
  Speaker 3: you may learn to know fish. Isaac Walton tells us
• 55:08
  Speaker 3: that it is good luck to any man to be
• 55:11
  Speaker 3: on the good side of the man that knows fish.
• 55:14
  Speaker 3: This is true, but you cannot learn to know fish
• 55:17
  Speaker 3: unless you go forth to find them. There are about
• 55:20
  Speaker 3: fifteen thousand kinds of fish in the world, four thousand
• 55:23
  Speaker 3: of them in North America north of Panama. Now no
• 55:27
  Speaker 3: man knows them all, not even on one continent, though
• 55:31
  Speaker 3: some have written books upon them. But the man who
• 55:34
  Speaker 3: knows a larger part of them has not only learned fish,
• 55:37
  Speaker 3: but a host of other things as well. He calls
• 55:40
  Speaker 3: to mind rosy spotted trout of the main woods, and
• 55:44
  Speaker 3: still rosier of many brooks of Unalaska. He has seen
• 55:48
  Speaker 3: the blue paired fishes of the Cuban reefs, and the
• 55:51
  Speaker 3: leaping grayling of the Gallatin and the o Soble. He
• 55:55
  Speaker 3: has tried the in canoe of the Mackenzie River and
• 55:58
  Speaker 3: the tarpon of the Florida. He knows the sparkling darters
• 56:02
  Speaker 3: of the French Broad and the Swannanoa, the clear skin
• 56:06
  Speaker 3: pescados blancos of the Chipalla Lake, and the popeyes and
• 56:10
  Speaker 3: grenadiers of three miles drop of Bearing Sea. Till you
• 56:15
  Speaker 3: learn to know fish, you cannot imagine what the water
• 56:18
  Speaker 3: depths still have for you to know. The second good
• 56:22
  Speaker 3: reason why you should go a fishing is that you
• 56:24
  Speaker 3: may know the places where fishes go. All the finest
• 56:28
  Speaker 3: scenery is full of fish. The Firehole Canyon, the Roaring River,
• 56:33
  Speaker 3: the Agna Bonita, the Rio Blanco to Orizaba, the Creek
• 56:38
  Speaker 3: of Captain's Harbor, the Sarana, the Roanoke, the Restigouche, the Nipigon,
• 56:44
  Speaker 3: and the Lakes of the Saint John. All these are
• 56:46
  Speaker 3: good fishing water of their kind. So is the Rio Almandaris,
• 56:51
  Speaker 3: the Twin Lakes and the Eagle River, the Sawtooth Mountains,
• 56:55
  Speaker 3: the Venados Islands, the shores of Clipperton, the Pearl Islands,
• 57:00
  Speaker 3: dead Man's Reef, No Man's Land, and the sand reaches
• 57:03
  Speaker 3: of San Diego, Santa Barbara, Pensacola, and Beaufort. If you
• 57:08
  Speaker 3: know all these, you know the rest of the United States,
• 57:11
  Speaker 3: with Canada and Mexico as well. All this is a
• 57:15
  Speaker 3: goodly country, which it is well for a good citizen
• 57:18
  Speaker 3: to understand. If you go a fishing to know the fish,
• 57:21
  Speaker 3: the rest will be granted to you. And with all
• 57:24
  Speaker 3: the rest, you have filled your mind not only with
• 57:27
  Speaker 3: pictures of plunging trout, of leaping moscolounge and diving Barracuda,
• 57:32
  Speaker 3: but you have enriched it with endless vistas of deep
• 57:36
  Speaker 3: green pools, of foamy cascades, flower carpeted meadows, of dark
• 57:41
  Speaker 3: pines and sunny pines, white birch and clinging vines and
• 57:45
  Speaker 3: wallowing mangrove. You have dominion over palm and pine, the
• 57:50
  Speaker 3: only dominion there is. For your dominion doth not speedily
• 57:54
  Speaker 3: pass away. You know the Crescent Bay with its white breakers,
• 57:58
  Speaker 3: the rush of the eager waters through the tide worn estuary,
• 58:02
  Speaker 3: the clinging fucus on the rocks at low tide, the
• 58:05
  Speaker 3: bark of sea walls, and the roar of sea lions
• 58:08
  Speaker 3: in the long lines of swaying kelp which reach far
• 58:12
  Speaker 3: out into the farthest sea. This is good for you
• 58:15
  Speaker 3: to know, for it is an antidote to selfishness and
• 58:18
  Speaker 3: doubt and care. Then, too, it is good to know
• 58:21
  Speaker 3: the men that live in the open where the fishes are,
• 58:25
  Speaker 3: to shake their hands and share their hospitality. Will cure
• 58:28
  Speaker 3: you of pessimism and distrust of democracy, and banish all
• 58:33
  Speaker 3: the chimeras and goblins which vex Those who live too
• 58:36
  Speaker 3: long in cities to hear the elks whistle and the
• 58:40
  Speaker 3: ouzel's call, the whirr of the grouse's wings, and the
• 58:43
  Speaker 3: rush of the water in the canyon will get out
• 58:46
  Speaker 3: of your brain. The shriek of cable cars, the rattle
• 58:49
  Speaker 3: of the elevated railway, and all the unwholesomeness jangle of
• 58:53
  Speaker 3: men who meet to make money. So there is a
• 58:56
  Speaker 3: third reason for going a fishing, not so good as
• 58:59
  Speaker 3: the too, but still very noble. We may fish for
• 59:03
  Speaker 3: rest or exercise, which is but another form of rest.
• 59:07
  Speaker 3: We may fish placidly in the placid brooks, as Walton
• 59:11
  Speaker 3: did for Chub and Dace, till our thoughts flow as
• 59:14
  Speaker 3: placidly as the Charles or the Swanee or the Thames.
• 59:18
  Speaker 3: Or we may fish in the rush and roar of
• 59:20
  Speaker 3: the day shut or the buttermilk, tramping high through the
• 59:23
  Speaker 3: pines to Agua Bonita, or far across the desert to
• 59:27
  Speaker 3: Trappers Lake, or struggling through the wooded reaches to the Saranac.
• 59:32
  Speaker 3: We may come back at night, tired enough to lie
• 59:35
  Speaker 3: flat on the floor and drip off the edges of it.
• 59:38
  Speaker 3: But withal at peace with all the world. It matters
• 59:42
  Speaker 3: not whether we have fish or not. There is one
• 59:45
  Speaker 3: reason for fishing which is wholly indifferent. That is to
• 59:49
  Speaker 3: go a fishing for the meat which is in the fish.
• 59:52
  Speaker 3: This is pan fishing or pont fishing. If you get
• 59:55
  Speaker 3: your living by it, that is your business. It is
• 59:58
  Speaker 3: frequently an honest business, but it is not a matter
• 1:00:01
  Speaker 3: of pride. If you caught a hundred trout in the
• 1:00:04
  Speaker 3: o Sable and ate them all, you were fortunate they
• 1:00:07
  Speaker 3: helped out your store of provisions. And trout are very
• 1:00:11
  Speaker 3: fair eating when properly fried, but don't brag about it.
• 1:00:15
  Speaker 3: It interests the rest of us no more than if
• 1:00:17
  Speaker 3: you boasted of catching ten frogs or eating a hundred
• 1:00:21
  Speaker 3: chickens in a hundred consecutive days. The matter of fishous
• 1:00:25
  Speaker 3: food belongs to economics or some other dismal science. By
• 1:00:30
  Speaker 3: eating trout or bass, you can never get on the
• 1:00:33
  Speaker 3: good side of the man who knows fish. There remains
• 1:00:36
  Speaker 3: one reason for going fishing, which is positively, horribly, disgustingly bad.
• 1:00:42
  Speaker 3: That is to see how many fish you can catch,
• 1:00:46
  Speaker 3: just for number's sake. This is called hog fishing. And
• 1:00:49
  Speaker 3: whether your purpose be to brag over the size of
• 1:00:52
  Speaker 3: your basket or to lie about the catch, or both,
• 1:00:56
  Speaker 3: it is bad. Bad for the fish, bad for the rivers,
• 1:01:00
  Speaker 3: bad for your neighbors, bad for you. The good man
• 1:01:03
  Speaker 3: will never slay fish. Wantonly we creatures of God on
• 1:01:07
  Speaker 3: the earth together should enjoy each other. And the beautiful
• 1:01:10
  Speaker 3: world which is ours alike. Because man is the wisest
• 1:01:14
  Speaker 3: of all, with greatest power of knowledge and capacity for happiness,
• 1:01:19
  Speaker 3: it is all the more incumbent on him to preserve
• 1:01:22
  Speaker 3: the world as fair as he found it, and to
• 1:01:25
  Speaker 3: respect the right so far as may be of every
• 1:01:28
  Speaker 3: other man and beast. End of Section seven.
• 1:01:39
  Speaker 1: Section eight of Nature and Art, Volume eight, number one,
• 1:01:44
  Speaker 1: June nineteen hundred. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 1:01:49
  Speaker 1: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 1:01:52
  Speaker 1: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Some interesting things
• 1:01:58
  Speaker 1: about rivers Lloyd Jones. Did the rivers make the valleys
• 1:02:05
  Speaker 1: or did the valleys make the rivers? This is not
• 1:02:09
  Speaker 1: only an interesting but a very difficult question to answer correctly.
• 1:02:15
  Speaker 1: Ask your teachers about it. Be sure you do not
• 1:02:18
  Speaker 1: make any mistakes, because when you answer it correctly, you
• 1:02:22
  Speaker 1: have found out a great deal about geology. And geology
• 1:02:27
  Speaker 1: is a hard name for a subject that contains many
• 1:02:31
  Speaker 1: interesting and easy things, and the study of the river
• 1:02:35
  Speaker 1: will help you understand many of these things. However it
• 1:02:40
  Speaker 1: may be about the valleys, we are very sure that
• 1:02:44
  Speaker 1: the river made many many other things that we know about.
• 1:02:48
  Speaker 1: Did you ever hear of the orator and the New
• 1:02:51
  Speaker 1: York Legislature who wondered how it was that the rivers
• 1:02:55
  Speaker 1: most always flowed by the big cities. He certainly got
• 1:02:59
  Speaker 1: his cart before the horse, for it is the big
• 1:03:03
  Speaker 1: cities that always grow by the big rivers. History has
• 1:03:08
  Speaker 1: always grown along the banks of rivers, because all civilization
• 1:03:13
  Speaker 1: has grown along their banks. The boundaries of nations change.
• 1:03:20
  Speaker 1: The political maps of Europe that I studied when I
• 1:03:23
  Speaker 1: was a boy are now out of date, and you
• 1:03:26
  Speaker 1: would find they are all wrong, because the boundaries of kingdoms,
• 1:03:30
  Speaker 1: states and empires have changed so often. But the life
• 1:03:35
  Speaker 1: of the world continues to be found largely along the
• 1:03:39
  Speaker 1: banks of the rivers. Why is this? And here's another
• 1:03:44
  Speaker 1: question for you to talk with your teachers about. If
• 1:03:47
  Speaker 1: you get the answer, you will have the key that
• 1:03:50
  Speaker 1: will let you into much of the wonders and triumphs
• 1:03:54
  Speaker 1: of art, architecture, and commerce. Of course, the very earth
• 1:04:00
  Speaker 1: earliest man would keep close to the river's edge because
• 1:04:04
  Speaker 1: he would have no other sure way of getting water
• 1:04:07
  Speaker 1: to drink, and the fish in the water, the birds
• 1:04:10
  Speaker 1: on the water, and the birds eggs in the nests
• 1:04:13
  Speaker 1: along the edge of the river. Offered him a sure
• 1:04:17
  Speaker 1: supply of food. And then along the river the grass
• 1:04:21
  Speaker 1: grows greenest, and this afforded good grazing for his cows,
• 1:04:26
  Speaker 1: and his horses, and maybe his camels. What kind of
• 1:04:30
  Speaker 1: food does the camel like best? Anyhow, primitive man must
• 1:04:36
  Speaker 1: have learned to swim early, and it must have been
• 1:04:39
  Speaker 1: fun for the little boys of barbarism, as it is
• 1:04:42
  Speaker 1: for the little boys of civilization, to plunge into the
• 1:04:46
  Speaker 1: cooling water on a hot day. Man must have found
• 1:04:50
  Speaker 1: out very early how to make a raft which would
• 1:04:53
  Speaker 1: carry him down stream, And soon after he learned how
• 1:04:58
  Speaker 1: to make a canoe. The he could paddle upstream. So
• 1:05:02
  Speaker 1: the river became his first road. On it he traveled
• 1:05:07
  Speaker 1: when he went hunting, and with its help he protected
• 1:05:11
  Speaker 1: his property and that of the tribe. The enemies were
• 1:05:15
  Speaker 1: driven across the river and kept on the other side.
• 1:05:19
  Speaker 1: A good way to study what a river does for
• 1:05:22
  Speaker 1: a man is to find out all you can about
• 1:05:26
  Speaker 1: the life that gathered about some particular river, For that
• 1:05:31
  Speaker 1: will tell you more or less of what happened along
• 1:05:34
  Speaker 1: the banks of all the great rivers. The best of
• 1:05:38
  Speaker 1: all rivers for such study is the Nile. It is
• 1:05:41
  Speaker 1: one of the long rivers of the world, so long
• 1:05:45
  Speaker 1: that its sources have only been recently discovered by those
• 1:05:49
  Speaker 1: who make geographies. Read the stories of Livingstone and Stanley,
• 1:05:55
  Speaker 1: and the early explorers who went in search of the
• 1:05:58
  Speaker 1: head waters of the Nile. But there are two niles.
