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CLASSIC: Agent Garbo: The Strange Tale of the Man Who Saved D-Day · Ridiculous History

• 0:00
  Speaker 1: Fellow Ridiculous historians. Welcome to our classic episode. For this week,
• 0:06
  Speaker 1: we have been going through a bit of a phase
• 0:10
  Speaker 1: with tradecraft and spying and World War Two and all
• 0:14
  Speaker 1: those off off camera shenanigans, backstage shenanigans that determined the
• 0:20
  Speaker 1: course of history. Max, Is it fair to am I like?
• 0:27
  Speaker 1: Am I alone in this between you, me and Nola?
• 0:30
  Speaker 1: Am I the only guy who's obsessed with spies in
• 0:33
  Speaker 1: World War Two?
• 0:34
  Speaker 2: No? It's awesome. I mean, especially the story.
• 0:35
  Speaker 3: I mean this is literally where the idea James Bond
• 0:39
  Speaker 3: came from. I mean, this is what fleming. Fleming worked
• 0:43
  Speaker 3: in intelligence in World War Two. This is where our fictionalized,
• 0:47
  Speaker 3: you know, obsessive view of spies come from. Is this
• 0:52
  Speaker 3: era and the things they were doing?
• 0:54
  Speaker 1: Yeah? Yeah, well said, We're going to meet a guy
• 0:57
  Speaker 1: named Juan Pougeot originally volunteered to spy for the British
• 1:03
  Speaker 1: during World War Two and they didn't take him seriously.
• 1:08
  Speaker 1: In today's classic episode, we are exploring the story of
• 1:12
  Speaker 1: one of the most successful double agents in modern history.
• 1:17
  Speaker 1: We can't wait for you to hear it. As a
• 1:19
  Speaker 1: matter of fact, why delay here?
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  Speaker 2: It goes?
• 1:25
  Speaker 1: Ridiculous History is a production of iHeartRadio.
• 1:52
  Speaker 2: So it's no.
• 1:53
  Speaker 1: Secret that here on Ridiculous History we often explore the
• 1:58
  Speaker 1: stories of con artists who make their way through the
• 2:01
  Speaker 1: world via subterfuge and deception. We often talk about this
• 2:07
  Speaker 1: in a villainous sense. We talked about malicious con artists,
• 2:12
  Speaker 1: you know, liars, fraudsters, things of that nature. But today
• 2:17
  Speaker 1: we're talking about a good sort of con, a con
• 2:21
  Speaker 1: for the greater benefit of humanity. We're talking about one
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  Speaker 1: of the most well known and most successful spies of
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  Speaker 1: World War Two. Oh also, I'm Ben Ben.
• 2:37
  Speaker 2: You are Ben, If that's your real name, I have
• 2:41
  Speaker 2: many names. My name is Noel with the one and
• 2:45
  Speaker 2: only Noel. Well, I'm gonna go by Noel the Firestarter
• 2:48
  Speaker 2: Brown today in honor of Keith Flint harp, Yeah, Keith Flint,
• 2:54
  Speaker 2: the Twisted Firestarter, And that is Casey as our super producer,
• 2:59
  Speaker 2: Casey Pegrin. In the fact, that's the.
• 3:01
  Speaker 4: One A little short aside my first concert ever nineteen
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  Speaker 4: ninety eight, the Tabernacle Atlanta, Georgia Prodigy Meat Beat Manifesto.
• 3:10
  Speaker 4: As the opener was.
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  Speaker 2: How was the show?
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  Speaker 4: It was great. You know, you never really know what
• 3:15
  Speaker 4: to expect from like an electronics show. Sometimes it's just
• 3:18
  Speaker 4: dudes stand behind a laptop, but they really really put
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  Speaker 4: everything into that performance. They had the dancers, which was
• 3:25
  Speaker 4: Keith's primary role, and there was like a pit and
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  Speaker 4: it was really intense, and it was a little scary
• 3:30
  Speaker 4: as like a fourteen year old or whatever.
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  Speaker 2: Oh man, I bet you were almost afraid you were
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  Speaker 2: gonna get like steamrolled.
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  Speaker 4: Yeah, yeah, exactly. And there were a lot of big
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  Speaker 4: dudes there.
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  Speaker 2: Well that's the thing too with Keith and the Prodigy,
• 3:41
  Speaker 2: and like his vocals were almost more like punk rock,
• 3:43
  Speaker 2: shouty kind of stuff, and that was a time in
• 3:46
  Speaker 2: the nineties where techno there was a pit It was
• 3:50
  Speaker 2: almost more of like a punk rock aesthetic where if
• 3:52
  Speaker 2: you know the iconic fire Starter video where he's kind
• 3:55
  Speaker 2: of like mugging into the camera and he's all pierced up,
• 3:58
  Speaker 2: and it was like, we'd never seen a dude like
• 4:00
  Speaker 2: that in the States at that point, short of like
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  Speaker 2: the sex Pistols or something like that. And so he's
• 4:05
  Speaker 2: a very iconic looking guy, and his vocal style was
• 4:09
  Speaker 2: absolutely copied and even parodied because it became such an
• 4:13
  Speaker 2: iconic part of like the sound of like nineties electronic.
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  Speaker 1: It was percussive, almost so like his vocals were in
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  Speaker 1: almost an instrument of punctuation or percussion. Speaking of iconic.
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  Speaker 1: Before we get today's show, we do have an announcement
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  Speaker 1: that will make will make rough sense, but will make
• 4:31
  Speaker 1: even more sense if you are a member of our
• 4:34
  Speaker 1: community page Ridiculous Historians. So, in a previous episode, folks,
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  Speaker 1: Nolan and I had kicked around the idea of a
• 4:44
  Speaker 1: T shirt with Casey's face audit and Casey, will you
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  Speaker 1: know we're all actually friends even when we're not on
• 4:53
  Speaker 1: the air. So we asked Casey. He was cool with it,
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  Speaker 1: and we got a hard man man.
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  Speaker 2: It was a hard man.
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  Speaker 1: It was a hard man. And now we have an announcement.
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  Speaker 1: We had taken a break earlier today and Casey, you
• 5:09
  Speaker 1: you said that you would be comfortable with us having
• 5:14
  Speaker 1: having a photo of you on a T shirt, but
• 5:16
  Speaker 1: only a very particular kind of photo. Now, I don't
• 5:20
  Speaker 1: know if we should spoil the surprise just yet, but
• 5:24
  Speaker 1: tune in later because we have we have something very
• 5:26
  Speaker 1: special coming up for all our fans of Casey on
• 5:29
  Speaker 1: the Case.
