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28 - Garibaldi and the Making of Italy by George Macaulay Trevelyan · Garibaldi and the Making of Italy

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  Speaker 1: Appendix Jay of Garibaldi and the Making of Italy by
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  Speaker 1: George McCaulay Trevellion. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain.
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  Speaker 1: Numbers of the armies on the Volturno one the Bourbon
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  Speaker 1: forces a total Bourbon force north of the Volturno. The
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  Speaker 1: late Senator General Primorano, who in eighteen sixty was an
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  Speaker 1: officer in the Bourbon Army, told me that there must
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  Speaker 1: have been fifty thousand behind the Volturno, including the garrisons
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  Speaker 1: of Gaieta and Capua. After the reorganization behind the Volturno,
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  Speaker 1: the regiments, he said, were very full, often amounted to
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  Speaker 1: three hundred each viz. Three battalions of one thousand each.
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  Speaker 1: This impression is fully borne out by the following calculation
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  Speaker 1: based on Bourbon authorities only losses on October first and
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  Speaker 1: second killed and prisoners only not wounded. Twenty five hundred
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  Speaker 1: taken in Capua on November six, second eleven, or eight
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  Speaker 1: thousand interned in Popel States November eighth, seventeen thousand took
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  Speaker 1: part in subsequent defense of Gaieta twenty one thousand. These
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  Speaker 1: four categories are mutually exclusive and added together give a
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  Speaker 1: total of fifty thousand. If we consider that nearly one
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  Speaker 1: thousand more were captured with Scotti near Assernia on October twentieth,
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  Speaker 1: and that at least some others must have disbanded unaccounted for.
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  Speaker 1: Under any of these categories, it will seem rather an
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  Speaker 1: under estimate to place the total force north of the
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  Speaker 1: Volturno at fifty thousand. The names of a large number
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  Speaker 1: of the regiments of which this force was composed will
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  Speaker 1: be found in Fronchi Section two, pages two hundred and
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  Speaker 1: sixty and sixty one, two hundred and seventy one through
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  Speaker 1: two seventy six, three hundred and twenty eight through three
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  Speaker 1: twenty nine B. The total force engaged in the Battle
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  Speaker 1: of October first and second here is perhaps more uncertainty.
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  Speaker 1: We can, however, calculate von Mitchell's force the Bourbon left
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  Speaker 1: wing accurately. The wess who attacked Bixio at Madaloni numbered
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  Speaker 1: three thousand, and ruiz Men who took Castel Moroni and
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  Speaker 1: Caserta Vecchia on October first and lost two thousand prisoners
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  Speaker 1: on October second, numbered five thousand, enumerated by Ruiz himself.
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  Speaker 1: This brings von Mitchell's force the Bourbon left wing to
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  Speaker 1: eight thousand, as Ruiz himself tells us. It is far
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  Speaker 1: more difficult to estimate the Bourbon right wing under Tibachi
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  Speaker 1: and Afen de Rivera Andreutici himself, which attacked San Angelo,
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  Speaker 1: San Maria, and San Tomoro. There is no authoritive statement
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  Speaker 1: like that of Ruiz for the other wing. Decevo Section four,
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  Speaker 1: page one eighty four and one eighty nine puts it
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  Speaker 1: at forty five hundred against San Maria and forty five
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  Speaker 1: hundred against San Angelo, and fifteen hundred cavalry reserve CRV
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  Speaker 1: plus two squadrons of cavalry and cannon against some tomorrow
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  Speaker 1: equals about eleven thousand in all. But this is likely
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  Speaker 1: to be an underestimate, just as the Garbaldian calculations not
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  Speaker 1: quoted here are likely to be over estimates. Some attempt
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  Speaker 1: at real calculation can be made from the official figures
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  Speaker 1: given by Frenchie, where we find that this wing acknowledged
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  Speaker 1: a loss in killed and wounded of one thousand, and
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  Speaker 1: beyond all doubt, it consists of five regiments and eight
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  Speaker 1: battalions of infantry, eight regiments of cavalry and dragoons, and
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  Speaker 1: seven batteries of artillery for every one of these made
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  Speaker 1: a return of losses under fire on October first see
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  Speaker 1: Fronchie section two, page two sixty. In view of General
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  Speaker 1: Primorano's statement as to the fullness of the regiments and battalions,
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  Speaker 1: it is difficult to see how five regiments plus eight
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  Speaker 1: battalions of infantry plus eight regiments of cavalry could be
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  Speaker 1: below twenty thousand, And indeed it would be over thirty
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  Speaker 1: thousand if every battalion and regiment of infantry was really
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  Speaker 1: up to strength. But if we put the Bourbon right
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  Speaker 1: wing tentively at twenty thousand and the left confidently at
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  Speaker 1: eight thousand, we get twenty eight thousand in all for
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  Speaker 1: the battle of October first and second. In view of
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  Speaker 1: the official document printed in Franchi section two, page two
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  Speaker 1: sixty and Ruiz's statement, I think twenty eight thousand is
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  Speaker 1: a fair estimate. Two the Garibaldian forces a total of
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  Speaker 1: Garibaldian forces in Sicily and the mainland. We have official
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  Speaker 1: evidence that at the time of the disbanding of Garibaldi's
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  Speaker 1: forces in November, fifty thousand were paid off Vizit seven
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  Speaker 1: thousand in Sicily and forty three thousand in the mainland.
