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17 - Agriculture - The Conquest of Bread · Philosophy and Faith

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Speaker 1: Agriculture Part one. Political economy has often been reproached withdrawing
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Speaker 1: all its deductions from the decidedly false principle that the
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Speaker 1: only incentive capable of forcing a man to augment his
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Speaker 1: power of production is personal interest. In its narrowest sense,
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Speaker 1: their approach is perfectly true, so true that epochs of
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Speaker 1: great industrial discoveries and true progress and industry are precisely
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Speaker 1: those in which the happiness of all was inspiring men,
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Speaker 1: and in which personal enrichment was the least thought of
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Speaker 1: the great investigators in science, and the great inventors aimed
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Speaker 1: above all at giving greater freedom of mankind. And if Watt, Stevenson, Jacquard,
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Speaker 1: et cetera. Could have only foreseen what a state of
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Speaker 1: misery their sleepless nights would bring to the workers, they
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Speaker 1: certainly would have burned their designs and broken their models.
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Speaker 1: Another principle that pervades political economy is just as false.
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Speaker 1: It is the tacit admission COmON to all economists that
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Speaker 1: if there is often overproduction in certain branches, a society
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Speaker 1: will nevertheless never have sufficient products to satisfy for the
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Speaker 1: once of all, and that consequently, the day will never
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Speaker 1: come when nobody will be forced to sell his labor
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Speaker 1: in exchange for wages. This tacit emission is found at
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Speaker 1: the basis of all theories and all the so called
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Speaker 1: laws taught by economists. And yet it is certain that
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Speaker 1: the day when any civilized association of individuals would ask
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Speaker 1: itself what are the needs of all and the means
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Speaker 1: of satisfying them, it would see that in industry, as
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Speaker 1: in agriculture, it already possesses sufficient to provide abundantly for
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Speaker 1: all needs, on condition that it knows how to apply
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Speaker 1: these means to satisfy real needs. That this is true
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Speaker 1: as regards industry, no one can contest. Indeed, it suffices
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Speaker 1: to study the process is already in use to extract
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Speaker 1: coals and or to obtain steel, and work it to
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Speaker 1: manufacture on a great scale what is used for clothing, etc.
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Speaker 1: In order to perceive that we could already increase our
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Speaker 1: production fourfold or more, and yet used for that less
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Speaker 1: work than we are using now, we go further. We
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Speaker 1: assert that agriculture is in the same position. Those who
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Speaker 1: cultivate the soil, like the manufacturers, already could increase the
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Speaker 1: production not only fourfold, but tenfold, And they can put
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Speaker 1: it into practice as soon as they feel the need
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Speaker 1: of it, as soon as a socialist organization of work
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Speaker 1: will be established instead of the present capitalistic one. Each
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Speaker 1: time agriculture is spoken of, men imagine a peasant bending
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Speaker 1: over the plow, throwing badly assorted corn haphazard into the ground,
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Speaker 1: and waiting anxiously for what the good or bad season
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Speaker 1: will bring forth. They think of a family working from
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Speaker 1: morn to night and reaping as reward a rude bed,
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Speaker 1: dry bread, and a coarse beverage. In a word, they
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Speaker 1: picture the savages of La Bouere. And for these men
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Speaker 1: ground down to such a misery, the utmost relief that
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Speaker 1: society proposes is to reduce their taxes or their rent.
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Speaker 1: But even the most social reformers do not care to
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Speaker 1: imagine a cultivator standing erect, taking leisure, and producing, by
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Speaker 1: a few hours work per day, sufficient food to nourish
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Speaker 1: not only his own family, but one hundred men more.
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Speaker 1: At least in their most glowing dreams of the future,
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Speaker 1: socialists do not go beyond a man and extensive culture,
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Speaker 1: which after all, is but the infancy of agricultural art.
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Speaker 1: But the thinking agriculturist has broader ideas. Today, his conceptions
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Speaker 1: are on a far grander scale. He only asks for
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Speaker 1: a fraction of an acre in order to produce sufficient
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Speaker 1: vegetables for a family and to feed twenty five horned beasts.
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Speaker 1: He needs no more space than he formerly required to
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Speaker 1: feed one. His aim is to make his own soil,
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Speaker 1: to defy seasons in climate, to warm both air and
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Speaker 1: earth around the young plant, to produce, in a word,
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Speaker 1: on one acre what he used to gather from fifty acres,
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Speaker 1: and that without any excessive fatigue. By greatly reducing, on
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Speaker 1: the contrary, the total of former labor, he knows that
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Speaker 1: he will be able to feed everybody by giving to
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Speaker 1: the culture of the fields no more time than what
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Speaker 1: each can give with pleasure and joy. This is the
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Speaker 1: present tendancy of agriculture. While scientific men, led by liebk,
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Speaker 1: the creator of the chemical theory of agriculture, often got
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Speaker 1: on the wrong tack in their love of mere theories,
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Speaker 1: unlettered axes, agriculturalists opened up new roads to prosperity. Market
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Speaker 1: gardeners of Paris Tois, Rois, Scotch and English gardeners, Flemish
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Speaker 1: and Lombardian farmers peasants of Jersey, Guernsey and farmers of
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Speaker 1: the Scilly Isles have opened up such large horizons that
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Speaker 1: the mind hesitates to grasp them. While up till lately
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Speaker 1: a family of peasants needed at least seventeen to twenty
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Speaker 1: acres to live on the produce of the soil, and
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Speaker 1: we know how peasants live, we can no longer say
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Speaker 1: what is the minimum area on which all that is
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Speaker 1: necessary to a family can be grown, even including articles
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Speaker 1: of luxury, if the soil is worked by means of
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Speaker 1: intensive culture. Twenty years ago it could already be asserted
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Speaker 1: that a population of thirty million individuals could live very
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Speaker 1: well without importing anything on what could be grown in
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Speaker 1: Great Britain. But now, when we see the progress recently
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Speaker 1: made in France, in Germany and England, and when we
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Speaker 1: contemplate the new horizons which opened before us, we can
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Speaker 1: say that in cultivating the earth as it is already
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Speaker 1: cultivated in many places, even on poor soils, fifty or
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Speaker 1: sixty million inhabitants to the territory of Great Britain would
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Speaker 1: still be a very feeble proportion to what man could
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Speaker 1: extract from the soil. In any case, as we are
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Speaker 1: about to demonstrate, we may consider it as absolutely proved
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Speaker 1: that if tomorrow Paris and the two departments of Sane
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Speaker 1: and of Seinewas organized themselves as an anarchist commune in
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Speaker 1: which all worked with their hands, and if the entire
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Speaker 1: universe refused to send them a single bushel of wheat,
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Speaker 1: a single head of cattle, a single basket of fruit,
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Speaker 1: and left them only the territory of the two departments,
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Speaker 1: they could not only produce all the corn, meat and
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Speaker 1: vegetables necessary for themselves, but also the vegetables and fruit
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Speaker 1: which are now articles of luxury and sufficient quantities for all.
