Latest / Pilot Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge / Episode 71 - Runway Incursion Avoidance - Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

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Episode 71 - Runway Incursion Avoidance - Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge · Pilot Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

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  Appendix one, Part one Runway Incursion Avoidance Introduction. Runway safety is a significant
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  challenge and a top priority for everyone in aviation. In the United States,
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  an average of three runway incursions occurred daily. Each of these incidents have the
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  potential to cause significant damage to both persons and property. Runway incursions are a
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  serious safety concern and have involved air carrier, aircraft, military aircraft, General
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  aviation or GA, and pedestrian vehicles see Figure one Dash one. Several runway
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  incursions have resulted in collisions and fatalities. Fatalities have occurred at both towered and
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  non towered airports. A few seconds of an attention can cause a runway incursion.
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  You are expected to taxi an airplane safely, whether moving to or from
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  a runway or otherwise moving about the airport. Scenarios such as bad weather,
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  low visibility, construction, airport unfamiliarity, time of day, distractions, fatigue,
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  and miscommunications with air traffic control or ATC add greatly to the challenge of
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  surface navigation. This chapter is designed to help you attain an understanding of the
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  risks associated with surface navigation and is intended to provide you with basic information regarding
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  the safe operation of aircraft at towered and non towered airports. This chapter focuses
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  on the following major areas runway incursion, overview, taxi route planning, taxi
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  procedures, communications, airport signs, markings, and lighting. Each section identifies
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  best practices to help you avoid errors that may potentially lead to runway incursions.
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  Although the chapter pertains mostly to surface movements for single pilot operations, all of
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  the information is relevant for flight crew operations as well. Additional information about surface
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  operations is available through the following sources. Federal Aviation Administration fa A, Runway
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  Safety Website Www dot FAA dot gov slash go slash Runway Safety, FAA,
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  National Aeronautical Navigation Services AERONAV formerly known as the National Aeronautical Charting Office and ACO
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  www dot FAA dot gov, slash air underscore Traffic, slash flight underscore Info,
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  slash A E, R, O, N A V. Airport Facility
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  Directory afdwww dot FAA dot gov, slash air underscore traffic, slash flight underscore
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  Info, slash Aero nav slash Product Catalog, slash Supplemental Charts slash Airport Directory.
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  Automatic Terminal Information Service ADAS noticet airman not TAMS, HTTP colin slash slash
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  www, dot, f AA, dot gov, slash pilots slash f LT
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  underscore p l a N slash no TAMS, Advisory Circular AC ninety one,
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  DASH seventy three, Part ninety one and Part one hundred and thirty five Single
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  pilot and flight school procedures during taxi operations. Aeronautical Information Manual AM www dot
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  FAA dot gov, slash air underscore, traffic slash publications, slash at pubs
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  slash am AC one twenty DASH seventy four Parts ninety one, one twenty one,
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  one twenty five, and one thirty five. Flight crew procedures during taxi
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  operations. Runway incursion overview. Approximately three runway incursions occur each day at towered
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  airports within the United States. The potential that these numbers present for a catastrophic
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  accident is unacceptable. A runway incursion is formally defined by the FAA as quote
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  an occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or
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  person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of
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  aircraft end quote. The following are examples of pilot deviations, operational incidence OI,
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  and vehicle driver deviations that may lead to runway incursions. Pilot deviations crossing
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  a runway hold marking without clearance from ATC, taking off without clearance, landing
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  without clearance, operational incidence OI clearing an aircraft onto a runway while another aircraft
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  is landing on the same runway, issuing a takeoff clearance while the runway is
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  occupied by another aircraft or vehicle. Vehicle driver deviations crossing a runway hold marking
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  without ATC clearance. According to FAA data, approximately sixty five percent of all
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  runway incursions are caused by pilots. Additionally, seventy five percent of the sixty
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  five percent of runway incursions are caused by GA pilots. Causal factors of runway
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  incursions. Detailed investigations of runway incursions over the past ten years have identified three
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  major areas contributing to these events. Failure to comply with ATC instructions, lack
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  of airport familiarity, non conformance with standard operating procedures. Clear, concise and
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  effective pilot controller communication is paramount to safe airport surface operations. You must fully
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  understand and comply with all ATC instructions. It is mandatory to read back all
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  runway hold short instructions verbatim. Taxiing on an unfamiliar airport can be very challenging,
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  especially during hours of darkness or low visibility. Ensure you have a current
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  airport diagram, remain heads up with eyes outside, and devote your entire attention
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  to surface navigation. Per ATC clearance. All checklists should be completed while the
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  aircraft is stopped. There is no place for non essential chatter or other activities
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  while maintaining visualans during taxi see Figure one Dash two. Runway confusion. Runaway
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  confusion is a subset of runway incursions and often results in u unintentionally taking off
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  or landing on a taxiway or wrong runway. Generally, you are unaware of
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  the mistake until after it has occurred. In August two thousand and six,
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  the flight crew of a commercial regional jet was cleared for takeoff on runway twenty
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  two, but mistakenly lined up and departed on runway twenty six, a much
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  shorter runway. As a result, the aircraft crashed off the end of the
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  runway causal factors of runway confusion. There are three major factors that increase the
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  risk of runway confusion and can lead to a wrong runway departure airport complexity,
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  close proximity of runway thresholds, joint use of a runway as a taxiway.