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  Speaker 4: Yeah, we can just say that we're going to tie
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  Speaker 4: up a loose end from earlier in the show's history.
• 5:35
  Speaker 4: If you've been listening for a while, there were certain
• 5:38
  Speaker 4: things that were promised earlierly on and that will maybe
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  Speaker 4: come to fruition now.
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  Speaker 2: I love it.
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  Speaker 1: I love how this this feels like subterfuge. It feels
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  Speaker 1: like we're talking in spycraft, right, it really does.
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  Speaker 2: Ben And way to bring it back around to the
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  Speaker 2: actual topic of today's show, a well, which you set
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  Speaker 2: up a very famous gentleman who wasn't at the time
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  Speaker 2: famous for much of anything. He was kind of waff
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  Speaker 2: lay in his life, in his career, in his prospects.
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  Speaker 2: I think he ran kind of a third rate motel
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  Speaker 2: in Spain. A man whose last name you may know
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  Speaker 2: poujol One poujol Garcia. Yeah, born in nineteen twelve on
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  Speaker 2: Valentine's Day. Fun fact, he was one of those people
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  Speaker 2: who's sort of like a compass, swinging and searching for
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  Speaker 2: true north. As you said, Noel, he he ran a motel.
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  Speaker 1: I believe he ran a movie theater as well. For
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  Speaker 1: a while, it was going job to job. He didn't
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  Speaker 1: feel like the academy or higher education was his particular
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  Speaker 1: bag of beans. But he lived in Spain, and in
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  Speaker 1: nineteen thirty one he did his six months of compulsory
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  Speaker 1: military service in Spain, and he hated working for the military,
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  Speaker 1: which would come in handy later. He hated everything about it.
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  Speaker 1: He specifically said, did you see this quote? He specifically
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  Speaker 1: said that he lacked the essential qualities of loyalty, generosity,
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  Speaker 1: and honor necessary to be a good member of the military.
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  Speaker 2: Yeah, but something that he did have in spades was
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  Speaker 2: a vibrant imagination and an ability to kind of almost
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  Speaker 2: just sink into the background and be simultaneously able to
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  Speaker 2: convince people of things and also be completely innocuous and unnoticed.
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  Speaker 2: Just a super important skill to have if you are
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  Speaker 2: to be a spy. Let alone, what Pougeol became just
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  Speaker 2: one of the most famous double agents in the history
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  Speaker 2: of military affairs, right right?
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  Speaker 1: But how how did this guy who was a relatively
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  Speaker 1: unhappy manager of things and a relatively dissatisfied member of society,
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  Speaker 1: how did he move from mediocrity to excellence? Also, I
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  Speaker 1: want to say, do we ment I think we mentioned
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  Speaker 1: this earlier on the show in a previous episode. You
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  Speaker 1: hit on the crucial definition of an effective spy. Nol
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  Speaker 1: An effective spy is not James Bond. In fact, if
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  Speaker 1: you think about it, James Bond is a terrible, terrible,
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  Speaker 1: terrible spy. He's drunk all the time, he uses his
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  Speaker 1: real name. He is super flashy, you know what I mean.
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  Speaker 1: A real spy is the guy who's in the corner
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  Speaker 1: or the lady who's in the corner like ten meters
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  Speaker 1: away from James Bond taking notes. You know, this guy
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  Speaker 1: was not James Bond. This guy was not James Bond.
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  Speaker 1: And let's look at how he became so successful. Let's
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  Speaker 1: go back to the nineteen thirties. In nineteen thirty six,
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  Speaker 1: the Spanish Civil War begins. He is managing a poultry farm.
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  Speaker 1: His sister's fiance is captured by the Republican forces, and
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  Speaker 1: then his sister and his mother are arrested their charge
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  Speaker 1: with being counter revolutionaries, and he gets called up for
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  Speaker 1: service on the Republican side of the war. But because
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  Speaker 1: the Republican government treated his family so poorly, he says,
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  Speaker 1: I'm going to skip out, and he hides at his
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  Speaker 1: girlfriend's house and then he's discovered and a police raid.
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  Speaker 2: He goes to jail for a week.
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  Speaker 1: He's freed via a resistance group, and then he hides
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  Speaker 1: with them until he can make some false ideas really
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  Speaker 1: that show him to be too old to be in
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  Speaker 1: the army. And so he goes back to managing another
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  Speaker 1: poultry farm, but this one's under control of the Republican government,
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  Speaker 1: and the inefficiency of the farm and the inefficiency of
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  Speaker 1: the government, according to his life story, makes him hate
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  Speaker 1: Communism even more than you already hated it.
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  Speaker 2: That's right, that's right. And then he ends up in
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  Speaker 2: said third rate motel in Madrid, which was ever so
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  Speaker 2: ironically named The Majestic Fantastic Mental Floss. Article goes through
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  Speaker 2: some of this history of this fascinating man. So he
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  Speaker 2: hates Communism. At this point, he is not living his
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  Speaker 2: best life. He is depressed. He is just kind of
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  Speaker 2: you know, Spain is just crumbling around him with this
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  Speaker 2: civil war that they were doing. They were going so
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  Speaker 2: far as to like turning bull rings into theaters, I
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  Speaker 2: guess for like public executions. It was not a happy
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  Speaker 2: place to be. So he's already learned to kind of
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  Speaker 2: keep his head down and blend into the background and
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  Speaker 2: be as innocuous as possible as not to you know,
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  Speaker 2: catch a bullet because he also he doesn't sympathize with
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  Speaker 2: either either side of this conflict. He hates the communists
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  Speaker 2: and he also hates the fascists.
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  Speaker 1: Right because he rejoined that Republican side using these false papers,
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  Speaker 1: and he intended to get out of the area they
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  Speaker 1: controlled to Dessert and he deserts to the nationalist side
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  Speaker 1: of the conflict, and then they treat him like garbage too,
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  Speaker 1: so he says, you know what, I hate it hate
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  Speaker 1: the communists, I hate the fascist And then he is
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  Speaker 1: learning increasingly to try to keep his head down.