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Speaker 1: And in addition, we affirm that the sum total of
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Speaker 1: this labor would be far less than that expended at
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Speaker 1: present to feed these people. With corn harvested Nolvergne and Russia,
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Speaker 1: with vegetables produced a little everywhere by extensive agriculture, and
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Speaker 1: with fruit grown in the south. It is self evident
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Speaker 1: that we and know why is desired all exchange to
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Speaker 1: be suppressed, nor that each region should strive to produce
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Speaker 1: that which will only grow in its climate by a
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Speaker 1: more or less artificial culture. But we care to draw
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Speaker 1: attention to the fact that the theory of exchange such
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Speaker 1: as is understood today is strangely exaggerated, that exchange is
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Speaker 1: often useless and even harmful. We assert moreover, that people
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Speaker 1: have never had a right conception of the immense labor
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Speaker 1: of Southern wine growers, nor that of Russian and Hungarian
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Speaker 1: corn growers, whose excessive labor could also be very much
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Speaker 1: reduced if they adopted intensive culture instead of their present
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Speaker 1: system of extensive agriculture. Part two. It would be impossible
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Speaker 1: to quote here the mass of facts on which we
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Speaker 1: base our assertions. We are therefore obliged to refer our
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Speaker 1: readers who want further information to another book, Fields, factories
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Speaker 1: and workshops. Above all, we honestly invite those who are
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Speaker 1: interested in the question to read several excellent works published
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Speaker 1: in France and elsewhere, and of which we give a
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Speaker 1: list at the close of this book. As to the
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Speaker 1: inhabitants of large towns who have as yet no real
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Speaker 1: notion of what agriculture can be, we advise them to
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Speaker 1: explore the surrounding market gardens they need, but observe and
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Speaker 1: question the market gardeners, and a new world will be
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Speaker 1: open to them. They will then be able to see
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Speaker 1: what European agriculture may be in the twentieth century, and
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Speaker 1: they will understand with what force the social revolution will
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Speaker 1: be armed when we know the secret of taking everything
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Speaker 1: we need from the soil. A few facts will suffice
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Speaker 1: to show that our assertions are in no way exaggerated.
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Speaker 1: We only wish them to be preceded by a few
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Speaker 1: general remarks. We know in what a wretched condition European
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Speaker 1: agriculture is. If the cultivator of the soil is not
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Speaker 1: plundered by the landowner, he is robbed by the state.
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Speaker 1: If the state taxes him moderately, the money lender enslaves
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Speaker 1: him by the means of permissory notes, and soon turns
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Speaker 1: him into the simple tenet of soil, belonging in reality
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Speaker 1: to a financial company. The landlord, the state, and the
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Speaker 1: banker thus plunders the cultivator by means of rent, taxes
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Speaker 1: and interest. The sum varies in each country, but it
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Speaker 1: never falls below the quarter very often the half of
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Speaker 1: the raw produce. In France and in Italy, agriculturists paid
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Speaker 1: the stake quite recently as much as forty four percent
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Speaker 1: of the gross produce. Moreover, the share of the owner
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Speaker 1: and of state always goes on increasing. As soon as
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Speaker 1: the cultivator is obtained more plentiful crops by prodigies of labor,
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Speaker 1: invention or initiative. The tribute he will owe to the landowner,
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Speaker 1: the state, and the banker will augment in proportion. If
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Speaker 1: he doubles the number of bushels reaped per acre, rent
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Speaker 1: will be doubled, and taxes too, and the state will
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Speaker 1: take care to raise them still more if the prices
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Speaker 1: go up, and so on. In short, everywhere the cultivator
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Speaker 1: of the soil works twelve to sixteen hours a day,
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Speaker 1: these three vultures take from him everything he might lay by.
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Speaker 1: They rob him everywhere of what would enable him to
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Speaker 1: improve his culture. This is why agriculture progresses so slowly.
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Speaker 1: The cultivator can only occasionally make some progress in some
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Speaker 1: exceptional regions, under quite exceptional circumstances, following upon a quarrel
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Speaker 1: between the three vampires. And yet we have said nothing
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Speaker 1: about the tribute every cultivator pays to the manufacturer. Every machine,
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Speaker 1: every spade, every barrel of chemical manure is sold to
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Speaker 1: him at three or four times its real cost. Nor
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Speaker 1: let us forget the middleman who levies the lion's share
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Speaker 1: of the oath's produce. This is why, during all this
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Speaker 1: century of invention and progress, agriculture is only improved from
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Speaker 1: time to time on very limited areas. Happily, there have
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Speaker 1: always been small oases neglected for some time by the vulture.
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Speaker 1: And here we learn what intensive agriculture can produce for mankind.
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Speaker 1: Let us mention a few examples in the American prairies,
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Speaker 1: which however, only yield meeker spring wheat crops from seven
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Speaker 1: to fifteen bushels acre, and even these are often marred
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Speaker 1: by periodical droughts. Five hundred men working only during eight
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Speaker 1: months produce the annual food of fifty thousand people. With
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Speaker 1: all the improvements of the last three years. One man's
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Speaker 1: yearly labour three hundred days yields delivered in Chicago's flower
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Speaker 1: the yearly food of two hundred and fifty men. Here,
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Speaker 1: the result is obtained by a great economy and manual labor.
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Speaker 1: On those vast plains, Plowing, harvesting, thrashing are organized in
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Speaker 1: almost military fashion. There is no useless running to and fro,
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Speaker 1: no loss of time. All is done with parade like precision.
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Speaker 1: This is agriculture on a large scale extensive agriculture, which
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Speaker 1: takes the soil from nature without seeking to improve it.
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Speaker 1: When the earth is yielded all it can, they leave it.
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Speaker 1: They seek elsewhere for a virgin soil to be exhausted
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Speaker 1: in its turn. But here is also intensive agriculture, which
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Speaker 1: is already worked and will be more and more so
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Speaker 1: by machinery. Its object is to cultivate a limited space well,
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Speaker 1: to manure, to improve, to concentrate work, and to obtain
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Speaker 1: the largest crop possible. This kind of culture spreads every year,
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Speaker 1: and whereas agriculturists in the south of France and on
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Speaker 1: the fertile plains of Western America are content with an
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Speaker 1: average crop of eleven to fifteen bushels per acre, by
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Speaker 1: extensive culture they reap regularly thirty seven, even fifty five
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Speaker 1: and sometimes sixty bushels per acre. In the North of France.
