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1-800-1876: America, the sequel · 1-800-1800

• 0:00
  SPEAKER_02: Ring, ring.
• 0:01
  SPEAKER_02: Hello?
• 0:02
  SPEAKER_02: Is this 1876?
• 0:04
  SPEAKER_01: Yes, Lassie, it is.
• 0:06
  SPEAKER_01: Lassie?
• 0:07
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know.
• 0:08
  SPEAKER_01: It seemed cute.
• 0:09
  SPEAKER_02: Hello, you've reached 1-800-1800.
• 0:10
  SPEAKER_02: You are giving Lassie right now.
• 0:13
  SPEAKER_01: I was trying to
• 0:14
  SPEAKER_02: give Americana.
• 0:15
  SPEAKER_01: It's working,
• 0:16
  SPEAKER_01: I mean I'm wearing blue but it's not really American blue
• 0:19
  SPEAKER_02: and I'm a little sunburned
• 0:20
  SPEAKER_02: so it's red white and blue
• 0:21
  SPEAKER_01: oh I'm sunburnt too I have
• 0:23
  SPEAKER_01: a very strange sunburn I can't really show you without revealing myself we're blue
• 0:28
  SPEAKER_01: and white and red all over absolutely and we're in newspaper
• 0:33
  SPEAKER_00: Hello, you've reached 1-800-1800.
• 0:37
  SPEAKER_00: Thank you.
• 0:39
  SPEAKER_00: I -1800. I have a burning question. 1 - 800 Enjoy.
• 0:45
  SPEAKER_00: My name is Mabel.
• 0:47
  SPEAKER_00: My name is Madeline.
• 1:03
  SPEAKER_01: And we are your friends and we will be leading you today through the year 1876.
• 1:09
  SPEAKER_01: Thank you.
• 1:10
  SPEAKER_01: And if you missed last week's episode, maybe it was two weeks ago.
• 1:15
  SPEAKER_01: Who knows?
• 1:16
  SPEAKER_01: 1-800-1776.
• 1:17
  SPEAKER_01: Nope.
• 1:17
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 1:18
  SPEAKER_01: Nope.
• 1:19
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, did I say seven?
• 1:20
  SPEAKER_01: I say 1776?
• 1:21
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, you did.
• 1:22
  Pretty ha, ha.
• 1:24
  SPEAKER_01: Cool.
• 1:25
  SPEAKER_02: You're going to want to hear it.
• 1:27
  SPEAKER_02: You better listen up.
• 1:28
  SPEAKER_02: Thank you.
• 1:29
  SPEAKER_01: There was a butter sculpture in 1876 that remind me to mention.
• 1:34
  SPEAKER_01: You mentioned it.
• 1:35
  SPEAKER_01: It's done.
• 1:35
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, I actually don't know much more about it.
• 1:37
  SPEAKER_01: I was like, I'm not.
• 1:38
  SPEAKER_01: I decided I made a conscious choice.
• 1:39
  SPEAKER_01: I'm not going to learn about the butter sculpture.
• 1:41
  SPEAKER_01: I'm going to learn about the Indian Wars, but I'm not going to learn about butter sculpture.
• 1:45
  SPEAKER_02: Remember when I went on like two dates with that guy from Minnesota?
• 1:49
  SPEAKER_02: No.
• 1:50
  SPEAKER_02: One of the things he said, it doesn't matter.
• 1:53
  SPEAKER_02: He like brutally ghosted me.
• 1:54
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 1:55
  SPEAKER_02: Thank you.
• 1:58
  SPEAKER_02: But one of the things that But he...
• 2:00
  SPEAKER_02: talked about on our first date that I remember finding charming is
• 2:03
  SPEAKER_02: that they still do butter sculptures at the Minnesota Fair and there's like
• 2:06
  SPEAKER_02: a princess of the fair.
• 2:07
  SPEAKER_02: And if she wins, they make a butter sculpture of her.
• 2:10
  SPEAKER_01: Oh, that's so awesome.
• 2:11
  SPEAKER_01: I hope we can be at the point very soon where someone makes a butter sculpture of us.
• 2:16
  SPEAKER_01: Is this the guy who told you he was a brain on a stick?
• 2:18
  SPEAKER_01: No.
• 2:19
  SPEAKER_01: That's a different thing.
• 2:22
  SPEAKER_01: Because I was reminiscing about the guy you went on a date with who told you
• 2:25
  SPEAKER_01: that you were a brain on or he was
• 2:27
  SPEAKER_02: actually said I wasn't a brain in a jar.
• 2:29
  SPEAKER_02: Oh, is what you're thinking of.
• 2:31
  SPEAKER_02: I knew there was a philosopher.
• 2:33
  SPEAKER_02: He was a philosopher.
• 2:34
  SPEAKER_02: And I made a comment that I was just a brain in a jar.
• 2:37
  SPEAKER_02: And he said, actually, I've proved that you're not.
• 2:39
  SPEAKER_01: Just hot.
• 2:42
  Thank you.
• 2:43
  SPEAKER_02: Maybe revealing something about myself, but that was hot to me.
• 2:46
  SPEAKER_02: Okay.
• 2:47
  SPEAKER_02: Note that, perspective lovers.
• 2:50
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah, I'm like so far making it seem pretty easy.
• 2:52
  SPEAKER_02: It is.
• 2:53
  SPEAKER_02: And it is.
• 2:55
  SPEAKER_01: Madeline, did you learn anything this week?
• 2:58
  SPEAKER_02: Yes.
• 2:59
  SPEAKER_02: Tell me.
• 2:59
  SPEAKER_02: Actually,
• 3:00
  SPEAKER_02: it's cheating because I learned it when I was researching 1776,
• 3:03
  SPEAKER_02: but then I just simply forgot to say it.
• 3:05
  SPEAKER_02: Cheater.
• 3:06
  SPEAKER_02: Thank you.
• 3:07
  SPEAKER_02: But, um...
• 3:08
  SPEAKER_02: Which is that, well, I didn't go too much into common sense in Thomas Paine, But Tom...
• 3:14
  SPEAKER_02: Thomas Paine has an interesting background because he is a tradesman,
• 3:20
  SPEAKER_02: whereas like many of the other founding fathers were just rich guys.
• 3:24
  SPEAKER_02: And his trade And what I did was.
• 3:26
  SPEAKER_02: It's corset making.
• 3:27
  SPEAKER_02: Making.
• 3:27
  SPEAKER_02: Oh my God.
• 3:28
  SPEAKER_02: Interesting.
• 3:28
  SPEAKER_02: Interesting.
• 3:29
  SPEAKER_02: And his father was a corset maker.
• 3:31
  SPEAKER_02: He inherited the business from his father.
• 3:32
  SPEAKER_02: His father was like a very successful corset maker.
• 3:35
  SPEAKER_02: And Thomas Paine was just like actually not very good at it.
• 3:37
  SPEAKER_02: I mean, it seems really hard.
• 3:39
  SPEAKER_02: I think it would be really hard.
• 3:41
  SPEAKER_02: And also like.
• 3:42
  SPEAKER_02: Like, I can't imagine making it.
• 3:44
  SPEAKER_02: Making a corset without having like the experience of a female body.
• 3:48
  SPEAKER_02: I think that the whole point of the corset is that you haven't had an experience of
• 3:51
  SPEAKER_02: the female body.
• 3:51
  SPEAKER_02: I know,
• 3:52
  SPEAKER_02: but there's still like a certain amount of understanding that it would require,
• 3:55
  SPEAKER_02: I think, no?
• 3:56
  SPEAKER_01: I think that it relies on not
• 3:58
  SPEAKER_02: understanding the female
• 3:59
  SPEAKER_01: body.
• 4:01
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, maybe.
• 4:02
  SPEAKER_01: That's the key to its success.
• 4:05
  SPEAKER_01: There's not like a bra aspect to it.
• 4:07
  SPEAKER_01: I'm actually going to be talking about corsets in 1876.
• 4:10
  SPEAKER_01: So I'm curious to hear where this is going.
• 4:12
  SPEAKER_02: I want to tell the listeners that Mabel,
• 4:14
  SPEAKER_02: I fear there is not anything Mabel will not talk about in this episode.
• 4:18
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, I'm going to get into my relationship with 1876 276 in a moment.
• 4:22
  SPEAKER_01: Moment.
• 4:22
  SPEAKER_01: It's complicated.
• 4:24
  SPEAKER_02: Anyway, the course.
• 4:25
  SPEAKER_02: Corset maker thing.
• 4:26
  SPEAKER_02: And then also something that I didn't say is that common sense,
• 4:31
  SPEAKER_02: like his argument for democracy has echoes of rabbinical scholarship.
• 4:35
  SPEAKER_02: And people have like talked about how I know I can't escape it.
• 4:40
  SPEAKER_02: That's what I wanted to say.
• 4:40
  SPEAKER_02: Um, Oh God, Lord help us.
• 4:45
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 4:46
  SPEAKER_01: Those are my facts.
• 4:47
  SPEAKER_01: Those are really fun and a perfect setup for me because everything Everything could bring.
• 4:52
  SPEAKER_01: Brings me back to 1876, I guess.
• 4:55
  SPEAKER_01: And that's Like what I learned this week.
• 4:58
  SPEAKER_01: Week is kind of related to 1876.
• 5:00
  SPEAKER_01: And let me just say it.
• 5:01
  SPEAKER_01: I've been having this like weird Manifestation, psychic relationship with 1876.
• 5:07
  SPEAKER_01: And yesterday,
• 5:07
  SPEAKER_01: Madeline herself gave me an amazing compliment,
• 5:09
  SPEAKER_01: which is that I'm the best manifester she knows.
• 5:11
  SPEAKER_01: She really is.
• 5:12
  SPEAKER_01: It's kind of just true.
• 5:13
  SPEAKER_01: So let's just say, so A couple, like a month ago.
• 5:16
  SPEAKER_01: Ago, Madeline and I were like, let's do special 4th of July semi-quincentennial episodes.
• 5:20
  SPEAKER_01: Madeline says, I'm going to take 1776.
• 5:22
  SPEAKER_01: You take 1876.
• 5:24
  SPEAKER_01: I go, sure, no problem.
• 5:25
  SPEAKER_01: And then like three days later, I open a package that I've received and it's a book.
• 5:32
  SPEAKER_01: And it's this book.
• 5:33
  SPEAKER_01: It's called Centennial by Fergus M. Bordowicz.
• 5:36
  SPEAKER_01: And I realized my father had sent it to me.
• 5:38
  SPEAKER_01: I realized it had been published that day.
• 5:40
  SPEAKER_01: And I text him in a group chat with Madeline.
• 5:42
  SPEAKER_01: I say, Dad, did you know that I was doing 1876?
• 5:45
  SPEAKER_01: Had I mentioned it?
• 5:46
  SPEAKER_01: And he was like, no.
• 5:47
  SPEAKER_01: So that was sign one of weird.
• 5:49
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 5:50
  SPEAKER_01: And then I realized, oh, I don't have time to read Centennial.
• 5:54
  SPEAKER_01: I'm already reading Daniel Deronda by George Eliot.
• 5:57
  SPEAKER_01: Guess what year it was published?
• 5:58
  SPEAKER_01: 1876.
• 5:59
  SPEAKER_01: Correct.
• 5:59
  SPEAKER_01: 1776.
• 6:00
  SPEAKER_01: Correct And then I'm in the midst of reading Daniel Deronda and Centennial.
• 6:06
  SPEAKER_01: I'm on Martha's Vineyard as one tends to be around the 4th of July.
• 6:09
  SPEAKER_01: And I'm in Oak Bluffs,
• 6:11
  SPEAKER_01: Massachusetts,
• 6:12
  SPEAKER_01: which is a really cool town in Martha's Vineyard And with a
• 6:16
  SPEAKER_02: lot of what's.
• 6:17
  SPEAKER_02: What's cool about it.
• 6:18
  SPEAKER_01: It's interesting because it was like a Methodist camp in the 19th century.
• 6:22
  SPEAKER_01: And It was like known as Cottage City.
• 6:25
  SPEAKER_01: And so there's all these adorable cottages everywhere that are like painted really fun colors.
• 6:29
  SPEAKER_01: And it happens.
• 6:30
  SPEAKER_01: Has That was what I learned.
• 6:32
  SPEAKER_01: Learned.
• 6:33
  SPEAKER_01: And I remember going here as a kid.
• 6:34
  SPEAKER_01: There is a carousel there called the Flying Horses.
• 6:37
  SPEAKER_01: And guess what year the Flying Horses was built?
• 6:41
  SPEAKER_01: 1876.
• 6:42
  SPEAKER_01: 1876.
• 6:42
  SPEAKER_01: It is the oldest carousel in continuous operation in the United States.
• 6:47
  SPEAKER_01: It was originally built in Coney Island.
• 6:49
  SPEAKER_01: And then in the 1880s, this...
• 6:50
  SPEAKER_01: 1880s this you know entrepreneur I'm going to bring this up.
• 6:54
  SPEAKER_01: Bring the flying horses to this vineyard.
• 6:56
  SPEAKER_01: Genius.
• 6:57
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 6:57
  SPEAKER_01: And I just sort of business acumen
• 6:59
  SPEAKER_02: we I
• 7:00
  SPEAKER_01: know.
• 7:00
  SPEAKER_01: No, I'm like, it's not our fault that that's not a business idea anymore.
• 7:04
  SPEAKER_01: Like, what a shame.
• 7:05
  SPEAKER_01: I know.
• 7:07
  SPEAKER_01: And so then I was curious.
• 7:08
  SPEAKER_01: It's a really cool carousel because it's all made of wood.
• 7:12
  SPEAKER_01: And I don't really understand.
• 7:15
  SPEAKER_01: It's like it also plays like a jolly little jingle when you're going around.
• 7:19
  SPEAKER_01: Yes, they do.
• 7:20
  SPEAKER_01: And it has like an original little organ that's playing the song.
• 7:24
  SPEAKER_01: And I think it's like powered by the music.
• 7:27
  SPEAKER_01: It's like a music box, basically, like as the horses go
• 7:29
  SPEAKER_02: around, the music is playing.
• 7:31
  SPEAKER_02: Not that I doubt at all that this is the oldest continuously operational carousel,
• 7:35
  SPEAKER_02: but I have heard other carousels make that claim.
• 7:38
  SPEAKER_01: Well, I'm sure.
• 7:40
  SPEAKER_01: But then I was interested, what's the history of the carousel?
• 7:43
  SPEAKER_01: I actually know about this.
• 7:44
  SPEAKER_01: I didn't know about this.
• 7:45
  SPEAKER_01: And so correct me if I'm wrong.
• 7:46
  SPEAKER_01: So a carousel is like a thing that people actually used to do with horses
• 7:50
  SPEAKER_01: and probably still do where they like ride in a big circle
• 7:54
  SPEAKER_02: And I know.
• 7:54
  SPEAKER_02: Of horses.
• 7:55
  SPEAKER_02: That I don't know about.
• 7:56
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 7:56
  SPEAKER_01: So there would be, it's like a jousting thing.
• 7:59
  SPEAKER_01: It would be like something to begin a jousting tournament.
• 8:02
  SPEAKER_01: So I read...
• 8:03
  SPEAKER_01: Noblemen participated.
• 8:04
  SPEAKER_01: Participating in jousting tournaments would often overwork their horses,
• 8:08
  SPEAKER_01: So in early development,
• 8:09
  SPEAKER_01: device was developed in the late 17th century to allow participants
• 8:12
  SPEAKER_01: to practice ring jousting without the need for riding horses.
• 8:15
  SPEAKER_01: It consisted of wooden horses suspended from a wheel mounted on a central pole,
• 8:19
  SPEAKER_01: which was spun by a workhorse,
• 8:20
  SPEAKER_01: so still a horse was being abused, walking around the contraption's perimeter.
• 8:26
  SPEAKER_01: And so that's...
• 8:27
  SPEAKER_01: then they were like, oh, this is fun for kids.
• 8:29
  SPEAKER_01: And so there was like in the 17th century Wooden carousel.
• 8:33
  SPEAKER_01: Carousels that people would ride.
• 8:35
  SPEAKER_02: I feel like most stuff for kids was war games at some point.
• 8:39
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 8:40
  SPEAKER_01: Like what else?
• 8:41
  SPEAKER_01: Like all nursery rhymes are like war songs.
• 8:45
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 8:46
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, war is fun.
• 8:48
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 8:48
  SPEAKER_01: Don't get it twisted.
• 8:49
  SPEAKER_02: My brother and I invented a game when we were kids,
• 8:51
  SPEAKER_02: but we weren't allowed to play it if anybody was watching called Swing Jousting.
• 8:56
  SPEAKER_02: On the swings?
• 8:57
  SPEAKER_01: Which is when you sit sideways on the swings
• 8:58
  SPEAKER_02: and try to kick each other off.
• 9:01
  SPEAKER_02: Like two swings next
• 9:02
  SPEAKER_01: to each other?
• 9:02
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah,
• 9:03
  SPEAKER_02: you're on adjacent swings and you swing it this way instead of this way and you try
• 9:08
  SPEAKER_02: to get the other person to fall.
• 9:10
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, that's really horrifying.
• 9:11
  SPEAKER_02: It's extremely violent.
• 9:15
  SPEAKER_01: Awesome.
• 9:16
  SPEAKER_01: So with that, I think I'll get into it.
• 9:18
  SPEAKER_01: Are you ready for more 1876?
• 9:20
  SPEAKER_02: I mean, ready as I'll ever be.
• 9:22
  SPEAKER_02: I'm scared of what's going to happen to you when we move through this.
• 9:25
  SPEAKER_02: I know, me too.
• 9:26
  SPEAKER_02: I'm like feeling a great sense of trepidation.
• 9:27
  SPEAKER_02: I don't know what's on the other side for you.
• 9:29
  SPEAKER_01: Me neither.
• 9:30
  SPEAKER_01: It's just an abyss.
• 9:32
  SPEAKER_01: As always.
• 9:32
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 9:33
  SPEAKER_01: So as you may know,
• 9:35
  SPEAKER_01: if you listened to the last episode of our podcast,
• 9:37
  SPEAKER_01: the United States of America was born in 1776.
• 9:40
  SPEAKER_01: Duh, duh, duh.
• 9:41
  SPEAKER_01: On July 4th, 1876, the United States of America turned 100.
• 9:46
  SPEAKER_01: Da-da-da.
• 9:48
  SPEAKER_01: And we are recording this almost exactly 150 750 years after that anniversary.
• 9:53
  SPEAKER_01: We're a little late.
• 9:56
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, well, no,
• 9:58
  SPEAKER_01: the fair,
• 9:58
  SPEAKER_01: basically,
• 9:59
  SPEAKER_01: I'm going to talk about this huge World's Fair that was thrown to celebrate
• 10:02
  SPEAKER_01: the United States 100th birthday.
• 10:03
  SPEAKER_01: It was called,
• 10:04
  SPEAKER_01: and this is a long name,
• 10:06
  SPEAKER_01: the International Exhibition of Arts,
• 10:08
  SPEAKER_01: Manufacturers and Products of the Soil and Mine.
• 10:11
  SPEAKER_01: I'm just going to refer to it as the Centennial Exposition.
• 10:15
  SPEAKER_01: It was held in Philadelphia from May 10th to November 10th, 1876.
• 10:19
  SPEAKER_01: So we're not actually late.
• 10:22
  SPEAKER_01: On the occasional.
• 10:23
  SPEAKER_01: Occasion of the semi-quincentennial,
• 10:24
  SPEAKER_01: we're looking back to the centennial,
• 10:26
  SPEAKER_01: which was a six-month party basically in Philadelphia.
• 10:30
  SPEAKER_01: And it was a great time.
• 10:32
  SPEAKER_01: But I want to kind of talk to you.
• 10:33
  SPEAKER_01: I'm going to set the scene a little bit because I feel like I owe it to 1876
• 10:37
  SPEAKER_01: to describe more than just the party that was thrown in its honor.
• 10:40
  SPEAKER_01: So Yeah.
• 10:42
  SPEAKER_01: President, we had Ulysses S. Grant, who was finishing his last term.
• 10:46
  SPEAKER_01: And there was a radio.
• 10:47
  SPEAKER_01: Really, really contentious,
• 10:49
  SPEAKER_01: dramatic,
• 10:49
  SPEAKER_01: horrific election that occurred that year, which I'll talk a little bit about.
• 10:52
  SPEAKER_01: And I think we should probably do like a dedicated episode about sometime.
• 10:55
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 10:56
  SPEAKER_01: So this is interesting.
• 10:57
  SPEAKER_01: Interesting.
• 10:57
  SPEAKER_01: There was only 38 There's only 38 states in the
• 10:59
  SPEAKER_01: The United States as of August 1st, 1876.
• 11:01
  SPEAKER_01: Name them.
• 11:03
  SPEAKER_01: Name all 38.
• 11:04
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know.
• 11:05
  SPEAKER_02: Delaware.