• 1:06:04
  Speaker 1: One runs through the continent of Africa and empties into
• 1:06:08
  Speaker 1: the Mediterranean Sea. Another begins in the very earliest dawn
• 1:06:14
  Speaker 1: of history and runs through the human story of thought, feeling,
• 1:06:19
  Speaker 1: and life along the banks of this nile. In history
• 1:06:24
  Speaker 1: we see how human life was developed, all human life,
• 1:06:28
  Speaker 1: beginning away back there, so far back we cannot count
• 1:06:32
  Speaker 1: it by years, when man made knives of flints and
• 1:06:36
  Speaker 1: hatchets of stone. And then because the nile gently overflowed
• 1:06:42
  Speaker 1: its banks two or more times a year, leaving after
• 1:06:46
  Speaker 1: each freshet a soft layer of fertile mud on either side,
• 1:06:51
  Speaker 1: primitive man began to plant his seed in this field
• 1:06:55
  Speaker 1: plowed by a river, and to raise his millet and pease,
• 1:06:59
  Speaker 1: and beans, and some kind of wheat and corn. He
• 1:07:03
  Speaker 1: was able to feed his cattle and to raise chickens
• 1:07:06
  Speaker 1: and geese along the banks of this river, which was
• 1:07:09
  Speaker 1: only a green ribbon. From six to ten miles wide
• 1:07:14
  Speaker 1: four or five hundred miles long on this green ribbon
• 1:07:20
  Speaker 1: a great civilization, so great and so wonderful that only
• 1:07:25
  Speaker 1: very learned men can understand how wonderful and how great
• 1:07:29
  Speaker 1: it was. Grew up, find out something about the pyramids,
• 1:07:34
  Speaker 1: look up pictures of the ruins of the Temple of Karnak,
• 1:07:38
  Speaker 1: and that great stone image carved out of a hill
• 1:07:42
  Speaker 1: higher than a five story building, with a head so
• 1:07:46
  Speaker 1: large that if a man stood on the top of
• 1:07:48
  Speaker 1: one ear, he could hardly reach the top of the
• 1:07:51
  Speaker 1: head with his outstretched hand. The Greeks called this great
• 1:07:57
  Speaker 1: stone image with the body of a lion and the
• 1:08:00
  Speaker 1: head of a man, a sphinx, but the Egyptians called
• 1:08:05
  Speaker 1: it the horm Coop or the Horus on the horizon.
• 1:08:10
  Speaker 1: And Horace was the god child they most loved, the
• 1:08:15
  Speaker 1: child of Osiris, the great Sun divinity, and of Isis,
• 1:08:20
  Speaker 1: the beautiful mother of Heaven. All this civilization along the
• 1:08:25
  Speaker 1: Nile would have been impossible had it not been for
• 1:08:29
  Speaker 1: the Nile. The great stones that went into the pyramids
• 1:08:34
  Speaker 1: were floated down the river. Soldiers and working men were
• 1:08:38
  Speaker 1: transported on the river. The fields were made fertile by
• 1:08:43
  Speaker 1: the river and the leisure and the wealth that were
• 1:08:46
  Speaker 1: made possible by the fertile fields on the river's bank
• 1:08:50
  Speaker 1: gave men time to think and to feel, to invent
• 1:08:54
  Speaker 1: the beautiful picture ridings, to cut out the great tomb temples,
• 1:08:59
  Speaker 1: and to think the great thoughts of religion, God thoughts,
• 1:09:04
  Speaker 1: love thoughts, and duty thoughts. Now, what happened along the
• 1:09:09
  Speaker 1: banks of the Nile happened to a certain degree along
• 1:09:13
  Speaker 1: the banks of the Euphrates and the Tigris Mesotamia means
• 1:09:18
  Speaker 1: the land between the rivers, the mid river country away
• 1:09:23
  Speaker 1: back five or six thousand years ago, there were people
• 1:09:27
  Speaker 1: who built great cities, erected high tower temples of burned brick.
• 1:09:33
  Speaker 1: They invented a curious kind of arrow headed alphabet, the cuneiform,
• 1:09:40
  Speaker 1: which they stamped into clay tablets brick reading books on
• 1:09:45
  Speaker 1: the banks of these rivers. In that far off time,
• 1:09:49
  Speaker 1: astronomers watched the stars and found out a good deal
• 1:09:53
  Speaker 1: about the planets and eclipses. They measured time by the
• 1:09:58
  Speaker 1: year of three hundred six sixty five days and twelve months,
• 1:10:03
  Speaker 1: which means that they had watched the moon and measured
• 1:10:06
  Speaker 1: the length of the days. Then there are the other
• 1:10:12
  Speaker 1: rivers the Ganges that runs through the heart of India,
• 1:10:16
  Speaker 1: on the banks of which there grew up the great
• 1:10:19
  Speaker 1: religions and the curious customs of the Hindus and the Buddhists.
• 1:10:24
  Speaker 1: And the Jordan, which you will remember flows through our Bible.
• 1:10:30
  Speaker 1: Around it clusters the great stories of the prophets of
• 1:10:34
  Speaker 1: Jesus and his disciples. When we turn to Europe, we
• 1:10:40
  Speaker 1: will find much about the Germans by finding out all
• 1:10:43
  Speaker 1: we can about the Rhine. If you can find out
• 1:10:47
  Speaker 1: much about the Rhine and the Sina, you will understand
• 1:10:50
  Speaker 1: the story of France and the French people. The Thames
• 1:10:54
  Speaker 1: is older than London, and along the banks of the
• 1:10:58
  Speaker 1: Danube grew up nation after nation. Down that stream have
• 1:11:03
  Speaker 1: floated war vessels for different peoples for thousands and thousands
• 1:11:07
  Speaker 1: of years. Would you not like to see a collection
• 1:11:11
  Speaker 1: of boats that would reach from the boats made of
• 1:11:14
  Speaker 1: the raw hides of animals by the early pagan people
• 1:11:18
  Speaker 1: along the Danube up to the latest and best steamer
• 1:11:21
  Speaker 1: that now plies up and down the great river. Nonetheless
• 1:11:26
  Speaker 1: interesting are the rivers of the western continent. The Hudson,
• 1:11:30
  Speaker 1: the Mississippi, and the Missouri. The Ohio and the Amazon
• 1:11:34
  Speaker 1: are the pathways over which the first explorers traveled. Along
• 1:11:39
  Speaker 1: their banks, did the first settlers make their homes? And
• 1:11:42
  Speaker 1: on their bosom did the men in the wild woods
• 1:11:46
  Speaker 1: first send their traffics? Who was it that started the
• 1:11:50
  Speaker 1: first steamboat up the Hudson. You remember how Abraham Lincoln,
• 1:11:56
  Speaker 1: when a boy, helped build a flatboat, and how he
• 1:11:59
  Speaker 1: steered that flatboat all the way from Illinois to New Orleans,
• 1:12:03
  Speaker 1: selling there the truck the early settlers raised, exchanging it
• 1:12:08
  Speaker 1: from molasses and sugar and the calico that they needed
• 1:12:11
  Speaker 1: in Illinois. When we remember the great service that the
• 1:12:15
  Speaker 1: rivers have rendered man, the beautiful stories that custer around them,
• 1:12:21
  Speaker 1: the beautiful life that has sported in their waters, floated
• 1:12:25
  Speaker 1: upon their surface, and gathered on their banks, is it
• 1:12:29
  Speaker 1: not a pity that they are being so despoiled by
• 1:12:32
  Speaker 1: thoughtless and reckless men who wantonly cut down the forests,
• 1:12:37
  Speaker 1: waste the trees that grow up on their banks, and
• 1:12:41
  Speaker 1: then in our cities. Instead of beautifying the banks and
• 1:12:46
  Speaker 1: profiting by the scenery, foolish men turn the back doors
• 1:12:50
  Speaker 1: of their houses upon the rivers, build barns upon their banks,
• 1:12:55
  Speaker 1: make of them the dumping places into which they throw
• 1:12:58
  Speaker 1: their rubbish, street sweepings, and old tin cans, everything that
• 1:13:04
  Speaker 1: will soil the water and spoil the scenery. Do you
• 1:13:09
  Speaker 1: not think that some day we will again come back
• 1:13:12
  Speaker 1: to the old love of the river, even if we
• 1:13:15
  Speaker 1: do not need it so much as a highway now
• 1:13:18
  Speaker 1: for railroads go faster. We will keep them clean and beautiful,
• 1:13:24
  Speaker 1: for the pleasure and the health they yield. You have
• 1:13:28
  Speaker 1: heard of what a dirty thing the Chicago River is,
• 1:13:31
  Speaker 1: how unpleasant it is both to the sense of sight
• 1:13:34
  Speaker 1: and to the sense of smell. It is very much
• 1:13:37
  Speaker 1: the same with many of the other rivers that flow
• 1:13:41
  Speaker 1: through our great cities and even smaller towns. Some day,
• 1:13:46
  Speaker 1: the children of our public schools who are now studying
• 1:13:50
  Speaker 1: these things will grow up, and they will find out
• 1:13:53
  Speaker 1: how to purify our streams. They will restore their beauty.
• 1:13:58
  Speaker 1: They will love the thing and the water so much
• 1:14:02
  Speaker 1: that they will prefer seeing them alive to eating them
• 1:14:05
  Speaker 1: when dead. They will give back the rivers to the
• 1:14:09
  Speaker 1: birds that will sing unmolested upon their banks, and raise
• 1:14:14
  Speaker 1: their little ones undisturbed in their nests built low among
• 1:14:19
  Speaker 1: the sedges, or swinging loftily in the poplar boughs above.
• 1:14:26
  Speaker 1: So you see my children. To know the river is
• 1:14:29
  Speaker 1: to know much of the geology of the world, much
• 1:14:33
  Speaker 1: of the plant and animal life of the world, very
• 1:14:36
  Speaker 1: much of the history of man, and very much of
• 1:14:40
  Speaker 1: the higher hopes and aspirations, the poetry, the morality and
• 1:14:45
  Speaker 1: the religion of the human soul. The rivers were here
• 1:14:50
  Speaker 1: before man was. They invited man, they nursed him, they
• 1:14:55
  Speaker 1: fed him, they marked the places for his settlements, helped
• 1:15:00
  Speaker 1: the organization of the state. By the way, as a
• 1:15:04
  Speaker 1: closing lesson, suppose you find out how many of the
• 1:15:08
  Speaker 1: states of our re union were named after rivers, and
• 1:15:12
  Speaker 1: see how many of the river's names you can discover
• 1:15:16
  Speaker 1: the meaning of For the rivers were on the earth
• 1:15:19
  Speaker 1: before they were named. The names are of men, and
• 1:15:24
  Speaker 1: some of them are very suggestive. The rivers are of God.
• 1:15:29
  Speaker 1: They belong to nature, and they show forth the laws
• 1:15:33
  Speaker 1: of nature, which are always the laws of God.
• 1:15:37
  Speaker 2: End of Section eight, Section nine of Nature and Art,
• 1:15:46
  Speaker 2: Volume eight, number one, June nineteen hundred. This is a
• 1:15:50
  Speaker 2: libertyvox recording. All libertyvox recordings that are in the public domain.
• 1:15:53
  Speaker 2: For more information not a volunteer, please visit libertyvox dot org.
• 1:15:57
  Speaker 2: Recording by tavaresh ins. Some water insects charles c atoms
• 1:16:07
  Speaker 2: in field and forest, bright colored and active insects attract
• 1:16:11
  Speaker 2: our attention. Aquatic insects, on the other hand, do not,
• 1:16:16
  Speaker 2: as a rule, possess such bright colors as their land relatives,
• 1:16:20
  Speaker 2: nor move about with as great rapidity. Yet it does
• 1:16:24
  Speaker 2: not follow that they are less interesting as would be expected.
• 1:16:29
  Speaker 2: Some of the most interesting things about these animals are
• 1:16:32
  Speaker 2: connected with modifications of their form which have resulted from
• 1:16:36
  Speaker 2: their aquatic life. It is believed that the ancestors of
• 1:16:40
  Speaker 2: water insects have been land insects, which invaded the water
• 1:16:44
  Speaker 2: and have thus become greatly modified in their new surroundings.
• 1:16:48
  Speaker 2: The commotion and breathing, either one or both of these
• 1:16:51
  Speaker 2: functions are as a rule, very different in land and
• 1:16:55
  Speaker 2: water insects. The variety of aquatic insects, if we consider
• 1:16:59
  Speaker 2: ownly their adults, is not great when compared with the
• 1:17:03
  Speaker 2: land insects. But when we compare fresh and salt water forms,
• 1:17:07
  Speaker 2: it is surprising how few kinds there are which live
• 1:17:12
  Speaker 2: in the sea, in spite of its vast area and
• 1:17:15
  Speaker 2: great food supply. So few are the insects found in
• 1:17:19
  Speaker 2: the sea or other salt waters that to most of
• 1:17:23
  Speaker 2: us to speak of aquatic insects only cause to mind
• 1:17:26
  Speaker 2: fresh water forms. We shall therefore refer almost wholly to
• 1:17:32
  Speaker 2: fresh water forms. Let us consider briefly a few examples
• 1:17:37
  Speaker 2: of these. We may distinguish two general groups according to
• 1:17:41
  Speaker 2: their special habitat. Belonging to the first group are those
• 1:17:46
  Speaker 2: insects which frequent primarily the surface of the water. These forms,
• 1:17:50
  Speaker 2: which breathe air directly and not air dissolved in water,
• 1:17:55
  Speaker 2: as in the case with many other water insects, must
• 1:17:58
  Speaker 2: be kept dry and be able to maintain their possession
• 1:18:02
  Speaker 2: on the surface of the water. Surface insects, such as
• 1:18:06
  Speaker 2: the water skaters found on quiet ponds and streams, and
• 1:18:10
  Speaker 2: their marine relatives holobaities, accomplish this by means of fine
• 1:18:16
  Speaker 2: hairs which cover the feet where they touch the water.
• 1:18:20
  Speaker 2: The same physical principle is involved here, as when a
• 1:18:24
  Speaker 2: needle or wire is floated upon water that of surface tension.
• 1:18:30
  Speaker 2: The fine hairs on the body of a water insect
• 1:18:33
  Speaker 2: act in the same way as those on the feet,
• 1:18:37
  Speaker 2: and thus keep the insect dry when below the surface.
• 1:18:41
  Speaker 2: These insects are thus able to breathe as land insects
• 1:18:45
  Speaker 2: on account of their being on the surface, and consequently
• 1:18:49
  Speaker 2: their respiratory systems are not as greatly modified as in
• 1:18:53
  Speaker 2: many of the insects living beneath the surface. It must
• 1:18:57
  Speaker 2: be borne in mind that an insect breathes by means
• 1:19:01
  Speaker 2: of the air which enters the body by small openings,
• 1:19:04
  Speaker 2: and is led by means of tubes which become very
• 1:19:07
  Speaker 2: finely divided like veins to all parts of the body.