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Speaker 1: The annual consumption of man is thus obtained from less
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Speaker 1: than a quarter of an acre, and the more intense
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Speaker 1: the culture is, the less work is expended to obtain
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Speaker 1: a bushel of wheat. Machinery replaces man at the preliminary
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Speaker 1: work and for the improvements needed by the land, such
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Speaker 1: as draining, clearing of stones, which will double the crops
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Speaker 1: in future once and forever. Sometimes nothing but keeping the
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Speaker 1: soil free of weeds without maneuvering, allows an average soil
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Speaker 1: to yield excellent crops from year to year. It has
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Speaker 1: been done for forty years in succession at Rothamstead and Hertfordshire. However,
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Speaker 1: let us not write an agricultural romance, but be satisfied
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Speaker 1: with a crop of forty four bushels per acre that
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Speaker 1: needs no exceptional soil, but merely a rational culture. And
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Speaker 1: let us see what it means. The three million, six
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Speaker 1: hundred thousand individuals who inhabit the two departments of sin
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Speaker 1: and Sinewas consume yearly for their food a little less
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Speaker 1: than twenty two million bushels of cereals, chiefly wheat, and
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Speaker 1: in our hypothesis, they would have to cultivate in order
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Speaker 1: to obtain this crop four hundred and ninety four thousand,
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Speaker 1: two hundred acres out of their one million, five hundred
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Speaker 1: seven thousand, three hundred acres which they possess. It is
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Speaker 1: evident that they would not cultivate them with spades. That
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Speaker 1: would need too much time ninety six work days of
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Speaker 1: five hours per acre. It would be preferable to improve
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Speaker 1: the soil once for all, to drain what needed draining,
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Speaker 1: to level what needed leveling, to clear the soil of stones.
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Speaker 1: Were it even necessary to spend five million days of
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Speaker 1: five hours in this preparatory work, an average of ten
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Speaker 1: work days to each acre, then they would plow with
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Speaker 1: the steam digger, which would take one and three fifts
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Speaker 1: of a day per acre, and they would give another
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Speaker 1: one and three fifts of a day for working with
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Speaker 1: the double plow. Seeds would be sorted by steam instead
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Speaker 1: of taking haphazard and they would be carefully sown and
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Speaker 1: rose instead of being thrown to the four winds now.
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Speaker 1: All this work would not take ten days of five
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Speaker 1: hours per acre if the work were done under good conditions.
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Speaker 1: But if ten million work days are given to good
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Speaker 1: culture during three to four years, the result will be
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Speaker 1: that later on crops of forty four to fifty five
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Speaker 1: bushels per acre will be obtained by only working half
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Speaker 1: the time. Fifteen million work days will thus have been
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Speaker 1: spent to give bread to a population of three million,
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Speaker 1: six hundred thousand inhabitants, and the work would be such
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Speaker 1: that everyone could do it without having muscles of steel
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Speaker 1: or without having even worked the ground before the initiative,
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Speaker 1: and the general distribution of work would come from those
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Speaker 1: who know the soil. As to the work itself, there
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Speaker 1: is no townsmen of either sex so enfeebled as to
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Speaker 1: be incapable of looking after machines and of contributing his
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Speaker 1: share to agrarian work after a few hours apprenticeship. Well,
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Speaker 1: would we consider that in the present chaos there are
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Speaker 1: in a city like Paris, without counting the unemployed of
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Speaker 1: the upper class, there are always about one hundred thousand
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Speaker 1: workmen out of work in their several trades. We see
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Speaker 1: that the power loss in our present organization would alone
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Speaker 1: suffice to give, with a rational culture, all the bread
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Speaker 1: that is necessary for the three or four million inhabitants
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Speaker 1: of the two departments. We repeat that this is no
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Speaker 1: fancy dream, and we have not yet spoken of the
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Speaker 1: truly intensive agriculture. We have not depended upon the wheat
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Speaker 1: obtained in three years by mister Hallett, of which one
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Speaker 1: grain replanted produced five thousand or six thousand, and occasionally
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Speaker 1: ten thousand grains, which would give us the wheat necessary
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Speaker 1: for a family of five individuals on an area of
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Speaker 1: one hundred and twenty square yards. On the contrary, we
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Speaker 1: have only mentioned that this is being already achieved by
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Speaker 1: numerous farmers in France, England, Belgium, et cetera. And what
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Speaker 1: might be done tomorrow with the experience and knowledge acquired
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Speaker 1: already by practice on a large scale, but without a revolution.
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Speaker 1: Neither tomorrow nor after tomorrow will see it done, because
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Speaker 1: it is not to the interest of landowners and capitalists,
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Speaker 1: because peasants who would find their profit in it have
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Speaker 1: neither the knowledge, nor the money, nor the time to
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Speaker 1: obtain what is necessary to go ahead. The society of
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Speaker 1: today has not yet reached this stage. But let Parisians
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Speaker 1: proclaim an anarchist commune, and they will, if necessity, come
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Speaker 1: to it, because they will not be foolish enough to
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Speaker 1: continue making luxurious toys, which Vienna, Warsaw and Berlin make
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Speaker 1: as well already, and to run the risk of being
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Speaker 1: left without bread. Moreover, agricultural work, by the help of
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Speaker 1: machinery would soon become the most attractive and the most
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Speaker 1: joyful of all occupations. We have had enough jewelry and
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Speaker 1: enough dolls clothes, they would say, it is high time
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Speaker 1: for the workers to recruit their strength in agriculture to
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Speaker 1: go in search of vigor, of impressions of nature, of
15:43
Speaker 1: the joy of life that they have forgotten in the
15:45
Speaker 1: dark factories of the suburbs. In the Middle Ages, it
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Speaker 1: was alpine pasture lands, rather than guns, which allowed the
15:51
Speaker 1: Swiss to shake off lords and kings. Modern agriculture will
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Speaker 1: allow a city in revolt to free itself from the
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Speaker 1: combined bourgeois forces. Part three. We have seen how the
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Speaker 1: three and one half million inhabitants of the two departments
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Speaker 1: around Paris could find ample bread by cultivating only a
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Speaker 1: third of their territory. Let us now pass on to cattle.
16:15
Speaker 1: Englishmen who eat much meat consume on average a little
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Speaker 1: less than two hundred and twenty pounds a year per adult.
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Speaker 1: Supposing all meat consumed were oxen, That makes a little
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Speaker 1: less than a third of an ox an ox a
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Speaker 1: year for five individuals, including children. Is already a sufficient
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Speaker 1: ration for three and one half million inhabitants. This would
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Speaker 1: make an annual consumption of seven hundred thousand head of cattle. Today,
16:39
Speaker 1: with the pasture system, we need at least five million
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Speaker 1: acres to nourish six hundred and sixty thousand head of cattle.