• 11:06
  SPEAKER_02: Tell us which ones weren't there.
• 11:07
  SPEAKER_02: Hawaii.
• 11:08
  SPEAKER_02: Well, Colorado
• 11:09
  SPEAKER_02: joined And on August 1st.
• 11:10
  SPEAKER_02: 1st.
• 11:11
  SPEAKER_01: And then And that was the first.
• 11:13
  SPEAKER_01: First state to join the union.
• 11:15
  SPEAKER_01: Since 18...
• 11:15
  SPEAKER_01: Since 1867, when Nebraska was made the 37th state.
• 11:19
  SPEAKER_01: So I thought we're moving west.
• 11:20
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, we're moving west.
• 11:21
  SPEAKER_01: And the Western expansion was a big part of 1876.
• 11:25
  SPEAKER_01: The violence of Western expansion and The horrific genocide.
• 11:28
  SPEAKER_01: Genocides that were inflicted on our Native American population.
• 11:33
  SPEAKER_01: Two births that I thought were interesting.
• 11:35
  SPEAKER_01: There was very few interesting births and very few interesting deaths.
• 11:37
  SPEAKER_01: But Brancusi was born.
• 11:39
  SPEAKER_01: Of course.
• 11:40
  SPEAKER_01: Jack London.
• 11:42
  SPEAKER_02: Who's Jack London?
• 11:43
  SPEAKER_01: He's a Bay Area writer.
• 11:45
  SPEAKER_02: He wrote the one about the wolf.
• 11:47
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 11:48
  SPEAKER_02: Gray wolf.
• 11:49
  SPEAKER_02: White wolf.
• 11:50
  SPEAKER_02: I don't know.
• 11:50
  SPEAKER_02: My dad read it aloud to me as a child.
• 11:51
  SPEAKER_02: I hated it.
• 11:53
  SPEAKER_02: The white.
• 11:54
  SPEAKER_02: He like tells the wolf to go away.
• 11:56
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know.
• 11:58
  SPEAKER_01: It's a wolf for sure.
• 11:59
  SPEAKER_02: I hate stories.
• 12:00
  SPEAKER_02: He's like friends with a wolf, but then he sends the wolf away because it's wild.
• 12:04
  SPEAKER_02: It's really.
• 12:05
  SPEAKER_02: And you can't like tame a wild wolf and it's like sad, but it's for the best for both of them.
• 12:10
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, isn't that the story of like every story of man and animal?
• 12:14
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 12:15
  SPEAKER_01: So one other thing that was born in 1876 that I'll talk a little bit about
• 12:19
  SPEAKER_01: because I think it's kind of an interesting corollary for
• 12:23
  SPEAKER_01: the centennial exposition is the Dewey Decimal System.
• 12:27
  SPEAKER_01: Do you have any responses to that right off the bat?
• 12:30
  SPEAKER_02: Right off the bat,
• 12:31
  SPEAKER_02: I had a friend named Dewey when I was little and I always associated him with
• 12:34
  SPEAKER_02: the Dewey Decimal System.
• 12:36
  SPEAKER_02: And you love books.
• 12:37
  SPEAKER_02: And I love books.
• 12:38
  SPEAKER_02: And I loved him.
• 12:42
  SPEAKER_01: So I thought this was interesting because the Dewey Decimal System,
• 12:46
  SPEAKER_01: for anyone who went to elementary school, you're probably familiar with it.
• 12:50
  SPEAKER_01: It's a way of organizing books and they don't really use it in adult libraries
• 12:53
  SPEAKER_01: or they do use it in public libraries, but they don't use it in college libraries.
• 12:56
  SPEAKER_01: So I feel like most people's last experience of the library was college.
• 12:59
  SPEAKER_02: Mm-hmm.
• 13:00
  SPEAKER_01: Most universities use the Library of Congress system.
• 13:04
  SPEAKER_01: Are you wondering how they did it before?
• 13:06
  SPEAKER_02: Well, no, I'm wondering, like, because I I don't use any assistance.
• 13:09
  SPEAKER_02: System to look up books.
• 13:10
  SPEAKER_02: I do it digitally.
• 13:11
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah,
• 13:12
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, our experience of it is different.
• 13:15
  SPEAKER_02: I don't think I learned the Dewey Decimal.
• 13:16
  SPEAKER_02: Like, I don't think I learned how to look up books that way.
• 13:19
  SPEAKER_01: I definitely did.
• 13:20
  SPEAKER_01: But I had, like, an amazing elementary school library teacher.
• 13:25
  SPEAKER_01: And it was, like, a big part.
• 13:26
  SPEAKER_02: You were, like, told what it was, but I don't remember.
• 13:28
  SPEAKER_02: Maybe I just don't remember, but...
• 13:30
  SPEAKER_01: I have like pretty vivid spatial memories of being like,
• 13:32
  SPEAKER_01: this is where the books are about horses.
• 13:34
  SPEAKER_01: Like this is where the books are about.
• 13:36
  SPEAKER_01: I remember like where the books about guns were
• 13:38
  SPEAKER_01: because there was like this weird thing where all the boys
• 13:40
  SPEAKER_01: in my school would like sit there and look at the gun books.
• 13:44
  SPEAKER_01: I don't like that.
• 13:46
  SPEAKER_01: War games for children.
• 13:48
  SPEAKER_01: Exactly.
• 13:49
  SPEAKER_01: You're right.
• 13:51
  SPEAKER_01: And what's interesting is that the Dewey Decimal System, I think, allows for growth.
• 13:55
  SPEAKER_01: And it also is based on the idea that books should be related to each other
• 14:00
  SPEAKER_01: and how they're positioned topically.
• 14:03
  SPEAKER_01: And before that, most libraries in the United States used fixed positioning.
• 14:07
  SPEAKER_01: So books had a fixed position.
• 14:10
  SPEAKER_01: What does that mean?
• 14:11
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 14:11
  SPEAKER_01: Like the book spy.
• 14:13
  SPEAKER_01: Books by Melville, So, bad example.
• 14:16
  SPEAKER_01: Example, were always on this one place.
• 14:18
  SPEAKER_01: And so like if someone else became an And wrote
• 14:21
  SPEAKER_02: a book.
• 14:21
  SPEAKER_02: Book.
• 14:22
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, like it would...
• 14:23
  SPEAKER_01: The whole system would have to be,
• 14:26
  SPEAKER_02: I don't know, remade.
• 14:27
  SPEAKER_02: I think this speaks to how few books there were before like the mid-19th century.
• 14:31
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, I think it is a response to kind of the explosion of knowledge and...
• 14:36
  SPEAKER_01: The idea that like it's also very hierarchical and the idea
• 14:41
  SPEAKER_01: that there are like systems that everything should have to fit into,
• 14:44
  SPEAKER_01: which is also kind of the theme of the Centennial Exposition.
• 14:48
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 14:50
  SPEAKER_01: But, of course, what's interesting is that we're going to be talking about.
• 14:51
  SPEAKER_01: Interesting about the Dewey Decimal System is that
• 14:53
  SPEAKER_01: the categories haven't really changed Since 1880.
• 14:57
  SPEAKER_02: Horses and guns.
• 14:59
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 15:00
  SPEAKER_01: In 1932, homosexuality was added under category 132, which is mental derangements.
• 15:06
  SPEAKER_01: Thank you.
• 15:07
  SPEAKER_01: Um...
• 15:09
  SPEAKER_01: There's also like 800 categories for European literature,
• 15:13
  SPEAKER_01: but there's like one for everywhere else in the entire world.
• 15:16
  SPEAKER_01: Totally.
• 15:16
  SPEAKER_01: It's just a narrow system.
• 15:20
  SPEAKER_02: It's also interesting because I think before the Dewey Decimal System...
• 15:26
  SPEAKER_02: I'm like, I guess.
• 15:26
  SPEAKER_02: I mean, I guess the public...
• 15:28
  SPEAKER_02: public library was sort of not as much of a, or it didn't really exist until the 1850s.
• 15:33
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, I feel like the British library also wasn't public.
• 15:35
  SPEAKER_01: Like, libraries were only for invitation for people who could,
• 15:40
  SPEAKER_01: like, navigate it, who could trust it.
• 15:42
  SPEAKER_02: Saint-Genevieve in Paris is, like, 18, but it's associated with the Sorbonne.
• 15:47
  SPEAKER_02: I don't know if the general public was able to go.
• 15:50
  SPEAKER_02: I don't know.
• 15:54
  SPEAKER_02: Um But also like personal libraries were just sort of organized however the person wanted.
• 15:59
  SPEAKER_02: Like there wasn't always a system.
• 16:01
  SPEAKER_02: I think like I forget one of the founding fathers had a library
• 16:04
  SPEAKER_02: that was organized like very much like that Borges story where it's like books
• 16:09
  SPEAKER_02: about people returning from China,
• 16:11
  SPEAKER_02: books about like the concept of the self, books about these are all too concrete.
• 16:16
  SPEAKER_02: They're like weirder than that.
• 16:17
  SPEAKER_02: I'm just not as creative as him.
• 16:18
  SPEAKER_02: You're the Borges
• 16:20
  SPEAKER_01: of this podcast.
• 16:21
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 16:22
  SPEAKER_02: I don't know if that's true.
• 16:23
  SPEAKER_02: Do you think, I mean, I'm.
• 16:25
  SPEAKER_01: Giving Borges.
• 16:27
  SPEAKER_02: Right now I'm Borehead.
• 16:28
  SPEAKER_02: Borges.
• 16:28
  SPEAKER_02: You're trying to tell a story that encompasses the entire year,
• 16:32
  SPEAKER_02: so you are kind of the Borgesian pursuit.
• 16:33
  SPEAKER_01: But let's just say last week you did that too.
• 16:37
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah, it's true.
• 16:38
  SPEAKER_01: So, um, but instead of talking.
• 16:40
  SPEAKER_01: Talking about how all books ever are categorized, I'm now going to focus on one book.
• 16:44
  SPEAKER_01: And again, And I read this book called called Centennial by Bordowich.
• 16:48
  SPEAKER_01: And it was fun to read a book about one year.
• 16:51
  SPEAKER_01: And I think we're going to start doing that more.
• 16:53
  SPEAKER_01: And had a fun time reading Fergus's version of 1876 and using that
• 17:00
  SPEAKER_01: to supplement other research that I did.
• 16:54
  SPEAKER_01: And I, I.
• 17:04
  SPEAKER_01: So So I'm going to focus on this.
• 17:06
  SPEAKER_01: The centennial.
• 17:08
  SPEAKER_01: Let's go all the way back.
• 17:09
  SPEAKER_01: Who came up with the idea of having a big fair for it?
• 17:12
  SPEAKER_01: This guy named J.L.
• 17:15
  SPEAKER_01: Campbell, who is a professor in Indiana.
• 17:17
  SPEAKER_01: Of what?
• 17:19
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know.
• 17:19
  SPEAKER_01: I actually didn't write that down.
• 17:22
  SPEAKER_01: He wrote a letter to the mayor of Philadelphia and said,
• 17:26
  SPEAKER_01: you should totally do this because This is Philadelphia's instructor.
• 17:29
  SPEAKER_01: Instrumental to the history of the United States and what a great way to party.
• 17:33
  SPEAKER_01: And the mayor liked it.
• 17:35
  SPEAKER_01: It went to the Pennsylvania state legislator where it gained support from this king
• 17:40
  SPEAKER_01: of industry named Tom Scott,
• 17:42
  SPEAKER_01: who was the fourth president of the Pennsylvania Railroad,
• 17:45
  SPEAKER_01: which was playing a huge part in the centennial and also playing a huge part
• 17:50
  SPEAKER_01: in like government and the way that the United States was working.
• 17:55
  SPEAKER_01: Of course.
• 17:56
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, corruption was really rampant in the 1870s.
• 18:00
  SPEAKER_01: He lived in the 1970s.
• 18:01
  SPEAKER_01: He was kind of the original robber baron.
• 18:03
  SPEAKER_01: I think one of the characters in the Gilded Age might be based off of him.
• 18:06
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 18:07
  SPEAKER_01: And in 1871, Congress approved the idea of creating a centennial commission.
• 18:12
  SPEAKER_01: And so people went at it.
• 18:15
  SPEAKER_01: But I think it's important context to talk about what a World's Fair is.
• 18:19
  SPEAKER_01: And we've talked about World's Fairs a couple of times on this podcast.
• 18:24
  SPEAKER_01: Can I say something before you do that?
• 18:26
  SPEAKER_01: Mm hmm.
• 18:27
  SPEAKER_02: Well, I'm just thinking about kind of the contemporary moment and like the level
• 18:31
  SPEAKER_02: of corruption in our own government and how they still just couldn't get it together
• 18:36
  SPEAKER_02: to throw a party like this.
• 18:37
  SPEAKER_01: I know.
• 18:38
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, corruption has just changed.
• 18:40
  SPEAKER_01: It's funny because like basically in the 1870s, I wrote it down.
• 18:46
  SPEAKER_01: Someone wrote it like, oh, yeah.
• 18:49
  SPEAKER_01: Great sums of money changed hands as agents of both parties attempted
• 18:53
  SPEAKER_01: to buy electoral votes in what was essentially an open market.
• 18:56
  SPEAKER_01: That's about the 1876 presidential Presidential election.
• 18:59
  SPEAKER_01: And I'm like,
• 19:00
  SPEAKER_01: now corruption is like Trump riding around on the Saudi
• 19:03
  SPEAKER_01: or whatever Air Force One plane.
• 19:07
  SPEAKER_01: You know what I mean?
• 19:08
  SPEAKER_01: It's like.
• 19:09
  SPEAKER_02: Or like all the Bitcoin exchange stuff for like,
• 19:12
  SPEAKER_02: but it's all like it's all none of it's being used for the sort of pomp
• 19:17
  SPEAKER_01: and circumstance that I would like.
• 19:19
  SPEAKER_02: You mean there's no good parties?
• 19:20
  SPEAKER_02: No good parties.
• 19:22
  SPEAKER_02: What about the UFC fight that Trump had?
• 19:24
  SPEAKER_02: That apparently sucked.
• 19:26
  SPEAKER_02: They lack organizational skills.
• 19:29
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 19:30
  SPEAKER_01: I think these people knew how to organize people back That's what I'm saying.
• 19:33
  SPEAKER_01: The 1870s.
• 19:34
  SPEAKER_02: When you were a corrupt robber baron in 1876,
• 19:38
  SPEAKER_02: you had one skill,
• 19:39
  SPEAKER_02: which was organizing the physical world around you to produce the results.
• 19:43
  SPEAKER_02: Result that you wanted.
• 19:44
  SPEAKER_01: And that's how the world worked.
• 19:47
  SPEAKER_01: Like, I just always feel this.
• 19:48
  SPEAKER_01: This way about the 19th century.
• 19:49
  SPEAKER_01: I'm like, it was a physical thing.
• 19:51
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 19:52
  SPEAKER_02: Whereas now it's like, oh,
• 19:53
  SPEAKER_02: he has these sort of like nebulous,
• 19:55
  SPEAKER_02: like, you know, like internet money chains, like things that just like don't exist.
• 20:02
  SPEAKER_02: And it's all just coming to him.
• 20:04
  SPEAKER_02: But he's not like, he's like, think of.
• 20:07
  SPEAKER_02: About the reflecting pool.
• 20:08
  SPEAKER_02: Think about this arch.
• 20:09
  SPEAKER_02: Like he's not doing a very good job in the physical world.
• 20:13
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 20:13
  SPEAKER_02: The level of abstraction in his corruption is really like disappointing.
• 20:18
  SPEAKER_01: And also, yeah, like all of the great...
• 20:20
  SPEAKER_01: Conquerors and emperors of the past left a really permanent impact on the material landscape.
• 20:26
  SPEAKER_01: And we're not getting that from the Trump era.
• 20:29
  SPEAKER_02: No, not at all.
• 20:30
  SPEAKER_02: We're going to be left with nothing.
• 20:32
  SPEAKER_01: I also, I mean,
• 20:33
  SPEAKER_01: just a note though,
• 20:34
  SPEAKER_01: like Tom Scott, I think he kind of invented the idea of a shell company.
• 20:38
  SPEAKER_01: Like he was creating all these LLCs that were buying up land that then went to
• 20:42
  SPEAKER_01: the Pennsylvania Railroad to expand the railroad west.
• 20:45
  SPEAKER_02: Genius.
• 20:46
  SPEAKER_01: And I'm just like, that is a legacy that we still see today and how the corruption works.
• 20:51
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 20:52
  SPEAKER_01: And that is pretty immaterial.
• 20:53
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 20:54
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 20:55
  SPEAKER_01: So the Centennial Expos - Exposition of 1876 was a World's Fair.
• 20:59
  SPEAKER_01: Our very first episode of this podcast was about a World's Fair.
• 21:02
  SPEAKER_01: We started off this series with 18.
• 21:04
  SPEAKER_01: with 1851 and we talked about the Crystal Palace exhibition in London and that was
• 21:08
  SPEAKER_01: a major inspiration for what happened in 1876.
• 21:12
  SPEAKER_01: The Crystal Palace,
• 21:13
  SPEAKER_01: for those who haven't listened to the first episode in two years,
• 21:16
  SPEAKER_01: and isn't that crazy that we've been doing this podcast for two years?
• 21:19
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 21:20
  SPEAKER_01: Amazing.
• 21:20
  SPEAKER_01: Best two years of my life.
• 21:23
  SPEAKER_01: The Crystal Palace was a huge event in London's Hyde Park that took place inside of
• 21:28
  SPEAKER_01: an enormous glass and iron structure designed by Joseph Paxton.
• 21:32
  SPEAKER_01: And nations from around the world came to display industrial goods and raw materials.
• 21:37
  SPEAKER_01: The event was just celebrating industrial capitalism, promoting consumerism, and Doug.
• 21:43
  SPEAKER_01: Demonstrating a culture that was...
• 21:45
  SPEAKER_01: Increasingly global in nature,
• 21:47
  SPEAKER_01: countries are tethered together through the trade of raw goods,
• 21:50
  SPEAKER_01: which are transformed into industrial products that were disseminated across
• 21:53
  SPEAKER_01: the world.
• 21:54
  SPEAKER_01: It was a nationalist and imperialist project.
• 21:58
  SPEAKER_01: Heavily promoted by Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria.
• 22:01
  SPEAKER_01: And it's really like, like the British are the best.
• 22:03
  SPEAKER_01: That's the narrative of the Crystal Palace.
• 22:07
  SPEAKER_02: I know, but you have to be patriotic for America today.
• 22:10
  SPEAKER_02: Unless it's the French are the best or it's America's the best.
• 22:13
  SPEAKER_01: You kind of You play all the field.
• 22:15
  SPEAKER_01: Fields.
• 22:15
  SPEAKER_01: I play all fiddles.
• 22:17
  SPEAKER_01: I'm always impressed.
• 22:18
  SPEAKER_01: Um.
• 22:19
  SPEAKER_01: And I think that's a good thing.
• 22:20
  SPEAKER_01: And there was in 1851,
• 22:21
  SPEAKER_01: there was a lot of anxiety about like,
• 22:23
  SPEAKER_01: what is industrialization going to do to people's taste?
• 22:26
  SPEAKER_01: Because now everybody can just have stuff.
• 22:28
  SPEAKER_01: And that was a really, really It's a revelatory thing.
• 22:31
  SPEAKER_01: Thing that had never happened before.
• 22:32
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, it was like hard for
• 22:33
  SPEAKER_02: rich people to deal with.
• 22:35
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, they're like, they're going to choose wallpaper that has too many flowers on it.
• 22:40
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 22:41
  SPEAKER_01: Literally.
• 22:41
  SPEAKER_01: Um...
• 22:42
  SPEAKER_01: like...
• 22:45
  SPEAKER_01: The Victorian Albert Museum was created out of the Crystal Palace.
• 22:49
  SPEAKER_01: And their first exhibition was something called False Principles and Design,
• 22:53
  SPEAKER_01: which was, again, just about like, here's all the ugly stuff.
• 22:55
  SPEAKER_01: Do not buy it.
• 22:56
  SPEAKER_01: That was the lesson of that.
• 22:59
  SPEAKER_01: But in addition to being a didactic thing,
• 23:02
  SPEAKER_01: world's fairs were also just a form of mass entertainment.
• 23:05
  SPEAKER_01: And I feel like this goes back to the corruption theme,
• 23:07
  SPEAKER_01: which is like people used to have fun by going to a huge fair and walking around
• 23:13
  SPEAKER_01: and looking at stuff.
• 23:15
  SPEAKER_01: And I feel like that happens less today.
• 23:17
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 23:18
  SPEAKER_02: People just shop online.
• 23:20
  SPEAKER_02: People do the same thing.
• 23:22
  SPEAKER_01: So it's, you know, it's an important event for having fun, for changing who people are.
• 23:23
  SPEAKER_01: So, if...
• 23:29
  SPEAKER_01: World's fairs have also been favored by, you know, philosophers, critical theorists.