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  Speaker 2: So through his post at this hotel and through the
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  Speaker 2: just the ramshackle nature of Spain during the Civil War,
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  Speaker 2: he ends up becoming kind of successful at helping people
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  Speaker 2: procure things. He meets two pro Franco princesses who are
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  Speaker 2: aging and they really want to get their hands on
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  Speaker 2: some scotch, so he decides, okay, I'm going to smuggle
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  Speaker 2: in some scotch from over the border in Portugal, and
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  Speaker 2: he's able to get papers. He doesn't have a passport
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  Speaker 2: at the time, and does this job for these princesses
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  Speaker 2: and that gives him the papers that he needs to
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  Speaker 2: then leave the country.
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  Speaker 1: So he leaves the country. But there's terrible timing involved,
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  Speaker 1: because just a few weeks earlier, in September of nineteen
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  Speaker 1: thirty nine, England had declared war on Germany and German
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  Speaker 1: forces led by Adolf Hitler were starting to eat up Europe.
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  Speaker 1: The word about the concentration camps had had leaked to
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  Speaker 1: the public, and Pujol found himself trapped. He found himself trapped,
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  Speaker 1: and he found himself incensed, livid. He wrote about this
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  Speaker 1: later in a book called Operation Garbo, which came out
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  Speaker 1: in nineteen eighty five.
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  Speaker 2: And we have a quote, yeah, and this is from
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  Speaker 2: that Mental Floss article that we highly recommend you checking out.
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  Speaker 2: He says, my humanist convictions would not allow me to
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  Speaker 2: turn a blind eye to the enormous suffering that was
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  Speaker 2: being unleashed by this psychopath Hitler, and he decided he
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  Speaker 2: wanted to do something about it. This is so this
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  Speaker 2: is so great because he had limited military training, he
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  Speaker 2: wasn't very good at it, and he hated it. He
• 12:48
  Speaker 2: basically defected. And then now he's like running booze for
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  Speaker 2: aged you know, princesses, and all of a sudden, he
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  Speaker 2: like he hears his calling.
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  Speaker 1: Yeah, his compass that was swinging wildly finds it's true
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  Speaker 1: North and this is the part that always cracks me up.
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  Speaker 1: In January of nineteen forty one, he strolls into the
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  Speaker 1: British embassy. He mosy's in and he's he says, hey,
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  Speaker 1: you guys.
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  Speaker 2: Want to like a do you want like a spy
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  Speaker 2: or something like?
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  Speaker 1: Can? I I'm interested in contributing to the effort, but
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  Speaker 1: I don't think the militaries for me. And then they
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  Speaker 1: say you can't just walk in here and say make
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  Speaker 1: me a spy. What are your qualifications? Do you know
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  Speaker 1: anything about spying? Do you hold an important government position?
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  Speaker 1: Can you do anything? What do you bring to the
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  Speaker 1: table other than your desire to be sneaky?
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  Speaker 2: Yeah, the Brits aren't exactly known for their like willingness
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  Speaker 2: to just kind of like riff and just go with
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  Speaker 2: it and roll with it. Right now. They want some
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  Speaker 2: They want some bona fides from this guy. They want
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  Speaker 2: to be able to vet him and prove that he
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  Speaker 2: actually is what he says he is and can do
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  Speaker 2: what he says he can do. So they send him
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  Speaker 2: a packing. So he's like, okay, okay, I know what
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  Speaker 2: my endgame has. My endgame is to help out the Brits,
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  Speaker 2: but they don't need me right now because I am
• 14:08
  Speaker 2: nothing to them. What am I? So he decides to
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  Speaker 2: do the most insane thing, the most insane turn about.
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  Speaker 2: I am going to make myself indispensable and an asset
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  Speaker 2: to the Germans, the enemy of my friend or my
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  Speaker 2: perceived friend, and the folks who I want to be
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  Speaker 2: aligned with. So he goes to the Germans. They're a
• 14:28
  Speaker 2: little bit more willing to kind of like take what
• 14:31
  Speaker 2: they can get and install various spies of various pedigrees,
• 14:36
  Speaker 2: and so they more or less take him at his word.
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  Speaker 2: And what's his cover story? Ben Oh?
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  Speaker 1: So he literally calls the German embassy and his cover
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  Speaker 1: story is a list of absolute bs. He is winging it,
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  Speaker 1: he's improvising, you know, I love good improvisation. And he
• 15:00
  Speaker 1: meets a guy with a.
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  Speaker 2: Code name Federico.
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  Speaker 1: So he meets this guy and this is total, this
• 15:18
  Speaker 1: is total, straight out of the movies kind of spy stuff. Right,
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  Speaker 1: He's told this, there will be this guy Federico in
• 15:25
  Speaker 1: a light suit holding a raincoat in the back of
• 15:27
  Speaker 1: a cafe. This guy's trained to spot frauds and Prujol says,
• 15:34
  Speaker 1: first off, let me tell you this, and he starts
• 15:37
  Speaker 1: talking about how much he loves Hitler. He's very, very
• 15:39
  Speaker 1: pro Nazi, he loves their whole thing. And then he
• 15:43
  Speaker 1: starts saying that he is friends with a ton of diplomats,
• 15:48
  Speaker 1: a ton of VIPs, very influential people. This impresses his
• 15:53
  Speaker 1: contact that he meets, and he gets his callback, as
• 15:56
  Speaker 1: you would phrase it in the world of auditions. He
• 15:58
  Speaker 1: gets his He gets his call back. But there's one
• 16:01
  Speaker 1: problem with these diplomats, isn't there No.
• 16:03
  Speaker 2: We're all bogus. That's true. They're not real, and neither
• 16:08
  Speaker 2: are the reports that he is giving them what he
• 16:10
  Speaker 2: refers to as chicken feed, little bits and bobs of
• 16:13
  Speaker 2: military supposed military intelligence, like the movement of troops and
• 16:17
  Speaker 2: battalions throughout England, et cetera. And he cobbles together these
• 16:24
  Speaker 2: facts that I guess he did. He just make them
• 16:27
  Speaker 2: up off the top of his head. Yes, yeah, but
• 16:29
  Speaker 2: he makes them up so they sound so convincing that
• 16:31
  Speaker 2: even the Brits start thinking they have a mole because
• 16:36
  Speaker 2: someone is like leaking this even though they're vague and
• 16:39
  Speaker 2: not real. How did he do that? Ben I'm a
• 16:41
  Speaker 2: little I'm a little foggy on how this happened, because
• 16:43
  Speaker 2: apparently the Brits caught wind of some of this intelligence
• 16:46
  Speaker 2: that was being leaked to the Germans, and they're like, whoa, whoa, whoa,
• 16:49
  Speaker 2: We've got to put a cap on this leak that
• 16:51
  Speaker 2: we have, right, Okay, So here's how it happens.