• 1:19:12
  Speaker 2: By means of contractions and expansions of the body of
• 1:19:16
  Speaker 2: the insect, the air within these tubes is caused to circulate,
• 1:19:20
  Speaker 2: and thus impure air is driven out and a fresh
• 1:19:25
  Speaker 2: supply is pumped in. Two of their commonness of these
• 1:19:29
  Speaker 2: surface dwellers, so well known to the small boy who
• 1:19:33
  Speaker 2: frequents ponds and streams, are the whirligig beetles or lucky bugs,
• 1:19:38
  Speaker 2: and the long legged water striders or water skaters. The
• 1:19:43
  Speaker 2: whirligig beetles are easy to recognize on account of their
• 1:19:47
  Speaker 2: characteristic circular gyrations when disturbed, and by their habit of
• 1:19:52
  Speaker 2: associating in large numbers in quiet places. When one of
• 1:19:56
  Speaker 2: these groups is disturbed, they exhibit such activity that they
• 1:20:01
  Speaker 2: well deserve their name crazy bugs. The eyes of these
• 1:20:05
  Speaker 2: beetles are very peculiar in that each eye is divided
• 1:20:09
  Speaker 2: into an upper and lower part. Thus the insect has
• 1:20:14
  Speaker 2: practically an upper and lower pair, one adapted for sight
• 1:20:18
  Speaker 2: at the surface and the other for vision underwater. The
• 1:20:22
  Speaker 2: whirligigs do not seem to be very particular about their food,
• 1:20:27
  Speaker 2: as they will accept both live and dead insects which
• 1:20:30
  Speaker 2: fall into the water, and even under some circumstances, will
• 1:20:34
  Speaker 2: feed upon plants. When a beetle plunges beneath the surface,
• 1:20:39
  Speaker 2: as he often does when frightened, he carries down a
• 1:20:42
  Speaker 2: small bubble of air between the ends of his horny
• 1:20:45
  Speaker 2: wings and the tip of his body. On account of
• 1:20:50
  Speaker 2: his body being lighter than water, it takes some effort
• 1:20:53
  Speaker 2: to dive, but none to rise to the surface. The
• 1:20:56
  Speaker 2: two hind pairs of legs, which are used so much
• 1:21:00
  Speaker 2: in swimming, are very much flattened and plate like, making
• 1:21:06
  Speaker 2: excellent paddles, as is shown by their exceedingly rapid movements.
• 1:21:11
  Speaker 2: The water skaters or striders prefer quiet waters, as do whirligigs,
• 1:21:17
  Speaker 2: but do not have the decided social disposition shown in
• 1:21:20
  Speaker 2: the latter to such a marked degree. These skaters, on
• 1:21:24
  Speaker 2: account of their long legs and short bodies are the
• 1:21:29
  Speaker 2: daddy long legs of the water. These characteristics and their
• 1:21:34
  Speaker 2: habitat make them easy to recognize. They are nervous, active
• 1:21:39
  Speaker 2: insects in their movements, jumping and skimming about on the
• 1:21:43
  Speaker 2: surface with but little show of grace and ease as
• 1:21:47
  Speaker 2: compared with the ordinary graceful curves of the whirligigs. Their
• 1:21:52
  Speaker 2: food habits are very similar to those of other surface insects,
• 1:21:56
  Speaker 2: that is, dead and dying insects found flow outing on
• 1:22:00
  Speaker 2: the water, but their method of taking food is quite
• 1:22:04
  Speaker 2: different from that of the whirligigs because of the great
• 1:22:07
  Speaker 2: difference in the structure of their mouth parts. The whirligig,
• 1:22:12
  Speaker 2: being a beetle, has the typical biting mouth parts, while
• 1:22:16
  Speaker 2: the strider has a slender beak or probosis, by means
• 1:22:20
  Speaker 2: of which it sucks the juices from its prey, as
• 1:22:23
  Speaker 2: do other bugs. The fore legs are used to seize
• 1:22:27
  Speaker 2: the prey and bring it within reach of the beak.
• 1:22:31
  Speaker 2: The middle and hind pair are used for rowing over
• 1:22:34
  Speaker 2: the surface, the latter pair primarily for steerage. The fine
• 1:22:38
  Speaker 2: hairs on the legs making it possible, as mentioned before,
• 1:22:41
  Speaker 2: to make use of the surface tension. Large dimples are
• 1:22:45
  Speaker 2: formed on the surface of the water where the feet
• 1:22:48
  Speaker 2: touch it. One would hardly expect it possible for an
• 1:22:52
  Speaker 2: insect standing on the surface of water to get its
• 1:22:55
  Speaker 2: feet dirty, yet the great care which they give to
• 1:22:58
  Speaker 2: cleaning their feet clearly shows that dirt is of common
• 1:23:02
  Speaker 2: occurrence even there. The white or gray color on the
• 1:23:06
  Speaker 2: lower side of the body is due to the reflection
• 1:23:09
  Speaker 2: of light from minute hairs, which cover the surface and
• 1:23:13
  Speaker 2: keep the insect dry even when submerged. The marine relatives
• 1:23:18
  Speaker 2: of our striders have some curious habits. Some of them
• 1:23:22
  Speaker 2: live out at sea, hundreds of miles from land, where
• 1:23:26
  Speaker 2: they are thought to feed upon the dead bodies of
• 1:23:29
  Speaker 2: small animals. When the surface of the sea is calm,
• 1:23:32
  Speaker 2: they glide in colonies quickly over the surface, showing great
• 1:23:36
  Speaker 2: skill in diving. But if the sea begins to become agitated,
• 1:23:41
  Speaker 2: they immediately disappear from the surface. Perhaps the most remarkable
• 1:23:47
  Speaker 2: habit which a surface insect has is that possessed by
• 1:23:50
  Speaker 2: some of the allies of the skaters, which not only
• 1:23:54
  Speaker 2: swim in the water, but actually run on the under
• 1:23:57
  Speaker 2: side of the surface film. It would be very interesting
• 1:24:01
  Speaker 2: to know how such a habit was acquired. Another interesting
• 1:24:05
  Speaker 2: group of insects are those which breathe air as the
• 1:24:09
  Speaker 2: surface film insects, yet seek their foot below the surface.
• 1:24:14
  Speaker 2: These insects are compelled, on account of their air breathing habits,
• 1:24:18
  Speaker 2: to repeatedly visit the surface or communicate in some way
• 1:24:22
  Speaker 2: with a fresh supply of air. We have two families
• 1:24:26
  Speaker 2: of the large sized water beetles common in our ponds
• 1:24:29
  Speaker 2: and streams, the predaceous water beetles and the water scavenger beetles.
• 1:24:36
  Speaker 2: These are easily recognized because in the former the antennae
• 1:24:41
  Speaker 2: are threadlike and not enlarged at the tip, while the
• 1:24:44
  Speaker 2: members of the water scavenger family have the antennae enlarged
• 1:24:49
  Speaker 2: or club shaped at the tip. The predaceous water beetles
• 1:24:53
  Speaker 2: are often quite common under electric lights, where they have
• 1:24:57
  Speaker 2: been attracted by the intense light. Their large size and
• 1:25:01
  Speaker 2: clumsy movements when out of water attract attention, but when
• 1:25:07
  Speaker 2: seen in water, their skiller's swimmers is in striking contrast
• 1:25:11
  Speaker 2: to their awkward movements made on land. The hind legs
• 1:25:14
  Speaker 2: are flattened and very powerful, the surface being increased by
• 1:25:20
  Speaker 2: a fringe of strong hairs on the inner side. In swimming,
• 1:25:24
  Speaker 2: the stroke is made by both legs at once. Perhaps
• 1:25:28
  Speaker 2: the most interesting facts about these beetles are those associated
• 1:25:32
  Speaker 2: with their method of breathing. The harny wing cases covering
• 1:25:38
  Speaker 2: the abdomen are very thick and fit close against the
• 1:25:42
  Speaker 2: abdomen except at the extreme posterior end of the body.
• 1:25:46
  Speaker 2: The space between the wing cases and the upper surface
• 1:25:50
  Speaker 2: of the abdomen forms a large air space. The spiracles,
• 1:25:55
  Speaker 2: or openings into the respiratory system, are situated at the
• 1:26:00
  Speaker 2: margins of the upper side of the abdomen. When the
• 1:26:03
  Speaker 2: beetle comes to the surface for a fresh supply of air,
• 1:26:07
  Speaker 2: it exposes the tip of the body, and then by
• 1:26:10
  Speaker 2: a depression of the tip of the abdomen, allows a
• 1:26:13
  Speaker 2: fresh supply of air to enter into the cavity below
• 1:26:16
  Speaker 2: the wing covers. This cavity is then closed and the
• 1:26:20
  Speaker 2: bittle is ready for another trip under the water. When
• 1:26:24
  Speaker 2: resting in the water, they float with their head downward
• 1:26:28
  Speaker 2: and the end of the abdomen slightly projecting from the water. Thus,
• 1:26:31
  Speaker 2: a fresh supply of air is easy to secure. In
• 1:26:35
  Speaker 2: their food habits, these beetles are predaceous, and in addition
• 1:26:39
  Speaker 2: to other insects, will even kill small fish. The water
• 1:26:43
  Speaker 2: scavenger beetles are not such perfect swimmers as the predaceous ones.
• 1:26:47
  Speaker 2: When the latter makes a stroke in swimming, it strikes
• 1:26:51
  Speaker 2: with both hind legs, while the scavengers strike alternatingly with
• 1:26:56
  Speaker 2: the hind legs. Their method of securing and carrying air,
• 1:27:00
  Speaker 2: as with other water beetles, is remarkable. In addition to
• 1:27:03
  Speaker 2: their air reservoir under the wings, they have on the
• 1:27:06
  Speaker 2: under side of the body large hairy areas which communicate
• 1:27:10
  Speaker 2: with the one under the wings. All the air spaces
• 1:27:14
  Speaker 2: are thus in direct communication. The respiratory openings in the
• 1:27:18
  Speaker 2: predaceous water beetles open to the upper side of the abdomen,
• 1:27:22
  Speaker 2: but in these beetles they are on the lower side
• 1:27:26
  Speaker 2: and surrounded by short hairs which preserve the air film
• 1:27:30
  Speaker 2: on the lower surface. When the fresh air supply has
• 1:27:33
  Speaker 2: been exhausted, the beetle comes to the surface, tips the
• 1:27:36
  Speaker 2: body slightly so as to bring the region on one
• 1:27:39
  Speaker 2: side of the body just behind the head to the surface.
• 1:27:43
  Speaker 2: The long antennae, which is folded backward and reaches to
• 1:27:47
  Speaker 2: the rear part of the head, occupies an air space
• 1:27:51
  Speaker 2: in its apical half, and in addition is covered by
• 1:27:54
  Speaker 2: fine hairs, thus being doubly protected from being wetted. At
• 1:27:59
  Speaker 2: the moment the beetle reaches the surface by a stroke
• 1:28:03
  Speaker 2: of the antenna on the side which is nearest the surface,
• 1:28:07
  Speaker 2: the body being tilted. The film from the air space
• 1:28:11
  Speaker 2: in which the antenna rests is carried upward and outward
• 1:28:15
  Speaker 2: to the surface of the water, thus forming an opening
• 1:28:18
  Speaker 2: to the exterior. By movements of the wings, aided by
• 1:28:21
  Speaker 2: bellows like contractions and expansions of the body, a fresh
• 1:28:25
  Speaker 2: supply of there is pumped into the air reservoir. In
• 1:28:30
  Speaker 2: speaking of peculiar water insects, one must not forget to
• 1:28:34
  Speaker 2: mention the lava of Donaesia. The adult female of this
• 1:28:39
  Speaker 2: interesting leaf eating beetle often cuts circular hose in the
• 1:28:43
  Speaker 2: large leaves of water lilies, and then deposits her eggs
• 1:28:47
  Speaker 2: at the margin of these holes on the underside. When
• 1:28:52
  Speaker 2: the larva hatch, they make their way to the roots
• 1:28:56
  Speaker 2: upon which they feed. The really remarkable thing about but
• 1:29:00
  Speaker 2: this lava is how it gets its air supply, as
• 1:29:04
  Speaker 2: it does not have gills, nor is it known to
• 1:29:07
  Speaker 2: visit the surface for a fresh supply of air, and
• 1:29:10
  Speaker 2: yet it has a normal air breathing system. On the
• 1:29:13
  Speaker 2: dorsal surface, near the tail end of the body are
• 1:29:18
  Speaker 2: two slender, curved spine like processes. The air tubes of
• 1:29:23
  Speaker 2: the body arise from the base of these spines, and
• 1:29:28
  Speaker 2: spiracula like openings are found at their base. Two different
• 1:29:33
  Speaker 2: views have been advocated to explain how it is possible
• 1:29:36
  Speaker 2: for the larva to secure air. There seems to be
• 1:29:40
  Speaker 2: no difference of opinion with regard to the source of
• 1:29:43
  Speaker 2: the air supply from the air cells in the root
• 1:29:46
  Speaker 2: of the plant upon which the lava feeds. One view
• 1:29:50
  Speaker 2: is that these air spaces in the plant are punctured
• 1:29:53
  Speaker 2: by the spines, and thus the air is taken directly
• 1:29:56
  Speaker 2: into the air tubes. The other view is that the
• 1:29:59
  Speaker 2: lava bites a hole into the air space and then,
• 1:30:02
  Speaker 2: by the aid of the spines, holds the openings at
• 1:30:06
  Speaker 2: the base of the spine against the air space, and
• 1:30:09
  Speaker 2: thus the air is taken up. The back swimmers are
• 1:30:13
  Speaker 2: curious little fellows which swim upside down in the water
• 1:30:17
  Speaker 2: and by means of their sucking mouth parts, prey upon
• 1:30:20
  Speaker 2: other small animals. The lightness of their bodies and the
• 1:30:23
  Speaker 2: large amount of air which they carry with them make
• 1:30:27
  Speaker 2: it necessary when they wish to remain below the surface
• 1:30:30
  Speaker 2: to hold fast to some object. Thus, it takes constant
• 1:30:34
  Speaker 2: effort in order to remain below the surface. For this reason,
• 1:30:38
  Speaker 2: it is quite natural that they should very often be
• 1:30:42
  Speaker 2: found floating at the surface, where no effort is needed
• 1:30:45
  Speaker 2: to maintain their position and where an abundant supply of
• 1:30:48
  Speaker 2: air is accessible. Another method of securing fresh air, but
• 1:30:53
  Speaker 2: differing from that of any of the insects previously mentioned,
• 1:30:57
  Speaker 2: is by means of elongated breathing tubes, thus allowing the
• 1:31:01
  Speaker 2: insect to remain submerged and yet secure a fresh supply
• 1:31:05
  Speaker 2: of air from the surface. This method is used by
• 1:31:08
  Speaker 2: some predaceous water bugs, as shown in the plate Ranatra fusca.