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Speaker 1: This makes nine acres per each head of horned cattle. Nevertheless,
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Speaker 1: with prairies moderately watered by spring water, as recently done
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Speaker 1: on thousands of acres in the southwest of France, one
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Speaker 1: and one fourth million acres already suffice. But if intensive
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Speaker 1: cultures practiced and beet root is grown for fodder, you
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Speaker 1: only need a quarter of that area, that is to say,
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Speaker 1: about three hundred ten thousand acres. And if we have
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Speaker 1: recourse to maize and practice ensilage the compression of fodderwall
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Speaker 1: green like Arabs. We obtain fodder on an area of
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Speaker 1: two hundred seventeen thousand, five hundred acres in the environs
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Speaker 1: of Milan, where sewer water is used to irrigate the fields.
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Speaker 1: Fodder for two to three horned cattle per each acre
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Speaker 1: is obtained on the area of twenty two thousand acres,
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Speaker 1: and on a few favored fields up to one hundred
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Speaker 1: and seventy seven tons of hay to the ten acres
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Speaker 1: have been cropped the yearly provender of thirty six milk cows.
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Speaker 1: Nearly nine acres per head of cattle are needed under
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Speaker 1: the pasture system, and only two and one half acres
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Speaker 1: for nine oxen or cows under the new system. These
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Speaker 1: are the opposite extremes of modern agriculture. In Guernsey, on
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Speaker 1: a total of nine thousand, eight hundred eighty four acres
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Speaker 1: utilize nearly half four thousand, six hundred ninety five acres
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Speaker 1: are covered with cereals and kitchen gardens. Only five thousand,
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Speaker 1: one hundred eighty nine acres remain as meadows. On these
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Speaker 1: five thousand, one hundred eighty nine acres, one thousand, four
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Speaker 1: hundred and eighty horses, seven thousand, two hundred and sixty
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Speaker 1: head of cattle, nine hundred sheep and four thousand, two
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Speaker 1: hundred pigs are fed, which makes more than three head
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Speaker 1: of cattle per two acres. Without reckoning the sheep or
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Speaker 1: the pigs. It is needless to add that the fertility
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Speaker 1: of the soil is made by seaweed and chemical manures.
18:30
Speaker 1: Returning to our three and one half million inhabitants belonging
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Speaker 1: to Paris and its environs, we see that the land
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Speaker 1: necessary for the rearing of cattle comes down from five
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Speaker 1: million acres to one hundred and ninety seven thousand. Well,
18:43
Speaker 1: then let us not stop at the lowest figures. Let
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Speaker 1: us take those of ordinary intensive culture. Let us liberally
18:49
Speaker 1: add to the land necessary for smaller cattle, which must
18:52
Speaker 1: replace some of the horned beasts, and allow three hundred
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Speaker 1: and ninety five thousand acres for the rearing of cattle
18:57
Speaker 1: four hundred ninety four thousand, if you like, on the
18:59
Speaker 1: one million, thirteen thousand acres remaining after the bread has
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Speaker 1: been provided for the people, Let us be generous and
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Speaker 1: give five million work days to put this land into
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Speaker 1: a productive state. After having therefore employed in the course
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Speaker 1: of a year twenty million work days, half of which
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Speaker 1: are for permanent improvements, we shall have bread and meat
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Speaker 1: assured to us, without including all the extra meat obtainable
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Speaker 1: in the shape of fowls, pigs, rabbits, et cetera, without
19:24
Speaker 1: taking into consideration that a population provided with excellent vegetables
19:27
Speaker 1: and fruit consumes less meat than Englishmen who supplement their
19:31
Speaker 1: poor supply of vegetables by animal food. Now, how much
19:35
Speaker 1: do twenty million work days of five hours make per inhabitant?
19:39
Speaker 1: Very little. Indeed, a population of three and one half
19:42
Speaker 1: millions must have at least one million, two hundred thousand
19:45
Speaker 1: adult men and as many women capable of work well.
19:49
Speaker 1: Then to give bread and meat to all, it would
19:52
Speaker 1: need only seventeen half days of work a year per man.
19:57
Speaker 1: Add three million work days or double that number of
19:59
Speaker 1: you like, in order to obtain milk. That will make
20:02
Speaker 1: twenty five work days of five hours. In all, nothing
20:06
Speaker 1: more than a little pleasurable country exercise to obtain the
20:09
Speaker 1: three principal products bread, meat and milk, the three products which,
20:14
Speaker 1: after housing, cause daily anxiety to nine tenths of mankind.
20:18
Speaker 1: And yet let us not tire of repeating these are
20:21
Speaker 1: not fancy dreams. We have only told what is what
20:25
Speaker 1: ben obtained by experience. On a large scale. Agriculture could
20:30
Speaker 1: be reorganized in this way tomorrow if property laws and
20:32
Speaker 1: general ignorance did not offer opposition. The day Paris has
20:37
Speaker 1: understood that to know what you eat and how it
20:40
Speaker 1: is produced is a question of public interest, the day
20:44
Speaker 1: when everybody will have understood that this question is infinitely
20:47
Speaker 1: more important than all the parliamentary debates of the present times.
20:51
Speaker 1: On that day the revolution will be an accomplished fact.
20:55
Speaker 1: Paris will take possession of the two departments and cultivate them.
20:58
Speaker 1: And then the Parisian worker, after having labored a third
21:01
Speaker 1: of his existence in order to buy bad and insufficient food,
21:05
Speaker 1: or produce it himself under his walls, within the enclosure
21:08
Speaker 1: of his forts, if they still exist, and in a
21:11
Speaker 1: few hours of healthy and attractive work. And now we
21:15
Speaker 1: pass on to fruit and vegetables. Let us go outside
21:18
Speaker 1: Paris and visit the establishment of a market gardener who
21:22
Speaker 1: accomplishes wonders ignored by learned economists, at a few miles
21:25
Speaker 1: from the academies. Let us visit suppose Monsieur Prince, the
21:30
Speaker 1: author of a work on market gardening, who makes no
21:33
Speaker 1: secret of what earth yields him, and who has published
21:36
Speaker 1: it all along. Monsieur Ponce, and especially his workmen, work hard.
21:41
Speaker 1: It takes eight men to cultivate a plot a little
21:44
Speaker 1: less than three acres two point seven. They work twelve
21:48
Speaker 1: and even fifteen hours a day, that is to say,
21:50
Speaker 1: three times more than is needed. Twenty four of them
21:54
Speaker 1: would not be too many, to which Monsieur Ponce will
21:57
Speaker 1: probably answer that he pays the terror ruable sum of
22:00
Speaker 1: one hundred pound rent a year for his two point
22:03
Speaker 1: seven acres of land, and one hundred pounds for manure
22:07
Speaker 1: bought in the barracks. He is obliged to exploit, he
22:09
Speaker 1: would no doubt answer being exploited, I exploit in my turn.