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  Speaker 1: The contact that he meets says, look, we don't need
• 17:05
  Speaker 1: any more Nazi spies in Spain. We need someone to
• 17:09
  Speaker 1: go abroad. And the guy's like, cool, I've got a passport.
• 17:12
  Speaker 1: He says, go to Lisbon, get an exit visa. And
• 17:16
  Speaker 1: he goes to Lisbon. Looks like a dead end, looks
• 17:18
  Speaker 1: like he can't get the document. He needs a diplomatic visa,
• 17:23
  Speaker 1: but he befriends a guy in Portugal who is able
• 17:29
  Speaker 1: to help him get this visa. Well, he steals the
• 17:33
  Speaker 1: visa essentially by help him get the visa. He befriends
• 17:36
  Speaker 1: the guy and steals it, and then he forges this document.
• 17:41
  Speaker 1: He comes back to Spain, he shows his contact Federico,
• 17:46
  Speaker 1: and the guy is impressed, so he says, all right,
• 17:48
  Speaker 1: I'll give you this stuff you need. I'll give you
• 17:51
  Speaker 1: invisible ink. I'll give you the codes we use. Here's
• 17:54
  Speaker 1: three grand and here's your code name. Arabell so ben
• 17:59
  Speaker 1: I was looking desperate.
• 18:00
  Speaker 2: I'm like, surely he had some real intel that he
• 18:03
  Speaker 2: was using to make these reports that he was delivering
• 18:06
  Speaker 2: to the Germans seem more believable. But no, it just
• 18:09
  Speaker 2: turns out he was just so good at crafting what
• 18:11
  Speaker 2: sounded like realistic intel that even the Brits were concerned
• 18:17
  Speaker 2: that they had somebody funneling information to the Germans. And
• 18:21
  Speaker 2: there's an amazing interview with author Stephen Talti, who wrote
• 18:25
  Speaker 2: a book entitled Agent Garbo with a brilliant, eccentric secret
• 18:28
  Speaker 2: agent who tricked Hitler and saved D Day, And he
• 18:30
  Speaker 2: describes the British response to what they perceived as a
• 18:35
  Speaker 2: very real threat in terms of information being funneled to
• 18:38
  Speaker 2: the Germans. He says the British were terrified. They were like,
• 18:41
  Speaker 2: someone is sneak past our lines and someone is in
• 18:43
  Speaker 2: the heart of the beast reporting on us. Because Poujol's
• 18:46
  Speaker 2: reports were so believable, even to the people in the
• 18:49
  Speaker 2: country that he was supposed to be spying on. Yeah.
• 18:52
  Speaker 1: Yeah, there's a great article in Big Think Dot com
• 18:56
  Speaker 1: about this story as well. The article is Juan Poujol
• 18:59
  Speaker 1: gar the WW two double agent who secretly controlled the war.
• 19:04
  Speaker 1: I know it sounds like a hyperbolic claim, but here's
• 19:08
  Speaker 1: what happened.
• 19:08
  Speaker 2: He did fool everybody.
• 19:10
  Speaker 1: He said, okay, I will go to London, so his
• 19:15
  Speaker 1: German spymasters think he is in London. But as as
• 19:19
  Speaker 1: we mentioned, he has never been to London. He doesn't
• 19:23
  Speaker 1: speak English, and he just starts making stuff up using
• 19:27
  Speaker 1: a tour guide, using publicly available information from newsreels, and
• 19:33
  Speaker 1: then he also starts making a spy network in London. Again,
• 19:38
  Speaker 1: he's still in Portugal. He's making a spy network in
• 19:41
  Speaker 1: London with people who do not exist. And these reports
• 19:45
  Speaker 1: sound so realistic that they fool the British. They fool
• 19:49
  Speaker 1: the British intelligence services, and the British launch a man
• 19:54
  Speaker 1: hunt to find this mysterious arabell. Yeah, they've given him
• 20:00
  Speaker 1: his name the Germans. The Germans answered Prairie right, yes,
• 20:05
  Speaker 1: and what a wily fox this poujol was. Now, he
• 20:09
  Speaker 1: didn't get everything right. The reports weren't perfect, but at
• 20:15
  Speaker 1: the time the British were panicking because there were supposed
• 20:17
  Speaker 1: to be no Axis spies in Britain, and there was
• 20:22
  Speaker 1: one huge trick that made the British believe in his
• 20:26
  Speaker 1: value as a spy. He invented an entirely fictional armada,
• 20:32
  Speaker 1: a British armada in Malta, and based on the reports
• 20:36
  Speaker 1: of this again fictitious armada, the Axis powers spent a
• 20:41
  Speaker 1: ton of time and money trying to find them. They
• 20:44
  Speaker 1: responded in full force. They got there. There was nothing there,
• 20:49
  Speaker 1: of course, and they continued to still trust his information.
• 20:53
  Speaker 1: So finally, finally, finally, finally, in nineteen forty two, based
• 20:58
  Speaker 1: primarily on that story of the armada, he was able
• 21:02
  Speaker 1: to convince the British to hire him.
• 21:04
  Speaker 2: Do you think he was like, Hey, remember me, I'm back.
• 21:08
  Speaker 2: I've got something for you. I think it will make
• 21:10
  Speaker 2: you want me. Please want me the British. No, but
• 21:14
  Speaker 2: he they do want him. Boy, do they ever want him?
• 21:17
  Speaker 2: He is the Not only is he the Germans answered prayers,
• 21:19
  Speaker 2: He's actually their worst nightmare. It turns out he is
• 21:21
  Speaker 2: the the British is answered prayers, and he is handed
• 21:25
  Speaker 2: over to the Security Service for handling. Let's say there
• 21:30
  Speaker 2: he is. He's assigned an officer by the name of
• 21:32
  Speaker 2: tama Are Tommy Harris who speaks Spanish, because again this
• 21:36
  Speaker 2: is mind blowing to me. He doesn't speak English. No,
• 21:38
  Speaker 2: he does not speak English. And then what followed was
• 21:43
  Speaker 2: a partnership between the two men who were very well matched.
• 21:48
  Speaker 2: And there's a really great article on the history of
• 21:52
  Speaker 2: m I five m I five dot gov dot UK
• 21:54
  Speaker 2: slash Agentcarbos, the whole, the whole deal there, and they
• 21:58
  Speaker 2: really compliment each other, and they had this give and
• 22:02
  Speaker 2: take relationship that allowed them to be synergistically effective. I mean,
• 22:06
  Speaker 2: really really an incredible pairing of these two guys. Yeah.