• 1:31:13
  Speaker 2: As with all of our predaceous water bugs, which have
• 1:31:16
  Speaker 2: the elongated respiratory tube at the end of the body,
• 1:31:19
  Speaker 2: water scorpion has its fore legs adapted for capturing and
• 1:31:23
  Speaker 2: holding its prey, which consists generally of small fish and insects.
• 1:31:28
  Speaker 2: The apical part of the fore leg folds back on
• 1:31:32
  Speaker 2: the basal part, which is grooved on its inner surface,
• 1:31:36
  Speaker 2: as a knife blade folds into its handle. As the
• 1:31:40
  Speaker 2: slender legs of this bug would indicate it is not
• 1:31:44
  Speaker 2: an active swimmer, but crawls about slowly. Doubtless the best
• 1:31:48
  Speaker 2: known to most people of this type of breeder are
• 1:31:52
  Speaker 2: the giant water bugs, which accumulate in such large numbers
• 1:31:56
  Speaker 2: under end in the globes of electric lights. The paired
• 1:32:00
  Speaker 2: nature of the breathing tube is well shown in the plate.
• 1:32:04
  Speaker 2: These bugs are powerful swimmers, as is shown by their
• 1:32:07
  Speaker 2: flattened hind legs. Even young fish are not overlooked by
• 1:32:11
  Speaker 2: these voracious bugs. A South American kind is much larger
• 1:32:16
  Speaker 2: than our species, reaching from four to four and one
• 1:32:20
  Speaker 2: half inches in length, or about twice the size of
• 1:32:23
  Speaker 2: our species. The shortness of the air tube suggests that
• 1:32:27
  Speaker 2: this organ is not used in just the same manner
• 1:32:30
  Speaker 2: as in the water scorpions, and the areas of fine
• 1:32:33
  Speaker 2: hairs on the under side of the bodies suggest that
• 1:32:36
  Speaker 2: these insects may be somewhat overcompromised between those insects which
• 1:32:40
  Speaker 2: carry air below with them and those which remain submerged
• 1:32:44
  Speaker 2: except for the tube which communicates with the air. Most
• 1:32:49
  Speaker 2: of the insects previously mentioned are ones which throughout life
• 1:32:52
  Speaker 2: live in water, but a very large number are aquatic
• 1:32:56
  Speaker 2: only during their larval or immature stages. The mosquito is
• 1:33:01
  Speaker 2: a good illustration of this type in some of its habits.
• 1:33:05
  Speaker 2: The mosquito is well known, but this is primarily due
• 1:33:09
  Speaker 2: to the biting habit of the female. The researches of
• 1:33:13
  Speaker 2: recent years clearly show that the annoyance from the bite
• 1:33:16
  Speaker 2: itself is, in the case of some kinds of mosquitoes,
• 1:33:19
  Speaker 2: only a small part of the mischief that they can do.
• 1:33:23
  Speaker 2: The life history of the mosquito has been summarized somewhat
• 1:33:28
  Speaker 2: as follows by doctor L. O. Howard. The eggs are
• 1:33:32
  Speaker 2: laid at night in a bowt shaped mass, containing from
• 1:33:37
  Speaker 2: two hundred to four hundred eggs. These may hatch in
• 1:33:41
  Speaker 2: sixteen hours, the larval stage lasting about a week, and
• 1:33:45
  Speaker 2: the pupil stage about twenty four hours. Thus, the entire
• 1:33:48
  Speaker 2: cycle may be completed in ten days under favorable circumstances,
• 1:33:53
  Speaker 2: but may be greatly delayed by a low temperature. The
• 1:33:57
  Speaker 2: rapidity with which the complete cycle can be passed through
• 1:34:01
  Speaker 2: makes it possible for a very large number of broods
• 1:34:04
  Speaker 2: to occur during a single season. The wigglers or wiggle tails,
• 1:34:10
  Speaker 2: often so numerous in rain barrels, are the larvae of
• 1:34:14
  Speaker 2: mosquitoes everyone has noticed that this larvae, when not disturbed,
• 1:34:19
  Speaker 2: rest at the surface, but when frightened, drops slowly downward
• 1:34:23
  Speaker 2: in the water, since they are heavier than this medium.
• 1:34:26
  Speaker 2: Yet they rest at the surface by means of a
• 1:34:29
  Speaker 2: rosette of thin plates at the tail end of the body.
• 1:34:33
  Speaker 2: These act as the hairs on the legs of the
• 1:34:36
  Speaker 2: water strider and make use of the tension of the
• 1:34:39
  Speaker 2: surface film which holds the lava up as the surface
• 1:34:44
  Speaker 2: tension held up the water strider. On the next to
• 1:34:47
  Speaker 2: the last segment of the wiggler, there is a large
• 1:34:51
  Speaker 2: breathing tube which reaches to the surface. When the lava
• 1:34:54
  Speaker 2: is floating, the food of the lava is said to
• 1:34:58
  Speaker 2: be decaying vegetable mass. The short pupil period is also
• 1:35:03
  Speaker 2: past floating, but it now has two breathing tubes near
• 1:35:06
  Speaker 2: the points of attachment of the wings. When ready to transform,
• 1:35:12
  Speaker 2: it crawls out onto the pupil's skin and dries its
• 1:35:15
  Speaker 2: wings preparatory to flight. Our common mosquitoes belong to three
• 1:35:21
  Speaker 2: genera Coulis, Anophilis, and Corethra. The annoyance caused by the
• 1:35:28
  Speaker 2: irritation resulting from the bite is not understood as no
• 1:35:32
  Speaker 2: poison gland has been found the females only of our
• 1:35:37
  Speaker 2: mosquitoes are known to suck blood. From researches made during
• 1:35:41
  Speaker 2: the past few years, it is now definitely known that
• 1:35:45
  Speaker 2: the bite of certain kinds of mosquitoes is really dangerous.
• 1:35:50
  Speaker 2: This is not an account of the actual puncture made
• 1:35:52
  Speaker 2: by the insect, but due to the presence of the
• 1:35:55
  Speaker 2: germs of malaria which are introduced into the wound from
• 1:36:00
  Speaker 2: from the infected insect. The only mosquitoes which are definitely
• 1:36:04
  Speaker 2: known to transmit this malarial parasite to man belong to
• 1:36:08
  Speaker 2: the genus anophilis. The malarial parasite thus has two hosts,
• 1:36:14
  Speaker 2: mosquitoes belonging to the genus Anophalis and man. This parasite
• 1:36:19
  Speaker 2: infests the stomach walls of the mosquito, where it rapidly
• 1:36:24
  Speaker 2: multiplies and becomes mature. Then, escaping from this locality, accumulates
• 1:36:29
  Speaker 2: in the salivary glands. From this reservoir, they are easily
• 1:36:34
  Speaker 2: transferred to their human host at the time of sucking blood.
• 1:36:39
  Speaker 2: These aquatic insects, which we have discussed so briefly are
• 1:36:44
  Speaker 2: only a few samples from a very large number whose
• 1:36:48
  Speaker 2: history and habits are full of interest to those who
• 1:36:51
  Speaker 2: find the study of animal life a fascinating subject. End
• 1:36:57
  Speaker 2: of section nine, Section ten of Nature and Art, Volume eight,
• 1:37:07
  Speaker 2: number one, June nineteen hundred Read for Librivoux dot Org
• 1:37:11
  Speaker 2: by Tavarish. Insect music, the peculiar sounds made by different insects,
• 1:37:19
  Speaker 2: though usually known as insect music, are probably far from
• 1:37:23
  Speaker 2: musical in the opinions of those who listen to it
• 1:37:26
  Speaker 2: with dread. Many superstitious people have firm belief in dire
• 1:37:31
  Speaker 2: warnings concerning certain calamities which insect music portends. For instance,
• 1:37:38
  Speaker 2: we are told that the death watch is a popular
• 1:37:42
  Speaker 2: name applied to certain beetles which bore into the walls
• 1:37:46
  Speaker 2: and floors of old houses. They make a ticking sound
• 1:37:50
  Speaker 2: by standing on their hind legs and knocking their heads
• 1:37:53
  Speaker 2: against the wood quickly and forcibly. Many superstitions have been
• 1:37:58
  Speaker 2: entertained respect the noise produced by these insects, which is
• 1:38:03
  Speaker 2: sometimes imagined to be a warning of death. There are
• 1:38:08
  Speaker 2: many insects, however, which produce sound decidedly musical, and many
• 1:38:13
  Speaker 2: such instances have been enumerated. Everybody is familiar with the
• 1:38:17
  Speaker 2: music of the kadydid Here it is the male that
• 1:38:22
  Speaker 2: has the voice. At the base of each wing cover
• 1:38:25
  Speaker 2: is a thin membraneous plate. He elevates the wing covers
• 1:38:32
  Speaker 2: and rubs the two plates together. If you could rub
• 1:38:35
  Speaker 2: your shoulder blades together, you could imitate the operation very nicely.
• 1:38:40
  Speaker 2: Certain grasshoppers make a sound when flying that is like
• 1:38:46
  Speaker 2: a watchman's rattle clackety clack, very rapidly repeated. There are
• 1:38:52
  Speaker 2: also some moths and butterflies which have voices. The death's
• 1:38:58
  Speaker 2: head moth makes a noise when frightened that strikingly resembles
• 1:39:03
  Speaker 2: the crying of a young baby. How it is produced
• 1:39:07
  Speaker 2: is not known, though volumes have been written on the subject.
• 1:39:12
  Speaker 2: The morning cloak butterfly, a dark species with a light
• 1:39:16
  Speaker 2: border on its wings, makes a cry of alarm by
• 1:39:20
  Speaker 2: rubbing its wings together. The katydids, crickets, grasshoppers, and other
• 1:39:25
  Speaker 2: musical insects are all exaggerated in the tropics, assuming giant form.
• 1:39:31
  Speaker 2: Thus their cries are proportionately louder. There is an East
• 1:39:37
  Speaker 2: Indian cicada which makes a remarkably loud noise. It is
• 1:39:41
  Speaker 2: called by the natives dun dub, which means drum. From
• 1:39:47
  Speaker 2: this name comes that of the genus which is known
• 1:39:51
  Speaker 2: as dun dubia. This is one of the few scientific
• 1:39:56
  Speaker 2: terms from Sanskrit. Entomologists have succeeded in recording the cries
• 1:40:02
  Speaker 2: of many insects by the ordinary system of musical notation,
• 1:40:07
  Speaker 2: but this method does not show the actual pitch, which
• 1:40:10
  Speaker 2: is usually several octaves above the staff. It merely serves
• 1:40:16
  Speaker 2: to express the musical intervals. It is known with reasonable
• 1:40:21
  Speaker 2: certainty that many insects have voices so highly pitched that
• 1:40:25
  Speaker 2: they cannot be heard with the human ear. One evidence
• 1:40:30
  Speaker 2: of this fact is that some people can distinguish cries
• 1:40:33
  Speaker 2: of insects which are not audible to others. But even
• 1:40:37
  Speaker 2: if there are a few notes lost to many of us,
• 1:40:41
  Speaker 2: there is enough insect music to prove vastly entertaining to
• 1:40:45
  Speaker 2: those who take interest in the insect world and the
• 1:40:48
  Speaker 2: peculiar methods of its inhabitants in communicating with each other.
• 1:40:55
  Speaker 2: End of Section ten. This recording is in the public.
• 1:40:58
  Speaker 3: Domain Section eleven of Nature and Art, Volume eight, number one,
• 1:41:09
  Speaker 3: June nineteen hundred. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 1:41:14
  Speaker 3: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 1:41:17
  Speaker 3: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org recording by Betty b.
• 1:41:24
  Speaker 3: Domestic animals, cattle cattle is a term applied to the
• 1:41:29
  Speaker 3: whole of that large variety of domestic animals known as
• 1:41:33
  Speaker 3: the bovine family. Naturalists have divided them into two primary groups,
• 1:41:39
  Speaker 3: the humpbacked cattle boss Indicus and the straight backed cattle
• 1:41:44
  Speaker 3: boss Taurus. Some naturalists claim that these two groups are
• 1:41:49
  Speaker 3: really only different varieties of the same species, while others
• 1:41:53
  Speaker 3: claim that the marked differences in structure, habits, and voice
• 1:41:58
  Speaker 3: are such as would indicate a space pacific distinction. The
• 1:42:01
  Speaker 3: humpbacked variety is chiefly found in India and Africa, while
• 1:42:06
  Speaker 3: the straight back cattle are common in all parts of
• 1:42:08
  Speaker 3: the globe. Cattle seem to have been domesticated as far
• 1:42:12
  Speaker 3: back as written and traditional history will take us. The
• 1:42:17
  Speaker 3: remains of the cow and the ox have been found
• 1:42:19
  Speaker 3: as a part of the many evidences of the oldest civilizations,
• 1:42:24
  Speaker 3: their bones having been discovered in the same caves with
• 1:42:27
  Speaker 3: stone axes and stone knives. That the cow contributed immensely
• 1:42:32
  Speaker 3: to the earlier civilizations cannot be doubted. Besides contributing to
• 1:42:37
  Speaker 3: the daily bill of fare, she became the common beast
• 1:42:40
  Speaker 3: of burden, drawing the rudest of plows, sleds, and carts,
• 1:42:45
  Speaker 3: and in fact she does the same today to some
• 1:42:48
  Speaker 3: extent in many parts of the world. The common straight
• 1:42:51
  Speaker 3: back cattle, as we know them in our country, remain
• 1:42:55
  Speaker 3: an important factor even in this stage of civilization. While
• 1:42:59
  Speaker 3: they are not generally used as beasts of burden, they
• 1:43:03
  Speaker 3: furnish millions of gallons of milk and numberless pounds of butter,
• 1:43:07
  Speaker 3: and finely sacrificing their entire bodies to the use of man.
• 1:43:12
  Speaker 3: The principal part of the body goes to the meat
• 1:43:14
  Speaker 3: block to become steaks, roasts, and soup bones, the refuse
• 1:43:19
  Speaker 3: flesh going to the manufacture of soaps. Largely, the hide
• 1:43:24
  Speaker 3: furnishes most of our leather, the bones become fertilizer, the
• 1:43:28
  Speaker 3: hoofs and horns make our glue, and lastly, the hair
• 1:43:31
  Speaker 3: makes it possible for us to live in plastered houses.