22:13
Speaker 1: His installation has also cost him one thousand, two hundred pounds,
22:18
Speaker 1: of which certainly more than half went as tribute to
22:20
Speaker 1: the idle barrens of industry. In reality, this establishment represents
22:24
Speaker 1: at most three thousand work days, probably much less. But
22:28
Speaker 1: let us examine his crops. Nearly ten tons of carrots,
22:32
Speaker 1: nearly ten tons of onions, radishes and small vegetables, six
22:36
Speaker 1: thousand heads of cabbage, three thousand heads of cauliflower, five
22:41
Speaker 1: thousand baskets of tomatoes, five thousand dozen of choice fruit,
22:46
Speaker 1: one hundred and fifty four thousand salads. In short, a
22:49
Speaker 1: total of one hundred and twenty three tons of vegetables
22:52
Speaker 1: and fruit to two point seven acres one hundred and
22:54
Speaker 1: twenty yards long by one hundred and nine yards broad,
22:57
Speaker 1: which makes more than forty four tons of vegetables to
23:00
Speaker 1: the acre. But a man does not eat more than
23:03
Speaker 1: six hundred and sixty pounds of vegetables and fruit a year,
23:05
Speaker 1: and two and one half acres of a market garden
23:08
Speaker 1: yield enough vegetables and fruit to richly supply the table
23:12
Speaker 1: of three hundred and fifty adults during the year. Thus,
23:15
Speaker 1: twenty four persons employed a whole year in cultivating two
23:18
Speaker 1: point seven acres of land, and only five working hours
23:21
Speaker 1: a day would produce sufficient vegetables and fruit for three
23:24
Speaker 1: hundred and fifty adults, which is equivalent at least to
23:27
Speaker 1: five hundred individuals. To put it another way, in cultivating
23:31
Speaker 1: like Monsieur Ponce, and his results have already been surpassed,
23:34
Speaker 1: three hundred and fifty adults should each give a little
23:37
Speaker 1: more than one hundred hours a year one hundred and
23:39
Speaker 1: three to produce vegetables and fruit necessary for five hundred people.
23:43
Speaker 1: Let us mention that such a production is not the exception.
23:46
Speaker 1: It takes place under the walls of Paris on an
23:49
Speaker 1: area of two thousand, two hundred and twenty acres by
23:52
Speaker 1: five thousand market gardeners. Only. These market gardeners are reduced
23:56
Speaker 1: nowadays to a state of beasts of burden in order
23:59
Speaker 1: to pay an average rant of thirty two pounds per acre.
24:02
Speaker 1: But do not these facts, which could be verified by
24:04
Speaker 1: every one, prove that seventeen three hundred acres of the
24:09
Speaker 1: five hundred and nineteen thousand remaining to us would suffice
24:12
Speaker 1: to give all necessary vegetables, as well as a liberal
24:15
Speaker 1: amount of fruit to the three and one half million
24:17
Speaker 1: inhabitants of our two departments. As to the quantity of
24:21
Speaker 1: work necessary to produce these fruits and vegetables, it would
24:23
Speaker 1: amount to fifty million work days of five hours fifty
24:26
Speaker 1: days per adult male if we measure by the market
24:29
Speaker 1: gardener's standard of work. But we could reduce this quantity
24:33
Speaker 1: if we had recourse to the process in Vogue and
24:35
Speaker 1: Jersey and Guerncy. We must also remember that the Paris
24:38
Speaker 1: market gardener is forced to work so hard because he
24:40
Speaker 1: mostly produces early season fruits, the high prices of which
24:43
Speaker 1: have to pay for fabulous rents, and that the system
24:46
Speaker 1: of culture entails more work than is necessary for growing
24:49
Speaker 1: the ordinary staple food, vegetables and fruit. Besides, the market
24:52
Speaker 1: gardeners of Paris not having the means to make a
24:55
Speaker 1: great outlay on their gardens, and being obliged to pay
24:57
Speaker 1: heavily for glass, wood, iron, and obtain their artificial heat
25:02
Speaker 1: out of manure, while it can be had at much
25:04
Speaker 1: less cost in hot houses. Part four. The market gardeners,
25:12
Speaker 1: we say, are forced to become machines and to renounce
25:15
Speaker 1: all joys of life in order to obtain their marvelous crops.
25:18
Speaker 1: But these hard grinders have rendered a great service to
25:20
Speaker 1: humanity in teaching us that the soil can be made.
25:24
Speaker 1: They make it with old hot beds of manure, which
25:27
Speaker 1: have already served to give us a necessary warmth to
25:30
Speaker 1: young plants and to early fruit. And they make it
25:32
Speaker 1: in such great quantity that they are compelled to sell
25:34
Speaker 1: it in part, otherwise it would raise the level of
25:37
Speaker 1: their gardens by one inch every year. They do it
25:40
Speaker 1: so well. So Barrel teaches us in his Dictionary of Agriculture,
25:44
Speaker 1: in an article on market gardeners, that in recent contracts,
25:48
Speaker 1: the market gardener stipulieves that he will carry away his
25:50
Speaker 1: soil with him when he leaves the bed of ground.
25:52
Speaker 1: He is cultivating loam carried away on carts with furniture
25:56
Speaker 1: and glass frames. That is the answer of practical cultivators
25:59
Speaker 1: to the learnature of Ricardo, who represented rent as a
26:02
Speaker 1: means of equalizing the natural advantages of the soil. Quote,
26:06
Speaker 1: the soil is worth what the man is worth. That
26:09
Speaker 1: is the gardener's motto. And yet the market gardeners of
26:12
Speaker 1: Paris and Rouen labor three times as hard to obtain
26:15
Speaker 1: the same results as their fellow workers in Guernsey or
26:18
Speaker 1: in England. Applying industry to agriculture. These last make their
26:22
Speaker 1: climate in addition to their soil, by means of the greenhouse.
26:25
Speaker 1: Fifty years ago, the greenhouse was the luxury of the rich.
26:28
Speaker 1: It was kept to grow exotic plants for pleasure. But
26:31
Speaker 1: nowadays its use begins to be generalized. A tremendous industry
26:35
Speaker 1: has grown up lately in Guernsey and Jersey, where hundreds
26:38
Speaker 1: of acres are already covered with glass, to say nothing
26:41
Speaker 1: of the countless small greenhouses kept in every little farm garden.