• 23:34
  SPEAKER_01: There's a lot of things like Foucault talks about the exhibitionary complex.
• 23:38
  SPEAKER_01: We could get into it.
• 23:40
  SPEAKER_01: It's just the idea like you don't leave the fair unchanged.
• 23:43
  SPEAKER_01: You leave being sort of force made into a They sort of...
• 23:48
  SPEAKER_01: good citizen of this new world.
• 23:52
  SPEAKER_01: People are watching you.
• 23:54
  SPEAKER_01: You're being watched.
• 23:55
  SPEAKER_02: It trains you.
• 23:56
  SPEAKER_01: It trains you.
• 23:58
  SPEAKER_01: Um So Philadelphia is...
• 24:00
  SPEAKER_01: exposition was doing something similar with a patriotic undertone, overtone.
• 24:06
  SPEAKER_01: I also thought it was funny.
• 24:07
  SPEAKER_01: The most recent, I think, World's Fair before 1876 was in Vienna in 1873.
• 24:12
  SPEAKER_01: And have you read about how this one was an absolute disaster?
• 24:16
  SPEAKER_01: No.
• 24:17
  SPEAKER_01: So tell me more.
• 24:19
  SPEAKER_01: In Vienna, they had like made the World's Fair.
• 24:21
  SPEAKER_01: They basically built the fairgrounds like outside of the city,
• 24:24
  SPEAKER_01: I guess, but then did not create a way for people to get there.
• 24:27
  SPEAKER_01: So there were all these carriages driving people to the fair and We're charging them
• 24:33
  SPEAKER_01: a huge amount.
• 24:33
  SPEAKER_01: Amount of money.
• 24:34
  SPEAKER_01: They're driving through mud fields.
• 24:36
  SPEAKER_01: Um, and then.
• 24:37
  SPEAKER_01: A mud field?
• 24:38
  SPEAKER_01: Like there's just mud.
• 24:39
  SPEAKER_01: I think it was like a really rainy summer or something.
• 24:41
  SPEAKER_01: They were growing mud.
• 24:42
  SPEAKER_01: They were growing mud.
• 24:43
  SPEAKER_01: And then there was also like a huge cholera epidemic in Vienna,
• 24:46
  SPEAKER_01: which I don't know if that was tied to the whole mud thing.
• 24:48
  SPEAKER_02: I think this is around the time they were also doing the Ringstrasse.
• 24:52
  SPEAKER_01: Am I right?
• 24:53
  SPEAKER_01: Maybe.
• 24:53
  SPEAKER_02: It's like Vienna was trying to do like a house Manion.
• 24:58
  SPEAKER_02: Manian renovation and they just kind of...
• 25:01
  SPEAKER_02: They fucked it up a bit.
• 25:03
  SPEAKER_02: I could see that.
• 25:04
  SPEAKER_02: It's hard to do that well.
• 25:05
  SPEAKER_02: It's really hard.
• 25:07
  SPEAKER_01: Well, and so Philadelphia is learning the lesson from 1873,
• 25:12
  SPEAKER_01: mostly because of the investment of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
• 25:15
  SPEAKER_01: They're like building dedicated rail lines to get people to the fairgrounds and
• 25:19
  SPEAKER_01: to get around the fairgrounds.
• 25:20
  SPEAKER_01: There was a cute little one track trains that were bringing people.
• 25:24
  SPEAKER_01: They also created a separate water system for the centennial because think about it.
• 25:28
  SPEAKER_01: There's millions of people descending upon the fairgrounds and they're all pooping in the water.
• 25:32
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, cholera.
• 25:33
  SPEAKER_01: Think about how much poop is coming out.
• 25:35
  SPEAKER_02: They probably learned something from the cholera outbreak in Vienna.
• 25:38
  SPEAKER_01: I think they really did.
• 25:40
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, I think they still didn't understand like germ theory,
• 25:42
  SPEAKER_01: but I think they understood maybe if we're going to have millions of people come
• 25:46
  SPEAKER_01: to our city, we need to like make sure the water is clean.
• 25:49
  SPEAKER_01: So at least everybody does.
• 25:50
  SPEAKER_01: Doesn't die here because then what are you going to do with all the dead bodies?
• 25:52
  SPEAKER_02: That would be annoying.
• 25:54
  SPEAKER_01: And the question of what you do with all the dead bodies is like of either horses
• 25:57
  SPEAKER_01: or people is a big question in the 19th century.
• 26:00
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 26:01
  SPEAKER_01: People are just like rotting in the streets.
• 26:03
  SPEAKER_01: And today.
• 26:04
  SPEAKER_01: End today.
• 26:05
  SPEAKER_01: Today.
• 26:05
  SPEAKER_02: Well, I'm going to talk about that because what are you not going to talk about?
• 26:10
  SPEAKER_01: Well, I just wanted to set the scene of like what 1876 is like for the average person.
• 26:15
  SPEAKER_01: So in 1876, fewer than One -fifth of America.
• 26:18
  SPEAKER_01: American workers were regularly employed.
• 26:21
  SPEAKER_01: Oh my God.
• 26:22
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 26:23
  SPEAKER_01: And another two-fifths worked only about six months of the year.
• 26:25
  SPEAKER_02: It really does parallel the present day in like a sort of devastating way.
• 26:30
  SPEAKER_01: Well, so I was interested in that.
• 26:31
  SPEAKER_01: So let's put it in the contemporary context.
• 26:34
  SPEAKER_01: Last month, the unemployment rate was 4.2%.
• 26:36
  SPEAKER_01: .2%. And And And as of 2020, 2023,
• 26:39
  SPEAKER_01: the US Bureau of Labor Statistics noted that 80 % that 80.7%
• 26:43
  SPEAKER_01: of workers worked full time in 2023.
• 26:45
  SPEAKER_01: So we're doing much better.
• 26:46
  SPEAKER_01: But is that including gig economy stuff?
• 26:49
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know.
• 26:49
  SPEAKER_01: Because I also think there's something about how the Labor Bureau takes statistics
• 26:53
  SPEAKER_01: of unemployment that's inaccurate.
• 26:55
  SPEAKER_01: It's only people who have lost their jobs.
• 26:56
  SPEAKER_01: It's not people who are already unemployed, right?
• 26:58
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 26:58
  SPEAKER_02: And I think it takes It's like gig an hour.
• 27:01
  SPEAKER_02: Hourly workers as full time employees, even though that's not necessarily true.
• 27:05
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 27:06
  SPEAKER_01: Well, so another thing is like in New York in 1876,
• 27:11
  SPEAKER_01: there was said to be about 90,000 homeless workers in New York alone.
• 27:15
  SPEAKER_01: And that's actually pretty comparable to what it is today.
• 27:18
  SPEAKER_01: So right now in New York, there's 82,000 New Yorkers who are homeless.
• 27:23
  SPEAKER_01: 5,000 people sleep on the street on average, but 82,000 people in total sleep in shelters.
• 27:29
  SPEAKER_01: So And like think about how much much bigger New York is now than it was in 1876.
• 27:32
  SPEAKER_01: So that's a huge percentage,
• 27:35
  SPEAKER_01: I feel like,
• 27:36
  SPEAKER_01: of the population if 90,000 people were just sleeping on the streets then.
• 27:40
  SPEAKER_01: Okay, fine.
• 27:41
  SPEAKER_02: We're doing better.
• 27:43
  SPEAKER_01: We're doing a little bit better, I guess.
• 27:45
  SPEAKER_01: But a lot of people who were attending the World's Fair in 1876,
• 27:49
  SPEAKER_01: they grew up in a completely different world.
• 27:52
  SPEAKER_01: If you were 50 years old attending the exposition, you were born in a candlelit world.
• 27:57
  SPEAKER_00: Mm-hmm.
• 27:58
  SPEAKER_01: And all of that,
• 27:59
  SPEAKER_01: all these things were new,
• 28:00
  SPEAKER_01: like railroads,
• 28:01
  SPEAKER_01: steamships,
• 28:01
  SPEAKER_01: the telegraph, like communication, travel, they're all happening in a different way.
• 28:07
  SPEAKER_01: But also the United States is still a very rural place.
• 28:11
  SPEAKER_01: 75% of the nation's 40 million inhabitants still lived in farms or in rural communities.
• 28:15
  SPEAKER_01: And few people that lived beyond the age of 65.
• 28:19
  SPEAKER_01: Infant mortality was still really high.
• 28:21
  SPEAKER_01: Food was disgusting.
• 28:22
  SPEAKER_01: Most people are eating preserved salted pork that was often toxic.
• 28:27
  SPEAKER_01: What do you mean toxic?
• 28:28
  SPEAKER_01: There was a lot of bacteria.
• 28:30
  SPEAKER_01: So it's like you would eat it and you would maybe get sick.
• 28:33
  SPEAKER_01: Perfect.
• 28:34
  SPEAKER_01: And a lot of people going to the exposition had never been to a museum.
• 28:37
  SPEAKER_01: Definitely not.
• 28:38
  SPEAKER_01: They'd also never been to a department store.
• 28:40
  SPEAKER_01: So they didn't know how to behave when they got there.
• 28:43
  SPEAKER_01: There was a lot of incidents of people like sitting on the displays, touching everything.
• 28:47
  SPEAKER_01: Children crawling into cannons was apparently a thing that's happening.
• 28:50
  SPEAKER_01: Sounds bad.
• 28:51
  SPEAKER_01: Really bad.
• 28:52
  SPEAKER_01: Um, so...
• 28:54
  SPEAKER_01: So that's like, that's the average visitor.
• 28:57
  SPEAKER_01: They're also 18...
• 28:59
  SPEAKER_01: is It's sort of the last.
• 29:01
  SPEAKER_01: Last year, basically, of the Reconstruction era, which came after the Civil War.
• 29:06
  SPEAKER_01: And, you know, the end of the Civil War had marked the You know, abolition of slavery.
• 29:11
  SPEAKER_01: Slavery and the enfranchisement of Black men.
• 29:14
  SPEAKER_01: But Reconstruction,
• 29:16
  SPEAKER_01: which was supposed to be this idea that we're rebuilding the South so
• 29:20
  SPEAKER_01: that Black people have the same rights and Freedoms that white people have.
• 29:25
  SPEAKER_01: It's highly contested and Democrats and Republicans are like jockeying for control of the South.
• 29:31
  SPEAKER_01: And And the prompt.
• 29:33
  SPEAKER_01: Promises Because of...
• 29:35
  SPEAKER_01: abolition and enfranchisement are being threatened by extreme violence.
• 29:38
  SPEAKER_01: Like this is when the KKK develops.
• 29:41
  SPEAKER_01: Like, yes,
• 29:42
  SPEAKER_01: black people had the right to vote,
• 29:43
  SPEAKER_01: but they would go to the polls and they'd literally be killed by white people.
• 29:46
  SPEAKER_01: Like there would just be armed people at polling places.
• 29:50
  SPEAKER_01: Um, and And this is all kind of coming to a head in the election of 1876,
• 29:54
  SPEAKER_01: 1976, which is between this guy.
• 29:55
  SPEAKER_01: Guy Tilden, who's a Democrat, and Rutherford B. Hayes, who ultimately wins, but he doesn't win.
• 30:01
  SPEAKER_01: What happened?
• 30:04
  SPEAKER_01: Basically, nobody wins the popular vote.
• 30:07
  SPEAKER_01: Nobody wins the electoral college vote.
• 30:09
  SPEAKER_01: They do not know who's president.
• 30:11
  SPEAKER_01: There's a really good chance that two separate people will be sworn in as presidents
• 30:14
  SPEAKER_01: of the United States and another civil war will happen.
• 30:17
  SPEAKER_01: Perfect.
• 30:18
  SPEAKER_01: And so
• 30:19
  SPEAKER_02: Congress
• 30:19
  SPEAKER_02: like the South would swear in one person and the North would swear in another.
• 30:23
  SPEAKER_01: Literally.
• 30:24
  SPEAKER_01: And people are, as I was saying, like buying and selling votes.
• 30:27
  SPEAKER_01: It's so corrupt.
• 30:29
  SPEAKER_01: So they create Congress creates this thing called the Electoral Commission,
• 30:32
  SPEAKER_01: which is a non constitutional body.
• 30:34
  SPEAKER_01: And so this is not following the Constitution, how this election gets sorted out.
• 30:39
  SPEAKER_01: They bring together,
• 30:40
  SPEAKER_01: it's like five Supreme Court justices, five congressmen, and five senators.
• 30:45
  SPEAKER_01: And they get to, they go over all of the results from all the states, all 38 of the states.
• 30:50
  SPEAKER_01: And they determine who... Do you have to count 40 million votes by hand?
• 30:53
  SPEAKER_01: I don't get it.
• 30:54
  SPEAKER_01: Well, 40 million people,
• 30:55
  SPEAKER_01: but I think like 2 million people were voting because it's like only white guys.
• 30:59
  SPEAKER_02: Right,
• 30:59
  SPEAKER_01: right, right.
• 30:59
  SPEAKER_01: Um, and.
• 31:02
  SPEAKER_01: And they...
• 31:03
  SPEAKER_01: Like review it from a quote.
• 31:04
  SPEAKER_01: Quote, legalistic perspective.
• 31:06
  SPEAKER_01: But basically, There's some sort of like.
• 31:08
  SPEAKER_01: Closed-door deal made by,
• 31:09
  SPEAKER_01: I think,
• 31:09
  SPEAKER_01: the people running the Pennsylvania Railroad to be like,
• 31:12
  SPEAKER_01: okay, Hayes can be president, but Reconstruction is over.
• 31:16
  SPEAKER_01: So the Republicans trade power in the White House for We're leaving the South to.
• 31:21
  SPEAKER_01: To run itself, self-home rule.
• 31:23
  SPEAKER_01: And that means that they're no longer going to be enforcing anything
• 31:28
  SPEAKER_01: that was set out in the Constitution and In the constitutional amendments,
• 31:31
  SPEAKER_01: in the 14th and 15th amendments.
• 31:33
  SPEAKER_01: And they're like, you guys can do it.
• 31:34
  SPEAKER_01: And that's basically, that's when Jim Crow starts.
• 31:36
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, that's what I was going to ask.
• 31:38
  SPEAKER_01: This state lasts until the 1950s with Brown versus Board of Education.
• 31:42
  SPEAKER_01: So it's a horrific trade-off that happens in 1876.
• 31:45
  SPEAKER_01: And I really think we need to dig into it more in a forthcoming episode.
• 31:52
  SPEAKER_01: I think we do too.
• 31:54
  SPEAKER_01: Um And I couldn't agree more.
• 31:56
  SPEAKER_01: The 1870s and 1876 2076 in particular is also.
• 31:59
  SPEAKER_01: Also kind of like the end of the Indian Wars and basically like the collapse
• 32:04
  SPEAKER_01: of promises made or freedoms still held by Native American tribes.
• 32:09
  SPEAKER_01: Like basically tribes stop being independent peoples and become just like wards of
• 32:13
  SPEAKER_01: the It's the government.
• 32:14
  SPEAKER_01: Government and are like pushed out of their native lands.
• 32:17
  SPEAKER_01: And this is the year that Custer dies Madeline Porsella dies.
• 32:20
  SPEAKER_01: And like a horrific battle.
• 32:22
  SPEAKER_01: Battle.
• 32:22
  SPEAKER_01: That was where he was lost.
• 32:23
  SPEAKER_01: Last stand?
• 32:24
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 32:25
  SPEAKER_01: And...
• 32:27
  SPEAKER_01: And even though he was famous.
• 32:28
  SPEAKER_01: Famous.
• 32:28
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 32:29
  SPEAKER_01: I've heard of that.
• 32:30
  SPEAKER_01: It's huge.
• 32:32
  SPEAKER_01: Even though he loses,
• 32:34
  SPEAKER_01: it's still kind of like the tolling of the death bells of sort
• 32:37
  SPEAKER_01: of like opportunity there.
• 32:40
  SPEAKER_01: He lost the battle but won the war
• 32:41
  SPEAKER_02: type of thing.
• 32:42
  SPEAKER_01: Literally, yeah.
• 32:44
  SPEAKER_01: But despite these horrific stories I'm telling, the United States was a place of innovation.
• 32:49
  SPEAKER_01: The federal patent office was issuing 100 patents per day.
• 32:52
  SPEAKER_01: Everyone was an inventor.
• 32:53
  SPEAKER_01: Wow.
• 32:54
  SPEAKER_01: Wow.
• 32:55
  SPEAKER_01: And ultimately the exposition was celebrating the greatest American invention
• 32:59
  SPEAKER_01: of all time, which was the United States.
• 33:01
  SPEAKER_01: Freedom.
• 33:02
  SPEAKER_01: Freedom.
• 33:03
  SPEAKER_01: Um, but...
• 33:04
  SPEAKER_01: But what I love about the centennial,
• 33:07
  SPEAKER_01: the semi-quincentennial,
• 33:09
  SPEAKER_01: the bicentennial is I believe that it offers a kind of opportunity for time travel.
• 33:14
  SPEAKER_02: Mm-hmm.
• 33:15
  SPEAKER_01: And it remains...
• 33:16
  SPEAKER_01: reminds me of the conversation we had with Sarah Hinckley about vampires.
• 33:20
  SPEAKER_01: Like the vampire as this imaginary figure is someone who can encompass all time
• 33:25
  SPEAKER_01: within themselves.
• 33:26
  SPEAKER_01: But that actually happens at a centennial or a bicentennial.
• 33:30
  SPEAKER_01: And like that's what's happening between 1776 and 1876 as episodes for us.
• 33:34
  SPEAKER_01: It's like it's all connected.
• 33:36
  SPEAKER_01: Totally.
• 33:37
  SPEAKER_01: And I read this great quote.
• 33:39
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 33:40
  SPEAKER_01: The World's Fair was incredibly racist.
• 33:43
  SPEAKER_01: Black people were not invited to participate.
• 33:46
  SPEAKER_01: In fact, one of the few ways that they were present at the fair was there was something.
• 33:50
  SPEAKER_01: One of the best restaurants at the fair was called the Restaurant of the South.
• 33:53
  SPEAKER_01: And you guessed it.
• 33:54
  SPEAKER_01: Black people were dressed up as slaves serving food.
• 33:57
  SPEAKER_02: I'm going to be real.
• 34:00
  SPEAKER_02: I feel like they still have that at Disney.
• 34:02
  SPEAKER_01: I think they do.
• 34:03
  SPEAKER_01: Isn't that called something?
• 34:05
  SPEAKER_02: I don't know,
• 34:05
  SPEAKER_02: but I feel like when I was a kid and I went to Disney,
• 34:08
  SPEAKER_02: I saw things like that and it was horrifying to me.
• 34:11
  SPEAKER_02: And my Yankee sensibilities.
• 34:14
  SPEAKER_01: You're my favorite Yankee.
• 34:16
  SPEAKER_01: But one of the few You sort of...
• 34:19
  SPEAKER_01: positive expressions of African -American African-American life,
• 34:22
  SPEAKER_01: there was a bust erected And in...
• 34:25
  SPEAKER_01: And thus directed It is such a porno.
• 34:27
  SPEAKER_01: I'm going to spend it.
• 34:29
  SPEAKER_01: A bust of Richard Allen,
• 34:31
  SPEAKER_01: who had died in 1831,
• 34:32
  SPEAKER_01: but had founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church,
• 34:36
  SPEAKER_01: which was like the first independent black denomination in the United States.
• 34:39
  SPEAKER_01: So a statue of him is erected in a park in Philadelphia,
• 34:44
  SPEAKER_01: and it was supposed to be there forever.
• 34:46
  SPEAKER_01: Of course, it was torn down like within weeks, but this Um, reverend and.
• 34:51
  SPEAKER_01: Andrew Chambers is Gives a speech on the opening of the fair.
• 34:55
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, on the opening of the statue.
• 34:57
  SPEAKER_01: And he writes,
• 34:57
  SPEAKER_01: we intend to leave Philadelphia in 1876,
• 35:01
  SPEAKER_01: as did the heroes in 1776, With a fixed result.
• 35:04
  SPEAKER_01: Resolve to achieve noble results.
• 35:05
  SPEAKER_01: And in 1976,
• 35:07
  SPEAKER_01: we expect our progeny to gather around the monument and question,
• 35:10
  SPEAKER_01: shed tears of gratitude for the example we have left them and call us blessed.
• 35:14
  SPEAKER_02: I feel like Philadelphia in 1976 Six did not live up.
• 35:17
  SPEAKER_02: Up to that.
• 35:18
  SPEAKER_01: No, but isn't that I just love when people in the 19th century talk about the 20th century.
• 35:23
  SPEAKER_02: They had such hope.
• 35:25
  SPEAKER_02: They had such hope.
• 35:25
  SPEAKER_01: And sometimes that hope like came to fruition.
• 35:28
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know.
• 35:28
  SPEAKER_01: 1976 did look better for black people than it did in 1876.
• 35:32
  SPEAKER_02: I guess that's Nixon era.