• 1:43:36
  Speaker 3: In olden times, a man's wealth seems to have been
• 1:43:39
  Speaker 3: measured by the number of cattle he owned, and during
• 1:43:42
  Speaker 3: the same period cattle were used as money or a
• 1:43:46
  Speaker 3: medium of exchange. Later, when metal coinage came into use
• 1:43:50
  Speaker 3: in Greece, the image of an ox was stamped on
• 1:43:53
  Speaker 3: the new money in commemoration of the old system. The
• 1:43:57
  Speaker 3: same idea has left its impression on the languages of Europe,
• 1:44:02
  Speaker 3: as seen in the Latin word pecunia and the English
• 1:44:06
  Speaker 3: word pecuniary, both words being derived from pecous. Cattle. America
• 1:44:12
  Speaker 3: is the great cattle producing country of the world. In
• 1:44:15
  Speaker 3: the early settlement of this country, the immense tracts of
• 1:44:18
  Speaker 3: uncultivated grasslands were well adapted to cattle raising, and many
• 1:44:24
  Speaker 3: were the large herds to be seen west of the
• 1:44:26
  Speaker 3: Ohio River on the great prairies of the country once
• 1:44:30
  Speaker 3: known as the Northwest Territory. But as men came with
• 1:44:34
  Speaker 3: their plows, the herds were gradually driven farther and farther west.
• 1:44:38
  Speaker 3: Cattle are very interesting animals when we once get acquainted
• 1:44:42
  Speaker 3: with them. The writer when a boy had some experience
• 1:44:46
  Speaker 3: herding cattle on an Illinois prairie. In this particular herd
• 1:44:51
  Speaker 3: of which I wished to speak, there were about seven
• 1:44:53
  Speaker 3: hundred head, and it required two of us, and also
• 1:44:57
  Speaker 3: two good shepherd dogs to keep them in control during
• 1:45:00
  Speaker 3: the early part of the herding season, or until we
• 1:45:04
  Speaker 3: got them broken in, as the old herders used to say.
• 1:45:08
  Speaker 3: These cattle had been wintered on various farms surrounding the
• 1:45:11
  Speaker 3: herd grounds, so when they were brought together in the spring,
• 1:45:15
  Speaker 3: there were about fifteen different clans to contend, with each
• 1:45:19
  Speaker 3: clan having its recognized leader. Now, these leaders are always
• 1:45:23
  Speaker 3: a source of trouble to the herder, and especially as
• 1:45:27
  Speaker 3: this is true for the first few weeks after bringing
• 1:45:30
  Speaker 3: them together, the whole herd would be grazing and moving
• 1:45:33
  Speaker 3: slowly along, seemingly perfectly satisfied, when suddenly one of those
• 1:45:39
  Speaker 3: leaders would raise his head very high in the air
• 1:45:42
  Speaker 3: and act as if he saw something very interesting a
• 1:45:45
  Speaker 3: mile away, and would immediately start off in a rapid walk,
• 1:45:49
  Speaker 3: bellowing two or three times to notify his followers that
• 1:45:53
  Speaker 3: he was out for a stroll. Then the whole of
• 1:45:56
  Speaker 3: his clan would follow him at once. They would not
• 1:45:59
  Speaker 3: go far until the leader would set the pace in
• 1:46:02
  Speaker 3: a rapid trot. But we always had the remedy at
• 1:46:05
  Speaker 3: hand for these fellows, and immediately one of us would
• 1:46:08
  Speaker 3: mount a horse, and taking a dog, make a straight
• 1:46:11
  Speaker 3: run for the leader, and begin to give him the
• 1:46:14
  Speaker 3: business end of a long, heavy whip. The horse, being
• 1:46:17
  Speaker 3: trained to this sort of performance, would keep close to
• 1:46:20
  Speaker 3: this leader, allowing us to pour on the whip until
• 1:46:23
  Speaker 3: he was so completely run down and fagged out generally
• 1:46:27
  Speaker 3: that he would never aspire to that office again. In fact,
• 1:46:31
  Speaker 3: he would lose all interest in cattle politics, not even
• 1:46:35
  Speaker 3: making a good follower thereafter. But other leaders would spring
• 1:46:39
  Speaker 3: up and have to be discouraged in the same manner.
• 1:46:43
  Speaker 3: While these clan leaders gave us more or less trouble
• 1:46:46
  Speaker 3: during the whole of the season, and made it necessary
• 1:46:48
  Speaker 3: to exercise vigilance, it did not have in it that
• 1:46:52
  Speaker 3: source of danger and excitement that we experienced in a
• 1:46:56
  Speaker 3: general stampede. We had two of these during this season,
• 1:47:00
  Speaker 3: one of which turned out rather seriously and furnished enough
• 1:47:03
  Speaker 3: excitement to have satisfied the most reckless boy in our vicinity.
• 1:47:08
  Speaker 3: It was sometime the last of the month of May.
• 1:47:11
  Speaker 3: We had rounded up our cattle in the evening as usual,
• 1:47:14
  Speaker 3: putting them in the pound for the night. Our cabin
• 1:47:17
  Speaker 3: was near the pound and situated on higher ground so
• 1:47:21
  Speaker 3: we could overlook the entire herd. This pound had an
• 1:47:25
  Speaker 3: area of about ten acres, being enclosed by a very
• 1:47:28
  Speaker 3: strong wooden fence. It was some time after midnight when
• 1:47:32
  Speaker 3: we were awakened by the approach of a terrific thunder storm.
• 1:47:37
  Speaker 3: We knew the danger of a stampede during these storms
• 1:47:40
  Speaker 3: and immediately got up, dressed ourselves in our rubber clothes,
• 1:47:44
  Speaker 3: went to the stable a few yards away, and saddled
• 1:47:47
  Speaker 3: our horses. We were then ready for any emergency. When
• 1:47:51
  Speaker 3: the lightning flashed, we could see the cattle walking in
• 1:47:53
  Speaker 3: a circle round and round the pound. Soon the rain
• 1:47:57
  Speaker 3: began to pour down in torrents and the door was
• 1:48:00
  Speaker 3: on in earnest. It had not been raining long when,
• 1:48:03
  Speaker 3: with a blinding flash, the lightning struck a tree just
• 1:48:07
  Speaker 3: outside the pound. The shock was so great that it
• 1:48:11
  Speaker 3: knocked down a number of the cattle, which we saw
• 1:48:13
  Speaker 3: regaining their feet during the next flash of lightning. With
• 1:48:17
  Speaker 3: one mighty surge, the cattle mashed down the entire fence
• 1:48:21
  Speaker 3: on one side of the pound, and the stampede was on.
• 1:48:25
  Speaker 3: We had our horses out in a jiffy, and calling
• 1:48:28
  Speaker 3: the dogs, we started in hot pursuit. All we dared
• 1:48:31
  Speaker 3: to do was to follow. There were quite a number
• 1:48:34
  Speaker 3: of trees in the path. They took for about eighty
• 1:48:37
  Speaker 3: rods from the pound. The almost continuous lightning enabled us
• 1:48:41
  Speaker 3: to follow the cattle. They were running at full speed,
• 1:48:45
  Speaker 3: and it sounded like distant thunder and fairly shook the earth.
• 1:48:49
  Speaker 3: They ran about a mile when they came to a
• 1:48:51
  Speaker 3: small lake, which caused them to separate into two distinct herds.
• 1:48:57
  Speaker 3: I followed one herd and my companion the other. After
• 1:49:00
  Speaker 3: running about four miles and through a large farm, they
• 1:49:04
  Speaker 3: finally stopped in some heavy timber. I had not long
• 1:49:07
  Speaker 3: to wait until daylight and the storm being over, I
• 1:49:11
  Speaker 3: rounded up all I could find and started them back
• 1:49:14
  Speaker 3: toward the herd grounds, arriving at the cabin about eleven
• 1:49:17
  Speaker 3: a m my companion arriving about the same time. After
• 1:49:21
  Speaker 3: a hurried meal, we went out to look for injured
• 1:49:24
  Speaker 3: cattle and to make account. We found two dead ones
• 1:49:28
  Speaker 3: near the pound, which had evidently lost their lives by
• 1:49:31
  Speaker 3: running against trees. It was several days before we were
• 1:49:35
  Speaker 3: able to locate all the stragglers. End of section eleven,
• 1:49:46
  Speaker 3: Section twelve of Nature and Art, Volume eight, number one,
• 1:49:51
  Speaker 3: June nineteen hundred. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 1:49:56
  Speaker 3: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 1:50:00
  Speaker 3: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Betty
• 1:50:05
  Speaker 3: Be Miscellaney. Homing pigeon, Sleep, little pigeon, and fold your wings,
• 1:50:13
  Speaker 3: Little blue pigeon with velvet eyes, sleep to the singing
• 1:50:16
  Speaker 3: of mother birds, swinging swinging the nest where her little
• 1:50:20
  Speaker 3: one lies. In through the window a moonbeam comes, little
• 1:50:24
  Speaker 3: gold moonbeam with misty wings, all silently creeping. It asks,
• 1:50:29
  Speaker 3: is he sleeping? Sleeping and dreaming while mother sings? But sleep,
• 1:50:34
  Speaker 3: little pigeon, and fold your wings, little blue pigeon with
• 1:50:38
  Speaker 3: mournful eyes? Am I not singing? See I am swinging,
• 1:50:43
  Speaker 3: swinging the nest where my darling lies? Eugene Field. One
• 1:50:48
  Speaker 3: day a carrier pigeon tapped at the window of missus
• 1:50:52
  Speaker 3: Nansen's home at Christiania. Instantly the window was open, and
• 1:50:57
  Speaker 3: the wife of the great Arctic explorer in in another moment,
• 1:51:01
  Speaker 3: covered the little messenger with kisses and caresses. The carrier
• 1:51:05
  Speaker 3: pigeon had been away from the cottage thirty long months,
• 1:51:09
  Speaker 3: but had not forgotten the way home. It brought a
• 1:51:12
  Speaker 3: note from Nansen stating that all was going well with
• 1:51:15
  Speaker 3: his expedition in the polar regions. Nansen had fastened a
• 1:51:19
  Speaker 3: message to the bird and turned it loose. The frail
• 1:51:23
  Speaker 3: courier darted out into the Arctic air, flew like an
• 1:51:26
  Speaker 3: arrow over perhaps a thousand miles of frozen waste, and
• 1:51:30
  Speaker 3: then over another thousand miles of ocean and plane and forest,
• 1:51:35
  Speaker 3: to enter the window of its waiting mistress and deliver
• 1:51:38
  Speaker 3: the message which she had been awaiting so anxiously. We
• 1:51:43
  Speaker 3: boast of human sagacity and endurance. But this loving carrier pigeon,
• 1:51:48
  Speaker 3: after an absence of thirty months, accomplished a feat so
• 1:51:51
  Speaker 3: wonderful that we can only give ourselves up to wonder
• 1:51:55
  Speaker 3: and admiration. Utilization of the homing instinct of the day
• 1:52:00
  Speaker 3: domesticated varieties of the blue rock pigeon the Columba livia,
• 1:52:05
  Speaker 3: by employing the birds as messengers for physicians living at
• 1:52:08
  Speaker 3: some distance from their patients, is comparatively new and is
• 1:52:13
  Speaker 3: the latest evidence of the value of these birds. A
• 1:52:16
  Speaker 3: few doctors have made the experiment, and it only remains
• 1:52:20
  Speaker 3: to prove the facility with which the pigeons can be
• 1:52:23
  Speaker 3: employed in order to determine whether they are likely to
• 1:52:26
  Speaker 3: come into general use for this purpose. The importance of
• 1:52:31
  Speaker 3: establishing pigeon service for busy, overworked country doctors is strongly
• 1:52:36
  Speaker 3: urged in favor of the plan, and it is agreed
• 1:52:39
  Speaker 3: that there is no other such efficient or speedy means
• 1:52:43
  Speaker 3: of carrying messages. The carrier dove, which is the emblem
• 1:52:47
  Speaker 3: of peace, though used in these times for carrying more messages,
• 1:52:51
  Speaker 3: obeys the one governing impulse of its small heart. When
• 1:52:55
  Speaker 3: released at a distance from its mate and its nest,
• 1:52:59
  Speaker 3: it turns with marvelous fidelity to its home coat, with
• 1:53:03
  Speaker 3: no compass except that home seeking instinct, no reliance except
• 1:53:08
  Speaker 3: in the exquisitely adjusted beat of its wings, it soars
• 1:53:12
  Speaker 3: upward until its keen eye, sight and quick perceptions give
• 1:53:17
  Speaker 3: certainty of direction. Then, at a splendid pace of one thousand,
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  Speaker 3: four hundred yards in a minute, it speeds on its
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  Speaker 3: journey home. Mated birds the best. Once a male bird
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  Speaker 3: has regularly mate it, he will fly back to his
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  Speaker 3: duties as a husband and father as fast as he can.
• 1:53:36
  Speaker 3: These duties are serious and practical, for the male bird
• 1:53:40
  Speaker 3: bears his full share in sitting upon the eggs and
• 1:53:43
  Speaker 3: in feeding the nestlings when hatched, for which purpose both
• 1:53:47
  Speaker 3: cock and hen possess special faculties and functions. The homing
• 1:53:52
  Speaker 3: tendency acts best when it is entirely concentrated. For example,
• 1:53:57
  Speaker 3: it has been found that a mated pair will not
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  Speaker 3: fly home together with anything like proper certainty. They stop
• 1:54:05
  Speaker 3: and dolly by the way. They behave like holiday people
• 1:54:08
  Speaker 3: who have got somebody to mind the babies. In order
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  Speaker 3: to have trustworthy messengers for war or peace, the pigeons
• 1:54:16
  Speaker 3: must not be bachelors, nor loafers, nor be flown with associates.
