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Conjugating Verbs in the Present Tense · At the Learning of Irish

• 0:18
  SPEAKER_00: So I want you to strap in for this episode because I think it's going to be a little longer.
• 0:25
  SPEAKER_00: It's certainly probably the most complicated episode to this point, I think.
• 0:30
  SPEAKER_00: And it is conjugating verbs in the present tense.
• 0:34
  SPEAKER_00: So please consult the show notes, watch the videos that I've linked to get a better understanding of it.
• 0:40
  SPEAKER_00: And let's go.
• 0:42
  SPEAKER_00: So perhaps this may be very obvious, but it struck me the other day that I've not explained a lot of the terms that I use, just assuming that people know, but perhaps y'all don't, particularly if you haven't studied another language, or if it's been a long time since you've been in school.
• 1:02
  SPEAKER_00: So when I say conjugation, I mean we are taking a root, basic form of a verb, and we're changing it somehow.
• 1:12
  SPEAKER_00: And we're changing it to reflect the tense.
• 1:15
  SPEAKER_00: And tense is like, is it now?
• 1:18
  SPEAKER_00: Was it yesterday?
• 1:19
  SPEAKER_00: Is it going to happen?
• 1:20
  SPEAKER_00: That's tense.
• 1:22
  SPEAKER_00: And we conjugate verbs.
• 1:25
  SPEAKER_00: And verbs are actions.
• 1:29
  SPEAKER_00: Probably the most common verb in a lot of languages is the verb to be.
• 1:35
  SPEAKER_00: So that's the first verb we're gonna look at today.
• 1:39
  SPEAKER_00: And you already know the verb to be in Irish, at least one of them, the other, the copula, we will be going over later.
• 1:48
  SPEAKER_00: So just the basic B Bada I.
• 1:52
  SPEAKER_00: We learn that with tall in the present tense.
• 1:56
  SPEAKER_00: Tall may, I am tal to, tal sh, tashi, tamwid, tashin, tash, or tosh.
• 2:07
  SPEAKER_00: There are also syncopated forms of be.
• 2:11
  SPEAKER_00: Syncopated.
• 2:12
  SPEAKER_00: Wow, what's that?
• 2:13
  SPEAKER_00: It basically means squished.
• 2:16
  SPEAKER_00: This means that the verb and the personal pronoun are combined.
• 2:21
  SPEAKER_00: Syncopated itself means cut short.
• 2:24
  SPEAKER_00: So in languages this means that some letters in the middle of the word are going to be removed to kind of push the verb and the pronoun together, making them both quicker to say, easier to say.
• 2:37
  SPEAKER_00: There are different ways to do this in different dialects.
• 2:41
  SPEAKER_00: There aren't too many in the standard Irish, but Gwelgan, so Munster Irish, has a lot more syncopated verb forms than I'm gonna go over here.
• 2:54
  SPEAKER_00: What you'll see in the Kaidon of Figules the official standard is ta me being tom or ta mud.
• 3:06
  SPEAKER_00: The negation which we're gonna look at negating verbs in the following episode of B is Neil Neil Me and it can also be syncopated to nilem for neilme and niel mud can be syncopated to nilemid.
• 3:27
  SPEAKER_00: You're going to hear this term again in Irish syncopated because it is something that several verbs do.
• 3:35
  SPEAKER_00: So just put it in your pocket.
• 3:36
  SPEAKER_00: When you hear syncopated that means we're gonna remove some of the letters, we're gonna squish what we're talking about to make it quicker.
• 3:46
  SPEAKER_00: So just a quick recap.
• 3:48
  SPEAKER_00: The present tense of the verb be is tall.
• 3:52
  SPEAKER_00: And tall doesn't change depending on the person that's saying it, just the pronouns change.
• 3:59
  SPEAKER_00: The negation of tall is neil.
• 4:02
  SPEAKER_00: Now both of those can be syncopated, squished or combined with particular pronouns in this case with me and with us.
• 4:14
  SPEAKER_00: So tomid ta mwij or neilem neilmeid for neil mwij.
• 4:27
  SPEAKER_00: Like the verb be.
• 4:30
  SPEAKER_00: The verb in Irish is conjugated once, and the pronoun changes to reflect who is doing the action.
• 4:39
  SPEAKER_00: Now in general, verbs in Irish are classified into two different groups short and long verbs, and how they're conjugated depends on their length.
• 4:55
  SPEAKER_00: Short verbs are going to be generally speaking one syllable, where long verbs are going to be more than one syllable.
• 5:06
  SPEAKER_00: For example, dun to close is a short verb.
• 5:10
  SPEAKER_00: Shreve is a short verb, it means to write sorry i to eat is a short verb.
• 5:19
  SPEAKER_00: Long verbs are things like kinny or kineg, and that is to buy, folum to learn tosa or tosig to start.