• 35:35
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, but at least like Brown versus Board of Education, like at least the 60s had happened.
• 35:38
  SPEAKER_02: It was definitely better, but I'm just.
• 35:41
  SPEAKER_02: There's always this backlash immediately.
• 35:43
  SPEAKER_02: It's like 1860s, you have the Civil War.
• 35:46
  SPEAKER_02: 1870s, you have the end of Reconstruction.
• 35:49
  SPEAKER_02: 1960s, you have the Civil Rights Movement.
• 35:51
  SPEAKER_02: 1970s, you have Nixon coming in.
• 35:54
  SPEAKER_01: Well, when people refer to Reconstruction,
• 35:56
  SPEAKER_01: Eric Foner,
• 35:57
  SPEAKER_01: the subtitle to his major book about Reconstruction,
• 36:00
  SPEAKER_01: I think is like the Unfinished American Revolution.
• 36:02
  SPEAKER_01: And I just like,
• 36:05
  SPEAKER_01: I like the idea that we started off with 1776 and at all of And at all of these.
• 36:09
  SPEAKER_01: His subsequent anniversary.
• 36:10
  SPEAKER_01: Anniversaries, they're still fighting for the same things.
• 36:13
  SPEAKER_01: Like it's a project and it's a process.
• 36:15
  SPEAKER_01: There's no fixed results.
• 36:18
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 36:20
  SPEAKER_01: So I feel like we're time traveling today in 2026.
• 36:23
  SPEAKER_02: I feel like we're always time traveling a little bit.
• 36:26
  SPEAKER_01: You and me?
• 36:27
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 36:27
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 36:28
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, we walk in two worlds.
• 36:30
  SPEAKER_02: We literally do.
• 36:32
  SPEAKER_01: I wish we had a time machine.
• 36:34
  SPEAKER_01: I feel like it's possible.
• 36:36
  SPEAKER_01: And I would go back and I would invest so
• 36:38
  SPEAKER_02: much money in Apple.
• 36:40
  SPEAKER_02: Really?
• 36:40
  SPEAKER_02: No, I'm just kidding.
• 36:43
  SPEAKER_02: That's what happens.
• 36:44
  SPEAKER_02: That's what you do.
• 36:44
  SPEAKER_02: That's so boring.
• 36:45
  SPEAKER_02: That's what happens in the movie Hot Tub Time Machine.
• 36:48
  SPEAKER_01: Oh, I've never seen it.
• 36:50
  SPEAKER_01: Seen that film.
• 36:50
  SPEAKER_01: Oh, it's really good.
• 36:52
  SPEAKER_01: We should also watch Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure soon.
• 36:54
  SPEAKER_01: That I've seen.
• 36:55
  SPEAKER_01: A million times.
• 36:56
  SPEAKER_01: That's how I learned about Napoleon.
• 36:58
  SPEAKER_02: I don't think I liked it.
• 36:59
  SPEAKER_01: Oh my God,
• 37:00
  SPEAKER_02: I loved it.
• 37:01
  SPEAKER_02: Is there like fart humor in that?
• 37:03
  SPEAKER_02: For sure.
• 37:04
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah, it's not for me.
• 37:05
  SPEAKER_01: Well, it's so hilarious.
• 37:07
  SPEAKER_01: Hilarious.
• 37:07
  SPEAKER_01: They like,
• 37:08
  SPEAKER_01: isn't it that they're like working on a history class project and so they go back
• 37:12
  SPEAKER_01: and they get all the guys they're writing about and it's like Napoleon's there
• 37:15
  SPEAKER_01: and Caesar's there.
• 37:16
  SPEAKER_01: I think George Washington might be there.
• 37:18
  SPEAKER_01: I don't really remember, honestly.
• 37:20
  SPEAKER_01: It kind of reminds me of when we were at your house and your My family friend, Joe.
• 37:24
  SPEAKER_01: Joe was there also filming a
• 37:27
  SPEAKER_02: time travel film.
• 37:28
  SPEAKER_02: Like a revolutionary war themed film.
• 37:31
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, what was it?
• 37:32
  SPEAKER_01: What was so perfect?
• 37:33
  SPEAKER_01: Perfect.
• 37:34
  SPEAKER_01: It was like, She's like, it I.
• 37:37
  SPEAKER_01: apparently think at Six Flags flags.
• 37:41
  SPEAKER_01: And then came to your house to mostly film like in the woods.
• 37:46
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah, I just have such a vivid memory of Joe saying, I have to cover my.
• 37:51
  SPEAKER_02: Myself in gasoline and sit on the couch and my mom having just like the meltdown of
• 37:56
  SPEAKER_02: the century.
• 37:57
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, it was inappropriate.
• 37:58
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 37:59
  Thank you.
• 38:01
  SPEAKER_01: But then it's like you and me and Emily and Hedo were having our own working session.
• 38:05
  SPEAKER_01: That's like when we like Hedo.
• 38:06
  SPEAKER_02: And then my mom
• 38:07
  SPEAKER_01: was moving.
• 38:07
  SPEAKER_02: It was like actual chaos.
• 38:09
  SPEAKER_02: There was like 45 people there.
• 38:11
  SPEAKER_02: And Joe was filming an entire, like I think it was a feature length movie.
• 38:16
  SPEAKER_01: And half of them were dressed as Revolutionary War soldiers.
• 38:19
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 38:19
  SPEAKER_01: And then we're like in our bikinis inventing Mandylion making books.
• 38:24
  SPEAKER_01: It was so fun.
• 38:24
  SPEAKER_01: That is a movie.
• 38:26
  SPEAKER_01: So let's talk about the fair and its structure.
• 38:29
  SPEAKER_01: So there was five main exhibition buildings, though there was 200 buildings in all.
• 38:35
  SPEAKER_01: I'm going to talk about it.
• 38:36
  SPEAKER_01: Every single one.
• 38:37
  SPEAKER_01: Were these existing structures or they built all new ones?
• 38:40
  SPEAKER_01: All purpose built.
• 38:41
  SPEAKER_01: Cool.
• 38:42
  SPEAKER_01: Which is so crazy, which is so crazy.
• 38:45
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 38:45
  SPEAKER_01: So there was the main exhibition hall,
• 38:47
  SPEAKER_01: the memorial hall,
• 38:48
  SPEAKER_01: the machinery hall, the agricultural hall, and the horticultural hall.
• 38:50
  SPEAKER_01: I'm going to talk a little bit about those,
• 38:53
  SPEAKER_01: but the fairgrounds in general, People went over tons.
• 38:57
  SPEAKER_01: Tons and tons of acres.
• 38:58
  SPEAKER_01: The main exhibition hall encompassed 21 acres itself.
• 39:01
  SPEAKER_01: So I don't even know how big the fairgrounds were.
• 39:03
  SPEAKER_01: I don't really know what an acre is.
• 39:06
  SPEAKER_01: I think it's a mile by a mile squared, basically.
• 39:08
  SPEAKER_02: Oh, is it?
• 39:09
  SPEAKER_01: I think so.
• 39:10
  SPEAKER_02: No way.
• 39:10
  SPEAKER_02: I kind of think.
• 39:13
  SPEAKER_02: No way, because like every house is on two acres.
• 39:15
  SPEAKER_01: I know, but I think that's like a mile squared.
• 39:19
  SPEAKER_01: A mile is, I mean, sorry,
• 39:21
  SPEAKER_01: a mile is,
• 39:23
  SPEAKER_01: an acre is a unit of land area used in the British Imperial and
• 39:26
  SPEAKER_01: the United States customary system.
• 39:27
  SPEAKER_01: It is traditionally defined as the area of one chain by one furlong, 66 26x600.
• 39:32
  SPEAKER_01: by 660 60 feet, which is...
• 39:34
  SPEAKER_01: equal exactly to 10 square chains.
• 39:36
  SPEAKER_01: Madeline, why don't you get this?
• 39:39
  SPEAKER_01: One, one, I don't, I can't even say this.
• 39:43
  SPEAKER_01: How do you say a fraction?
• 39:44
  SPEAKER_01: One of 640, one 640th of a square mile, 4,400.
• 39:48
  SPEAKER_01: Nope.
• 39:49
  SPEAKER_01: I can't.
• 39:49
  SPEAKER_01: I'm so dis, what is it?
• 39:51
  SPEAKER_01: Disnumerate.
• 39:53
  SPEAKER_01: Dysnumeric sick.
• 39:54
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 39:54
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 39:55
  SPEAKER_02: We can skip this.
• 39:56
  SPEAKER_01: It's a chain by a chain.
• 39:57
  SPEAKER_01: I got it.
• 39:57
  SPEAKER_01: Traditionally in the middle ages,
• 39:59
  SPEAKER_01: an acre was conceived of as the area of land that could be plowed by one man.
• 40:03
  SPEAKER_01: I don't understand
• 40:04
  SPEAKER_02: why you don't get
• 40:04
  SPEAKER_01: this.
• 40:04
  SPEAKER_02: I'm telling you a mile squared could not be plowed by one man.
• 40:08
  SPEAKER_01: I could do it.
• 40:09
  SPEAKER_01: Over the course of a life.
• 40:10
  SPEAKER_01: Lifetime.
• 40:11
  SPEAKER_01: All right.
• 40:11
  SPEAKER_01: Chain squared.
• 40:12
  SPEAKER_01: Moving on.
• 40:13
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 40:14
  SPEAKER_01: Eleven nations built their own exhibition buildings,
• 40:16
  SPEAKER_01: including throwback to something we've discussed on Mandylion Substack,
• 40:20
  SPEAKER_01: the Swedish schoolhouse, which is now in Central Park.
• 40:23
  SPEAKER_01: And I walk by it many days of the week and it's currently under construction.
• 40:27
  SPEAKER_01: And I believe the Swedes built this originally to like demonstrate their innovations
• 40:31
  SPEAKER_01: in education.
• 40:33
  SPEAKER_01: And it's the cutest little building.
• 40:34
  SPEAKER_01: Adorable.
• 40:37
  SPEAKER_01: Of the 37-38 states that were in the United States at the time, 26 of them built buildings.
• 40:42
  SPEAKER_01: So everybody's coming.
• 40:43
  SPEAKER_01: Everybody's coming.
• 40:45
  SPEAKER_01: In the main exhibition hall, There was a reconstruction.
• 40:48
  SPEAKER_01: Reconstructed Egyptian temple,
• 40:50
  SPEAKER_01: like a fake Egyptian temple,
• 40:51
  SPEAKER_01: upon which the Egyptians inscribed the words,
• 40:55
  SPEAKER_01: the oldest people in the world sends its morning greeting to the youngest nation.
• 41:00
  SPEAKER_02: Like mourning like death or mourning?
• 41:02
  SPEAKER_02: No, you.
• 41:02
  SPEAKER_01: No.
• 41:03
  SPEAKER_01: M-O-R-N.
• 41:04
  SPEAKER_01: M-O-R-N-I-N-G. Good morning.
• 41:05
  SPEAKER_00: That's sad.
• 41:06
  SPEAKER_02: Well, that's it.
• 41:07
  SPEAKER_02: Interesting.
• 41:08
  SPEAKER_02: I know we're going to get there.
• 41:09
  SPEAKER_02: Maybe this is a spoiler,
• 41:10
  SPEAKER_02: but the guy who designed the Statue of Liberty had initially wanted to put
• 41:16
  SPEAKER_02: a Matching stuff.
• 41:17
  SPEAKER_02: Statue in the Panama Canal.
• 41:19
  SPEAKER_01: Oh, I didn't know that.
• 41:19
  SPEAKER_02: No, sorry.
• 41:20
  SPEAKER_02: Not the Panama, the Suez Canal.
• 41:21
  SPEAKER_02: Oh.
• 41:22
  SPEAKER_02: I was like, how is that related?
• 41:23
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah, yeah.
• 41:24
  SPEAKER_02: In Egypt.
• 41:26
  SPEAKER_01: Madeline, you're always getting your canals confused.
• 41:28
  SPEAKER_01: I'm an idiot.
• 41:29
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 41:30
  SPEAKER_01: We should do a canal episode.
• 41:32
  SPEAKER_01: Eerie, Suez, Panama.
• 41:34
  SPEAKER_02: We each deserves their own.
• 41:35
  SPEAKER_01: I know.
• 41:36
  SPEAKER_01: Write that down.
• 41:38
  SPEAKER_01: Canal era.
• 41:39
  SPEAKER_02: I wrote Jim Crow, Custer's last stand, canals.
• 41:43
  SPEAKER_01: And also a reminder to buy new cameras.
• 41:45
  SPEAKER_02: Yep.
• 41:46
  SPEAKER_02: So the things that are coming out of this episode are going to be amazing for everyone.
• 41:50
  SPEAKER_01: The centennial was the first exhibition to be arranged in this way
• 41:55
  SPEAKER_01: where there's like the large pavilions with It's with three.
• 41:58
  SPEAKER_01: Surrounded by the smaller exhibitors and And it's all divided into a system.
• 42:04
  SPEAKER_01: So each building carries.
• 42:06
  SPEAKER_01: Carried a color-coded banner,
• 42:07
  SPEAKER_01: blue for Centennial Commission buildings,
• 42:09
  SPEAKER_01: red for the United States and state buildings,
• 42:11
  SPEAKER_01: white for foreign buildings,
• 42:12
  SPEAKER_01: yellow for restaurants and places of amusement, and green for miscellaneous.
• 42:15
  SPEAKER_01: And that.
• 42:17
  SPEAKER_01: Then within that, all the displays are classified.
• 42:21
  SPEAKER_01: So Department one is mining and metallurgy.
• 42:24
  SPEAKER_01: Two, manufacturers.
• 42:25
  SPEAKER_01: Three, education and science.
• 42:26
  SPEAKER_01: Four, art.
• 42:27
  SPEAKER_01: Five, machinery.
• 42:27
  SPEAKER_01: Six, agriculture.
• 42:28
  SPEAKER_01: Seven, horticulture.
• 42:30
  SPEAKER_01: And then there's subclasses.
• 42:32
  SPEAKER_02: And then there's subclasses. Can you imagine how much
• 42:34
  SPEAKER_02: of the Dewey Decimal System?
• 42:35
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 42:35
  SPEAKER_01: It's thought that they were inspired by each other.
• 42:39
  SPEAKER_02: Can you imagine how much That you would have been like, I don't want to.
• 42:41
  SPEAKER_02: Want to see that?
• 42:43
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, you wouldn't be heading first thing first to
• 42:44
  SPEAKER_02: the metallurgy section?
• 42:46
  SPEAKER_02: Maybe metallurgy I would be interested in.
• 42:49
  SPEAKER_01: Well, if you're wondering why...
• 42:50
  SPEAKER_02: Agriculture, I could skip.
• 42:51
  SPEAKER_01: Oh my God, you love agriculture.
• 42:53
  SPEAKER_01: What are you talking about?
• 42:55
  SPEAKER_01: Last summer when I went to a state fair and I saw all the giant,
• 43:00
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know, zucchinis, I feel like you were jealous.
• 43:02
  SPEAKER_01: Thank you.
• 43:04
  SPEAKER_02: Admit it, you were jealous.
• 43:06
  SPEAKER_02: You've been really hard.
• 43:07
  SPEAKER_02: Harboring that.
• 43:09
  SPEAKER_02: I just, like...
• 43:10
  SPEAKER_02: didn't even remember that you did that.
• 43:12
  SPEAKER_01: I just remember being like, I think you looked at my location.
• 43:17
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 43:18
  SPEAKER_02: Oh, and you went to the Dutchess County State Fair?
• 43:21
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, without you.
• 43:21
  SPEAKER_02: Okay, which famously I've always wanted to go to and I'm always out of town that week.
• 43:25
  SPEAKER_01: And I don't know where you were.
• 43:27
  SPEAKER_02: I'm always in Rehoboth.
• 43:28
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah, it was really fun.
• 43:30
  SPEAKER_01: I know.
• 43:30
  SPEAKER_02: I ate a corn dog.
• 43:32
  SPEAKER_02: Fucking sucks.
• 43:34
  SPEAKER_01: Well, maybe you should change your summer plans and we can go.
• 43:36
  SPEAKER_01: Talk to my grandma.
• 43:38
  SPEAKER_01: Okay, if she's listening.
• 43:39
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 43:41
  SPEAKER_01: Um, And it's interesting.
• 43:43
  SPEAKER_01: Interesting, the organization of knowledge.
• 43:46
  SPEAKER_01: But, oh,
• 43:46
  SPEAKER_01: what I was going to say is that the reason why there's so much mining themes in
• 43:50
  SPEAKER_01: the title of the exhibition and the number one theme is because the coal mines
• 43:56
  SPEAKER_01: of Pennsylvania Madeline Porsella, madelineporsella.
• 43:58
  SPEAKER_01: The most important thing in America.
• 44:00
  SPEAKER_01: Like, Basically cold.
• 44:02
  SPEAKER_01: Coal Cool minds in in Pennsylvania We're to the 19th century.
• 44:05
  SPEAKER_01: Century what like the oil fields of the Middle East are today.
• 44:09
  SPEAKER_01: Like that is how everything is operating.
• 44:11
  SPEAKER_01: And it's really, important.
• 44:13
  SPEAKER_01: And of course, the conditions for coal mining And people was.
• 44:16
  SPEAKER_01: Was absolutely abysmal.
• 44:18
  SPEAKER_01: I wrote down from Border Witch's book, the most insane quote.
• 44:22
  SPEAKER_01: So I also just thought it was because Carnegie,
• 44:24
  SPEAKER_01: Andrew Carnegie made his fortune in coal, I believe.
• 44:28
  SPEAKER_01: And I just feel like everybody uses him as like this example of what a rich person used to be.
• 44:35
  SPEAKER_01: Like Carnegie Hall,
• 44:36
  SPEAKER_01: Carnegie Mellon University,
• 44:38
  SPEAKER_01: like
• 44:40
  SPEAKER_01: philanthropist. Oh Oh, it's so sad that rich people don't care about people anymore.
• 44:44
  SPEAKER_01: I'm like, here's a letter that Carnegie received from one of his plant managers in 1876.
• 44:47
  SPEAKER_01: 1976.
• 44:49
  SPEAKER_01: Quote, had an unfortunate accident this morning.
• 44:52
  SPEAKER_01: Rope on And cupola hoist.
• 44:54
  SPEAKER_01: Hoist broke and cage fell,
• 44:55
  SPEAKER_01: catching the hoist boy in the act of crossing under, crushing him to a jelly.
• 45:00
  SPEAKER_01: It was caused by the boy's carelessness as disobedience of order and
• 45:04
  SPEAKER_01: the poor fellow paid the penalty with his life, delayed work slightly.
• 45:09
  SPEAKER_01: Is that not the most insane letter?
• 45:11
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 45:12
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 45:14
  SPEAKER_02: Well, listen.
• 45:15
  SPEAKER_01: That's not even a child laborer who was crushed to a jelly because he was disobedient.
• 45:20
  SPEAKER_01: Due to his own mistakes, Mabel, people have to pay the
• 45:24
  SPEAKER_02: consequences of their actions.
• 45:26
  SPEAKER_01: It's horrific.
• 45:26
  SPEAKER_01: Obviously, it's horrific.
• 45:28
  SPEAKER_01: In the 1870s, if you were killed at work, the employer didn't owe you anything.
• 45:34
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah, weren't we talking about the...
• 45:37
  SPEAKER_02: 1872?
• 45:39
  SPEAKER_02: Why were we talking about this?
• 45:40
  SPEAKER_01: There were all of these strikes.
• 45:42
  SPEAKER_01: In 1873.
• 45:43
  SPEAKER_01: There was a financial panic in 1873.
• 45:46
  SPEAKER_01: And And so many people lie.
• 45:48
  SPEAKER_01: Lost their jobs.
• 45:49
  SPEAKER_01: And it just reminds you of the importance of the labor movement.
• 45:53
  SPEAKER_01: Because basically,
• 45:55
  SPEAKER_01: if the company felt like they were losing money,
• 45:57
  SPEAKER_01: they would just be like, okay, we're slashing your wages.
• 45:59
  SPEAKER_01: If not firing you.
• 46:01
  SPEAKER_01: And at the time, Like in 1873, there was there was only 30 trade unions in the United States.
• 46:07
  SPEAKER_01: And then in 1875, there was still less than 10.
• 46:10
  SPEAKER_01: And like the Like nascent labor.
• 46:12
  SPEAKER_01: Labor movement was being crushed And ceaselessly.
• 46:15
  SPEAKER_01: Ceaselessly, like strikes were being broken.
• 46:17
  SPEAKER_01: Well, I think
• 46:18
  SPEAKER_02: also, I mean,
• 46:19
  SPEAKER_02: correct me if I'm wrong,
• 46:20
  SPEAKER_02: but I think that end of Reconstruction actually like factors in because
• 46:23
  SPEAKER_02: then Black people,
• 46:26
  SPEAKER_02: free Black people,
• 46:27
  SPEAKER_02: or they're all free,
• 46:28
  SPEAKER_02: Black people from the South start going North and basically getting hired
• 46:32
  SPEAKER_02: at scab wages to undermine the labor movements.