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  Not only can airport complexity contribute to a runway incursion, it can also play
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  a significant role in runway confusion. If you are operating at an unfamiliar airport
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  and need assistance in executing the taxi clearance, do not hesitate to ask ATC
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  for help. Always carry a current airport diagram and trace or highlight your taxi
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  route to the departure runway prior to leaving the ramp. If you are operating
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  from an airport with runway thresholds in close proximity to one another, exercise extreme
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  caution when taking the runway. Figure one Dash three shows a perfect example of
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  a taxiway leading to a runway and a runway without displaced threshold. If departing
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  on runway thirty six, ensure that you set your aircraft heading bug to three
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  hundred and sixty degrees and align your aircraft to the runway heading to avoid departing
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  from the wrong runway. Before adding power, make one last instrument scan to
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  ensure that the aircraft heading and runway heading are aligned. Under certain circumstances,
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  it may be necessary to use a runway as a taxiway. For example,
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  during airport constructions, some taxiways may be closed, requiring rerouting of traffic onto
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  runways. In other cases, departing traffic may be required to back taxi on
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  the runway in order to utilize the full runway length. It is important to
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  remain extremely cautious and maintain situational awareness SA When instructed to use a runway as
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  a taxiway, do not become confused and take off on the runway you are
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  using as a taxiway. Taxi route planning Thorough planning is essential for safe taxi
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  operations. Give as much attention to planning the airport surface movement as is given
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  to other phases of flight. See Figure one. Dash four Notices to airmen
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  no TAMS time. Critical aeronautical information which is of a temporary nature or not
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  sufficiently known in advance to permit publication on aeronautical charts or in other operational publications
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  receives immediate dissemination by the no TAM system. The note information could affect your
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  decision to make the flight. It includes such information as taxiway on runaway closures,
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  construction communications, changing in status of navigational aids, and other information essential
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  to planned, en route, terminal or landing operations. Exercise good judgment and
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  common sense by carefully regarding the information readily available in NOE tams. For more
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  detailed information on no TAMS, refer back to chapter one of this handbook.
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  Automated Terminal Information Service ADIS. The Automated Terminal Information Service ADIS is a recording
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  of the local weather conditions and other pertinent non controlled information broadcast on a local
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  frequency in a looped format. It is normally updated once per hour, but
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  is updated more often when changing local conditions. Warrant important information is broadcast on
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  ADIS, including weather, runways in use, specific ATC procedures, and any
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  airport construction activity that could affect taxi planning. When the ADIS is recorded,
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  it is given a code. This code is changed with every ADIS update.
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  For example, ADIS Alpha is replaced by ADIS Bravo. The next hour,
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  ADIS Charlie is recorded followed by ADIS delta and progresses down the alphabet, with
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  every update starting back at alpha after a breaking surface of twelve hours or more
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  prior to calling ATC tune to the ADIS frequency and listen to the recorded broadcast.
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  The broadcast ends with a statement containing the ADIS code. For example,
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  advised on initial contact you have information bravo. Upon contacting the tower controller,
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  state information BRAVO was received. This allows the tower controller to verify the pilot
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  has the current local weather and airport information without having the state at all to
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  each pilot who calls. This also clears the tower frequency from being overtaken by
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  the constant relay of the same information, which will result without an ADIS broadcast.
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  The use of ADIS broadcasts at departure and arrival airports is not only a
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  sound practice, but a wise decision. Airport Facility Directory AfD the Airport Facility
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  Directory AfD is a pilot's manual that provides information on airports and other aviation facilities.
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  The directory includes data that cannot be readily depicted in graphic form, including
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  airport hours, runway widths, lighting codes, and fuel available. See Figure
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  one Dash five airport diagram it is essential to have a current airport diagram available
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  for the departure airport as well as the arrival airport for safe operations. See
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  Figure one. Dash six. In the back section of each AfD volume are
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  full page airport diagrams that can help you planed surface operations. Time should be
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  taken to study of the airport diagram and anticipated taxi routes based on the information
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  provided from the ADIS and no tams. You should not take for granted that
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  the anticipated taxi route will be the same taxi route received from ATC, which
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  is why it is so important to write down and read back the taxi clearance
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  from ATC. Current airport diagrams are available for download at www dot FAA,
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  dot gov. Slash Airports slash Runway Underscore safety slash diagrams hot spots. An
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  airport hot spot is typically a complex or confusing taxiway slash taxiway or taxiway slash
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  runway intersection. This area of increased risk has either a history of or potential
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  four runway incursions or surface incidents due to a variety of causes, including airport
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  layout, traffic flow, airport marking, signage, and lighting. You should
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  pay special attention to any complex intersections or areas designated on the airport diagram as
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  hotspots to reduce the risk of a runway incursion. Hotspots are depicted on airport
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  diagrams as open circles or polygons designated as HS one, HS two, etc.
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  See Figure one Dash seven. Hot Spots will remain charted on airport diagrams
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  until the increased risk has been reduced or eliminated. Being proactive by knowing all
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  possible taxi routes and maintaining taxi route awareness helps mitigate runway incursions, especially when
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  navigating through complex intersections, known hotspot areas and intervening runways. End of Part
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  one of Appendix one.