• 1:54:21
  Speaker 3: They must be the respectable mated birds with establishments, so
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  Speaker 3: that in employing them for war messengers, one actually presses
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  Speaker 3: domestic virtue. They must be the respectable mated birds with establishments,
• 1:54:36
  Speaker 3: so that employing them for war messengers one actually presses
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  Speaker 3: domestic virtue, as well as love and parental instinct into
• 1:54:45
  Speaker 3: the service of the military. But even the peaceful pigeon
• 1:54:49
  Speaker 3: can be sometimes pugnacious on his own account, and a
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  Speaker 3: jealous fantail or tumbler, or antwerp or jacobin often will
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  Speaker 3: conduct himself like a game ca Though painters and poets
• 1:55:01
  Speaker 3: from time immemorial have agreed to regard this bird as
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  Speaker 3: the natural emblem of gentleness and peace. It is the
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  Speaker 3: accepted token of the Holy Spirit, which descended in the
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  Speaker 3: form of a dove. All literatures are full of this
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  Speaker 3: thought pigeons. In legend and story. The Arabs have a
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  Speaker 3: story that when an angel of Allah offered to King
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  Speaker 3: Solomon the water of immortality in a ruby cup, it
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  Speaker 3: was a dove that dissuaded him from drinking it and
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  Speaker 3: thereby from living mournfully to survive those whom he loved
• 1:55:36
  Speaker 3: in an earth grown desolate and lonely. And it was
• 1:55:39
  Speaker 3: because of the maternal courage of a dove which had
• 1:55:42
  Speaker 3: followed its captive nestlings all the way to the prophet's
• 1:55:45
  Speaker 3: house that Mohammed instituted that merciful decree which still prevails
• 1:55:51
  Speaker 3: all over the East, and which forbids true believers to
• 1:55:54
  Speaker 3: touch or even to taste of the flesh of any
• 1:55:58
  Speaker 3: creature which has not been that is to say, over
• 1:56:02
  Speaker 3: which while alive, the prayer of pardonable bloodshed has not
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  Speaker 3: been uttered. The birds gentle and stainless which Sappho sang
• 1:56:11
  Speaker 3: of harnessed to the golden chariot of the splendor throne
• 1:56:15
  Speaker 3: Queen immortal Aphrodite, in some cases, have been converted into
• 1:56:20
  Speaker 3: messengers of death and ruin. Some hold that this is
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  Speaker 3: better than to see them immolated for prizes by unsportsmanlike
• 1:56:28
  Speaker 3: gunners at Monte Carlo and such places, for the birds
• 1:56:33
  Speaker 3: remain unaware of their new duties and carry messages from
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  Speaker 3: a beleaguered fortress, or the call for aid from a
• 1:56:40
  Speaker 3: sinking worship, or the state of a suffering patient, alike,
• 1:56:44
  Speaker 3: carelessly and ignorantly, as if the missives tied to their
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  Speaker 3: feet were perfumed messages sent by lovers. Used by physicians.
• 1:56:54
  Speaker 3: In the early nineties, Doctor s. Wer Mitchell of Philadelphia
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  Speaker 3: used pigeons in the case of a patient ill of
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  Speaker 3: nerve fatigue, several miles from his house, thus accomplishing two purposes,
• 1:57:07
  Speaker 3: a daily report and the salutary effect of leading the
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  Speaker 3: worn mind of the patient into a new channel. Doctor
• 1:57:15
  Speaker 3: Philip Arnold, in a recent medical journal tells of receiving
• 1:57:19
  Speaker 3: messages from his patients in the country every day, in
• 1:57:23
  Speaker 3: addition to his daily visits to them. His plan usually
• 1:57:26
  Speaker 3: is to leave a pigeon the day he makes a
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  Speaker 3: visit and direct that the pigeon be liberated the next
• 1:57:32
  Speaker 3: day with such a message as he requires. With a
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  Speaker 3: little care in the instruction of the nurse, he is
• 1:57:38
  Speaker 3: informed of the condition of the patient before he starts
• 1:57:41
  Speaker 3: to make his next visit. In a country practice, this
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  Speaker 3: is important since it enables the physician to judge what
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  Speaker 3: will be needed for his patient in the next twenty
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  Speaker 3: four hours, and the country physician usually is his own druggist.
• 1:57:57
  Speaker 3: Country doctors cannot often make more than one on a
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  Speaker 3: patient in twenty four hours, and by an aerial messenger
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  Speaker 3: service they can get practically the same information as the
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  Speaker 3: doctors in the city or hospital practice by leaving two
• 1:58:12
  Speaker 3: pigeons and getting morning and evening reports. The country doctor
• 1:58:16
  Speaker 3: often is called from one patient to other persons sick
• 1:58:19
  Speaker 3: in the neighborhood. This will make him late in getting back,
• 1:58:23
  Speaker 3: and it is a great convenience if he can send
• 1:58:26
  Speaker 3: this information home practically with the same speed as the
• 1:58:30
  Speaker 3: city practitioner through the medium of the telephone service tells
• 1:58:34
  Speaker 3: what kind to use. Doctor Arnold suggests that physicians wishing
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  Speaker 3: to take this matter up in earnest first of all,
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  Speaker 3: should purchase only the best of Belgian homing pigeons, one
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  Speaker 3: or two pairs well made. It no reliance can be
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  Speaker 3: placed on young birds newly purchased for message carriers. Young
• 1:58:54
  Speaker 3: birds to be of service must have been hatched in
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  Speaker 3: the home loft. The old birds secured for breeding must
• 1:59:00
  Speaker 3: not be given their liberty until they have hatched one
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  Speaker 3: or two broods. The youngsters, at a certain age can
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  Speaker 3: be trained. A young pigeon begins his racing life when
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  Speaker 3: he is ten weeks old, with graduated journeys varying from
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  Speaker 3: two to fifty and seventy miles in length. At the
• 1:59:18
  Speaker 3: age of six months, he is usually fed on a
• 1:59:20
  Speaker 3: diet of beans and maple peas for a few months
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  Speaker 3: of hard racing work the season commencing in April. The
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  Speaker 3: length of the races varies from fifty or one hundred
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  Speaker 3: to as much as six hundred miles. There is not
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  Speaker 3: competition between rival fanciers and great excitement about the results.
• 1:59:39
  Speaker 3: Winter is the pigeon's time of retirement. He is not
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  Speaker 3: compelled to race, for racing is only profitable when wind
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  Speaker 3: is fair and the air is absolutely clear. Whatever the
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  Speaker 3: wonderful power that guides the pigeon home over hundreds of
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  Speaker 3: miles of unknown country, it is certain that side plays
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  Speaker 3: an important part, for the least sign of haziness in
• 2:00:00
  Speaker 3: the air will put the pigeon in the position of
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  Speaker 3: a derelict ship. A bird of good quality costs from
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  Speaker 3: five dollars to twenty dollars when one month old, and
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  Speaker 3: a practice racer one year old generally brings from twenty
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  Speaker 3: five dollars to one hundred dollars. When using these birds
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  Speaker 3: for messenger service, the message is written upon the thinnest
• 2:00:22
  Speaker 3: rice paper, rolled up and deposited in an aluminum holder
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  Speaker 3: which is fastened to the bird's leg. This holder is
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  Speaker 3: in the shape of a capsule with a small band,
• 2:00:33
  Speaker 3: which is easily attached to the leg of the bird.
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  Speaker 3: Professor Marian of the Naval Academy Annapolis invented the holder,
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  Speaker 3: which is water tight when the lid is on and
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  Speaker 3: weighs but eight grains. One of the most remarkable incidents
• 2:00:48
  Speaker 3: illustrating the wonderful memory of a homing pigeon was that
• 2:00:51
  Speaker 3: of a bird made a prisoner during the Franco Prussian War.
• 2:00:55
  Speaker 3: This pigeon, after being in captivity for ten years, immediately
• 2:01:00
  Speaker 3: return to its home after being liberated from confinement in
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  Speaker 3: a foreign country. The hardships which these birds will unflinchingly
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  Speaker 3: face in returning home can hardly be appreciated by those
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  Speaker 3: who are not familiar with them. Birds so badly shot
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  Speaker 3: or torn by hawks, as to be rendered almost helpless.
• 2:01:20
  Speaker 3: Notwithstanding their injuries, will struggle onward until at last their
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  Speaker 3: home is reached. From extreme distances, such as points beyond
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  Speaker 3: five hundred miles, the birds are at a great disadvantage
• 2:01:33
  Speaker 3: inasmuch as they are thereby forced to forage for themselves,
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  Speaker 3: something they are not trained to do. As a result,
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  Speaker 3: they are unreliable and slow when called upon for such work.
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  Speaker 3: There are birds which have home to six hundred fourteen
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  Speaker 3: miles airline the day after, and there are few pigeons
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  Speaker 3: in this country that have covered more than one thousand
• 2:01:54
  Speaker 3: miles airline, the extreme distance covered being one thousand, two
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  Speaker 3: hundred twelve miles. It seems really impossible to extinguish the
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  Speaker 3: homing instinct in a good pigeon. A story is told
• 2:02:07
  Speaker 3: of a French carrier pigeon which was captured by the
• 2:02:10
  Speaker 3: German soldiers during the Siege of Paris in eighteen seventy.
• 2:02:14
  Speaker 3: The bird was being carried in a balloon from Paris
• 2:02:18
  Speaker 3: to some point in the country, whence it was expected
• 2:02:21
  Speaker 3: to return to Paris with the message. It was taken
• 2:02:24
  Speaker 3: to the German headquarters and presented to the commander Prince
• 2:02:28
  Speaker 3: Frederick Charles, who sent it to his mother in Germany.
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  Speaker 3: Here it was placed in a splendid, roomy aviary and
• 2:02:35
  Speaker 3: carefully fed and nourished. But although it was kept here,
• 2:02:39
  Speaker 3: living in the lap of royal luxury for four years,
• 2:02:43
  Speaker 3: the French pigeon did not forget its fatherland. At the
• 2:02:47
  Speaker 3: end of that time, the aviary was left open. One day,
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  Speaker 3: the pigeon flew out, mounted high in the air, flew
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  Speaker 3: about for a moment as if to find the points
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  Speaker 3: of the compass, and started in a straight line for Paris.
• 2:03:00
  Speaker 3: Ten days afterward, it beat its wings against the entrance
• 2:03:04
  Speaker 3: to its old loft in the Boulevard de Clichy. There
• 2:03:08
  Speaker 3: it was recognized, and its case being brought to public attention.
• 2:03:11
  Speaker 3: It was honored as a patriot returned from foreign captivity.
• 2:03:16
  Speaker 3: It remained at the Paris Jardins d'aclimatassion until it died
• 2:03:22
  Speaker 3: in eighteen seventy eight. In Belgium, where pigeon racing is
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  Speaker 3: as great sport as horse racing is in England and America,
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  Speaker 3: the birds have made a speed of seventy miles an hour.
• 2:03:33
  Speaker 3: For short distances from thirty to forty miles an hour
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  Speaker 3: is However, the average speed of the average bird. Though
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  Speaker 3: not by nature strong of wing or equipped for long flight,
• 2:03:45
  Speaker 3: the birds have been known to cover great distances. Probably
• 2:03:48
  Speaker 3: the longest journey of which there is any record was
• 2:03:51
  Speaker 3: made some ten years ago. A family of birds had
• 2:03:55
  Speaker 3: been taken from Belgium to New York, where they were
• 2:03:58
  Speaker 3: to be bred and trained. They were released from the
• 2:04:01
  Speaker 3: coat before they had been thoroughly domesticated, and straightway disappeared.
• 2:04:06
  Speaker 3: Two weeks later, three of the pigeons, bedraggled, weary, and
• 2:04:10
  Speaker 3: nearly dead, arrived at their native coat in Belgium. How
• 2:04:14
  Speaker 3: they made the long ocean voyage, nobody ever knew that
• 2:04:18
  Speaker 3: they had evidently accomplished it in some manner, and out
• 2:04:21
  Speaker 3: of respect for their wonderful achievement, they were allowed to
• 2:04:24
  Speaker 3: remain in the home to regain which they had suffered
• 2:04:27
  Speaker 3: so much. The San Francisco Examiner records that Sadie Jones c.
• 2:04:34
  Speaker 3: Twenty one thousand, three hundred ninety two is the champion
• 2:04:38
  Speaker 3: long distance homing pigeon of America and the world. So
• 2:04:42
  Speaker 3: far as is known. She flew from Lake Charles, Louisiana,
• 2:04:46
  Speaker 3: to Philadelphia, a distance of one thousand two hundred two
• 2:04:51
  Speaker 3: twelve dashed one hundred miles in sixteen days and three hours.
• 2:04:56
  Speaker 3: Sadie Jones is the property of M. S. Sullivan of
• 2:04:59
  Speaker 3: West Fife, Philadelphia, and was five years of age at
• 2:05:02
  Speaker 3: the time of making the record. She was named after
• 2:05:05
  Speaker 3: the daughter of the National Race Secretary, Charles H. Jones,
• 2:05:09
  Speaker 3: and was personally countermarked and shipped by that young lady.
• 2:05:14
  Speaker 3: Together with five others. She was the only one to return.
• 2:05:18
  Speaker 3: So far as known, no other pigeon has ever flown
• 2:05:21
  Speaker 3: this distance. When the writer was many years younger, to
• 2:05:25
  Speaker 3: please the rising generation, he made a dovecote and procured
• 2:05:29
  Speaker 3: a few tame pigeons. In the course of time, the
• 2:05:32
  Speaker 3: birds had increased by not only rearing young, but by
• 2:05:35
  Speaker 3: inducing strange birds to accept the quarters offered. The pigeons
• 2:05:40
  Speaker 3: were regularly fed, the meal hour being announced by a
• 2:05:43
  Speaker 3: peculiar whistle. The dinner call was soon known to all
• 2:05:47
  Speaker 3: the birds in the place, and the yard would immediately
• 2:05:50
  Speaker 3: fill with birds from every direction when the whistle was blown.
• 2:05:55
  Speaker 3: On one occasion, a lame bird in the flock, which
• 2:05:58
  Speaker 3: had evidently been caught in a snare and escaped with
• 2:06:01
  Speaker 3: a slip noose on one leg that had cut into
• 2:06:04
  Speaker 3: the flesh, making the poor bird very lame. Came with
• 2:06:08
  Speaker 3: the rest. After considerable pains, the bird was caught, the
• 2:06:12
  Speaker 3: string cut and the bird placed on the ground. It
• 2:06:15
  Speaker 3: stood a moment as if amazed, and then flew up
• 2:06:18
  Speaker 3: to its liberator's knee and fed out of his hand.
• 2:06:24
  Speaker 3: End of section twelve.
• 2:06:31
  Speaker 6: Section thirteen of Nature and Art, Volume eight, number one,
• 2:06:37
  Speaker 6: June nineteen hundred, Recorded for LibriVox dot Org by Soasawaya.