• 46:25
  SPEAKER_02: And, um...
• 46:35
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 46:36
  SPEAKER_01: And also in Reconstruction,
• 46:37
  SPEAKER_01: there's this like,
• 46:38
  SPEAKER_01: you know,
• 46:39
  SPEAKER_01: there's the hope and possibility of class alignment across racial boundaries.
• 46:45
  SPEAKER_01: And like the rise of Jim Crow completely annihilates that possibility.
• 46:50
  SPEAKER_01: Like basically the power,
• 46:53
  SPEAKER_01: the robber barons are like, oh,
• 46:54
  SPEAKER_01: we're going to make everyone fucking hate each other so that there's no possibility
• 46:58
  SPEAKER_01: that they can
• 46:58
  SPEAKER_02: rise up against us.
• 47:01
  SPEAKER_02: It's still working.
• 47:02
  SPEAKER_01: And it was only in 1871 that the first translation of the Communist Manifesto
• 47:07
  SPEAKER_01: in English Which was...
• 47:08
  SPEAKER_01: published in the United States by a woman, Victoria Woodhull.
• 47:12
  SPEAKER_01: Of course.
• 47:13
  SPEAKER_02: First woman to run for president.
• 47:15
  SPEAKER_01: There's also like a huge amount of xenophobia because there's also like a lot
• 47:17
  SPEAKER_01: of Irish and Italian immigrants who are working in these industrial contexts.
• 47:21
  SPEAKER_01: And basically, we're...
• 47:22
  SPEAKER_01: And basically, workers just had...
• 47:23
  SPEAKER_01: had literally no rights at all.
• 47:25
  SPEAKER_00: Mm-hmm.
• 47:26
  SPEAKER_01: Um, and And there's a lot of like anti Irish sentiment that's channeled through
• 47:31
  SPEAKER_01: the labor And movement.
• 47:32
  SPEAKER_01: Movement and like its suppression.
• 47:34
  SPEAKER_01: So there's this concept of have you ever heard the term Molly Maguire?
• 47:38
  Thank you.
• 47:39
  SPEAKER_02: There's like a bar called Molly and McGuire
• 47:41
  SPEAKER_01: in town.
• 47:42
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 47:42
  SPEAKER_01: It's like a Sort of anti -Iran.
• 47:44
  SPEAKER_01: Anti-Irish term used to describe like sort of labor adjutant workers.
• 47:49
  SPEAKER_01: It's also...
• 47:50
  SPEAKER_01: so crazy.
• 47:51
  SPEAKER_01: Many, many layers to it.
• 47:54
  SPEAKER_01: So the world's favorite.
• 47:55
  SPEAKER_01: Fair, I'm going to move on and combo.
• 47:59
  SPEAKER_01: Let me talk about women.
• 48:01
  SPEAKER_01: So there was a women's pavilion building, which was fully funded and well.
• 48:07
  SPEAKER_01: Led by women, white women, I should say, indigenous and black women were completely excluded.
• 48:12
  SPEAKER_01: It was also like really Daughters of the American Revolution.
• 48:15
  SPEAKER_01: Like the woman who was leading its organization,
• 48:18
  SPEAKER_01: like who was organizing it was She's the granddaughter.
• 48:21
  SPEAKER_01: Granddaughter of Ben Franklin.
• 48:23
  SPEAKER_01: I think.
• 48:25
  SPEAKER_01: And she, yeah, Ben Franklin's great granddaughter, Elizabeth Duane Gillespie.
• 48:29
  SPEAKER_01: He was interesting, but there's a lot of like- Do you think that's Gillespie or Gillespie?
• 48:35
  SPEAKER_01: Definitely Gillespie.
• 48:36
  SPEAKER_01: Well, I wrote Gillespie.
• 48:38
  SPEAKER_02: Okay.
• 48:39
  SPEAKER_02: I'm just confirming we can move on now.
• 48:41
  SPEAKER_01: Who knows?
• 48:42
  SPEAKER_01: I'm not checking.
• 48:43
  SPEAKER_01: Um, so...
• 48:45
  SPEAKER_01: So she's really proud of her heritage.
• 48:47
  SPEAKER_01: And all these women are so interested in Martha Washington.
• 48:52
  SPEAKER_01: There's like this obsession with Martha Washington.
• 48:54
  SPEAKER_02: Wait, did she look like him?
• 48:56
  SPEAKER_01: Ben Franklin?
• 48:57
  SPEAKER_01: Uh huh.
• 48:58
  SPEAKER_02: Probably I...
• 48:59
  SPEAKER_02: That's why.
• 48:59
  SPEAKER_02: I mean, she had nothing else.
• 49:02
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 49:05
  SPEAKER_02: There's too much I could go into about that.
• 49:08
  SPEAKER_01: So they all People are into Martha Washington.
• 49:10
  SPEAKER_01: Washington.
• 49:10
  SPEAKER_01: They raised $1 million for their women's pavilion.
• 49:14
  SPEAKER_01: They had one of the fundraisers was was called the Centennial Tea Party in
• 49:18
  SPEAKER_01: which 500 100 women dressed up as as Martha Washington.
• 49:22
  SPEAKER_02: That sounds awesome.
• 49:23
  SPEAKER_02: Okay, there's 500 100, Martha Washington.
• 49:24
  SPEAKER_02: Washingtons.
• 49:25
  SPEAKER_02: Doesn't that kind of remind Remind you of the least.
• 49:27
  SPEAKER_02: Lisa Barlow party?
• 49:29
  SPEAKER_02: Yes.
• 49:29
  SPEAKER_02: The greatest theme party of all time.
• 49:31
  SPEAKER_01: I think Martha Washington was definitely a Lisa Barlow character.
• 49:35
  SPEAKER_02: I need to define my look a little bit more so that I can throw a party like that.
• 49:40
  SPEAKER_01: I was actually just thinking about your look and thinking it is pretty well defined.
• 49:44
  SPEAKER_01: Really?
• 49:44
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 49:45
  SPEAKER_01: I was thinking about your hair.
• 49:46
  SPEAKER_02: It's like always down.
• 49:49
  SPEAKER_02: My hair is a signature.
• 49:50
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 49:51
  SPEAKER_01: Your hair is definitely a signature.
• 49:52
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, you've also had this hair color for a couple of years and that's a signature.
• 49:55
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 49:56
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, we can have a session just to talk about like the future of your hair
• 50:00
  SPEAKER_01: and like your color story for the fall.
• 50:03
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know.
• 50:03
  SPEAKER_01: Something to discuss there.
• 50:05
  SPEAKER_02: All right.
• 50:05
  SPEAKER_02: Let's think about that.
• 50:06
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 50:07
  SPEAKER_01: So So the thing about the women.
• 50:09
  SPEAKER_01: Women's pavilion was that this was not a political or feminist enterprise.
• 50:14
  SPEAKER_01: It was meant to showcase women's You know, craftiness.
• 50:18
  SPEAKER_01: Craftiness.
• 50:18
  SPEAKER_01: And things that they enjoy.
• 50:19
  SPEAKER_01: Invented.
• 50:21
  SPEAKER_01: There was a library,
• 50:21
  SPEAKER_01: actually really interesting,
• 50:22
  SPEAKER_01: there was a library of books by women authors at the Women's Pavilion.
• 50:26
  SPEAKER_01: And I'd love for us to find like a catalog of every title in there
• 50:30
  SPEAKER_01: because I feel like that would be really useful.
• 50:31
  SPEAKER_01: I know where we could look.
• 50:33
  SPEAKER_01: What, the Library of Congress?
• 50:34
  SPEAKER_01: The Grillier Club.
• 50:36
  SPEAKER_01: Oh, smart.
• 50:37
  SPEAKER_01: Are you writing that down?
• 50:38
  SPEAKER_02: Yep.
• 50:39
  SPEAKER_01: Um...
• 50:40
  SPEAKER_01: So these women were not interested And independent.
• 50:43
  SPEAKER_01: Independence.
• 50:45
  SPEAKER_01: They were interested in, you know, sharing recipes.
• 50:49
  SPEAKER_01: There was a cookbook.
• 50:50
  SPEAKER_01: What kind of recipes?
• 50:52
  SPEAKER_01: It's actually super interesting.
• 50:53
  SPEAKER_01: I read the book.
• 50:54
  SPEAKER_01: It's 500 pages.
• 50:55
  SPEAKER_01: You read a 500 page cookbook?
• 50:58
  SPEAKER_01: I scrolled through it.
• 50:59
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 51:01
  SPEAKER_01: It was called the National Cookery Book.
• 51:02
  SPEAKER_01: Uh-huh.
• 51:03
  SPEAKER_01: And I have to show you the typography going on on this cookbook because it's so awesome.
• 51:11
  SPEAKER_01: Isn't this gorgeous?
• 51:12
  SPEAKER_02: This is the shit we love.
• 51:15
  SPEAKER_01: This is the shit we love.
• 51:15
  SPEAKER_01: So it's like 18 different fonts.
• 51:17
  SPEAKER_01: Mm-hmm.
• 51:18
  SPEAKER_01: The numbers 1876 are sort of layered over each other in this interesting way.
• 51:22
  SPEAKER_01: That's so cute.
• 51:23
  SPEAKER_01: There's a Milton quote which says, for no whatever was created needs to be sustained and fed.
• 51:29
  SPEAKER_01: Oh, that's kind of cute.
• 51:29
  SPEAKER_01: So true.
• 51:30
  SPEAKER_01: Like America's This is a revolutionary process.
• 51:33
  SPEAKER_01: Prospect was fed by women.
• 51:35
  SPEAKER_02: Well, and as I said last week, the revolution itself was relied on women's labor.
• 51:40
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 51:42
  SPEAKER_01: And that is what these women were interested in.
• 51:44
  SPEAKER_01: They weren't interested in like expanding their horizons,
• 51:46
  SPEAKER_01: but they were interested in And the food that had been.
• 51:49
  SPEAKER_01: Been fed to the revolutionary soldiers.
• 51:51
  SPEAKER_01: So So, Bordowich.
• 51:52
  SPEAKER_01: Bordowicz Which in his books.
• 51:54
  SPEAKER_01: Book Centennial says that there is a recipe in this book
• 51:57
  SPEAKER_01: for something called baked matzah pudding.
• 51:59
  SPEAKER_01: Matzah, like my favorite food, the Jewish cracker.
• 52:03
  SPEAKER_01: And I was like, no way.
• 52:04
  SPEAKER_01: And I was so excited to find it because, you know, I love matzah brie, but I couldn't find it.
• 52:10
  SPEAKER_02: But I did find, so I'm
• 52:11
  SPEAKER_01: like, is he lying or was I looking at the wrong edition?
• 52:14
  SPEAKER_02: Maybe there's another version.
• 52:15
  SPEAKER_02: I haven't, when was, well, you know when the world's most famous ancient cracker was invented.
• 52:20
  SPEAKER_02: Was it before or after this?
• 52:22
  SPEAKER_01: Oh, Manischewitz?
• 52:23
  SPEAKER_01: I gotta check that.
• 52:24
  SPEAKER_01: That in my notes.
• 52:25
  SPEAKER_01: Sorry.
• 52:26
  SPEAKER_01: I think it was later, but I don't know.
• 52:28
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 52:28
  SPEAKER_01: But there was a recipe called...
• 52:30
  SPEAKER_01: Pre-laters for Passover.
• 52:32
  SPEAKER_01: Take 12 eggs,
• 52:33
  SPEAKER_01: their weight in fine sugar and half the weight in flour and the rind and juice
• 52:36
  SPEAKER_01: of one lemon.
• 52:37
  SPEAKER_01: Drop the mixture on sheets of clean white paper and on each cake,
• 52:40
  SPEAKER_01: sprinkle a little powdered white sugar.
• 52:41
  SPEAKER_01: That's the recipe.
• 52:43
  SPEAKER_01: That sounds good.
• 52:43
  SPEAKER_01: Also, there's flour.
• 52:44
  SPEAKER_01: How is it good for Passover?
• 52:46
  SPEAKER_01: I don't get it.
• 52:47
  SPEAKER_02: It's the leaven.
• 52:48
  SPEAKER_02: Leavening that's bad for Passover.
• 52:50
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know.
• 52:52
  SPEAKER_01: I don't think you can have flour.
• 52:53
  SPEAKER_01: But then how could you eat more?
• 52:54
  SPEAKER_01: Matzah?
• 52:55
  SPEAKER_01: But I'm confused.
• 52:57
  SPEAKER_01: Confused.
• 52:58
  SPEAKER_01: Do you want to know what goes into the recipe called Republican cake?
• 53:00
  SPEAKER_01: Street girl, yes.
• 53:02
  SPEAKER_01: One pound of flour,
• 53:03
  SPEAKER_01: three quarters of a pound of sugar,
• 53:05
  SPEAKER_01: brown or white,
• 53:06
  SPEAKER_01: half a pound of butter,
• 53:07
  SPEAKER_01: six eggs, one teacup full of cream, a teaspoon full of salateras.
• 53:11
  SPEAKER_01: Beat together very thoroughly.
• 53:13
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know what bake.
• 53:15
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know what salateras.
• 53:16
  SPEAKER_01: Write that down.
• 53:17
  SPEAKER_01: That sounds delicious.
• 53:18
  SPEAKER_01: So that's like what the women are into at the Women's Pavilion.
• 53:21
  SPEAKER_01: Cakes.
• 53:22
  SPEAKER_01: Cakes.
• 53:23
  SPEAKER_01: The other women attending the fair There are, you've heard of them.
• 53:27
  SPEAKER_01: Them, Susan B. Anthony and her friends.
• 53:30
  SPEAKER_01: So on July 4th, 1876, there's this huge military parade.
• 53:35
  SPEAKER_01: You know, there's 50,000.
• 53:37
  SPEAKER_01: 50,000 people attending, fireworks, a replica of the Liberty Bell is created.
• 53:41
  SPEAKER_01: People are hitting that bell.
• 53:42
  SPEAKER_02: Why did they make a
• 53:43
  SPEAKER_02: replica when the real Liberty Bell is there?
• 53:45
  SPEAKER_01: Because it's cracked.
• 53:46
  SPEAKER_01: It apparently doesn't make sound.
• 53:48
  SPEAKER_02: Learned that.
• 53:49
  SPEAKER_02: Okay.
• 53:51
  SPEAKER_01: Um...
• 53:51
  SPEAKER_01: There's a huge celebration happening at Independence Hall.
• 53:54
  SPEAKER_01: Susan B.
• 53:55
  SPEAKER_01: Anthony and four other feminist activists storm the stage
• 53:59
  SPEAKER_01: and they hand this guy named Senator Ferry,
• 54:01
  SPEAKER_01: who's I think basically the acting vice president because Ulysses S.
• 54:04
  SPEAKER_01: Grant's vice president died and was never replaced.
• 54:07
  SPEAKER_01: So there's the senator who's basically the vice president.
• 54:09
  SPEAKER_01: Cool.
• 54:10
  SPEAKER_01: Anthony hands Ferry a scroll titled The Declaration of the Rights of the Women of
• 54:15
  SPEAKER_01: the United States, July 4th, 1876.
• 54:17
  SPEAKER_01: She reads it Did she...
• 54:19
  SPEAKER_01: reads it aloud.
• 54:20
  SPEAKER_01: Mm-hmm.
• 54:21
  SPEAKER_01: The decoration— declaration points, actually, no, she doesn't read it aloud.
• 54:24
  SPEAKER_01: She hands it to him and then they're like thrown out.
• 54:26
  SPEAKER_01: But then later at the fair, she reads it aloud.
• 54:29
  SPEAKER_01: And I wanted to share this tidbit for you,
• 54:31
  SPEAKER_01: a quote,
• 54:33
  SPEAKER_01: which brings us from Border Witch's book,
• 54:36
  SPEAKER_01: because it brings me back to my favorite theme of the 19th century.
• 54:39
  SPEAKER_01: Quote, probably only a few hundred women and men heard Anthony's words.
• 54:43
  SPEAKER_01: No technology yet existed to amplify sound.
• 54:47
  SPEAKER_01: Um.
• 54:49
  SPEAKER_02: You're your greatest.
• 54:50
  SPEAKER_02: I'm
• 54:52
  SPEAKER_01: I'm like, we're all upset.
• 54:53
  SPEAKER_01: Obsessed with the Gettysburg Address.
• 54:54
  SPEAKER_01: Did anyone fucking hear it?
• 54:56
  SPEAKER_01: No.
• 54:56
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know.
• 54:57
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know.
• 54:58
  SPEAKER_01: Literally, no.
• 54:59
  SPEAKER_01: The Declaration of the Rights of Women points out interesting things.
• 55:03
  SPEAKER_01: Women can't serve on juries, but they can stand trial.
• 55:05
  SPEAKER_01: They can't vote, but they have to pay taxes.
• 55:09
  SPEAKER_01: You know, just interesting stuff.
• 55:11
  SPEAKER_01: Facts.
• 55:11
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 55:12
  SPEAKER_01: Facts! They They are really racist, though, kind of.
• 55:16
  SPEAKER_01: They're basically being like, why did you give black men the right to vote?
• 55:22
  SPEAKER_01: I believe in And the declaration.
• 55:24
  SPEAKER_01: Declaration of the Rights of Women or in other sort
• 55:25
  SPEAKER_01: of National Women's Suffrage Association material,
• 55:29
  SPEAKER_01: they called the 14th and 15th Amendments an affront that, quote,
• 55:34
  SPEAKER_01: dethroned 15 million white women and cast them under the heel of the lowest orders
• 55:39
  SPEAKER_01: of manhood.
• 55:40
  SPEAKER_01: So it's just, again.
• 55:41
  SPEAKER_02: this is sort of a classic.
• 55:42
  SPEAKER_02: Classic to the point of the labor issues, like pitting.
• 55:45
  SPEAKER_02: And it's a false.
• 55:46
  SPEAKER_02: False equivalency.
• 55:50
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, I mean,
• 55:51
  SPEAKER_01: the success of the American Project is that it was for and continues to only be for
• 55:55
  SPEAKER_01: a certain group of white men.
• 55:58
  SPEAKER_01: And everybody else just fucking hates the shit out of each other
• 56:00
  SPEAKER_01: and has no opportunity for any kind of collaboration.
• 56:05
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 56:05
  SPEAKER_01: So the National Women's Suffrage Association had appealed to
• 56:09
  SPEAKER_01: the Supreme Court saying they made the case that
• 56:12
  SPEAKER_01: the 14th Amendment should guarantee women the right to vote.
• 56:15
  SPEAKER_01: And they were like, no way,
• 56:16
  SPEAKER_01: which actually was terrible for the suffrage movement because then they had
• 56:19
  SPEAKER_01: to go state by state
• 56:20
  SPEAKER_01: to get women the right to vote.
• 56:22
  SPEAKER_01: Um, there was something.
• 56:24
  SPEAKER_01: Something cool.
• 56:25
  SPEAKER_01: I think this is probably not by the feminists, but by the Women's Pavilion vibe.
• 56:29
  SPEAKER_01: This is a centennial dress.
• 56:31
  SPEAKER_01: Definitely by the Women's Pavilion.
• 56:34
  SPEAKER_01: It's made of red and black printed handkerchiefs,
• 56:36
  SPEAKER_01: red paper, crepe fringe, and it was probably worn And on July 4th.
• 56:42
  SPEAKER_01: Isn't it cute?
• 56:43
  SPEAKER_01: So cute.
• 56:44
  SPEAKER_01: Love.
• 56:45
  SPEAKER_01: Woodwear.
• 56:46
  SPEAKER_01: I want that jacket.
• 56:48
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, we could make that.
• 56:49
  SPEAKER_01: It's a bit Bodie.
• 56:49
  SPEAKER_02: It's giving
• 56:55
  SPEAKER_01: Bodie, yeah.
• 56:57
  SPEAKER_01: Okay, so I guess I should say Thank you.
• 57:01
  SPEAKER_01: What's really being told at the Centennial Exhibition, more than these Sort of small story.
• 57:07
  SPEAKER_01: Stories of, you know, feminism, Is that a man.
• 57:11
  SPEAKER_01: America is the best country on earth.
• 57:14
  SPEAKER_01: So in 1851,
• 57:16
  SPEAKER_01: at the Crystal Palace Exhibition in London,
• 57:19
  SPEAKER_01: America had been sort of ridiculed It's horrific.
• 57:22
  SPEAKER_01: Horrifically lame presentation.
• 57:25
  SPEAKER_01: But by 1876,
• 57:27
  SPEAKER_01: Foreign visitors are coming to America's centennial ball and saying,
• 57:32
  SPEAKER_01: this is amazing.
• 57:33
  SPEAKER_01: This is the best thing we've ever seen,
• 57:35
  SPEAKER_01: particularly, you know, their industrial might, their innovations, their power.