26:44
Speaker 1: Acres and acres of greenhouses have lately been built also
26:48
Speaker 1: at Worthing one hundred and three acres in nineteen twelve,
26:51
Speaker 1: in the suburbs of London, and in several other parts
26:53
Speaker 1: of England and Scotland. They are built of all qualities,
26:56
Speaker 1: beginning with those which have granite walls down to those
26:59
Speaker 1: which are present mere shelters made in planks and glass
27:02
Speaker 1: frames which cost even aisle, with all the tribute paid
27:04
Speaker 1: to capitalists and middlemen, less than three shillings six pennies
27:08
Speaker 1: per square yard under glass. Most of them are heated
27:11
Speaker 1: for at least three of four months every year. But
27:14
Speaker 1: even the cool greenhouses, which are not heated at all,
27:16
Speaker 1: give excellent results, of course, not for growing grapes and
27:19
Speaker 1: tropical plants, but for potatoes, carrots, peas, tomatoes, and so on.
27:24
Speaker 1: In this way man emancipates himself from climate, and at
27:27
Speaker 1: the same time he avoids also the heavy work with
27:29
Speaker 1: the hotbeds, and he saves both in buying much less
27:32
Speaker 1: manure and in work. Three men to the acre, each
27:35
Speaker 1: of them working less than sixty hours a week, produce
27:38
Speaker 1: on very small spaces what formerly requires acres and acres
27:41
Speaker 1: of land. The result of all of these recent conquests
27:44
Speaker 1: of culture is that if one half only of the
27:46
Speaker 1: adults of a city gave each about fifty half days
27:49
Speaker 1: for the culture of the finest fruit and vegetables out
27:51
Speaker 1: of season, they would have all the year round an
27:54
Speaker 1: unlimited supply of that sort of fruit and vegetables for
27:57
Speaker 1: the whole population. But there is a still more important
28:00
Speaker 1: fact to notice. The greenhouse has nowadays a tendency to
28:04
Speaker 1: become a mere kitchen garden under glass, and when it
28:07
Speaker 1: is used to such a purpose, the simplest plank and
28:09
Speaker 1: glass unheated shelters already give fabulous crops, such as, for instance,
28:13
Speaker 1: five hundred bushels of potatoes per acre as a first
28:16
Speaker 1: crop ready by the end of April, after which a
28:20
Speaker 1: second and third crop are obtained in the extremely high
28:23
Speaker 1: temperatures which prevail in the summer. Under Glass I gave
28:27
Speaker 1: in my fields, factories and workshops most striking facts in
28:30
Speaker 1: this direction, sufficient to say here that at Jersey thirty
28:35
Speaker 1: four men with one trained gardener only cultivate thirteen acres
28:38
Speaker 1: under glass, from which they obtain one hundred and forty
28:41
Speaker 1: three tons of fruit in early vegetables, using for this
28:44
Speaker 1: extraordinary culture less than one thousand tons of coal. And
28:48
Speaker 1: this is done now in Guernsey and Jersey on a
28:50
Speaker 1: very large scale. Quite a number of steamers constantly plying
28:53
Speaker 1: between Guernsey and London only to export the crops of
28:56
Speaker 1: the greenhouses nowadays. In order to obtain them that same
29:00
Speaker 1: crop of five hundred bushels of potatoes, we must plow
29:03
Speaker 1: every year a surface of four acres, plant it, cultivate it,
29:06
Speaker 1: weat it, and so on. Whereas with the glass, even
29:09
Speaker 1: if we shall have to give perhaps to start half
29:12
Speaker 1: a day's work per square yard. In order to build
29:15
Speaker 1: the greenhouse, we shall save afterwards at least one half
29:18
Speaker 1: in probably three quarters of the yearly labor required. Formerly,
29:22
Speaker 1: these are facts results which everyone can verify himself. And
29:27
Speaker 1: these facts are already a hint as to what man
29:29
Speaker 1: could obtain from the earth if he treated it with intelligence.
29:34
Speaker 1: Part five. In all the above we have reasoned upon
29:38
Speaker 1: what already withstood the test of experience. Intensive culture of
29:41
Speaker 1: the fields, irrigated meadows, and the hot house, and finally
29:45
Speaker 1: the kitchen garden under glass are realities. Moreover, the tendency
29:49
Speaker 1: is to extend and to generalize these methods of culture,
29:53
Speaker 1: because they allow of obtaining more produce with less work
29:56
Speaker 1: and with more certainty. In fact, after having studied them
30:00
Speaker 1: most simple glass shelters of currency, we affirm that, taking
30:03
Speaker 1: all in all, farless work is expended for obtaining potatoes
30:06
Speaker 1: under glass in April than and growing them in the
30:08
Speaker 1: open air, which requires digging a space four times as large,
30:11
Speaker 1: watering it, weeding it, et cetera. Work is likewise economized,
30:15
Speaker 1: and employing a perfected tool or machine, even when an
30:18
Speaker 1: initial expense has to be incurred to buy the tool.
30:22
Speaker 1: Complete figures concerning the culture and common vegetables under glass
30:25
Speaker 1: are still wanting. This culture is of recent origin and
30:28
Speaker 1: is only carried out on small areas. But we have
30:31
Speaker 1: already figures concerning the fifty years old culture of early
30:34
Speaker 1: season grapes, and these figures are conclusive. In the north
30:38
Speaker 1: of England, on the Scotch Frontier, where coal only costs
30:42
Speaker 1: three shillings a ton at the Pittsmouth, they have long
30:45
Speaker 1: since taken to growing hothouse grapes. Thirty years ago these
30:48
Speaker 1: grapes ripe in January were sold by the grower at
30:52
Speaker 1: twenty shillings per pound and resold at forty shillings per
30:55
Speaker 1: pound for Napoleon the Third's table. Today the same grower
30:59
Speaker 1: sells them at only two shillings six pennies per pound.
31:02
Speaker 1: He tells us so himself in a horticultural journal. The
31:05
Speaker 1: fall in the prices is caused by the tons and
31:07
Speaker 1: tons of grapes arriving in January to London and Paris.