• 22:10
  Speaker 1: Absolutely, And it's strange to look back, with the benefit
• 22:15
  Speaker 1: of all this stuff being declassified later and see just
• 22:18
  Speaker 1: how extraordinarily ambitious and ballsy this stuff was. He eventually
• 22:24
  Speaker 1: he invented twenty seven fictional subagents, and he would assign
• 22:29
  Speaker 1: various reports to these people, so it would rarely be
• 22:34
  Speaker 1: him finding out something directly, would rarely be Arabell. Arabell
• 22:39
  Speaker 1: became a spymaster as far as the Nazis were concerned,
• 22:42
  Speaker 1: but his reports were mixed up in a very clever way.
• 22:47
  Speaker 1: Sometimes it would be stuff that was true but didn't
• 22:49
  Speaker 1: matter at all. You know what, I mean like, oh,
• 22:51
  Speaker 1: they're paving some road in London or whatever. Sometimes it
• 22:57
  Speaker 1: would be incredibly false stuff. Something is wrong, or it's
• 23:01
  Speaker 1: in a different location or the numbers are different. Sometimes
• 23:04
  Speaker 1: it would be real stuff that was very valuable, and
• 23:08
  Speaker 1: that stuff just never made it to Germany on time,
• 23:12
  Speaker 1: and it's say like, oh, okay, a two week old
• 23:14
  Speaker 1: report says in a week this will happen.
• 23:18
  Speaker 2: Well, because of having real access to I five into
• 23:21
  Speaker 2: all of this information obviously upped his game in terms
• 23:24
  Speaker 2: of double agent nests. Right before he was succeeding just
• 23:27
  Speaker 2: by his own you know, moxie. Right now he's actually
• 23:31
  Speaker 2: got the real goods to weave in some of those
• 23:34
  Speaker 2: real true facts and make the Germans really believe he
• 23:36
  Speaker 2: was still on their side.
• 23:38
  Speaker 1: So here's a cool example of that. He gave Germany
• 23:42
  Speaker 1: accurate intel on Allied forces landing in North Africa. And
• 23:47
  Speaker 1: the letter is poostmarked before the landing, but timed to
• 23:52
  Speaker 1: arrive after the landing. And so instead of getting irritated
• 23:57
  Speaker 1: with the guy, the Nazis up apologize. They say this
• 24:02
  Speaker 1: is great information and it's our bad that we didn't act.
• 24:05
  Speaker 1: Curse the post office.
• 24:09
  Speaker 2: Use stamps dot com instead.
• 24:11
  Speaker 1: Yes, Stamps dot com. That's our commercial for Stamps dot com.
• 24:16
  Speaker 1: So what happens next, Like, how is he able to
• 24:19
  Speaker 1: successfully keep this rigorm role going?
• 24:22
  Speaker 2: That's a really good question. Man. Before we go there,
• 24:24
  Speaker 2: I want to backtrack, ever so slightly, just to show
• 24:26
  Speaker 2: the Kahones, the true cohones of our boy Pujol. When
• 24:30
  Speaker 2: he went to the Germans and gave them this BS
• 24:32
  Speaker 2: cover story, it was all stuff they totally could have
• 24:36
  Speaker 2: verified or or you know, shot down. They just didn't
• 24:40
  Speaker 2: do their homework basically right because they had access to
• 24:43
  Speaker 2: Portugal or to Lisbon and they just didn't do it
• 24:45
  Speaker 2: for whatever reason. They were so thirsty for what he
• 24:48
  Speaker 2: had to offer because he did such a good job
• 24:50
  Speaker 2: of like you know, doing kind of a upclose magic
• 24:53
  Speaker 2: kind of misdirection right, So that is incredible. He could
• 24:57
  Speaker 2: have died instantly. They would have put him in a
• 24:59
  Speaker 2: concentration camp lickety split if they had found out that
• 25:02
  Speaker 2: he was he was trying to play them. So, yes,
• 25:05
  Speaker 2: how do they maintain this subterfuge? Ben? As he has
• 25:08
  Speaker 2: now been gifted with the assistance of the Brits, he
• 25:13
  Speaker 2: they are still they are like upping their game. They've
• 25:16
  Speaker 2: got three hundred and fifteen documents they've sent back to
• 25:20
  Speaker 2: the Germans, some of which are peppered with real information,
• 25:23
  Speaker 2: but too late, fake information that makes them think that
• 25:26
  Speaker 2: they're actually getting some help. How does this kind of
• 25:29
  Speaker 2: come to critical mass?
• 25:30
  Speaker 1: Ben Well, he kept escalating his stunts, his cons. We
• 25:40
  Speaker 1: mentioned his imaginary spies. They included traveling salesman, a waiter
• 25:44
  Speaker 1: who lives in a cave, a retired Welsh seamen, an
• 25:49
  Speaker 1: Indian poet, someone with OCD, a radio mechanic. These folks
• 25:55
  Speaker 1: filed expense reports and some earned salaries. They were their
• 26:00
  Speaker 1: expenses were paid, and their salaries were paid by the
• 26:03
  Speaker 1: Nazi Party. By nineteen forty three, he has become one
• 26:08
  Speaker 1: of their favorite people, one of Germany's favorite people as
• 26:11
  Speaker 1: far as spycraft is concerned. The spy ring that Abwer
• 26:14
  Speaker 1: sends him new cipher's new vials of disappearing inc. And
• 26:19
  Speaker 1: this just makes it easier for MI five to crack codes.
• 26:22
  Speaker 1: The Nazis in one memo, compare him to an army
• 26:27
  Speaker 1: of forty five thousand men. He's that valuable, and he
• 26:31
  Speaker 1: decides to cook up his biggest lie yet is this
• 26:36
  Speaker 1: Operation Fortitude?
• 26:37
  Speaker 2: Ben that you're talking about this is this is Operation
• 26:39
  Speaker 2: Fortitude lay it honestly. Yeah, so we've got January nineteen
• 26:42
  Speaker 2: forty four. The Germans believed that the Allies were getting
• 26:48
  Speaker 2: ready for a large scale European invasion, and they passed
• 26:51
  Speaker 2: this information on to Poujol and they asked him to
• 26:56
  Speaker 2: help keep them abreast of any developments in the new information.