• 2:06:44
  Speaker 6: The two storied Nest by Ethel Morton. Looking from my
• 2:06:49
  Speaker 6: study window one day last June, I noticed a little
• 2:06:53
  Speaker 6: yellow and brown bird who was hopping from bush to bush.
• 2:06:57
  Speaker 6: She was busily chattering to another bird who sat on
• 2:07:01
  Speaker 6: a neighboring tree, evidently much enjoying a worm he was eating.
• 2:07:06
  Speaker 6: I knew the pair directly as my friends of the
• 2:07:09
  Speaker 6: season before the yellow warblers. Missus Warbler was looking for
• 2:07:15
  Speaker 6: a good place to build her nest. After some consideration,
• 2:07:20
  Speaker 6: she decided on a bush in front of my window.
• 2:07:23
  Speaker 6: Off she flew to a field of dandelions and soon
• 2:07:27
  Speaker 6: returned with several pieces of dandelion fluff. It took quite
• 2:07:32
  Speaker 6: a while to complete the house for Missus w was
• 2:07:36
  Speaker 6: very neat and precise in her work. But after it
• 2:07:40
  Speaker 6: was finished, mister Warbler came over to look at it.
• 2:07:43
  Speaker 6: He had left the building to his wife, and as
• 2:07:46
  Speaker 6: he seemed perfectly satisfied with it, Missus Warbler was happy.
• 2:07:51
  Speaker 6: Not many days after this, some pretty little blue eggs
• 2:07:56
  Speaker 6: lay snugly in the nest, and Missus Warbler was a
• 2:07:59
  Speaker 6: muff Alas on the day the young warblers left their shells,
• 2:08:04
  Speaker 6: their mother came home from a call on Missus Robin
• 2:08:08
  Speaker 6: to find her children crying most bitterly. An ugly cowbird
• 2:08:14
  Speaker 6: had dropped its great brown spotted egg right in their
• 2:08:18
  Speaker 6: beautiful parlor. It seems to be accustom with these birds
• 2:08:23
  Speaker 6: to leave their eggs in the nests of their unfortunate neighbors,
• 2:08:27
  Speaker 6: rather than hatch them themselves. Poor little Missus Warbler, she
• 2:08:33
  Speaker 6: tried with all her strength to push the egg out
• 2:08:36
  Speaker 6: of her home, but without success. So what do you
• 2:08:40
  Speaker 6: suppose she did? Why? She just built another nest on
• 2:08:45
  Speaker 6: top of the old one. It was a great deal
• 2:08:49
  Speaker 6: of trouble, and the young warblers tried her patience sorely
• 2:08:54
  Speaker 6: by persisting in pulling at the threads and straws. As
• 2:08:57
  Speaker 6: she wove the framework of her new dwelling. Labor is
• 2:09:01
  Speaker 6: its own reward, however, for there was not a happier
• 2:09:05
  Speaker 6: couple in all birdland than mister and Missus Yellow Warbler
• 2:09:10
  Speaker 6: when they brought their admiring friends and relations to see
• 2:09:14
  Speaker 6: the young warblers in the two storied nest end of
• 2:09:21
  Speaker 6: section thirteen. This recording is in the public domain.
• 2:09:31
  Speaker 7: Section fourteen of Nature and Art, Volume eight, number one,
• 2:09:36
  Speaker 7: June nineteen hundred. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 2:09:42
  Speaker 7: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 2:09:46
  Speaker 7: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Larry Wilson, Industry,
• 2:09:54
  Speaker 7: Wheet Harvesting, J. F. Stewart, Chapter one. We have been
• 2:10:01
  Speaker 7: told ye cannot live by bread alone, which is no
• 2:10:04
  Speaker 7: doubt true. But aside from the use of animal flesh
• 2:10:07
  Speaker 7: as food, bread in some form has played the greatest
• 2:10:11
  Speaker 7: part in sustaining mankind. There have been found, on every
• 2:10:15
  Speaker 7: continent and every island of the globe rude stone implements
• 2:10:19
  Speaker 7: that tell by form only of their possible use. We
• 2:10:24
  Speaker 7: read the story of the prehistoric relics largely by comparison
• 2:10:28
  Speaker 7: with modern things, and hence judge that the crescent shaped
• 2:10:32
  Speaker 7: flint implements serrated upon their inner edge, to be seen
• 2:10:36
  Speaker 7: in the British Museum and elsewhere, may have been used
• 2:10:39
  Speaker 7: by the savages as reaping hooks. The natural habitat of
• 2:10:44
  Speaker 7: wheat must necessarily remain a matter of dispute, for history
• 2:10:48
  Speaker 7: cannot tell us of the time when the wild grain
• 2:10:51
  Speaker 7: began to be cultivated by the savages, whose traditions are silent,
• 2:10:56
  Speaker 7: for when it was introduced into the various countries. The
• 2:11:00
  Speaker 7: first harvest scenes depicted are found upon the stones of
• 2:11:02
  Speaker 7: ancient Egypt, representing slaves with reaping hooks at their tasks,
• 2:11:07
  Speaker 7: scenes cut there before the time of Moses, long before
• 2:11:11
  Speaker 7: the exodus. In the ruins of Egypt, the bronze reaping
• 2:11:15
  Speaker 7: hooks have been found, differing little from those used for
• 2:11:18
  Speaker 7: trimming long hooks. In the sediment of Lake Nuschatel in Switzerland,
• 2:11:22
  Speaker 7: where have been discovered the remains of an ancient and
• 2:11:25
  Speaker 7: forgotten people whom we name merely the lake dwellers, Wheat
• 2:11:29
  Speaker 7: and other grains have been found, and also reaping hooks
• 2:11:33
  Speaker 7: of bronze and from the bogs of the Scandinavian countries,
• 2:11:36
  Speaker 7: where in conformity with religious rites were thrown prized articles
• 2:11:41
  Speaker 7: upon the death of their owners. Sickles have been taken
• 2:11:45
  Speaker 7: from the time of Bronze in Egypt to the centuries
• 2:11:48
  Speaker 7: following the Dark Ages. The reaping hook was probably the
• 2:11:51
  Speaker 7: only instrument used in the harvest. When comes the beginning
• 2:11:55
  Speaker 7: of the end of barbarism in a nation, then industrial
• 2:11:59
  Speaker 7: progress Germans, and in proportion as barbarism has decreased, the
• 2:12:03
  Speaker 7: efforts for improvements in methods adapted to reduce human labor
• 2:12:07
  Speaker 7: have been successful. The cloud that cast its shadow over
• 2:12:12
  Speaker 7: Europe during the so called Dark Ages practically suppressed all efforts,
• 2:12:17
  Speaker 7: and it is only since then that the energies directed
• 2:12:20
  Speaker 7: to mechanical progress have had a fair field. Following the
• 2:12:24
  Speaker 7: reaping hook, not many centuries ago came the scythe for
• 2:12:28
  Speaker 7: moving hay. It was but an enlarged reaping hook, so
• 2:12:32
  Speaker 7: planned as to call into action the entire physical system. However,
• 2:12:37
  Speaker 7: instead of the mere right arm, and with it a
• 2:12:40
  Speaker 7: man was able to lay in swathed many times more
• 2:12:43
  Speaker 7: grass than had been accomplished by any previous implement In
• 2:12:47
  Speaker 7: America at the beginning of this century, the scythe has
• 2:12:50
  Speaker 7: been modified so as to adapt it to the cutting
• 2:12:53
  Speaker 7: of grain, and with it the straw was laid in
• 2:12:56
  Speaker 7: a neat swath by a man who swung it, ready
• 2:12:59
  Speaker 7: to be raked and bound by another. This, however, was
• 2:13:02
  Speaker 7: nothing more than an implement. We read that machines were
• 2:13:07
  Speaker 7: attempted before the beginning of the present century, and are
• 2:13:10
  Speaker 7: told by Pliny and others of a box like cart
• 2:13:13
  Speaker 7: pushed by an ox between wearwardly extending thills, and having
• 2:13:18
  Speaker 7: a comb at front adapted to pull the heads from
• 2:13:21
  Speaker 7: the standing grain. A man walking beside with a hole
• 2:13:24
  Speaker 7: like instrument scraped the heads into the box. It is
• 2:13:28
  Speaker 7: no marvel that this implement, made by the Galls as
• 2:13:31
  Speaker 7: early as a d one, did not come into general use.
• 2:13:36
  Speaker 7: We also read that a machine was attempted in Hungary
• 2:13:39
  Speaker 7: during the latter part of the eighteenth century, and that
• 2:13:42
  Speaker 7: prizes were offered in England for a reaping machine. It
• 2:13:46
  Speaker 7: is safe for us to consider, however, the efforts of
• 2:13:49
  Speaker 7: mister Gladstone of England, who in eighteen o six produced
• 2:13:53
  Speaker 7: a machine adapted to cut grain and delivered in a
• 2:13:56
  Speaker 7: swathe beside the machine. With what success we are are
• 2:14:00
  Speaker 7: mainly left to judge by the construction of the machine itself,
• 2:14:03
  Speaker 7: which embodied many of the valuable elements of the reaping
• 2:14:06
  Speaker 7: machine that held sway during the second third of the
• 2:14:10
  Speaker 7: present century, only to be forced into the background by
• 2:14:14
  Speaker 7: better harvesting methods. In order to give mister Gladstone the
• 2:14:18
  Speaker 7: credit due him, it is proper to say that his reaper,
• 2:14:22
  Speaker 7: like nine tenths of the modern harvesting machines, was adapted
• 2:14:26
  Speaker 7: to be drawn and not pushed, as the implement of
• 2:14:29
  Speaker 7: the galls was. Its cutting apparatus was extended well to
• 2:14:33
  Speaker 7: the right, so that the horse drawing it might walk
• 2:14:36
  Speaker 7: beside the grain to be cut. It was supported upon wheels,
• 2:14:40
  Speaker 7: one at the outer extremity of the cutting apparatus and
• 2:14:44
  Speaker 7: the other substantially in the position now placed in harvesting machines,
• 2:14:48
  Speaker 7: and his cutting devices were operated by it. His machine
• 2:14:52
  Speaker 7: was not only adapted to cut the grain, but delivered
• 2:14:55
  Speaker 7: at one side in order to make a clear path
• 2:14:57
  Speaker 7: of travel and cutting the next round. His machine did
• 2:15:02
  Speaker 7: not come into use, but was patented and thus made public.
• 2:15:06
  Speaker 7: Whether practical in detail or not matters little, for he
• 2:15:09
  Speaker 7: left to the world as a legacy the foundation principles
• 2:15:13
  Speaker 7: of the reaping machine. Those who followed enriched the art
• 2:15:17
  Speaker 7: only by additions and modifications. A second patent was granted
• 2:15:22
  Speaker 7: to him, covering improvements. His machine might leave the grain
• 2:15:26
  Speaker 7: in almost a continuous swathe, or in gavels, which depended
• 2:15:30
  Speaker 7: only upon the number of raking devices applied to his
• 2:15:34
  Speaker 7: rotary cutting apparatus. In the patent granted to Salmon, who
• 2:15:39
  Speaker 7: followed him in eighteen o eight is found a grain
• 2:15:42
  Speaker 7: receiving platform differing in no respect from that of the
• 2:15:46
  Speaker 7: early practical reaper, a cutting apparatus placed at its forward edge,
• 2:15:51
  Speaker 7: a divider to separate the grain being cut from that
• 2:15:53
  Speaker 7: left standing, and an obitally moving rake adapted to remove
• 2:15:58
  Speaker 7: the grain in gabbles to day the ground. While it
• 2:16:01
  Speaker 7: is of actual achievements that we shall mainly write, it
• 2:16:05
  Speaker 7: is well to say that the actual achievement of the
• 2:16:07
  Speaker 7: reaping machine was accomplished largely from knowledge given us by
• 2:16:11
  Speaker 7: those early inventors, and it is proper that we point
• 2:16:14
  Speaker 7: out precisely what they have taught us. For more than
• 2:16:18
  Speaker 7: thirty machines have been patented in England and America before
• 2:16:22
  Speaker 7: the machine of Bell, the Scotch Preacher of eighteen twenty
• 2:16:24
  Speaker 7: eight was placed upon the market in England, Kerr Smith
• 2:16:29
  Speaker 7: and others added their might of knowledge, and in eighteen
• 2:16:32
  Speaker 7: twenty two Henry Ogle, an English schoolmaster, invented a reaping
• 2:16:36
  Speaker 7: machine that was made by a mister Brown, and which
• 2:16:40
  Speaker 7: cut one acre per hour. The trial was so successful
• 2:16:43
  Speaker 7: that the laborers in the field, fearing the competition of
• 2:16:46
  Speaker 7: the innovation, mobbed the inventor and maker and broke up
• 2:16:51
  Speaker 7: the machine. The patent shows its construction. The cutting apparatus
• 2:16:56
  Speaker 7: of modern harvesting machines is a modified form of sheer.
• 2:17:00
  Speaker 7: In the early machines, shears pure and simple were arranged
• 2:17:04
  Speaker 7: in series before the receiving platform. As cutting devices, they
• 2:17:08
  Speaker 7: operated well, but were objectionable on account of the fact
• 2:17:12
  Speaker 7: that they did not clear themselves of shreds of straw
• 2:17:15
  Speaker 7: and grass. Bell's machine may be considered the first practical
• 2:17:20
  Speaker 7: reaper because in it was found the essential combination of
• 2:17:24
  Speaker 7: mechanical elements not only of the reaping machine, but largely
• 2:17:28
  Speaker 7: of the modern self binding harvester. His machines were so
• 2:17:32
  Speaker 7: successful that as late as eighteen sixty four they were
• 2:17:37
  Speaker 7: busy in the harvest fields of England and latest Swath.
• 2:17:40
  Speaker 7: More perfect than any implement used before them, they were
• 2:17:43
  Speaker 7: followed by a troop of girls, the like of which
• 2:17:46
  Speaker 7: is still seen in the fields of those sections of
• 2:17:48
  Speaker 7: England and Scotland where the modern South binding harvester has
• 2:17:52
  Speaker 7: not yet found its way. The erstwhile Scotch student, when
• 2:17:57
  Speaker 7: working behind closed doors on the little farm, were by
• 2:18:00
  Speaker 7: his father. Though inspired by high hopes, Little dreamed that
• 2:18:04
  Speaker 7: he was in any major laying the foundation for greater results.