• 5:35
  SPEAKER_00: Verbs are further classified by their broadness or slenderness.
• 5:42
  SPEAKER_00: We remember this from the Shavu episode, I think it was the last vowel in the word will determine if it's broad or slender.
• 5:54
  SPEAKER_00: So among the short verbs, dun is broad, it ends in a U.
• 6:01
  SPEAKER_00: Shriv is broad, it ends in an O, and i is slender because it ends in an I.
• 6:10
  SPEAKER_00: Long verbs can be a little more complicated than that because of the way that they are conjugated, which we will cover shortly in the long verb section.
• 6:20
  SPEAKER_00: So let's recap really quick before we go into how to conjugate these verbs.
• 6:26
  SPEAKER_00: When we're looking at conjugating a verb, we need to find out two things.
• 6:31
  SPEAKER_00: The first is if the word is short or if it's long, which generally means is it one syllable or is it two syllables.
• 6:43
  SPEAKER_00: And I will say that your concept of what a syllable is may be different than what it is in Irish, I've found anyway.
• 6:54
  SPEAKER_00: Is it slender?
• 6:55
  SPEAKER_00: Is the next question we're gonna ask after we've determined if it's one syllable or if it's two.
• 7:02
  SPEAKER_00: Keeping in mind, like with any language, there are exceptions to these rules, and you will learn them as you encounter them.
• 7:10
  SPEAKER_00: And they most of the time simply have to be memorized.
• 7:14
  SPEAKER_00: Although there can be identifiable patterns with some of them.
• 7:19
  SPEAKER_00: So, to conjugate a verb, whether it's long or short, we're gonna add an ending to it.
• 7:26
  SPEAKER_00: For short verbs, which are broad, that ending added to the base, we're not taking anything out, we're not changing anything in this case, is going to be ANN.
• 7:40
  SPEAKER_00: The stem that you're gonna add that to is what's listed in the dictionary.
• 7:45
  SPEAKER_00: So if you look it up on Changlin or on um folklore, what's listed there is the stem.
• 7:52
  SPEAKER_00: So adding ANN to a verb like dun, you'll get dunan sha.
• 7:59
  SPEAKER_00: He closes.
• 8:01
  SPEAKER_00: And as I mentioned, the verb itself is not going to change, the pronouns are so to say I close, it would be dun me, you close dun to.
• 8:13
  SPEAKER_00: For a verb like shriv, it would be shrivn me.
• 8:20
  SPEAKER_00: Now just like with B, we can syncopate the I and the We So you could say instead of Skrivme Skrivum AIM is the syncopated addition for May if it is broad and short.
• 8:44
  SPEAKER_00: For we that would be skrivumid.
• 8:48
  SPEAKER_00: AIMID is the syncopated ending for wid if it is broad and short.
• 8:57
  SPEAKER_00: And these syncopated endings are going to work for all broad and short verbs, as long as we're talking about I or we.
• 9:07
  SPEAKER_00: If the short verb is slender, which means ending in an I or an E, we are going to add E A N to the end because they have to match.
• 9:22
  SPEAKER_00: Lachen la Lahan is quail quail broad with broad, slender with slender.
• 9:28
  SPEAKER_00: So in the case of our short slender verb i, we are going to add EAN to make IN IN SHE SHE EAT and just like with the broad verb, there is a syncopated ending.
• 9:45
  SPEAKER_00: In this case it is I am for Mei.
• 9:50
  SPEAKER_00: So instead of saying Ihin Mei, you can say Ihem and instead of saying Ichenmuit, you can say IMIT.
• 10:01
  SPEAKER_00: Regardless of the ending, whether the ending is broad or slender, the noise is going to be the same.
• 10:10
  SPEAKER_00: So whether you say Dunan or Ihnen, there's no difference in the sound that the EA or the A makes.
• 10:19
  SPEAKER_00: So a quick recap for short verbs.
• 10:22
  SPEAKER_00: If they are broad, the ending will be ANN.
• 10:26
  SPEAKER_00: And if they're slender, the ending is going to be E A N N.
• 10:31
  SPEAKER_00: You may syncopate these verbs in the first person a singular and plural.
• 10:39
  SPEAKER_00: First person singular is me, first person plural is we.
• 10:44
  SPEAKER_00: And the syncopated ending is either AIM, A I M I D for broad, and for slender it is I M or I M I D.
• 11:01
  SPEAKER_00: So let's move on to long verbs, that is verbs with more than one syllable.
• 11:07
  SPEAKER_00: These verbs are a little more complicated because you're going to have to remove something before you attach the ending.
• 11:18
  SPEAKER_00: Typically, that might be the last four or three letters of the form of the verb that's listed in the dictionary.
• 11:26
  SPEAKER_00: But there are some differences.
• 11:28
  SPEAKER_00: There are some verbs which are syncopated in a different way than we've learned so far.