• 27:00
  Speaker 2: So this gave Poujol what he needed to really turn
• 27:06
  Speaker 2: the tables and give the Allies the upper hand big time.
• 27:11
  Speaker 1: Right, So, under the code name Overlord, British and American
• 27:16
  Speaker 1: forces planned to invade occupied Europe.
• 27:19
  Speaker 2: Yeah, so the Germans were right. They thought they knew
• 27:22
  Speaker 2: what was going on, and they were absolutely correct. So
• 27:24
  Speaker 2: how is Pujol able to give what would seem like
• 27:27
  Speaker 2: the upper handed Germany for Germany and flip it back
• 27:30
  Speaker 2: around and make D Day a guaranteed success? Right?
• 27:34
  Speaker 1: Oh, we have to mention his code name was Arabelle
• 27:38
  Speaker 1: to the Nazis, but he add a code name to
• 27:41
  Speaker 1: the British once they hired him. Mister It was Agent Garbo,
• 27:45
  Speaker 1: named after Greta Garbo because they thought he was such
• 27:48
  Speaker 1: a good actor.
• 27:49
  Speaker 2: Yeah, and I will tell you if you see he's
• 27:51
  Speaker 2: got some pictures that are really funny. Headshot They always
• 27:55
  Speaker 2: look like headshots. He's dressed in like a German military garb,
• 27:59
  Speaker 2: and he's just doing this real actors type grin and
• 28:02
  Speaker 2: it really looks like somebody wearing a costume preparing to
• 28:06
  Speaker 2: go into a role.
• 28:07
  Speaker 1: And then you see his passport pictures and he looks
• 28:09
  Speaker 1: almost like a different person exactly. He's a little disheveled.
• 28:12
  Speaker 1: But yes, so Agent Garbo, as he is known in
• 28:16
  Speaker 1: the Allied Forces and the Allied intelligence networks. He has
• 28:20
  Speaker 1: a crucial role to play. The German high command needs
• 28:24
  Speaker 1: to be misled about the location of the landings. They
• 28:30
  Speaker 1: decide on the actual point of attack the beaches at Normandy,
• 28:34
  Speaker 1: and their next move is to persuade German forces that
• 28:37
  Speaker 1: the invasion force would be much much further north right,
• 28:42
  Speaker 1: confirming what Hitler had originally thought was going to be
• 28:46
  Speaker 1: the most likely point of contact. Garbo's agents would report
• 28:51
  Speaker 1: authoritatively that the Normandy landings were themselves a ruse and
• 28:56
  Speaker 1: there was a much bigger attack to come. So on
• 28:59
  Speaker 1: June ninth, he sends a key memo.
• 29:02
  Speaker 2: Yeah, and it just happened to be on a super
• 29:04
  Speaker 2: crucial day when Hitler and his cronies, his toadies, his
• 29:09
  Speaker 2: military high command were trying to decide whether Normandy was
• 29:13
  Speaker 2: the real deal or whether it was some kind of subterfuge.
• 29:16
  Speaker 2: And they were trying to plan the movement of their
• 29:20
  Speaker 2: troops and where they wanted to send the bulk of them.
• 29:23
  Speaker 2: They had some in Belgium, they had some in France,
• 29:26
  Speaker 2: and they were trying to decide whether they should divert
• 29:28
  Speaker 2: them down to Normandy and completely head off this invasion.
• 29:33
  Speaker 2: Pujol sent this telegram saying, no, this is fake. Seriously,
• 29:38
  Speaker 2: you are wasting your time. Don't use those resources at Normandy.
• 29:42
  Speaker 2: Send them elsewhere, because this is what's really happening. And
• 29:45
  Speaker 2: at the time those forces were already on the move.
• 29:49
  Speaker 2: So this was a clutch decision on the Germans. And
• 29:52
  Speaker 2: a telegram received right at the exact right time. If
• 29:55
  Speaker 2: it had been a little later would have been too late,
• 29:57
  Speaker 2: right they would they would not have rediverted the I imagine,
• 30:00
  Speaker 2: because it would have been taken too long. Time was
• 30:03
  Speaker 2: of the essence. They made their bed, they were going
• 30:05
  Speaker 2: to lie in it. But it was this crucial time
• 30:07
  Speaker 2: where a change of plan.
• 30:09
  Speaker 1: Was possible, right m H and the Panzer divisions were
• 30:13
  Speaker 1: already moving toward Normandy, but Adolf Hitler sent in order
• 30:19
  Speaker 1: based on this telegram and turned them around, sending them
• 30:22
  Speaker 1: instead to the northern point of contact, Pas de Calais.
• 30:27
  Speaker 1: In this lie was so effective that through July and
• 30:32
  Speaker 1: August of that year, the Nazi forces kept two armored
• 30:36
  Speaker 1: divisions and nineteenth infantry divisions in that northern point in
• 30:41
  Speaker 1: anticipation of an imminent invasion. So you would think after
• 30:53
  Speaker 1: D Day, you would imagine that after all this stuff
• 30:56
  Speaker 1: goes down and this house of cards collapses, that arabelaka
• 31:01
  Speaker 1: Garbo's reputation would be ruined amongst the German intelligence circles. However,
• 31:08
  Speaker 1: that was not the case. In fact, he won a
• 31:10
  Speaker 1: very prestigious award, prestigious, if we would say it in
• 31:14
  Speaker 1: the British way from the Germans, but from the Germans. Yeah, yeah,
• 31:17
  Speaker 1: oh was it? He got the Iron Cross. The Iron
• 31:21
  Speaker 1: Cross was rendered for his extraordinary services to Germany. And
• 31:26
  Speaker 1: the thing is this had to be approved by Adolf
• 31:30
  Speaker 1: Hitler himself, so he was notified he had been awarded
• 31:33
  Speaker 1: the Iron Cross. And then he and Harris said, you know,
• 31:39
  Speaker 1: thank you so much. It's such an honor. Truly unworthy,
• 31:44
  Speaker 1: but I'll take it.
• 31:45
  Speaker 2: And this is such a like, oh, it's like a
• 31:48
  Speaker 2: total fu type thing where they collaborated on this message
• 31:51
  Speaker 2: together Pugel and Harris. Harris was not known to the
• 31:54
  Speaker 2: Germans office. Pujel was exclusively their point of contact, and
• 31:58
  Speaker 2: they talked about offering humble thanks, humble thanks, such an honor.