• 57:39
  SPEAKER_01: It's just very impressive.
• 57:40
  SPEAKER_02: We love a redemption arc like that.
• 57:42
  SPEAKER_01: Totally.
• 57:43
  SPEAKER_01: Louis Simonin.
• 57:45
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know who that is.
• 57:45
  SPEAKER_01: He's French.
• 57:46
  SPEAKER_01: He wrote of the centennial, quote,
• 57:49
  SPEAKER_01: America will learn to dispense more and more with Europe,
• 57:52
  SPEAKER_01: but Europe cannot dispense with her.
• 57:54
  SPEAKER_01: Mmm.
• 57:55
  SPEAKER_01: So it's like, it's a total shift in the world order.
• 57:59
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 58:00
  SPEAKER_01: Who attended this fair?
• 58:03
  SPEAKER_01: President Ulysses S. Grant.
• 58:05
  SPEAKER_01: The Brazilian emperor, Dom Pedro II, was a huge part of the fair.
• 58:10
  SPEAKER_01: He was like at everything.
• 58:12
  SPEAKER_01: Because he was like a
• 58:14
  SPEAKER_02: good time or what?
• 58:16
  SPEAKER_01: He came and he learned a lot and he was like hanging out with Grant.
• 58:19
  SPEAKER_01: Came and he learned a lot.
• 58:21
  SPEAKER_01: It's crazy.
• 58:23
  SPEAKER_01: He was just like, He's the, like...
• 58:25
  SPEAKER_01: whack-a-mole Where's Waldo of the fair.
• 58:28
  SPEAKER_01: He was everywhere.
• 58:29
  SPEAKER_02: He came and he learned a lot.
• 58:31
  SPEAKER_02: He was He's like, into it.
• 58:31
  SPEAKER_02: It.
• 58:31
  SPEAKER_01: I I think he likes it.
• 58:32
  SPEAKER_01: He bought stuff.
• 58:34
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know.
• 58:34
  SPEAKER_01: A young Woodrow Wilson attended.
• 58:34
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 58:37
  SPEAKER_01: And both candidates.
• 58:39
  SPEAKER_01: Candidates for president in 1876, both Samuel J. Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes attended.
• 58:45
  SPEAKER_01: Poet, Walt Whip.
• 58:46
  SPEAKER_01: Whitman attended.
• 58:47
  SPEAKER_01: Walt Whitman is a big character in Border Witch's book.
• 58:51
  SPEAKER_01: And it's tragic.
• 58:52
  SPEAKER_01: By the 1870s, Walt Whitman was kind of a hack and like gay loser.
• 58:57
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 58:59
  SPEAKER_02: And he had derangement.
• 59:01
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, exactly.
• 59:02
  SPEAKER_01: Dewey Decimal System.
• 59:03
  SPEAKER_01: Thank you.
• 59:04
  SPEAKER_01: Um, he had been hoping.
• 59:05
  SPEAKER_01: Hoping to be the official Not a centennial poet.
• 59:08
  SPEAKER_01: Poet, but then it went to Bayard Taylor And John Green.
• 59:13
  SPEAKER_01: Greenleaf Whittier.
• 59:15
  SPEAKER_01: And he's just completely left out.
• 59:18
  SPEAKER_01: And so he has to kind of go as a paying visitor.
• 59:20
  SPEAKER_01: That's so sad.
• 59:21
  SPEAKER_01: They didn't even comp him a ticket?
• 59:23
  SPEAKER_01: No.
• 59:23
  SPEAKER_01: And tickets We're 50 cents.
• 59:25
  SPEAKER_01: Cents.
• 59:25
  SPEAKER_01: So...
• 59:27
  SPEAKER_01: Tickets were 50 cents.
• 59:28
  SPEAKER_01: Steve, a guidebook cost cost 25 cents.
• 59:30
  SPEAKER_01: A glass of soda water cost 10 cents.
• 59:33
  SPEAKER_01: A ride on the West End Railway, 5 cents.
• 59:35
  SPEAKER_01: The average Dali.
• 59:37
  SPEAKER_01: Daily salary of an American worker in 1876 was $1 .00 and $1.21.
• 59:42
  SPEAKER_01: So if you were working six days a week,
• 59:45
  SPEAKER_01: 10 hours a day with no paid vacation,
• 59:47
  SPEAKER_01: a visit to the Centennial would have been a special event indeed.
• 59:52
  SPEAKER_02: Huge day.
• 59:53
  SPEAKER_02: Do you think it was like when my dad now travels and he's like 10 cents for a soda water?
• 59:59
  SPEAKER_02: Do you think people were like that or it was just kind of the average price?
• 1:00:02
  SPEAKER_02: Like they hadn't figured out how to gouge people like that yet.
• 1:00:05
  SPEAKER_01: I don't.
• 1:00:06
  SPEAKER_01: I think it was a bit of a gouging.
• 1:00:08
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 1:00:08
  SPEAKER_01: Life was more expensive, but I think it was not out of reach.
• 1:00:11
  SPEAKER_01: 1.
• 1:00:12
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 1:00:15
  SPEAKER_01: Not completely out of reach.
• 1:00:17
  SPEAKER_01: I wasn't able to find first-hand impressions from real people,
• 1:00:21
  SPEAKER_01: but I do have some kind of what were people saying about it in the news,
• 1:00:25
  SPEAKER_01: what were famous people saying about it, and I'll share these with some of you.
• 1:00:28
  SPEAKER_01: I love this one from Harper's Bazaar,
• 1:00:30
  SPEAKER_01: Which wrote that Philly Philadelphia appears for the nonce
• 1:00:34
  SPEAKER_01: to have thrown off her somber Quaker apparel and to have ushered in the centennial
• 1:00:38
  SPEAKER_01: with much the air of a venerable old lady endeavoring
• 1:00:40
  SPEAKER_01: to execute some difficult steps in the can-can.
• 1:00:43
  SPEAKER_02: Love.
• 1:00:44
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 1:00:44
  SPEAKER_01: It was so savage.
• 1:00:45
  SPEAKER_01: I love that.
• 1:00:46
  SPEAKER_01: I love that roast to Philadelphia being like, you Quaker loser.
• 1:00:49
  SPEAKER_01: It's awesome.
• 1:00:50
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 1:00:52
  SPEAKER_01: The Times of London Madeline wrote the process.
• 1:00:54
  SPEAKER_01: Products of the industry of the United States surpassed our own oftener
• 1:00:58
  SPEAKER_01: than can be explained by the circumstance.
• 1:01:00
  SPEAKER_01: They revealed the application of more brains than we have at our command.
• 1:01:04
  SPEAKER_01: So it's I've been saying that.
• 1:01:06
  SPEAKER_01: That.
• 1:01:06
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, it's like really America kind of exerting itself.
• 1:01:09
  SPEAKER_01: Herman Melville wrote, you will be much impressed with it.
• 1:01:13
  SPEAKER_01: It is immense, a sort of vanity fair.
• 1:01:16
  SPEAKER_01: Classic Melville.
• 1:01:17
  SPEAKER_01: Mark Twain said, I went there in July and stayed nearly a whole day.
• 1:01:21
  SPEAKER_01: Then I got discouraged and returned home.
• 1:01:23
  SPEAKER_01: I became satisfied that it would take me two or possibly three days to examine such
• 1:01:27
  SPEAKER_01: an array of articles with anything like just care and deliberation.
• 1:01:31
  SPEAKER_01: So that's like not that glowing.
• 1:01:33
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah, it sort of seems like people didn't love it.
• 1:01:36
  SPEAKER_01: I don't think I would enjoy it.
• 1:01:37
  SPEAKER_01: It sounds incredibly overwhelming.
• 1:01:39
  SPEAKER_02: I know, but people loved 1851.
• 1:01:41
  SPEAKER_02: People loved 1867.
• 1:01:45
  SPEAKER_02: People loved 1900.
• 1:01:47
  SPEAKER_01: All right, so I think people loved it.
• 1:01:48
  SPEAKER_01: Let me tell you what was on display.
• 1:01:49
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 1:01:50
  SPEAKER_01: So I told you about the restaurant at the South.
• 1:01:53
  SPEAKER_01: Which was sort of a rinse.
• 1:01:53
  SPEAKER_01: A minstrel race.
• 1:01:55
  SPEAKER_01: Racist affair.
• 1:01:56
  SPEAKER_01: There was also a restaurant called the Great American Restaurant.
• 1:01:59
  SPEAKER_02: There was a French restaurant called... What was on the menu at the Great American Restaurant?
• 1:02:04
  SPEAKER_02: Like I need to know more.
• 1:02:05
  SPEAKER_01: I feel like I did know and I've forgotten.
• 1:02:09
  SPEAKER_02: Sorry.
• 1:02:09
  SPEAKER_02: It's okay.
• 1:02:11
  SPEAKER_02: Maybe I'm just hungry.
• 1:02:12
  SPEAKER_02: Okay.
• 1:02:14
  SPEAKER_01: Um...
• 1:02:15
  SPEAKER_01: Popcorn was still a novelty at the time, but they were selling it and people loved it.
• 1:02:20
  SPEAKER_01: But there was like a cute.
• 1:02:21
  SPEAKER_01: Cute little popcorn pass that people could get.
• 1:02:25
  SPEAKER_02: What do you mean like it gave you unlimited popcorn?
• 1:02:28
  SPEAKER_01: I think it was like a five cent token for popcorn.
• 1:02:31
  SPEAKER_02: Okay.
• 1:02:32
  SPEAKER_01: Cute.
• 1:02:34
  SPEAKER_01: Love.
• 1:02:35
  SPEAKER_02: So cute.
• 1:02:36
  SPEAKER_01: The Sons of Temperance built a fountain that served ice water.
• 1:02:39
  SPEAKER_01: Mm-hmm.
• 1:02:41
  SPEAKER_01: Yummy.
• 1:02:42
  SPEAKER_01: I also have a picture of that if you're interested in seeing it.
• 1:02:45
  SPEAKER_01: Would love to see it.
• 1:02:46
  SPEAKER_01: It looks really yummy water.
• 1:02:48
  SPEAKER_01: So it's basically just any water fountain.
• 1:02:51
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, but it won't make you drunk.
• 1:02:53
  SPEAKER_01: Um, and I think they were were enjoying that because of the cholera, Less risk of color.
• 1:02:59
  SPEAKER_01: Cholera as well.
• 1:03:01
  SPEAKER_01: What other pictures do I have for you?
• 1:03:02
  SPEAKER_01: That's the National Cookery book again.
• 1:03:04
  SPEAKER_01: Okay, here's the main exhibition hall.
• 1:03:07
  SPEAKER_01: Huge.
• 1:03:08
  SPEAKER_01: Giant.
• 1:03:09
  SPEAKER_01: Absolutely huge.
• 1:03:10
  SPEAKER_01: What is in there, Madeline?
• 1:03:11
  SPEAKER_01: You might be wondering.
• 1:03:14
  SPEAKER_01: No idea.
• 1:03:14
  SPEAKER_01: There's 13,720 exhibitors.
• 1:03:18
  SPEAKER_01: And And it's so, it was hard to.
• 1:03:20
  SPEAKER_01: To pick on one thing to focus on.
• 1:03:21
  SPEAKER_01: So I'm going to talk about all of them.
• 1:03:23
  SPEAKER_01: No, I'm just kidding.
• 1:03:24
  SPEAKER_01: It sort of seems like you are.
• 1:03:26
  SPEAKER_01: No, I'm just going to show you one interesting picture.
• 1:03:30
  SPEAKER_01: I love this.
• 1:03:31
  SPEAKER_01: Look at this display of corsets that was in the main exhibition hall.
• 1:03:37
  SPEAKER_01: It's titled the like the credit line is for Farsi and Oppenheim.
• 1:03:41
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know how to describe that.
• 1:03:43
  SPEAKER_01: And it's just sort of a freaky display of a bunch of corsets stacked on top of each other.
• 1:03:47
  SPEAKER_01: Which I was interested in.
• 1:03:49
  SPEAKER_02: They're
• 1:03:50
  SPEAKER_01: so shapely.
• 1:03:51
  SPEAKER_01: Very, very narrow waist.
• 1:03:53
  SPEAKER_01: And this is the classic.
• 1:03:54
  SPEAKER_02: Classic 1870 silhouette where it has the poof at the bottom.
• 1:04:00
  SPEAKER_02: Like at the hips?
• 1:04:02
  SPEAKER_01: Not at the hips, at the front.
• 1:04:03
  SPEAKER_01: Oh, this little flounce thing?
• 1:04:05
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah, it went out in the front and the back in this really interesting way that changed later.
• 1:04:10
  SPEAKER_01: Well...
• 1:04:11
  SPEAKER_01: I wanted to talk about a real 1870.
• 1:04:13
  SPEAKER_01: 1876 corset that I saw on display the other day at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in
• 1:04:19
  SPEAKER_01: the current Costume Institute exhibition called Costume Art,
• 1:04:23
  SPEAKER_01: which is all about the relationship between the human body and art and the way
• 1:04:28
  SPEAKER_01: that You know, the dressed body is this kind of like continuous thread.
• 1:04:32
  SPEAKER_01: And also there's all these ways that people use clothing to change their bodies
• 1:04:36
  SPEAKER_01: and stuff like that.
• 1:04:36
  SPEAKER_01: And obviously there's a lot of corset and bustle action.
• 1:04:40
  SPEAKER_01: So this Crazy courses.
• 1:04:42
  SPEAKER_01: Corset, let's describe what we're looking at.
• 1:04:44
  SPEAKER_01: It's a boned corset.
• 1:04:46
  SPEAKER_02: It's a boned corset.
• 1:04:47
  SPEAKER_02: It has a wire bustle that produces the shape of a shelf
• 1:04:54
  SPEAKER_02: on which you could lay
• 1:04:56
  SPEAKER_02: a glass of ice water.
• 1:04:53
  SPEAKER_02: I don't know.
• 1:04:57
  SPEAKER_02: Um, Think of the Kim Kardashian paper magazine cover.
• 1:05:01
  SPEAKER_02: It's also like sort of underbreast.
• 1:05:03
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, I...
• 1:05:04
  SPEAKER_01: we have a weird angle, but yeah, your boobs would just sort of be, Over it.
• 1:05:08
  SPEAKER_01: Completely structured, but then your boobs are sort of just hanging out.
• 1:05:11
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 1:05:12
  SPEAKER_02: Loose, which is cool.
• 1:05:14
  SPEAKER_02: I guess I would feel uncomfortable.
• 1:05:16
  SPEAKER_01: Well, there's only one way to test that out.
• 1:05:19
  SPEAKER_01: So that corset It was on display.
• 1:05:22
  SPEAKER_01: Display in 1876.
• 1:05:22
  SPEAKER_01: In 1976, 1876. It Won a prize, which is cool at the fair.
• 1:05:29
  SPEAKER_01: Um, it's a curiosity.
• 1:05:30
  SPEAKER_01: Cuirass corset, which was made entirely of cord.
• 1:05:34
  SPEAKER_01: And it won first prize in Philadelphia for its materials and construction.
• 1:05:39
  SPEAKER_01: Significantly lighter.
• 1:05:41
  SPEAKER_01: Is that the advantage?
• 1:05:43
  SPEAKER_02: You can move around more?
• 1:05:43
  SPEAKER_02: I don't know if you mean And the boning.
• 1:05:47
  SPEAKER_02: Boning is also metal?
• 1:05:49
  SPEAKER_02: I thought it was all cord.
• 1:05:51
  SPEAKER_02: Record, whatever.
• 1:05:52
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 1:05:53
  SPEAKER_02: The whaling industry was in decline,
• 1:05:55
  SPEAKER_02: so whalebone became very expensive,
• 1:05:57
  SPEAKER_02: which is what corsets had previously been made of.
• 1:06:00
  SPEAKER_01: So it's probably really nice to move on from that.
• 1:06:02
  SPEAKER_02: So it's both lighter and an alternative in a post-whaling industry world.
• 1:06:08
  SPEAKER_02: Amazing.
• 1:06:10
  SPEAKER_02: Amazing.
• 1:06:11
  SPEAKER_02: The things I just know.
• 1:06:12
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 1:06:14
  SPEAKER_01: Well, and also the bustle was a major innovation.
• 1:06:17
  SPEAKER_01: It was patented in 1873.
• 1:06:19
  SPEAKER_01: And so that that huge shelf like bustle on that corset was It's an amazing innovation.
• 1:06:24
  SPEAKER_01: Innovation.
• 1:06:25
  SPEAKER_02: Well, you used to achieve that with just many layers of fabric,
• 1:06:28
  SPEAKER_02: which were extremely heavy and like basically Like, life -threatening.
• 1:06:32
  SPEAKER_02: Threateningly dangerous if they got wet.
• 1:06:35
  SPEAKER_02: Like drowning.
• 1:06:36
  SPEAKER_02: Like if you were out in the rain, you could like get like you could fall over and die.
• 1:06:42
  SPEAKER_02: You would be so bottom heavy that you just tip back.
• 1:06:44
  SPEAKER_02: Kind of.
• 1:06:45
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 1:06:46
  SPEAKER_02: Um Yeah.
• 1:06:48
  SPEAKER_01: I wouldn't do it.
• 1:06:49
  SPEAKER_01: I wouldn't wear that.
• 1:06:51
  SPEAKER_02: OK, so I would probably suffer for fashion.
• 1:06:54
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, you do.
• 1:06:55
  SPEAKER_01: If everyone else was wearing it, you would wear it.
• 1:06:58
  SPEAKER_01: Also, like bustles are in right now.
• 1:07:01
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 1:07:01
  SPEAKER_02: Well, I'm not wearing them now.
• 1:07:03
  SPEAKER_01: I'm saying that I do think they're kind of in right now.
• 1:07:05
  SPEAKER_01: I also, you know, like the Alexander McQueen bumpster pants?
• 1:07:10
  SPEAKER_02: Yes.
• 1:07:10
  SPEAKER_01: Iconic sort of a little cleavage on the ass.
• 1:07:13
  SPEAKER_01: I saw a girl on the train last night.
• 1:07:15
  SPEAKER_01: No.
• 1:07:16
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 1:07:17
  SPEAKER_02: No, no.
• 1:07:17
  SPEAKER_02: I saw it.
• 1:07:18
  SPEAKER_02: I lived it.
• 1:07:20
  SPEAKER_02: I saw bumpsters are back.
• 1:07:21
  SPEAKER_01: I saw someone's ass crack on purpose
• 1:07:24
  SPEAKER_02: That's really
• 1:07:24
  SPEAKER_02: Train.
• 1:07:24
  SPEAKER_02: That's really, really disturbing.
• 1:07:26
  SPEAKER_01: And the bumpster is an interesting response to the bustle.
• 1:07:29
  SPEAKER_01: You don't want to be ass
• 1:07:30
  SPEAKER_02: out on the subway.
• 1:07:31
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, sometimes I'm by accident.
• 1:07:32
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, she was standing.
• 1:07:33
  SPEAKER_01: Let's just say that.
• 1:07:34
  SPEAKER_01: You can't sit.
• 1:07:36
  SPEAKER_01: You get pregnant if you sit in bumpsters on the subway.
• 1:07:39
  Thank you.
• 1:07:40
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 1:07:41
  SPEAKER_01: So what's interesting about it?
• 1:07:42
  SPEAKER_01: About the prize-winning bustle and corset is that this fair is also all about machinery.
• 1:07:50
  SPEAKER_01: And the machinery haul is kind of like the signature.
• 1:07:53
  SPEAKER_01: This is what Don Pedro II is there for.
• 1:07:56
  SPEAKER_01: There is the largest machine ever built on display.
• 1:07:59
  SPEAKER_01: What did it do?
• 1:08:01
  SPEAKER_01: So this is what's so interesting.
• 1:08:03
  SPEAKER_01: It's an engine.
• 1:08:04
  SPEAKER_01: It's It's the core list.
• 1:08:05
  SPEAKER_01: Corliss Centennial steam engine.
• 1:08:07
  SPEAKER_01: It was a 56 ton fly flywheel machine powered by an external boiler system
• 1:08:11
  SPEAKER_01: that was 1,400 horsepower.
• 1:08:13
  SPEAKER_01: It was amazing.
• 1:08:13
  SPEAKER_01: Totally
• 1:08:16
  SPEAKER_02: It was huge.
• 1:08:16
  SPEAKER_01: It was literally like the size of the machinery hall and it powered all the exhibitions.
• 1:08:23
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 1:08:23
  SPEAKER_01: And so the Corliss engine was huge and it was switched on by Ulysses S.
• 1:08:28
  SPEAKER_01: Grant and Dom Pedro, the second of Brazil.
• 1:08:31
  SPEAKER_01: I kid you not.
• 1:08:32
  SPEAKER_01: And I believe maybe Dom Pedro like bought it after, I don't know, and brought it back to Brazil.
• 1:08:36
  SPEAKER_02: But it's so big, how did he bring it?
• 1:08:38
  SPEAKER_02: I don't know.