• 11:34
  SPEAKER_00: So, you remove the ending that's on the verb already.
• 11:39
  SPEAKER_00: Once that ending is removed, it is then that you assess it for slenderness or broadness, and then attach the appropriate slender or broad ending.
• 11:51
  SPEAKER_00: So I have a few examples here.
• 11:54
  SPEAKER_00: The first is Kienig or Kienny.
• 11:57
  SPEAKER_00: To buy.
• 11:59
  SPEAKER_00: The ending that we are going to remove, it's an ending you see quite a bit in uh long verbs, and that is A I G H or I G H.
• 12:11
  SPEAKER_00: So for Kienig, it is spelled C E A N N A I G H.
• 12:19
  SPEAKER_00: The first step to conjugating this long verb is to remove the ending A I G H.
• 12:29
  SPEAKER_00: You are left with C E A N N, and it is what's left that we are going to assess for broadness or slenderness.
• 12:38
  SPEAKER_00: Now the last vowel in what's left is an A, and an A is broad.
• 12:45
  SPEAKER_00: Therefore we are going to attach the broad ending to this verb to conjugate it.
• 12:51
  SPEAKER_00: The broad ending for long verbs is A I Fada O N.
• 13:01
  SPEAKER_00: So our verb, which started off as Kinig, is going to end up as kinin Kinliintu U buy.
• 13:13
  SPEAKER_00: There are also syncopated versions of this form with the I and We.
• 13:22
  SPEAKER_00: And the ending for that it is going to be A I Foda M.
• 13:28
  SPEAKER_00: So Kianlium I buy.
• 13:32
  SPEAKER_00: And similarly, the ending for we buy is A I Foda M I D Kinliumwid.
• 13:42
  SPEAKER_00: Now if our long vowel is slender, we're going to add something a little different.
• 13:49
  SPEAKER_00: Our next example is Irig to rise, get up or become.
• 13:56
  SPEAKER_00: You're going to remove the IGH ending.
• 14:00
  SPEAKER_00: And what we're left with is E Fada I R.
• 14:04
  SPEAKER_00: We're going to assess it for broadness or slenderness and recognize that it is slender because the last vowel in the word is an I.
• 14:14
  SPEAKER_00: The ending for slender long verbs is I fada o and.
• 14:22
  SPEAKER_00: So for example, our verb here irrig would become Irian Shay.
• 14:29
  SPEAKER_00: He becomes or he rises.
• 14:32
  SPEAKER_00: There are of course syncopated endings for I and We, and those are I fada m for the singular and I fada m I d for we.
• 14:47
  SPEAKER_00: Now different endings for these long verbs are going to be removed differently.
• 14:54
  SPEAKER_00: As I've said, AIG H or I G H is very common ending for long verbs, but there are other endings for long verbs.
• 15:03
  SPEAKER_00: For example, A I L or I L is another one, and it is going to become syncopated, but as I mentioned, it is a different sort of syncopation than we have learned to this point.
• 15:18
  SPEAKER_00: With the AIL or I L ending verbs, the A I or the I is removed.
• 15:26
  SPEAKER_00: However, the consonant that comes after that is going to remain, and we're going to push it against the other consonants.
• 15:36
  SPEAKER_00: So for example, the verb oscill to open, which is spelled O S C A I L.
• 15:44
  SPEAKER_00: We want to take that A I out, but we want to keep the L because it's an integral part of the verb and the sounds that it makes.
• 15:53
  SPEAKER_00: So we're going to take the A I out, leave the L.
• 15:56
  SPEAKER_00: The L is gonna slide on over and take its new place next to the C.
• 16:02
  SPEAKER_00: So what we have now is O S C L.
• 16:07
  SPEAKER_00: OSCL.
• 16:08
  SPEAKER_00: We're gonna assess that for broadness or slenderness.
• 16:12
  SPEAKER_00: Now, O is the last, and first I might add vowel.
• 16:17
  SPEAKER_00: And O is broad.
• 16:20
  SPEAKER_00: At this point we are gonna add the broad ending that we already know for long verbs, which is a i fada o and n.
• 16:30
  SPEAKER_00: So oscal becomes asclian shay, for example, he opens asclean.
• 16:38
  SPEAKER_00: And to further syncopate an already syncopated verb, there are also shortened endings for I and we.
• 16:46
  SPEAKER_00: And these endings are exactly what we already know.
• 16:50
  SPEAKER_00: The syncopated uh form for I is a i fada m and for we is a i fata m ID.
• 16:59
  SPEAKER_00: And so this verb is syncopated twice.
• 17:03
  SPEAKER_00: So if we want to say oscal and then I opened it, we're gonna end up with oscillium.
• 17:10
  SPEAKER_00: If that's too complicated, you are more than welcome to use oscalium.