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  Speaker 1: But of these forty three thousand on the mainland, only
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  Speaker 1: a third, so Garibaldi declared, were ever under fire. For
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  Speaker 1: with regard to the forty three thousand, we must remember
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  Speaker 1: that one many were enrolled during October after the battle
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  Speaker 1: had been fought. Two many regiments, even at the time
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  Speaker 1: of the breakup of the forces in November, were only
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  Speaker 1: in the process of formation and had never been actually
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  Speaker 1: under arms. Three These new enrollments in the autumn were
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  Speaker 1: going on principally in Calabria, Apulia and Bellisicata, far from
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  Speaker 1: the scene of action. Four The grand total includes everyone
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  Speaker 1: in Garibaldi's pay viz. All the troops doing garrison and
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  Speaker 1: patrol work in Naples and the provinces. Five the grand
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  Speaker 1: total was composed at least half of irregular bands, forces
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  Speaker 1: raised by private persons, local militia, et cetera. Six. A
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  Speaker 1: large part of the nominal force was fraudulent, men put
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  Speaker 1: down their names merely to draw food in pay or
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  Speaker 1: to be able to swagger about in uniform. Garibaldi's own words,
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  Speaker 1: where one third were present in the hour of battle,
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  Speaker 1: and the other two thirds only at pay day and
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  Speaker 1: the dinner hour. There is therefore no reason to suppose,
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  Speaker 1: on account of the grand total of forty three thousand
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  Speaker 1: on the mainland and seven thousand in Sicily, that more
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  Speaker 1: than twenty thousand men were ever at the front on
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  Speaker 1: the Volturno. Of the twenty thousand volunteers from North Italy,
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  Speaker 1: the backbone of the force, many were in hospital and
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  Speaker 1: more in garrison or patrol work in the provinces. But
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  Speaker 1: it is reasonable to suppose that well over ten thousand
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  Speaker 1: Northerners were on the Volturno, and the names of the
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  Speaker 1: regiments engaged on October first confirmed this view. B total
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  Speaker 1: force of Garibaldini engaged on October first this is almost
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  Speaker 1: as difficult to calculate as the number of their opponents.
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  Speaker 1: I think it is agreed on all hands that except
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  Speaker 1: at the arches of the valley, where Bixio had five thousand,
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  Speaker 1: six hundred and fifty three men against the three thousand Swiss,
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  Speaker 1: the Garibaldini were outnumbered at all points. In the mountains
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  Speaker 1: north of Caserta, Sacchi had eighteen hundred men very slightly engaged,
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  Speaker 1: and Bronzetti at Castelmarni had two hundred and eighty three
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  Speaker 1: who managed to delay for four hours the advance of
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  Speaker 1: Ruiz five thousand, Saint Maria and San Angelo, and all
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  Speaker 1: those regions on the Garibaldian left were defended against an
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  Speaker 1: attack of five regiments and eight battalions of infantry and
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  Speaker 1: several thousand cavalry, probably not less than twenty thousand of
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  Speaker 1: all arms, and possibly far more. The Garibaldian force in
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  Speaker 1: this part of the field, which was all agree outnumbered,
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  Speaker 1: consisted of the men under Medici defending San Angelo, the
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  Speaker 1: men under Milbitz defending San Maria and the first Sun tomorrow,
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  Speaker 1: and the reserves under tour brought up from Caserta to
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  Speaker 1: San Maria as the day went on. Corte, in command
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  Speaker 1: of some luce Onions and Aversa, took no more part
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  Speaker 1: in the battle, and is not therefore to be counted.
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  Speaker 1: The most probable enumeration of the Garibaldian forces in the
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  Speaker 1: Battle of October First seemed to me as follows. Under
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  Speaker 1: Bixio at Madeloni five thousand, six hundred and fifty three men,
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  Speaker 1: Bronzetti at Castel Moroni two hundred and eighty three, Sacchi
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  Speaker 1: at San Luicio eighteen hundred, Medici at San Angelo four
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  Speaker 1: thousand milbits at San Maria and San Tomorrow, three thousand
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  Speaker 1: tour at Caserta fifty six hundred. This provides a total
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  Speaker 1: of twenty thousand, three hundred and thirty six. Therefore, if
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  Speaker 1: I had to guess at the numbers engaged on October first,
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  Speaker 1: I should say twenty thousand Garibaldini and twenty eight thousand Royalists.
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  Speaker 1: See Garibaldian force on October second and Piedmonti's assistance in
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  Speaker 1: the fighting on October second. Stokes, Calabrians and the Piedmontese
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  Speaker 1: Bursilgieri also took part, having arrived at Caserta from Naples
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  Speaker 1: after the end of the fighting on October first. There
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  Speaker 1: had been several score of Piedmontese gunners helping to serve
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  Speaker 1: the guns at Saint Maria and San Angelo on October first,
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  Speaker 1: but no infantry, as had been sometimes erroneously alleged. The
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  Speaker 1: regular infantry only came up for the fighting of October
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  Speaker 1: second near Caserta. They consisted of two companies of Burselgieri
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  Speaker 1: and two companies of the first Regiment of the Brigata
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  Speaker 1: del Ray. This is proved not only by all Garibaldian sources,
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  Speaker 1: but by the only official Piedmontese source, the reports printed
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  Speaker 1: in Mamore's stor Mill Section one, pages fifty two through
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  Speaker 1: fifty five. These troops had been sent to the Bay
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  Speaker 1: of Naples on board personal ships as early as August,
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  Speaker 1: when Cavoor hoped they might be useful if a spontaneous
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  Speaker 1: revolution took place in Naples before Garibaldi's arrival. End of
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  Speaker 1: Appendix J