• 1:08:39
  SPEAKER_02: I don't understand what an engine is.
• 1:08:40
  SPEAKER_02: How could you have an engine big enough to transport that big of an engine?
• 1:08:44
  SPEAKER_01: I also don't know why things are still measured in horsepower, Madeline.
• 1:08:47
  SPEAKER_01: I have a lot of questions.
• 1:08:49
  SPEAKER_02: But we do know what an acre is now, so.
• 1:08:51
  SPEAKER_02: Do we?
• 1:08:52
  SPEAKER_01: Chain square.
• 1:08:53
  SPEAKER_01: Squared.
• 1:08:54
  SPEAKER_01: Yep.
• 1:08:55
  SPEAKER_01: It's a chain by a furlough.
• 1:08:57
  SPEAKER_01: Other major machines that were invented and shown for the first time at
• 1:09:01
  SPEAKER_01: the 1876 Centennial Exposition, the phone, the telephone.
• 1:09:05
  SPEAKER_01: That's right.
• 1:09:05
  SPEAKER_01: There was a race for the patent for the telephone and Alexander Graham Bell won that.
• 1:09:10
  SPEAKER_01: So So we've talked a lot about television.
• 1:09:12
  SPEAKER_01: Telecommunication,
• 1:09:13
  SPEAKER_01: so I'm not going to bore you with a story of the telephone,
• 1:09:15
  SPEAKER_01: but let me just say it was crazy.
• 1:09:17
  SPEAKER_01: And I learned a lot about how it worked mechanically.
• 1:09:20
  SPEAKER_02: And do you want me to put up my notes that we're going to do a whole episode
• 1:09:22
  SPEAKER_02: about it at that too?
• 1:09:23
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 1:09:24
  SPEAKER_01: I would also like to flag that his wife was named Mabel.
• 1:09:26
  SPEAKER_01: So.
• 1:09:27
  SPEAKER_01: So was
• 1:09:28
  SPEAKER_02: everyone's wife.
• 1:09:29
  SPEAKER_01: Not true.
• 1:09:30
  SPEAKER_01: I also wanted to show you...
• 1:09:32
  SPEAKER_01: share that.
• 1:09:32
  SPEAKER_02: Martha Washington, I guess.
• 1:09:33
  SPEAKER_01: I know I said I wasn't talking about Alex.
• 1:09:36
  SPEAKER_01: But Mabel was deaf.
• 1:09:37
  SPEAKER_01: And Alexander Graham Bell and his whole family were deeply involved in the deaf community.
• 1:09:43
  SPEAKER_01: His mom was deaf.
• 1:09:44
  SPEAKER_01: His wife was deaf.
• 1:09:45
  SPEAKER_01: They taught speech to deaf people.
• 1:09:47
  SPEAKER_01: They taught different forms of visual speech systems, all these things.
• 1:09:51
  SPEAKER_01: And Alexander Graham Bell as a boy had a deep interest in the human voice.
• 1:09:55
  SPEAKER_01: He learned how to communicate with his mother.
• 1:09:58
  SPEAKER_01: Like, people talk about this.
• 1:10:00
  SPEAKER_01: This in a really funny way,
• 1:10:01
  SPEAKER_01: but he would just basically yell really loudly into her forehead so she could feel
• 1:10:04
  SPEAKER_01: the vibration of his voice.
• 1:10:06
  SPEAKER_02: And understand she would understand what he was saying.
• 1:10:09
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, she she like went deaf.
• 1:10:12
  SPEAKER_01: So I feel like she could.
• 1:10:14
  SPEAKER_01: She you know what I mean?
• 1:10:15
  SPEAKER_02: Like, is it like those headphones that like beam it right into your brain?
• 1:10:18
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, because sound is vibration, man.
• 1:10:20
  SPEAKER_01: Get with it.
• 1:10:21
  SPEAKER_02: So if I'm sorry,
• 1:10:22
  SPEAKER_02: so if you went deaf and I started screaming at your forehead,
• 1:10:26
  SPEAKER_02: you would be able to hear me
• 1:10:27
  SPEAKER_01: if your lips were on my head so I could feel
• 1:10:29
  SPEAKER_01: the vibration.
• 1:10:31
  SPEAKER_01: Alexander Graham Bell also taught his dog how to talk by, yeah, he did, Madeline, he did.
• 1:10:38
  SPEAKER_01: He would like hold her neck and like squeeze her vocal cords
• 1:10:41
  SPEAKER_01: while she was like making sounds and it sounded like she was talking.
• 1:10:45
  SPEAKER_01: Okay, so he didn't teach his dog to talk,
• 1:10:46
  SPEAKER_02: he choked his dog.
• 1:10:49
  SPEAKER_01: What's a diff?
• 1:10:50
  SPEAKER_01: I like this quote.
• 1:10:52
  SPEAKER_01: This is when And Bell invents.
• 1:10:53
  SPEAKER_01: Invents the phone and it works.
• 1:10:55
  SPEAKER_01: He does this demonstration for Ulysses S. Grant and you guessed it, Dom Pedro II.
• 1:10:59
  SPEAKER_01: Just a second.
• 1:10:59
  SPEAKER_01: Um, He says in his journal, this is a great day for me.
• 1:11:04
  SPEAKER_01: I feel that I have at last struck the solution of a great problem and
• 1:11:07
  SPEAKER_01: the day is coming when telegraph wires will be laid on the houses just like water
• 1:11:11
  SPEAKER_01: or gas and friends will converse with each other without leaving home.
• 1:11:14
  SPEAKER_01: Boom, roasted.
• 1:11:15
  SPEAKER_01: That's what we're doing right now.
• 1:11:17
  SPEAKER_01: So true.
• 1:11:18
  SPEAKER_02: Isn't that amazing?
• 1:11:20
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah, I called it.
• 1:11:22
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, so that's the phone.
• 1:11:25
  SPEAKER_01: Let's switch over to Memorial Hall.
• 1:11:26
  SPEAKER_01: Leave Machinery Hall, go to Memorial Hall.
• 1:11:29
  SPEAKER_01: Memorial Hall was a huge granite building, which I believe is still standing.
• 1:11:33
  SPEAKER_01: And it was like more architecturally significant.
• 1:11:36
  SPEAKER_01: A lot of the buildings They made, I think, more crap.
• 1:11:37
  SPEAKER_01: Crap.
• 1:11:38
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 1:11:39
  SPEAKER_01: And so there was a lot of.
• 1:11:40
  SPEAKER_01: Of controversy at the fair because the French and Italian had sent their art,
• 1:11:45
  SPEAKER_01: which of course was naked and everybody was scandalized.
• 1:11:48
  SPEAKER_02: Okay.
• 1:11:48
  SPEAKER_01: And a 30 -year -old,
• 1:11:49
  SPEAKER_01: a 34 year old William James wrote to Henry in Europe,
• 1:11:52
  SPEAKER_01: his brother, France has nothing to show.
• 1:11:55
  SPEAKER_01: Not that there are any great American works,
• 1:11:56
  SPEAKER_01: but there is nothing vile such as every foreign school gives you
• 1:11:59
  SPEAKER_01: And it's degenerative.
• 1:12:00
  SPEAKER_01: Degenerate pupils without a grain of inward decency.
• 1:12:05
  SPEAKER_01: Isn't that great?
• 1:12:05
  SPEAKER_01: Isn't that also surprising?
• 1:12:07
  SPEAKER_01: Like, was William James such a prude?
• 1:12:09
  SPEAKER_01: No.
• 1:12:11
  SPEAKER_01: But maybe.
• 1:12:12
  SPEAKER_01: But maybe he, like, became less of a prude as he got older.
• 1:12:14
  SPEAKER_01: He was only 34.
• 1:12:16
  SPEAKER_02: That's kind of old.
• 1:12:17
  SPEAKER_02: He was a baby.
• 1:12:18
  SPEAKER_01: Rude.
• 1:12:20
  SPEAKER_01: This is, like,
• 1:12:20
  SPEAKER_01: to quote myself,
• 1:12:22
  SPEAKER_01: I found once this paper I wrote in middle school about Versailles,
• 1:12:26
  SPEAKER_01: and I wrote, like...
• 1:12:28
  SPEAKER_01: Louis XIV unfortunately sadly passed away at the age of 84.
• 1:12:32
  SPEAKER_01: I just love that.
• 1:12:34
  SPEAKER_01: I think about it all the time.
• 1:12:35
  SPEAKER_01: Unfortunately, he died.
• 1:12:37
  SPEAKER_02: It's a ripe age of age.
• 1:12:38
  SPEAKER_02: 84.
• 1:12:38
  SPEAKER_02: It's always unfortunate to die.
• 1:12:40
  SPEAKER_01: It's always unfortunate to die.
• 1:12:42
  SPEAKER_02: Um, so there.
• 1:12:43
  SPEAKER_01: There was two major sculptures of Cleopatra that I know of at the centennial
• 1:12:48
  SPEAKER_01: and neither of them was made of butter.
• 1:12:51
  SPEAKER_01: One of them was in the Memorial Hall, which is interesting Um, because the Memorial Hall.
• 1:12:55
  SPEAKER_01: Hall was supposed to be for art, but this one was made of wax and I believe was animated.
• 1:12:59
  SPEAKER_02: What do you mean like it was not?
• 1:13:00
  SPEAKER_02: Automaton?
• 1:13:01
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 1:13:01
  SPEAKER_01: William Dean Howells wrote,
• 1:13:03
  SPEAKER_01: Attended by a single Cupid who's rough as he moved his head shows the jointure
• 1:13:06
  SPEAKER_01: of his neck.
• 1:13:07
  SPEAKER_01: A wary parrot on her fingers opens and shuts its wings
• 1:13:10
  SPEAKER_01: and she rolls her head alluringly from side to side and faintly lifts her right arm
• 1:13:15
  SPEAKER_01: and lets it drop again for 12 hours every day.
• 1:13:18
  SPEAKER_01: Unlike many sculptures,
• 1:13:19
  SPEAKER_01: this has no vagueness of sentiment and it explicitly advertises a museum of anatomy
• 1:13:24
  SPEAKER_01: in Philadelphia, which I think is still there and I've been to.
• 1:13:28
  SPEAKER_01: Is that the Gyakim?
• 1:13:28
  SPEAKER_01: Yucky museum that I was talking about?
• 1:13:31
  SPEAKER_01: I believe it's the disgusting museum.
• 1:13:32
  SPEAKER_01: I went there.
• 1:13:33
  SPEAKER_01: Do you think they still have this Cleopatra?
• 1:13:36
  SPEAKER_02: I don't remember it, but what it is describing her doing is like what zombies do in movies.
• 1:13:40
  SPEAKER_02: It's like, it's so scary.
• 1:13:44
  SPEAKER_01: Um, I mean, like...
• 1:13:45
  SPEAKER_01: it's.
• 1:13:46
  SPEAKER_01: It's so weird.
• 1:13:46
  SPEAKER_01: So scary.
• 1:13:47
  SPEAKER_01: So it's funny to me that there was this Freaky acetone.
• 1:13:50
  SPEAKER_01: Automaton of Cleopatra at the fair.
• 1:13:52
  SPEAKER_01: And then there was also this like really artistically,
• 1:13:55
  SPEAKER_01: historically significant sculpture,
• 1:13:57
  SPEAKER_01: marble sculpture of Cleopatra that was in the women's pavilion,
• 1:14:00
  SPEAKER_01: I think, It was by this this woman named Edmonia Lewis,
• 1:14:04
  SPEAKER_02: Mm -hmm.
• 1:14:04
  SPEAKER_01: Who is a...
• 1:14:05
  SPEAKER_01: black American Female sculpt.
• 1:14:07
  SPEAKER_01: Sculptor Who was born in Asia.
• 1:14:09
  SPEAKER_01: 1844 in upstate New York.
• 1:14:11
  SPEAKER_01: She was African-American and Native American ancestry.
• 1:14:15
  SPEAKER_01: And she was one of the few Black Americans who had any sort of like pride of place at the fair.
• 1:14:23
  SPEAKER_01: And her life story is fascinating.
• 1:14:26
  SPEAKER_01: So she was...
• 1:14:27
  SPEAKER_01: Her life was like I don't exactly know how she became sort of a subject
• 1:14:31
  SPEAKER_01: of abolitionist interest,
• 1:14:33
  SPEAKER_01: but like as a child and a young person,
• 1:14:35
  SPEAKER_01: she was sort of supported by like Massachusetts abolitionists who sent her
• 1:14:40
  SPEAKER_01: to Oberlin where she went to school and she was one of 30 students of color.
• 1:14:46
  SPEAKER_01: And that was like both really,
• 1:14:48
  SPEAKER_01: you know,
• 1:14:49
  SPEAKER_01: exciting and interesting,
• 1:14:50
  SPEAKER_01: but also she was the subject of like the craziest racism that I've read about.
• 1:14:55
  SPEAKER_01: So she was the subject of two different scandals.
• 1:14:58
  SPEAKER_01: One of them was that she and some friends were apparently maybe
• 1:15:01
  SPEAKER_01: or maybe not drinking an aphrodisiac potion.
• 1:15:05
  SPEAKER_01: And two of her white classmates were participating in this and those women got sick
• 1:15:11
  SPEAKER_01: from the aphrodisiac potion.
• 1:15:12
  SPEAKER_01: And so then she was like an aphrodisiac potion like magic.
• 1:15:17
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 1:15:17
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, everyone loved potions in the 19th century.
• 1:15:19
  SPEAKER_01: You know, it was like sort of like a love potion.
• 1:15:21
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 1:15:22
  SPEAKER_01: But it's also like this is so steeped in sexism and racism.
• 1:15:25
  SPEAKER_01: It's like really I don't actually know what happened.
• 1:15:29
  SPEAKER_01: She may have just like made them tea and then they happen to get like sick.
• 1:15:33
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 1:15:34
  SPEAKER_02: Okay.
• 1:15:35
  SPEAKER_01: And so then she's like charged with a crime and then a racist mob comes
• 1:15:41
  SPEAKER_01: and like kidnaps her and beats her and assaults her and...
• 1:15:45
  SPEAKER_01: It's ultimately she has this like really amazing black lawyer who gets the charges dismissed.
• 1:15:50
  SPEAKER_01: So she's able to go back to school and then she's accused of stealing art supplies
• 1:15:54
  SPEAKER_01: and she doesn't graduate.
• 1:15:56
  SPEAKER_01: She then moves to Boston where she starts her art career And she's making pork.
• 1:16:00
  SPEAKER_01: Portrait bus a famous abolitionist.
• 1:16:02
  SPEAKER_01: But her arc...
• 1:16:03
  SPEAKER_01: career is stymied by the racism in the United States.
• 1:16:06
  SPEAKER_01: And also she has like big ambitions and there's not a lot
• 1:16:09
  SPEAKER_01: of marble carving happening in the United States at the time.
• 1:16:12
  SPEAKER_01: If you want to be doing that, you got to go to Europe.
• 1:16:14
  SPEAKER_01: She's so brave.
• 1:16:16
  SPEAKER_01: Really brave.
• 1:16:16
  SPEAKER_01: She moves to Rome and she writes Or says, I was proud of you.
• 1:16:19
  SPEAKER_01: Practically driven to Rome in order to obtain the opportunities for art culture and
• 1:16:23
  SPEAKER_01: to find a social atmosphere where I was not constantly reminded of my color.
• 1:16:26
  SPEAKER_01: The land of liberty had no room for a colored sculptor.
• 1:16:29
  SPEAKER_02: Fascinating that Rome is less racist than the US.
• 1:16:33
  SPEAKER_01: I know.
• 1:16:33
  SPEAKER_01: It's really, really interesting.
• 1:16:34
  SPEAKER_02: Paris, I think, actually was Rome.
• 1:16:36
  SPEAKER_01: I have a hard
• 1:16:37
  SPEAKER_02: time believing.
• 1:16:38
  SPEAKER_01: I also don't think she spoke Italian when she first got there, but then it like works out.
• 1:16:42
  SPEAKER_01: She ends up, I think her studio is like the former studio of Canova.
• 1:16:46
  SPEAKER_01: Like Like she, she really made.
• 1:16:48
  SPEAKER_01: She makes it work.
• 1:16:49
  SPEAKER_01: And she's making a ton of money because she's also sort of like,
• 1:16:53
  SPEAKER_01: you know, people are fascinated that she is doing this and tourists are coming.
• 1:16:58
  SPEAKER_01: It's also interesting because I think like American tourists are able
• 1:17:00
  SPEAKER_01: to support her there, even if they wouldn't have in the United States.
• 1:17:04
  SPEAKER_01: And she's like making a ton of money as a sculptor.
• 1:17:08
  SPEAKER_01: And the death of Cleopatra is her work and it's her submission to the 1876 centennial.
• 1:17:13
  SPEAKER_01: It was enormous.
• 1:17:14
  SPEAKER_01: It was a 4,000 pound and five feet tall sculpture,
• 1:17:17
  SPEAKER_01: which she made in Rome and shipped to the US, which I'm like, how
• 1:17:19
  SPEAKER_02: does that
• 1:17:20
  SPEAKER_01: happen?
• 1:17:21
  SPEAKER_01: 4,000 pounds?
• 1:17:21
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 1:17:22
  SPEAKER_01: I don't understand it's crazy. They put that on them.
• 1:17:25
  SPEAKER_01: Boat?
• 1:17:26
  SPEAKER_01: That doesn't make sense.
• 1:17:27
  SPEAKER_01: Do you want me to show it to you?
• 1:17:28
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 1:17:29
  SPEAKER_01: Just because I'm realizing a visual.
• 1:17:31
  SPEAKER_01: It would be important.
• 1:17:32
  SPEAKER_01: So It shows clip.
• 1:17:33
  SPEAKER_01: Cleopatra at the moment of kind of letting the snake bite her and kill her.
• 1:17:38
  SPEAKER_01: Um, What's interesting is that Cleopatra,
• 1:17:41
  SPEAKER_01: especially in the 19th century, is often like used to rep represent Right, exotic.
• 1:17:46
  SPEAKER_01: Exotic black figure.
• 1:17:50
  SPEAKER_01: You know what I mean?
• 1:17:51
  SPEAKER_01: And her Cleopatra is a little bit racially ambiguous, which is significant.
• 1:17:55
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah, I would say it's like reading Wait.
• 1:17:58
  SPEAKER_02: White.
• 1:17:58
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 1:17:59
  SPEAKER_01: She's on a throne.
• 1:18:00
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know.
• 1:18:02
  SPEAKER_01: I don't love it.
• 1:18:03
  SPEAKER_01: It's not my favorite.
• 1:18:05
  SPEAKER_01: I'll be honest.
• 1:18:06
  SPEAKER_01: It's interesting that it's like a figurative sculpture.
• 1:18:08
  SPEAKER_01: It's like not beautiful.
• 1:18:10
  SPEAKER_01: It's really on its piece of furniture in a way.
• 1:18:12
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 1:18:13
  SPEAKER_01: Like the body is a little absent.
• 1:18:15
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, it's like... Also, is it marble?
• 1:18:17
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 1:18:17
  SPEAKER_02: I think it might be because it kind of looks like limestone or something.
• 1:18:21
  SPEAKER_01: I know.
• 1:18:22
  SPEAKER_01: I think that might just be the way that it is photographed, but I'm pretty sure it's marble.
• 1:18:26
  SPEAKER_01: That was like her signature.
• 1:18:27
  SPEAKER_01: So...
• 1:18:31
  SPEAKER_01: Basically, Cleopatra has her head thrown back.
• 1:18:35
  SPEAKER_01: Her breast is exposed.
• 1:18:38
  SPEAKER_01: Bordewich writes,
• 1:18:38
  SPEAKER_01: Cleopatra was commonly made to stand as a symbol of Africa and by extension,
• 1:18:42
  SPEAKER_01: blackness,
• 1:18:43
  SPEAKER_01: proof of Africa's ancient greatness and the illustrious heritage of
• 1:18:46
  SPEAKER_01: the contemporary black diaspora.
• 1:18:48
  SPEAKER_01: Louis, interestingly enough,
• 1:18:49
  SPEAKER_01: chose to portray her Cleopatra with classically European features and
• 1:18:52
  SPEAKER_01: with no obvious reference to her African aspect.
• 1:18:55
  SPEAKER_01: People love it at the fair.
• 1:18:58
  SPEAKER_01: Mm-hmm.
• 1:18:58
  SPEAKER_01: Wow.
• 1:18:59
  SPEAKER_01: One tour guide described it as the most remarkable piece of sculpture in the American section.
• 1:19:03
  SPEAKER_01: So I'm still like a little confused which pavilion it was in,
• 1:19:05
  SPEAKER_01: either women's or memorial or maybe there were
• 1:19:08
  SPEAKER_02: like multiple sections in
• 1:19:10
  SPEAKER_01: the women's.
• 1:19:11
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah, I have found because I've done a lot of research on world's fairs.
• 1:19:14
  SPEAKER_02: It's like the accounts are not.