• 32:04
  Speaker 2: Oh stop, let's keep going now, No, yeah, totally. And
• 32:08
  Speaker 2: yet Pujol remained unexposed to the Germans. But by September
• 32:12
  Speaker 2: of forty four, there have been a few close calls
• 32:15
  Speaker 2: that you know of Pujehl potentially being exposed unmasked to
• 32:19
  Speaker 2: the Nazis. Didn't happen, but the British security services like,
• 32:23
  Speaker 2: we're going to take extra care to make sure that
• 32:25
  Speaker 2: you are guarded against any potential retribution from the Germans.
• 32:29
  Speaker 2: But that didn't even ultimately prove to be necessary because
• 32:32
  Speaker 2: the war ended, and they even were hoping that his
• 32:36
  Speaker 2: background would allow him to get into post war Nazi
• 32:39
  Speaker 2: Germany and continue to do some good work.
• 32:42
  Speaker 1: As you said, he feared reprisal from Nazi survivors. The
• 32:49
  Speaker 1: Nazis never realized at this point that they had been
• 32:52
  Speaker 1: fooled and as Agent Garbo. He received an MBE from
• 32:57
  Speaker 1: the King on the fifth of November nineteen forty four,
• 33:01
  Speaker 1: the most Excellent Order of the British Empire. So he
• 33:05
  Speaker 1: is one of the few, if not the only, person
• 33:08
  Speaker 1: to receive prestigious awards from both Germany and the Allies.
• 33:12
  Speaker 1: That is most excellent. Here's an even cooler thing. I
• 33:16
  Speaker 1: feel like this is the ultimate bragging rate. What do
• 33:19
  Speaker 1: you do when you're the spy's pulled off everything? When
• 33:22
  Speaker 1: you do one last one last con, one big job,
• 33:24
  Speaker 1: one last one big job, one last ice. With the
• 33:29
  Speaker 1: help of m I five, Prujol travels to Angola and
• 33:33
  Speaker 1: fakes his death in nineteen forty nine.
• 33:35
  Speaker 2: Yeah for the ultimate cover. He died the ultimate protection
• 33:38
  Speaker 2: against the Germans. He dies of malaria.
• 33:41
  Speaker 1: He also moves to Venezuela and he starts managing a
• 33:45
  Speaker 1: story again. He runs a bookstore and gift shop.
• 33:48
  Speaker 2: That's all he ever wan and it's quiet life of
• 33:52
  Speaker 2: a shopkeeper.
• 33:54
  Speaker 1: Eventually, though, Thomas Harris is remember him his friend Anthony Blunt,
• 33:59
  Speaker 1: who turned out to be a Soviet spy right who
• 34:01
  Speaker 1: penetrated in My five. Eventually, this Anthony Blunt guy says
• 34:05
  Speaker 1: that he met Garbo and knew him as either Joan
• 34:09
  Speaker 1: or Jose Garcia, and people started searching for this guy.
• 34:14
  Speaker 1: And a British politician named Rupert Allison was interested in
• 34:19
  Speaker 1: the case of Garbo, and everyone he talked to did
• 34:22
  Speaker 1: not know Garbo's real name. That's how high the secrecy was.
• 34:27
  Speaker 1: The Soviet spy Blunt gives him that lead on a
• 34:31
  Speaker 1: Jose Garcia, and the guy is still searching. He eventually
• 34:35
  Speaker 1: hires a research assistant to get this call every j
• 34:39
  Speaker 1: Garcia in the Barcelona phone book, and eventually they get
• 34:43
  Speaker 1: in contact with Pajol's nephew, and then Rupert Allison finally
• 34:48
  Speaker 1: meets Pajol in New Orleans in nineteen eighty four, and
• 34:54
  Speaker 1: then Alison's like, dude, you're awesome. Thanks by the way,
• 34:58
  Speaker 1: thanks for d Day, thanks for all the cool stuff
• 35:01
  Speaker 1: he did. Will you go hang out with Prince Philip
• 35:03
  Speaker 1: because he'd love.
• 35:04
  Speaker 2: To meet you. He goes, okay, yeah, we'll go. What
• 35:08
  Speaker 2: do they do? Where do they hang? They have some tea?
• 35:10
  Speaker 1: We don't know, We just knew it was a quote
• 35:13
  Speaker 1: unusually long audience. Oh wow, So if you know Prince Philip,
• 35:17
  Speaker 1: who was probably like, tell me your wall stories.
• 35:20
  Speaker 2: Yes, please, I want to hear those.
• 35:22
  Speaker 4: Yeah.
• 35:22
  Speaker 2: And then he died in Caracas in nineteen eighty eight,
• 35:25
  Speaker 2: where he lived pretty anonymously, like I said, the quiet
• 35:29
  Speaker 2: life of a ShopKeep who happened to be one of
• 35:32
  Speaker 2: the most badass and outlandish and effective double asians in
• 35:38
  Speaker 2: the history of spycraft. It's certainly the one we know about, right,
• 35:42
  Speaker 2: Definitely no James Bond, Bravado and this guy. He was
• 35:45
  Speaker 2: simultaneously brazen and perfectly measured in the way he did.
• 35:50
  Speaker 2: He pulled this stuff off because you have to have
• 35:52
  Speaker 2: some kind of throwing caution to the wind kind of
• 35:57
  Speaker 2: attitude to even attempt some of this stuff. But you
• 35:59
  Speaker 2: can't just you can't be reckless, right, He had to
• 36:01
  Speaker 2: like kind of have a system and stick to it
• 36:04
  Speaker 2: and have some discipline, you know, I mean, really really
• 36:07
  Speaker 2: interesting character.
• 36:08
  Speaker 1: Some of his fictional subagents also met their end. Agent
• 36:12
  Speaker 1: one retired in nineteen forty three, Agent six died, so
• 36:18
  Speaker 1: he followed up on their lives as well.
• 36:20
  Speaker 2: Dude, some of these fictional agents had richer lives than
• 36:23
  Speaker 2: I have had. So, I mean, this is very very precise,
• 36:28
  Speaker 2: detail oriented stuff with this guy who's building these fictional Universes.
• 36:32
  Speaker 2: I mean, it's world building. It his finest what this
• 36:34
  Speaker 2: guy's doing.