• 17:17
  SPEAKER_00: That is perfectly fine.
• 17:19
  SPEAKER_00: But the option is out there.
• 17:21
  SPEAKER_00: Anyway, another example is the verb imir.
• 17:26
  SPEAKER_00: That is a syncopated verb.
• 17:29
  SPEAKER_00: It means to go.
• 17:31
  SPEAKER_00: And like Oscal, we're gonna take one of the vowels out.
• 17:36
  SPEAKER_00: We're gonna remove the I and leave the R because again, that last consonant is very important to the sound and meaning of the verb.
• 17:45
  SPEAKER_00: So immer gets the I taken out.
• 17:48
  SPEAKER_00: That R is gonna slide over and take its new place next to the M.
• 17:53
  SPEAKER_00: And so what we're left with is IMR, which we will assess for broadness or slenderness.
• 18:00
  SPEAKER_00: I is the last vowel, and it is slender.
• 18:05
  SPEAKER_00: So the slender ending for a long verb is I fada o n.
• 18:11
  SPEAKER_00: And you may be saying, wait a minute, how is Imr long?
• 18:15
  SPEAKER_00: It's only four letters.
• 18:17
  SPEAKER_00: But again, what a syllable is is not just the actual physical, if you can say physical for written length of the word, but how it's said imir.
• 18:29
  SPEAKER_00: That's two syllables.
• 18:30
  SPEAKER_00: Anyway, sorry for that.
• 18:32
  SPEAKER_00: And as we're already aware, there are further syncopated versions for the first person uh singular and plural, and so you may say imreem for I leave, the syncopated firm form for me is um I fada m, whereas the plural syncopated form is I fata m I D.
• 19:01
  SPEAKER_00: I'm just gonna add one more verb here, which is irregular.
• 19:06
  SPEAKER_00: And I will say that there are more irregular verbs than what I've mentioned here, but I don't want to overload you, and so we may discuss those in a another episode, but I wanted to add this verb because it's one that you're probably going to use a lot as a learner, and that is the verb for to learn, which is folum.
• 19:28
  SPEAKER_00: Folem is a long verb.
• 19:33
  SPEAKER_00: However, nothing is removed from folum.
• 19:36
  SPEAKER_00: You're gonna add endings to it just as it is, and it is spelled F-O-G-H-L-A-I-M.
• 19:46
  SPEAKER_00: And so when we assess it for broadness or slenderness, we can see that it ends in an I.
• 19:53
  SPEAKER_00: That means it's slender, and so we would add the long slender ending, which is I fada o n.
• 20:03
  SPEAKER_00: Now for the conjugation that would be folome.
• 20:08
  SPEAKER_00: Folame shae.
• 20:11
  SPEAKER_00: He learns.
• 20:13
  SPEAKER_00: And of course you have the syncopated me and we versions available to you if you wish.
• 20:20
  SPEAKER_00: And these would be I Fata M or I Fata M I D.
• 20:25
  SPEAKER_00: Agus Wow, Shene uh Tabronorum.
• 20:29
  SPEAKER_00: Uh I'm sorry the about the complexity and length of this episode.
• 20:34
  SPEAKER_00: Uh again, listen to it again.
• 20:36
  SPEAKER_00: I urge you to watch the videos.
• 20:38
  SPEAKER_00: A lot of them are made by actual teachers and not dabblers like myself, and can do a far better job explaining these concepts than I can.
• 20:46
  SPEAKER_00: But I know you can get it.
• 20:48
  SPEAKER_00: If you take out the syncopated I and me versions, it's really rather simple, and actually much easier, I would say, than English is.
• 20:56
  SPEAKER_00: Simply because the verb, once you've conjugated it, does not change depending on who said it, at least in the standard official version.
• 21:06
  SPEAKER_00: I do want to add, as always, to put everything in the show notes through Aberpunk IE to see how it is pronounced correctly, depending on the blast or the accent that you choose to uh pursue.
• 21:20
  SPEAKER_00: Also, I'd like to mention that if you use Chonglin Punk IE, so an online dictionary, Chonglin Punk IE, I'll link it.
• 21:27
  SPEAKER_00: There is a tab that says grammar.
• 21:30
  SPEAKER_00: If you go over to that tab and go in the drop-down menu and select present tense, it'll show you how these are conjugated.
• 21:39
  SPEAKER_00: So if you want to correct yourself, check yourself, practice.
• 21:42
  SPEAKER_00: If you're not sure if something is long or slender, if it's syncopated, just pop on over there.
• 21:47
  SPEAKER_00: It will show you how it is conjugated.
• 21:49
  SPEAKER_00: I guess Shaneyachara, I hope that you have a great week.
• 21:53
  SPEAKER_00: We'll see you next week when we talk about negating these suckers.
• 21:56
  SPEAKER_00: Bye bye.