31:11
Speaker 1: Thanks to the cheapness of coal and intelligent culture, grapes
31:14
Speaker 1: from the North travel now southwards in a contrary direction
31:17
Speaker 1: to ordinary fruit. They cost so little that in May
31:20
Speaker 1: English and Jersey grapes are sold at one shilling eight
31:23
Speaker 1: pennies per pound by the gardeners, and yet this price,
31:26
Speaker 1: like that of forty shillings thirty years ago, is only
31:30
Speaker 1: kept up by slack production. In March Belgium grapes are
31:33
Speaker 1: sold at from six pennies to eight pennies, while in
31:36
Speaker 1: October grapes are cultivated in immense quantities under glass and
31:40
Speaker 1: with little artificial heating in the environs of London are
31:42
Speaker 1: sold at the same price as grapes bought by the
31:44
Speaker 1: pound in the vineyards of Switzerland and the Rhine, which
31:47
Speaker 1: is to say, for a few halfpence, they still cost
31:50
Speaker 1: two thirds too much by reason of the excessive rent
31:54
Speaker 1: of the soil and the cost of installation and heating,
31:57
Speaker 1: on which the gardener pays a formidable tribute to the
31:59
Speaker 1: mass manufacturer and the middleman. This being understood, we may
32:03
Speaker 1: say that it costs next to nothing to have delicious
32:06
Speaker 1: grapes under the latitude of and in our misty London
32:08
Speaker 1: in autumn, in one of our suburbs, for instance, a
32:12
Speaker 1: wretched glass and plaster shelter nine feet ten inches long
32:15
Speaker 1: by six and one half feet wide, resting against our cottage,
32:19
Speaker 1: gave us about fifty pounds of grapes of an exquisite
32:21
Speaker 1: flavor in October for nine consecutive years. The crop came
32:26
Speaker 1: from a Hamburg vine stock six years old, and the
32:28
Speaker 1: shelter was so bad that the rain came through at night.
32:31
Speaker 1: The temperature was always out of outside. It was evidently
32:34
Speaker 1: not heated, for it would have been useless as heating
32:36
Speaker 1: the street. And the care which was given was pruning
32:39
Speaker 1: the vine half an hour every year and bringing a
32:42
Speaker 1: wheelbarrow full of manure which was thrown over the stalk
32:45
Speaker 1: of the vine planted in red clay outside the shelter.
32:48
Speaker 1: On the other hand, if we estimate the amount of
32:49
Speaker 1: care given to the vine on the borders of the
32:51
Speaker 1: Rhine of Lake Lehmann, the terraces constructed stoned upon stone
32:55
Speaker 1: on the slopes of the hills, the transport of manure
32:58
Speaker 1: and also of earth to the height of two or
33:01
Speaker 1: three hundred feet, we come to the conclusion that on
33:04
Speaker 1: the whole, the expenditure of work necessary to cultivate vines
33:07
Speaker 1: is more considerable in Switzerland or on the banks of
33:10
Speaker 1: the Rhine, than it is under the glass in London suburbs.
33:13
Speaker 1: This may seem paradoxical because it is generally believed that
33:16
Speaker 1: vines grow of themselves in the south of Europe, and
33:19
Speaker 1: that the vine growers work costs nothing but gardeners in
33:23
Speaker 1: horticultural is far from contradicting us confirm our assertions. The
33:27
Speaker 1: most advantageous culture in England is vine culture, wrote a
33:30
Speaker 1: practical gardener, editor of the English Journal of Horticulture in
33:33
Speaker 1: the nineteenth century. Prices speak eloquently for themselves, as we know.
33:37
Speaker 1: Translating these facts into Communist language, we may assert that
33:40
Speaker 1: the man or woman who takes twenty hours a year
33:42
Speaker 1: from his leisure time to give some little care very
33:45
Speaker 1: pleasant in the main to two or three vine stocks
33:47
Speaker 1: sheltered by a simple glass under any European climate, will
33:51
Speaker 1: gather as many grapes as their family and friends can eat.
33:53
Speaker 1: And that applies not a light to vines, but to
33:55
Speaker 1: all fruit trees. The commune that will put the processes
33:59
Speaker 1: of intense of culture into practice on a large scale
34:03
Speaker 1: will have all possible vegetables, indigenous or exotic, and all
34:06
Speaker 1: desirable fruits without employing more than about ten hours a
34:09
Speaker 1: year per inhabitant. In fact, nothing would be easier than
34:12
Speaker 1: to verify the above statements by direct experiment, Suppose one
34:16
Speaker 1: hundred acres of light loom, such as we have it worthing,
34:18
Speaker 1: are transformed into a number of market gardens, each one
34:21
Speaker 1: with its glass houses for the rearing of the seedlings
34:24
Speaker 1: and young plants. Suppose also the fifty more acres are
34:27
Speaker 1: covered with glass houses, and the organization of the whole
34:29
Speaker 1: is left a practical experience. French Marichet and Guernsey and
34:33
Speaker 1: Worthy greenhouse gardeners in basing the maintenance of these one
34:36
Speaker 1: hundred and fifty acres on the Jersey average, requiring the
34:39
Speaker 1: work of three men per acre under glass, which would
34:41
Speaker 1: make less than eight thousand, six hundred hours of work
34:44
Speaker 1: a year. It would need about one million, three hundred
34:46
Speaker 1: thousand hours for the one hundred and fifty acres. Fifty
34:49
Speaker 1: competent gardeners could give five hours a day to this work,
34:52
Speaker 1: and the rest would be simply done by people who,
34:54
Speaker 1: without being gardeners by profession, would soon learn how to
34:57
Speaker 1: use a spade and to handle the plants. But this
35:00
Speaker 1: work would yield at least we have seen it in
35:02
Speaker 1: a preceding chapter. All necessities and articles of luxury in
35:06
Speaker 1: the way of fruit and vegetables for at least forty
35:08
Speaker 1: thousand or fifty thousand people. Let us admit that among
35:12
Speaker 1: this number there are thirteen thousand, five hundred adults willing
35:15
Speaker 1: to work at the kitchen garden. Then each one would
35:18
Speaker 1: have to give one hundred hours a year, distributed over
35:20
Speaker 1: the whole year. These hours of work would become hours
35:23
Speaker 1: of recreation, spent among friends and children in beautiful gardens,
35:27
Speaker 1: more beautiful probably than those of the Legendari Semyramus. This
35:30
Speaker 1: is the balance sheet of the labor to be spent
35:32
Speaker 1: in order to be able to eat a satiety fruit
35:34
Speaker 1: which we are deprived of today, and to have vegetables
35:37
Speaker 1: in abundance so scrupulously rationed out by the housewife when
35:41
Speaker 1: she has to reckon each halfpenny which must go to
35:43
Speaker 1: enrich capitalists and landowners. If only humanity had the consciousness
35:48
Speaker 1: of what it can, and if that consciousness only gave
35:51
Speaker 1: it the power to will, if it only knew that
35:53
Speaker 1: cowardice of the spirit is the rock on which all
35:56
Speaker 1: revolutions have stranded until now Part six, we can easily
36:05
Speaker 1: perceive the new horizons opening before the social revolution. Each
36:09
Speaker 1: time we speak of revolution, the face of the worker
36:12
Speaker 1: who has seen children wanting food darkens and he asks,
36:15
Speaker 1: what of bread? Will they be sufficient? If everyone eats
36:18
Speaker 1: according to his appetite. What if the peasants, ignorant tools
36:22
Speaker 1: of the reaction star of our towns, as the black
36:25
Speaker 1: bands did in France in seventeen ninety three, what shall
36:28
Speaker 1: we do? Let them do their worst. The large cities
36:32
Speaker 1: will have to do without them. At what then should
36:35
Speaker 1: the hundreds of thousands of workers who are asshyxiated today
36:38
Speaker 1: in small workshops and factories be employed on the day
36:41
Speaker 1: they regain their liberty. Will they continue to shut themselves
36:44
Speaker 1: up in factories after the revolution? Will they continue to
36:47
Speaker 1: make luxurious toys for export when they see their stock
36:50
Speaker 1: or corn getting exhausted, meat becoming scarce, and vegetables disappearing
36:54
Speaker 1: without being replaced. Evidently not. They will leave the town
36:58
Speaker 1: and go into the fields, aided by machinery, which will
37:01
Speaker 1: enable the weakest of us to put a shoulder to
37:03
Speaker 1: the wheel. They will carry revolution into previously enslaved culture,
37:07
Speaker 1: as they will have carried it into institutions and ideas.