• 1:19:16
  SPEAKER_02: A lot of the accounts are written, I think secondhand.
• 1:19:19
  SPEAKER_02: Completely.
• 1:19:21
  SPEAKER_02: So there's like a lot of sort of misinformation about where things were
• 1:19:26
  SPEAKER_02: and what
• 1:19:27
  SPEAKER_01: was actually there.
• 1:19:28
  SPEAKER_01: Big news.
• 1:19:29
  SPEAKER_02: Big news.
• 1:19:29
  SPEAKER_01: Um, so Edmonia went.
• 1:19:31
  SPEAKER_01: Went to the fair and represented her work.
• 1:19:33
  SPEAKER_01: She stood next to her sculpture for like hours on end.
• 1:19:36
  SPEAKER_01: And she also became.
• 1:19:37
  SPEAKER_01: Becomes a spectacle and a display in this really interesting way.
• 1:19:40
  SPEAKER_01: Like everybody's like, who is this woman?
• 1:19:42
  SPEAKER_01: And she's also like incredible.
• 1:19:43
  SPEAKER_01: Incredibly tiny.
• 1:19:44
  SPEAKER_01: I think she was like four feet ten.
• 1:19:47
  SPEAKER_01: And people are both like,
• 1:19:49
  SPEAKER_01: Obsessed with her in a positive way, and she's the subject of Like racist attacks.
• 1:19:53
  SPEAKER_01: Attacks.
• 1:19:53
  SPEAKER_01: People are yelling at her, spitting on her.
• 1:19:56
  SPEAKER_01: You know, she was.
• 1:19:57
  SPEAKER_01: And she's such an interesting...
• 1:19:59
  SPEAKER_01: interesting figure because she really...
• 1:20:01
  SPEAKER_01: I like mythologized her.
• 1:20:03
  SPEAKER_01: Herself.
• 1:20:03
  SPEAKER_01: I think she has a memoir that people read.
• 1:20:05
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, I've heard her name.
• 1:20:08
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 1:20:09
  SPEAKER_01: She's super fascinating.
• 1:20:10
  SPEAKER_01: And she kind of just refused to be docile.
• 1:20:13
  SPEAKER_01: She refused to be self-effacing.
• 1:20:14
  SPEAKER_01: She was just like, I'm amazing.
• 1:20:15
  SPEAKER_01: And everyone was upset because she said the sculpture was for sale for $30,000.
• 1:20:19
  SPEAKER_01: It's not a lot.
• 1:20:21
  SPEAKER_01: Which Which is a lot, but...
• 1:20:22
  SPEAKER_01: a lot.
• 1:20:23
  SPEAKER_01: It's a lot.
• 1:20:23
  SPEAKER_01: It's so much that let me tell you something interesting.
• 1:20:26
  SPEAKER_02: Okay.
• 1:20:27
  SPEAKER_01: The sculpture does not sell and it was lost for over 100 years.
• 1:20:30
  SPEAKER_01: It was later discovered that it had been purchased by a gambler And used to mark the gray.
• 1:20:34
  SPEAKER_01: Grave of a horse named Cleopatra in Chicago and then ended up in
• 1:20:38
  SPEAKER_01: a construction storage yard in Illinois and it was damaged from being outside
• 1:20:42
  SPEAKER_01: and also apparently a group of Boy Scouts had painted it at one point
• 1:20:45
  SPEAKER_01: in its history, maybe when it was in the graveyard.
• 1:20:48
  SPEAKER_01: And it was later salvaged and And it entered the club.
• 1:20:52
  SPEAKER_01: Collection of the Smithsonian and Who spent $30.
• 1:20:54
  SPEAKER_01: spent $30,000 in modern American dollars to restore it.
• 1:20:58
  SPEAKER_01: So I'm just sort of like if it costs $30,000.
• 1:21:00
  SPEAKER_01: She got her $30,000 in the end.
• 1:21:02
  SPEAKER_02: Isn't that cool?
• 1:21:03
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, that's cool.
• 1:21:04
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 1:21:05
  SPEAKER_01: So good for ammonia.
• 1:21:06
  SPEAKER_01: How much did the gambler pay for it?
• 1:21:09
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know.
• 1:21:09
  SPEAKER_01: I think it was like she kind of like lost track of it.
• 1:21:12
  SPEAKER_01: It's also like having a 4,000 pound object is hard in 1876.
• 1:21:16
  SPEAKER_02: I would think it would be hard to lose that.
• 1:21:19
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, but it's like she can't carry it with her.
• 1:21:21
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, I guess.
• 1:21:22
  SPEAKER_01: Anything you can't put in your pocket is a liability is what I'll say.
• 1:21:26
  SPEAKER_01: Home ownership.
• 1:21:28
  SPEAKER_01: God, don't even get me started.
• 1:21:29
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 1:21:30
  SPEAKER_01: The last thing I want to talk about,
• 1:21:32
  SPEAKER_01: and I swear to God, this is my last 1876 centennial exposition fact.
• 1:21:37
  SPEAKER_02: Mm-hmm.
• 1:21:38
  SPEAKER_01: Is very interesting to me because it taps into a longstanding interest of mine.
• 1:21:42
  SPEAKER_01: So again, 1876 is finding me, not the other way around.
• 1:21:46
  SPEAKER_01: So there was a very interesting and important Japanese pavilion at
• 1:21:52
  SPEAKER_01: the Centennial Exposition and And it had a guard.
• 1:21:56
  SPEAKER_01: Garden.
• 1:21:57
  SPEAKER_01: Which people were amazed by.
• 1:21:59
  SPEAKER_01: People were not familiar.
• 1:22:01
  SPEAKER_01: In, you know, the average Philadelphia person.
• 1:22:02
  SPEAKER_01: Philadelphia visitor was not familiar with what was going on in Japan.
• 1:22:05
  SPEAKER_01: And everybody was like,
• 1:22:07
  SPEAKER_01: was struck by the beauty of the pavilion and the architecture and design and
• 1:22:11
  SPEAKER_01: the floral whatever.
• 1:22:14
  SPEAKER_01: But there's also Japanese people there representing Japan.
• 1:22:20
  SPEAKER_01: And one visitor asked...
• 1:22:23
  SPEAKER_01: How can it be in them to make such wonderful things?
• 1:22:26
  SPEAKER_01: People are confused and racist.
• 1:22:28
  SPEAKER_01: The New York Times compares the Japanese to Southern Europeans.
• 1:22:32
  SPEAKER_01: Both are essentially people who live for the present.
• 1:22:34
  SPEAKER_01: Both prefer the bright side of the mirror of life to the duller but truer.
• 1:22:38
  SPEAKER_01: Both are Epicurean in their tastes, habits, and customs.
• 1:22:41
  SPEAKER_01: To both is luxury, delightful, And exertion to test.
• 1:22:43
  SPEAKER_01: Detestable without being slothful as the Italians.
• 1:22:46
  SPEAKER_01: It's like a scene.
• 1:22:48
  SPEAKER_01: That's That's a nerd.
• 1:22:48
  SPEAKER_01: New York Times.
• 1:22:49
  SPEAKER_02: I feel like people continue to sort of be racist about Japanese people in
• 1:22:52
  SPEAKER_02: the same way where they're like, how do they make all this amazing stuff?
• 1:22:56
  SPEAKER_01: And racist about the Italians for being lazy
• 1:22:59
  SPEAKER_02: pieces of
• 1:23:00
  SPEAKER_01: crap.
• 1:23:00
  SPEAKER_01: Stop it.
• 1:23:01
  SPEAKER_01: Stop it.
• 1:23:02
  SPEAKER_01: But this reminds me of.
• 1:23:04
  SPEAKER_01: We have an amazing intern this summer who is working on a manuscript for
• 1:23:08
  SPEAKER_01: a forthcoming book who You showed us something in a book.
• 1:23:11
  SPEAKER_01: Book being like, I'm not sure who this is offending, but I think it's really racist.
• 1:23:14
  SPEAKER_01: And we were like, that's anti-French.
• 1:23:16
  SPEAKER_02: That's a It's allowed.
• 1:23:19
  SPEAKER_02: We'll see you next time.
• 1:23:20
  SPEAKER_02: That's a person being like the Anglo-Saxon race is superior to the Gaelic.
• 1:23:24
  SPEAKER_02: Thank you.
• 1:23:27
  SPEAKER_01: It's just unbelievable the things that people were hating on in 1876.
• 1:23:31
  SPEAKER_01: So what else the Japanese pavilion featured was a little small ornamental plant
• 1:23:37
  SPEAKER_01: with purple flowers.
• 1:23:32
  SPEAKER_01: Just the Japanese pavilion.
• 1:23:38
  SPEAKER_01: Do you know what it is?
• 1:23:40
  SPEAKER_02: I forget the name, but I know the story you're about to tell.
• 1:23:42
  SPEAKER_02: Kudzu.
• 1:23:43
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 1:23:43
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 1:23:44
  SPEAKER_01: So Kudzu is an idiot.
• 1:23:45
  SPEAKER_01: Invasive plant species that has at this point literally consumed the American South.
• 1:23:50
  SPEAKER_01: It was introduced.
• 1:23:51
  SPEAKER_01: In 1876,
• 1:23:52
  SPEAKER_01: and then again in the 1880s,
• 1:23:54
  SPEAKER_01: it was really pushed as this plant that would be beautiful hanging
• 1:23:57
  SPEAKER_01: on people's porches in the South.
• 1:23:59
  SPEAKER_01: Unfortunately, It is an incredible.
• 1:24:01
  SPEAKER_01: Incredibly aggressive plant that in the American climate has no,
• 1:24:05
  SPEAKER_01: not predators, but it has no weakness.
• 1:24:08
  SPEAKER_01: It covers everything.
• 1:24:09
  SPEAKER_01: It has consumed, here comes acres again, it has covered 7 .4.
• 1:24:14
  SPEAKER_01: 7.4 million acres of land in Alabama,
• 1:24:16
  SPEAKER_01: Georgia,
• 1:24:16
  SPEAKER_01: Tennessee,
• 1:24:17
  SPEAKER_01: Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, Eastern Kentucky, and Mississippi.
• 1:24:21
  SPEAKER_01: The vines cover everything.
• 1:24:22
  SPEAKER_01: Trees, roads, buildings, telephone wires.
• 1:24:26
  SPEAKER_01: It is crazy.
• 1:24:28
  SPEAKER_01: Part of the reason why it has been such It's such a danger.
• 1:24:31
  SPEAKER_01: Danger to the Um, Southern.
• 1:24:33
  SPEAKER_01: Southern landscape is that it was marketed first as an ornamental plant,
• 1:24:37
  SPEAKER_01: but then also was used for livestock feed and in fertilizer and thought to help
• 1:24:41
  SPEAKER_01: with erosion control.
• 1:24:43
  SPEAKER_02: Mm-hmm.
• 1:24:44
  SPEAKER_01: And now it apparently consumes 120,000 acres ,000 acres per year and And it costs
• 1:24:50
  SPEAKER_01: the American And people, a hundred.
• 1:24:52
  SPEAKER_01: $100 to $500 million lost every year in forest productivity.
• 1:24:56
  SPEAKER_02: There was like a lot of introductions.
• 1:24:57
  SPEAKER_02: Introduction of And I'm particularly.
• 1:24:59
  SPEAKER_02: Particularly Japanese invasive species at that point.
• 1:25:03
  SPEAKER_02: And also
• 1:25:04
  SPEAKER_02: parallel.
• 1:25:05
  SPEAKER_02: Parallels like I mean,
• 1:25:07
  SPEAKER_02: on the one hand,
• 1:25:07
  SPEAKER_02: it's like people are amazed by the craft and it starts this craze and Japanese man.
• 1:25:11
  SPEAKER_02: You have like all of these things that you can buy all of a sudden
• 1:25:14
  SPEAKER_02: that have like spider webs and like flowers on them that like are vaguely Japanese.
• 1:25:19
  SPEAKER_02: And there's kind of like this, you know, desire for that aesthetic.
• 1:25:22
  SPEAKER_02: But at the same, it's like accompanied by like one of the biggest anti-Asian things.
• 1:25:28
  SPEAKER_02: Like racist campaign.
• 1:25:30
  SPEAKER_02: Campaigns in the West, which is anti-Chinese, but They're not really distinct.
• 1:25:34
  SPEAKER_02: Distinguishing at the time.
• 1:25:36
  SPEAKER_02: And And so there, the land.
• 1:25:37
  SPEAKER_02: So they're the language of the.
• 1:25:38
  SPEAKER_02: The invasive species gets kind of woven into this language
• 1:25:43
  SPEAKER_02: about what is variously called the yellow panic or the yellow epidemic
• 1:25:50
  SPEAKER_02: or all these things.
• 1:25:45
  SPEAKER_02: the like.
• 1:25:52
  SPEAKER_02: And And it's...
• 1:25:54
  SPEAKER_02: It becomes kind of like a metaphor for the and the plants get like racialized in this way.
• 1:26:00
  SPEAKER_02: It's so crazy.
• 1:26:02
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, And it's.
• 1:26:05
  SPEAKER_01: I guess I was thinking about There's something in my head.
• 1:26:08
  SPEAKER_01: Head while you're talking about that,
• 1:26:09
  SPEAKER_01: which just brought me back to my youth,
• 1:26:11
  SPEAKER_01: which is that because I grew up in California and sort of like
• 1:26:14
  SPEAKER_01: a I don't even know how to describe it.
• 1:26:16
  SPEAKER_01: Describe the context in which I was raised,
• 1:26:18
  SPEAKER_01: but let's just say at one point I was spending time,
• 1:26:21
  SPEAKER_01: a lot of time with National Park Service employees doing work
• 1:26:28
  SPEAKER_01: in fields near my house.
• 1:26:29
  SPEAKER_02: You're making it sound worse than it is.
• 1:26:31
  SPEAKER_01: It was lovely.
• 1:26:32
  SPEAKER_01: It was absolutely lovely.
• 1:26:33
  SPEAKER_01: But a lot of what we were doing was,
• 1:26:35
  SPEAKER_01: you know,
• 1:26:36
  SPEAKER_01: trying to control invasive,
• 1:26:39
  SPEAKER_01: quote, invasive species affecting the That's the ecosystem of mine.
• 1:26:43
  SPEAKER_01: My hometown.
• 1:26:44
  SPEAKER_02: Mm-hmm.
• 1:26:45
  SPEAKER_01: But they were very much into calling invasive species poops, plants out of place.
• 1:26:51
  SPEAKER_01: Because it's not like the Japanese were like, let's bring our invasive species here.
• 1:26:55
  SPEAKER_01: It's like Yeah, they didn't know.
• 1:26:56
  SPEAKER_01: Plants just do different things in different environments.
• 1:26:59
  SPEAKER_02: Well, yeah.
• 1:27:00
  SPEAKER_02: And like fascinatingly, a lot of the tree blights also come from Japan.
• 1:27:04
  SPEAKER_01: Well, What?
• 1:27:06
  SPEAKER_01: And Also, we haven't talked a lot about this, but Some a huge.
• 1:27:10
  SPEAKER_01: Plants were a huge part of the 19th century.
• 1:27:12
  SPEAKER_01: There's like a whole...
• 1:27:13
  SPEAKER_01: What is it called?
• 1:27:14
  SPEAKER_01: Perteomania.
• 1:27:15
  SPEAKER_01: That's like when you're obsessed with ferns.
• 1:27:16
  SPEAKER_01: Everybody loves plants.
• 1:27:18
  SPEAKER_02: I'm surprised.
• 1:27:19
  SPEAKER_02: We need to talk more about this.
• 1:27:20
  SPEAKER_02: We both love it.
• 1:27:21
  SPEAKER_01: I know.
• 1:27:21
  SPEAKER_01: What's wrong with us?
• 1:27:22
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know.
• 1:27:23
  SPEAKER_01: We don't see what's right in front of us.
• 1:27:25
  SPEAKER_01: But the ability to try.
• 1:27:26
  SPEAKER_01: Transport plants around the world was a 19th century innovation.
• 1:27:29
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, obviously people had been.
• 1:27:31
  SPEAKER_01: Been exchanging seeds.
• 1:27:33
  SPEAKER_01: Living plants were harder to transport until they And did all these.
• 1:27:38
  SPEAKER_01: These interesting inventions using glass and new horticultural ideas.
• 1:27:46
  SPEAKER_01: As the world becomes more connected, it also becomes more and more precarious.
• 1:27:52
  SPEAKER_01: I just thought this was a good place to end because it's such a...
• 1:27:57
  SPEAKER_01: World's Fair anecdote.
• 1:27:59
  SPEAKER_01: It's also, to me,
• 1:28:00
  SPEAKER_01: like having driven through the South a couple of times,
• 1:28:02
  SPEAKER_01: like the image of the kudzu sort of like consuming the area around the highway.
• 1:28:07
  SPEAKER_01: Like it's, it's haunting.
• 1:28:10
  SPEAKER_01: And I feel like the story of the South in 1876 and the end of Reconstruction,
• 1:28:16
  SPEAKER_01: it's very poetic and haunting.
• 1:28:18
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah.
• 1:28:19
  SPEAKER_02: Do you know there's a contemporary artist named Precious Sequoia Mon?
• 1:28:22
  SPEAKER_02: Do you know her work?
• 1:28:23
  SPEAKER_02: Yeah, she does like these huge installations with kudzu.
• 1:28:27
  SPEAKER_01: Apparently there's like a lot of kudzu art I was reading.
• 1:28:30
  SPEAKER_01: I think people are just like trying to think of ways to like use it for good.
• 1:28:34
  SPEAKER_01: But it's also like scientifically and maybe Colton could help us talk about this.
• 1:28:38
  SPEAKER_01: It's really crazy because basically it can just survive with no nitrogen and can just cockroach.
• 1:28:44
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, it just like it.
• 1:28:46
  SPEAKER_01: Also, like, I think actually releases more CO2.
• 1:28:49
  SPEAKER_01: Like Like the amount of kudzi.
• 1:28:50
  SPEAKER_01: Kudzu in the United States is like Is it bad for the atmosphere?
• 1:28:53
  SPEAKER_01: Atmosphere because it's just releasing.
• 1:28:54
  SPEAKER_01: There's so much of it.
• 1:28:56
  SPEAKER_01: I thought plants took in CO2.
• 1:28:58
  SPEAKER_01: I think it's because it's But in all these low 90s, nitrogen.
• 1:29:01
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know why I'm trying to do this, but it's like, I'm like, this isn't adding up.
• 1:29:06
  SPEAKER_01: It's greenhouse gas.
• 1:29:07
  SPEAKER_01: Gases.
• 1:29:07
  SPEAKER_01: I've never really thought about the greenhouse and the greenhouse gas.
• 1:29:10
  SPEAKER_01: Something to consider.
• 1:29:11
  SPEAKER_01: Something to consider.
• 1:29:12
  SPEAKER_02: So you're not hearing a lot about greenhouse gases these days.
• 1:29:15
  SPEAKER_02: You know, it's such a weird turn of phrase.
• 1:29:18
  SPEAKER_02: Bigger fish to fry.
• 1:29:19
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 1:29:20
  SPEAKER_01: So anyway, that's 1876.
• 1:29:22
  SPEAKER_01: Message in a bottle.
• 1:29:24
  SPEAKER_01: Amazing.
• 1:29:25
  SPEAKER_02: Thank you, everyone, for listening.
• 1:29:26
  SPEAKER_02: Thanks for coming up.
• 1:29:27
  SPEAKER_02: Mabel, for taking us through What is, what have.
• 1:29:31
  SPEAKER_02: Have been an overwhelming exhibition if we hadn't had you as our tour guide.
• 1:29:34
  SPEAKER_02: I know.
• 1:29:35
  SPEAKER_02: I just didn't want you guys to be lost.
• 1:29:37
  SPEAKER_02: We would have been lost without you.
• 1:29:38
  SPEAKER_01: Well, I'll see you guys at the tricentennial in 76 or whatever.
• 1:29:43
  SPEAKER_01: Whatever.
• 1:29:44
  SPEAKER_01: I won't be there.
• 1:29:45
  SPEAKER_01: You will be there.
• 1:29:46
  SPEAKER_01: I plan to be dead.
• 1:29:49
  SPEAKER_01: No.
• 1:29:50
  SPEAKER_01: Louis XIV, I mean Madeline, unfortunately passed away.
• 1:29:54
  SPEAKER_02: I'll be I'll have B84 by then.
• 1:29:55
  SPEAKER_02: Then.
• 1:29:56
  SPEAKER_01: You're going to be hanging out with me.
• 1:29:58
  SPEAKER_01: No.
• 1:29:59
  SPEAKER_01: In our yacht.
• 1:30:00
  SPEAKER_01: All right.
• 1:30:01
  SPEAKER_01: Like and subscribe.
• 1:30:02
  SPEAKER_01: Love you guys.
• 1:30:03
  SPEAKER_01: Bye.
• 1:30:04
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• 1:30:09
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