• 2:18:08
  Speaker 7: And a few at the present day know that one
• 2:18:11
  Speaker 7: of the most essential elements of the modern South binding
• 2:18:14
  Speaker 7: harvester was reduced to practice by that youth, who, as
• 2:18:18
  Speaker 7: the Reverend Patrick Bell, administered to the spiritual wants of
• 2:18:21
  Speaker 7: the members of a little flock in Scotland. For many years.
• 2:18:25
  Speaker 7: Two machines at least were brought to America, but not
• 2:18:29
  Speaker 7: until American weepers had been perfected to such an extent
• 2:18:32
  Speaker 7: as to meet all of the requirements. Bell's machine was
• 2:18:36
  Speaker 7: pushed before the horses as modern headers are. Its reel
• 2:18:40
  Speaker 7: was supported by forwardly reaching arms. As now it had
• 2:18:44
  Speaker 7: dividers in all essential elements, the only faulty one being
• 2:18:48
  Speaker 7: the cutting apparatus. The story of his efforts, as told
• 2:18:52
  Speaker 7: by himself, is interesting. The facts pretending to the construction
• 2:18:57
  Speaker 7: of his machine may be found encyclopedias and in court proceedings.
• 2:19:02
  Speaker 7: Although America is considered the cradle of this art, we
• 2:19:06
  Speaker 7: must bow to Bell and others and claim only that
• 2:19:09
  Speaker 7: which we have accomplished, founded upon the information and machines
• 2:19:13
  Speaker 7: they left. In the fishing village of Nantucket, on the
• 2:19:17
  Speaker 7: island of that name of Quaker parents, a boy first
• 2:19:21
  Speaker 7: saw light, who later became famous because of his inventive talent.
• 2:19:26
  Speaker 7: In that little village, the wailing industry, upon which success
• 2:19:29
  Speaker 7: in life depended, was extensively carried on. Like other boys,
• 2:19:34
  Speaker 7: the lad O bed Hussey took to the sea, but tiring,
• 2:19:38
  Speaker 7: turned his attention to a machine for reaping grain. He
• 2:19:42
  Speaker 7: made a model of the machine, and in eighteen thirty
• 2:19:45
  Speaker 7: two eighteen thirty three constructed a machine, which he operated
• 2:19:49
  Speaker 7: in the harvest fields near Cincinnati, Ohio. He builded better
• 2:19:54
  Speaker 7: than he knew for his cutting apparatus sings his praise
• 2:19:57
  Speaker 7: in the harvest fields of every continent, and will probably
• 2:20:01
  Speaker 7: do so until man ceases to exist. It has been
• 2:20:05
  Speaker 7: modified in various ways, but no material improvement has been
• 2:20:08
  Speaker 7: made since it left his hands. His machine was a
• 2:20:13
  Speaker 7: combined reaper and more he placed his gearing carriage upon
• 2:20:17
  Speaker 7: two wheels. Not a Moi machine of the present day
• 2:20:20
  Speaker 7: is constructed otherwise. He jointed his cutting apparatus to the
• 2:20:24
  Speaker 7: supporting frame, in order that the machine might conform to
• 2:20:27
  Speaker 7: irregularities of the surface of the ground. Again, it may
• 2:20:31
  Speaker 7: be said, not a Moi machine of today is constructed otherwise.
• 2:20:36
  Speaker 7: In order to adapt his machine to cutting grain, a
• 2:20:39
  Speaker 7: detachable green receiving platform was applied, and a stand for
• 2:20:43
  Speaker 7: a raker as well as manual delivery reapers. Thousands of
• 2:20:47
  Speaker 7: such machines are made in America and sent to Europe,
• 2:20:50
  Speaker 7: where the self binding harvester has not yet won its way.
• 2:20:55
  Speaker 7: These four things were new his cutting device, his as
• 2:21:00
  Speaker 7: rakers stand, the cutting apparatus jointed to the gearing carriage,
• 2:21:05
  Speaker 7: and the detachable grain receiving platform. Limiting our inquiry to
• 2:21:10
  Speaker 7: hand raking reapers, it is proper to say that this
• 2:21:13
  Speaker 7: was the culmination. No reaper has ever been made since
• 2:21:17
  Speaker 7: that time that did not have these elements arrased as
• 2:21:21
  Speaker 7: he had combined them. In the face of historical facts,
• 2:21:24
  Speaker 7: court decisions, and patent office records, printers ink will be
• 2:21:28
  Speaker 7: wasted in vain in any attempts to win the laurels
• 2:21:31
  Speaker 7: from the modest Quaker. The necessities that called for these
• 2:21:36
  Speaker 7: machines were the result of the high hopes of the
• 2:21:38
  Speaker 7: pioneers of the West, who, finding natural garden spots of
• 2:21:42
  Speaker 7: dimensions greater than the scope of the eye, plowed and
• 2:21:46
  Speaker 7: sowed more than they could reap, more than labor could
• 2:21:49
  Speaker 7: there be found to reap naturally. Then the first practical
• 2:21:52
  Speaker 7: machines of America were invented where the great western fields,
• 2:21:56
  Speaker 7: which in their ripeness inspired inventors. On a day during
• 2:22:00
  Speaker 7: the harvest of eighteen thirty three, a group of farmers
• 2:22:04
  Speaker 7: and idlers were interested in the tests of a reaper
• 2:22:07
  Speaker 7: about to be made. Mister Hussey's machine was started, but
• 2:22:11
  Speaker 7: some disarrangement caused delay. An incredulous young man, strong of arm,
• 2:22:17
  Speaker 7: picked up the implement of one of the quadlers and
• 2:22:20
  Speaker 7: swung it with a broad sweep into the grain, declaring
• 2:22:23
  Speaker 7: that that was a kind of reaper to have. Mister Hussey,
• 2:22:27
  Speaker 7: though possessed of a quiet manner characteristic of the Quaker,
• 2:22:31
  Speaker 7: felt stung and asked the bystanders to help him uphill
• 2:22:35
  Speaker 7: with his machine. He then guided the machine down it
• 2:22:37
  Speaker 7: on the run, and every straw was laid upon the
• 2:22:40
  Speaker 7: receiving platform, with the exactness in which it grew. The
• 2:22:44
  Speaker 7: machine repaired demonstrated its ability to such an extent that
• 2:22:48
  Speaker 7: others were ordered for the following harvest and manufactured in
• 2:22:52
  Speaker 7: a little shop on the farm of Judge Algernon Foster,
• 2:22:55
  Speaker 7: near Cincinnati, Ohio. For the harvest of eighteen thirty five,
• 2:23:00
  Speaker 7: two machines were made and sold, and from that time
• 2:23:03
  Speaker 7: on have continued to be used up to the present day.
• 2:23:07
  Speaker 7: Where As said in the so called manual delivery reapers
• 2:23:11
  Speaker 7: extensively used in Europe, they are found substantially is constructed
• 2:23:15
  Speaker 7: by him, having added thereto only the finishing touches applied
• 2:23:20
  Speaker 7: by modern mechanics. As a MOI machine, slight improvements have
• 2:23:24
  Speaker 7: been made. The only competitor for several years was one
• 2:23:28
  Speaker 7: produced by Enick Ambler, patented in eighteen thirty four. A
• 2:23:32
  Speaker 7: single supporting and driving wheel was used in amblers, and
• 2:23:36
  Speaker 7: a reciprocating cutting apparatus also, but the specific construction was
• 2:23:41
  Speaker 7: not like that of mister Hussey. It came into considerable
• 2:23:44
  Speaker 7: use and may be considered the prototype of the single
• 2:23:47
  Speaker 7: wheel reaping and MOI machines that found their way upon
• 2:23:51
  Speaker 7: the market. Subsequent to eighteen forty, with the practical features
• 2:23:56
  Speaker 7: proposed by a third of one hundred inventors carefully embodied
• 2:23:59
  Speaker 7: in the machinees. At the close of the first third
• 2:24:01
  Speaker 7: of the century came the practical reaping a moi machine.
• 2:24:06
  Speaker 7: Nearly one half of the labor of the harvest field
• 2:24:09
  Speaker 7: was dispensed with the ring of the cradle blade when whetting.
• 2:24:13
  Speaker 7: After the cutting of every round soon ceased to be heard.
• 2:24:17
  Speaker 7: The sound of the cutting device of the reaper and
• 2:24:19
  Speaker 7: more was not so musical, but may be likened to
• 2:24:22
  Speaker 7: the chuckle of one in his ecstasy, who had succeeded
• 2:24:26
  Speaker 7: in his accomplishment. The burning sun scorched but half as
• 2:24:30
  Speaker 7: many labors as before. The labor of weary ones over
• 2:24:34
  Speaker 7: the hot stove in the crude habitations on the farms
• 2:24:37
  Speaker 7: was lessened. The harvest time became less dreaded, the scarcity
• 2:24:42
  Speaker 7: of help became less felt, and the hours of labor
• 2:24:45
  Speaker 7: were shortened. Holmes became more cheerful for the farmers. Wives
• 2:24:50
  Speaker 7: and daughters, before called from household duties into the burning sun,
• 2:24:55
  Speaker 7: had now moments that could be devoted to planting the
• 2:24:58
  Speaker 7: rows and vines. Reflecting upon those early days, experiences such
• 2:25:03
  Speaker 7: as can soon only be called by the artists are
• 2:25:06
  Speaker 7: brought to mind. In our imagination, we see the troop
• 2:25:10
  Speaker 7: of harvest hands arisen from an early breakfast, taken after
• 2:25:14
  Speaker 7: an hour's labor at chores, and moving to the fields,
• 2:25:17
  Speaker 7: often before the sun has kissed the dew from the
• 2:25:19
  Speaker 7: lilies that beckoned them on the way. Young women as
• 2:25:23
  Speaker 7: well as young men, though with a hard day's labor
• 2:25:25
  Speaker 7: before them. They are chatting merrily, as when gathering at
• 2:25:28
  Speaker 7: school in the winter, when the labors on the farm
• 2:25:31
  Speaker 7: are not so great. In those days, few children who
• 2:25:35
  Speaker 7: could walk new leisure. The babe was often taken to
• 2:25:38
  Speaker 7: the field and a still toddling youngster left in charge,
• 2:25:42
  Speaker 7: while the mother bound after the cradlers. It seems as
• 2:25:46
  Speaker 7: if the expression hungry as a hired man must have
• 2:25:50
  Speaker 7: originated on these western prairies, for in these early days,
• 2:25:55
  Speaker 7: five meals a day was the rule. About mid forenoon,
• 2:25:59
  Speaker 7: two boys were spared from the field long enough to
• 2:26:02
  Speaker 7: go for luncheon, soon to return with a well filled
• 2:26:05
  Speaker 7: basket and water jugs. The cloth was spread upon the
• 2:26:08
  Speaker 7: stubble and a hasty but hearty meal spread, perhaps a
• 2:26:12
  Speaker 7: solitary tree shaded them. So far the harvestne resembled the
• 2:26:17
  Speaker 7: picnics we enjoy today. In the heat of the day,
• 2:26:20
  Speaker 7: an hour was taken for rest. At mid afternoon, another
• 2:26:24
  Speaker 7: lunch was served. Then at sunset came the supper, only
• 2:26:28
  Speaker 7: after which from early morn the kitchen stove was permitted
• 2:26:32
  Speaker 7: to lose its blush and the milky time far into
• 2:26:36
  Speaker 7: the starlight, while the night hawk boomed, and the rest
• 2:26:39
  Speaker 7: of the day came after Bob White and the whipper
• 2:26:42
  Speaker 7: wiel had ceased their calls. What a change this century
• 2:26:46
  Speaker 7: has wrought. One man now accomplishes as much as sixteen
• 2:26:51
  Speaker 7: did in the early days. The south binding harvester of today,
• 2:26:55
  Speaker 7: through the reaping machine, was of a growth so slow
• 2:26:58
  Speaker 7: that the efforts of a of a century were required
• 2:27:02
  Speaker 7: before the reaper was driven to the hillsides. But of
• 2:27:05
  Speaker 7: this later in the section fourteen.
• 2:27:15
  Speaker 2: Section fifteen of Nature and Art, Volume eight, number one,
• 2:27:20
  Speaker 2: June nineteen hundred, recorded for Libritvaux dot Org by Tavaresh
• 2:27:26
  Speaker 2: A charming home, Anna R. Henderson, body and I in
• 2:27:32
  Speaker 2: the strawberry bed, searching for strawberries, juicy and red, breathing
• 2:27:37
  Speaker 2: the airs of a morning in spring lessening than notes
• 2:27:41
  Speaker 2: that the meadow larks sing heartbeats and pulse beats, keeping
• 2:27:45
  Speaker 2: in tune with all that is lovely In beautiful June,
• 2:27:50
  Speaker 2: sharp little tweeters near by us we heard where was
• 2:27:54
  Speaker 2: the haunt of the dear little bird? Soon the wee
• 2:27:58
  Speaker 2: nest and its nestlings we found safe in a catney
• 2:28:02
  Speaker 2: bush close to the ground, home of the sparrow, whose
• 2:28:06
  Speaker 2: chirruping brood kept their four yellow mouths open for food
• 2:28:12
  Speaker 2: by their fond mother, unceasingly fed with morsels of strawberry
• 2:28:17
  Speaker 2: fragrant and red. O. Mamma said, body, did ever you
• 2:28:22
  Speaker 2: see so tiny a nest in so tiny a tree?
• 2:28:26
  Speaker 2: And isn't it perfectly lovely to stay in the spicy
• 2:28:31
  Speaker 2: catney leaves all day, and whenever you wish for something
• 2:28:35
  Speaker 2: to eat, to dine on a slice of strawberry sweet,
• 2:28:40
  Speaker 2: to hear the father birds singing a tune in the
• 2:28:44
  Speaker 2: old peach tree all the afternoon, and to be shut
• 2:28:48
  Speaker 2: out from the dew at night by the touch of
• 2:28:52
  Speaker 2: mother wings soft and light. I think when these dear
• 2:28:57
  Speaker 2: little birdies stray from their home in the catnip bush,
• 2:29:02
  Speaker 2: away wherever their dear little forms may go in the
• 2:29:07
  Speaker 2: summer's sun or the winter's snow. They will say, as
• 2:29:12
  Speaker 2: the old folks always do, that the baby days were
• 2:29:17
  Speaker 2: the best they knew. End of section fifteen. This recording
• 2:29:23
  Speaker 2: is in the public domain. End of Nature and Art,
• 2:29:28
  Speaker 2: Volume eight, number one, June nineteen hundred