37:10
Speaker 1: Hundreds of acres will be covered with glass, and men
37:13
Speaker 1: and women with delicate fingers will foster the growth of
37:16
Speaker 1: young plants. Hundreds of other acres will be plowed by steam,
37:20
Speaker 1: improved by manures, or enriched by artificial soil obtained by
37:23
Speaker 1: the pulverization of rocks. Happy crowds of occasional labourers will
37:28
Speaker 1: cover these acres with crops, guided in the work and experiments,
37:31
Speaker 1: partly by those who know agriculture, but especially by the
37:35
Speaker 1: great and practical spirit of a people roused from the
37:38
Speaker 1: long sumber and illumined by that bright beacon the happiness
37:41
Speaker 1: of all. And in two or three months, the early
37:44
Speaker 1: crops will receive the most pressing wants and provide food
37:48
Speaker 1: for a people who, after so many centuries of expectation,
37:51
Speaker 1: will at least be able to appease their hunger and
37:54
Speaker 1: eat according to their appetite. In the meanwhile, popular genius,
37:58
Speaker 1: the genius of a nation which revolts and knows its ones,
38:01
Speaker 1: will work at experimenting with new processes of culture that
38:03
Speaker 1: we already catch a glimpse of, and that we only
38:06
Speaker 1: need the baptism of experience to become universal. Light will
38:10
Speaker 1: be experimented with that unknown agent of culture which makes
38:13
Speaker 1: barley ripen in forty five days under the latitude of Kutsk.
38:17
Speaker 1: Light concentrated or artificial will rival heat in hastening the
38:20
Speaker 1: growth of plants. A moos shout of the future will
38:23
Speaker 1: invent a machine to guide the rays of the sun
38:25
Speaker 1: and make them work, so that we shall no longer
38:27
Speaker 1: seek sun heat stored in coal. In the depths of
38:30
Speaker 1: the earth. They will experiment the watering of the soil
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Speaker 1: with cultures of microorganisms, a rational idea conceived but yesterday,
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Speaker 1: which will permit us to give to the soil those
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Speaker 1: little living beings necessary to feed the rootlets to decompose
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Speaker 1: and assimilate the component parts of the soil. They will experiment.
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Speaker 1: But let us stop here, or we shall enter into
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Speaker 1: the realm of fancy. Let us remain in the reality
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Speaker 1: of required facts. With the processes of culture and use
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Speaker 1: applied on a large scale, and already victorious in the
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Speaker 1: struggle against industrial competition, we can give ourselves ease and
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Speaker 1: luxury in return for agreeable work. The near future will
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Speaker 1: show what is practical in the processes that recent scientific
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Speaker 1: discoveries give us a glimpse of. Let us limit ourselves
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Speaker 1: at present to opening up the new path that consists
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Speaker 1: in the study of the needs of man and the
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Speaker 1: means of satisfying them. The only thing that may be
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Speaker 1: wanting to the revolution is the boldness of initiative. With
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Speaker 1: our minds already narrowed in our youth and enslaved by
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Speaker 1: the past and our mature age, we hardly dare to
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Speaker 1: think if a new idea is mentioned, before venturing on
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Speaker 1: an opinion of our own. We consult musty books one
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Speaker 1: hundred years old to know what the ancient master's thought
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Speaker 1: on the subject. It is not food that will fail
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Speaker 1: if boldness of thought an initiative are not wanting to
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Speaker 1: the revolution. Of all the great days of the French Revolution,
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Speaker 1: the most beautiful, the greatest, was the one in which
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Speaker 1: delegates who had come from all parts of France to
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Speaker 1: Paris worked all with the spade to plain the grounds
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Speaker 1: of the Champ de Mars, prepare aring it for the
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Speaker 1: fete of the Federation. That day France was united, animated
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Speaker 1: by the new spirit. She had a vision of the
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Speaker 1: future in working in common of the soil. And it
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Speaker 1: will again be by the working in common of the
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Speaker 1: soil that the enfranchised societies will find their unity and
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Speaker 1: will obliterate the hatred and oppression which has hitherto divided them,
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Speaker 1: henceforth able to conceive solidarity, that immense power which increases
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Speaker 1: man's energy and creative forces one hundredfold. A new society
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Speaker 1: will march to the conquests of the future, with all
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Speaker 1: the vigor of youth, ceasing to produce for unknown buyers,
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Speaker 1: and looking in its mist for needs and tastes to
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Speaker 1: be satisfied. Society will liberally assure the life and ease
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Speaker 1: of each of its members, as well as that moral
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Speaker 1: satisfaction which work give when freely chosen and freely accomplished,
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Speaker 1: and the joy of living without encroaching on the life
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Speaker 1: of others. Inspired by a new daring born of the
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Speaker 1: feeling of solidarity, all will march together to the conquest
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Speaker 1: of the high joys of notedge and artistic creation. A
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Speaker 1: society thus inspired will fear neither dissensions within nor enemies without.
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Speaker 1: To the coalitions of the past, it will oppose a
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Speaker 1: new harmony, the initiatives of each and all the daring
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Speaker 1: which springs from the awakening of a people's genius. Before
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Speaker 1: such an irresistible force conspiring, kings will be powerless. Nothing
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Speaker 1: will remain for them but to bow before it and
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Speaker 1: to harness themselves to the chariot of humanity, rolling towards
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Speaker 1: new horizons opened up by the social Revolution. End of
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Speaker 1: Chapter seventeen. End of the Conquest of Bread by Peter Kropotkin,