• 36:35
  Speaker 1: And if you'd like to read more about Juan Prujol Garcia,
• 36:38
  Speaker 1: there is the book we mentioned Garbo. There's also a
• 36:43
  Speaker 1: great article on Badass of Theweek dot com, which I
• 36:46
  Speaker 1: think is cool. If you're ever listening to one of
• 36:48
  Speaker 1: our pure podcasts, Behind the Bastards, which is an excellent show,
• 36:52
  Speaker 1: and you're feeling down about life in general, then you
• 36:55
  Speaker 1: can find out about some historic good guys on Badass
• 36:58
  Speaker 1: of the Week dot com.
• 37:00
  Speaker 2: And it's funny you think of this guy as a badass,
• 37:01
  Speaker 2: and he certainly was. But a good spy probably doesn't
• 37:04
  Speaker 2: have to kill very often, right, a good spy you
• 37:06
  Speaker 2: only have to kill if you're either an assassin or
• 37:09
  Speaker 2: your cover is blown right, right, And he didn't kill it. Well,
• 37:13
  Speaker 2: he is responsible for death, absolutely, but you don't hear
• 37:15
  Speaker 2: any stories of him having to have, you know, slipped
• 37:17
  Speaker 2: someone a poisoned dart or something like that, or a
• 37:19
  Speaker 2: little no no no.
• 37:21
  Speaker 1: He's a way better spy than James Bond.
• 37:24
  Speaker 5: I agree. I agree, James Bond is kind of a hack, yeah,
• 37:29
  Speaker 5: when you think about it. So hopefully we don't get
• 37:33
  Speaker 5: too much hate mail about that. I will admit I
• 37:35
  Speaker 5: do enjoy the films.
• 37:36
  Speaker 2: I do, and they're all on Netflix now, by the way,
• 37:38
  Speaker 2: or even even like the Timothy Dalton ones, and like
• 37:40
  Speaker 2: the Roger all of them. I don't really want to
• 37:42
  Speaker 2: dig back in. You know what else is on streaming? Now?
• 37:45
  Speaker 2: What's that? This is a recommendation, I guess if we're
• 37:48
  Speaker 2: doing that, I think we wrapped up with the show.
• 37:50
  Speaker 2: On Amazon Prime, you can find this insane cash of
• 37:56
  Speaker 2: terrible eighties B movies. Oh yeah, and all of these
• 37:59
  Speaker 2: genres like sword and sorcery, kind of slasher type genre movies, thrillers,
• 38:04
  Speaker 2: spy thrillers. But they're like the C level ones. They're
• 38:07
  Speaker 2: the ones that were like, so you had your Cone
• 38:08
  Speaker 2: in the Barbarian, which is a big hit. Then you
• 38:10
  Speaker 2: have this whole pile of like kind of copycat movies
• 38:13
  Speaker 2: that are very entertaining and they do not age well,
• 38:17
  Speaker 2: but they're a lot of fun if you want to
• 38:18
  Speaker 2: dig in on Amazon Prime.
• 38:20
  Speaker 1: I have a comic book recommendation. Hoay, I may have
• 38:23
  Speaker 1: said this before. As a matter of fact, I bet
• 38:25
  Speaker 1: I have, But I want to put the word out
• 38:27
  Speaker 1: there because I just reread it.
• 38:29
  Speaker 2: There is a.
• 38:29
  Speaker 1: Comic series called Uber and its follow up is Uber Invasion.
• 38:34
  Speaker 1: It's an historical account of World War Two if a
• 38:40
  Speaker 1: specific type of superpower were discovered. I don't want to
• 38:44
  Speaker 1: say any more than that. I don't want to spoil it.
• 38:47
  Speaker 1: It's amazing.
• 38:48
  Speaker 2: You should.
• 38:49
  Speaker 1: You should check it out if you are at all
• 38:51
  Speaker 1: interested in good graphic novels. It is ongoing, so at
• 38:55
  Speaker 1: this point, I don't know how it ends either. I
• 38:57
  Speaker 1: would love to hear your opinion about it. You could
• 39:01
  Speaker 1: tell us about this. You could tell us about some
• 39:02
  Speaker 1: of your favorite spy stories on our Instagram, on our Facebook,
• 39:07
  Speaker 1: on Twitter, on Facebook, we highly recommend you check out
• 39:12
  Speaker 1: your fellow listener's opinions on our community page Ridiculous Historians.
• 39:18
  Speaker 1: You can follow us to believe we're a ridiculous history
• 39:20
  Speaker 1: show on Instagram.
• 39:21
  Speaker 2: That's right, Ridiculous History show on Instagram. And I am
• 39:23
  Speaker 2: personally at Embryonic Insider if you feel like hanging out with.
• 39:26
  Speaker 1: Me, and I am at Ben Bolin if you feel
• 39:30
  Speaker 1: like seeing some weird stuff, no spoilers.
• 39:33
  Speaker 2: Wow, you're really that's a good teas man. That's a
• 39:36
  Speaker 2: good teas I don't think you'll be let down either
• 39:39
  Speaker 2: Ben gets up to some shenanigans. Let me tell you.
• 39:41
  Speaker 2: If you don't wan to see that stuff, he can
• 39:43
  Speaker 2: send us an email ridiculous at HowStuffWorks dot com. Thanks
• 39:46
  Speaker 2: to Alex Williams, who composed our theme. Yeah, thanks to
• 39:49
  Speaker 2: Casey Pegram who composed our hearts. The theme of our Hearts,
• 39:53
  Speaker 2: that's what he composed. Me. If that's his real name,
• 39:55
  Speaker 2: I think it possibly might not be, but I am
• 39:57
  Speaker 2: going to respect his privacy.
• 39:59
  Speaker 1: Yes, yes, what if his real name is just a
• 40:02
  Speaker 1: clever switcheroo of the letters. What if his real name
• 40:05
  Speaker 1: is like pacey Kegrim.
• 40:06
  Speaker 2: I like that.
• 40:07
  Speaker 1: That's pretty fun And thanks to our research associate Gabe.
• 40:11
  Speaker 1: Thanks to Thanks to you, Noel. This has been an
• 40:13
  Speaker 1: absolute pleasure. And now I'm going to spend the afternoon
• 40:17
  Speaker 1: figuring out what our core spy nicknames would be. Will
• 40:21
  Speaker 1: you be sure and let me know, Ben, You let
• 40:23
  Speaker 1: me know if you've got one, Hey, let us know
• 40:24
  Speaker 1: if you've got one.
• 40:26
  Speaker 2: We'll see you next time, folks. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio,
• 40:36
  Speaker 2: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen
• 40:39
  Speaker 2: to your favorite shows.