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Okay, but do birds have culture? · Okay, But... Birds

• 0:00
  And
• 0:00
  he'd
• 0:00
  captured
• 0:00
  it
• 0:01
  on
• 0:01
  camera
• 0:02
  as
• 0:02
  he
• 0:02
  got
• 0:02
  onto
• 0:03
  the
• 0:03
  train.
• 0:04
  And
• 0:04
  he
• 0:04
  was
• 0:04
  like,
• 0:04
  oh,
• 0:04
  isn't
• 0:05
  that
• 0:05
  weird?
• 0:06
  And
• 0:06
  I
• 0:07
  went,
• 0:07
  oh,
• 0:08
  my
• 0:08
  God,
• 0:08
  this
• 0:08
  is
• 0:10
  so
• 0:10
  exciting.
• 0:11
  What
• 0:11
  have
• 0:11
  you
• 0:11
  just
• 0:12
  shown
• 0:12
  me?
• 0:35
  There's
• 0:36
  this
• 0:36
  sound
• 0:36
  that
• 0:36
  lives
• 0:37
  in
• 0:37
  the
• 0:37
  back
• 0:37
  of
• 0:37
  my
• 0:37
  brain.
• 0:38
  And
• 0:38
  I
• 0:38
  don't
• 0:38
  mean
• 0:38
  a
• 0:38
  song
• 0:39
  like
• 0:39
  the
• 0:39
  Man
• 0:39
  I
• 0:39
  need
• 0:39
  by
• 0:40
  Olivia
• 0:40
  Dean,
• 0:40
  who
• 0:40
  I
• 0:41
  love.
• 0:41
  I
• 0:41
  mean
• 0:42
  a
• 0:42
  sound
• 0:42
  that
• 0:42
  is
• 0:42
  a
• 0:43
  place.
• 0:43
  Imagine
• 0:44
  a
• 0:44
  black
• 0:44
  spruce
• 0:44
  in
• 0:45
  Tamarack
• 0:45
  bog
• 0:45
  in
• 0:46
  central
• 0:46
  Ontario
• 0:46
  at
• 0:46
  dawn
• 0:47
  in
• 0:47
  the
• 0:47
  spring
• 0:48
  when
• 0:48
  the
• 0:48
  mist
• 0:48
  is
• 0:48
  still
• 0:49
  sifting
• 0:49
  through
• 0:49
  the
• 0:49
  trees
• 0:50
  and
• 0:50
  the
• 0:50
  sphagnum
• 0:50
  is
• 0:51
  soaking
• 0:51
  through
• 0:51
  your
• 0:51
  boots.
• 0:52
  A
• 0:52
  white
• 0:52
  throated
• 0:53
  sparrow,
• 0:54
  dear
• 0:54
  sweet
• 0:55
  Canada,
• 0:55
  Canada,
• 0:56
  Canada.
• 1:01
  Three
• 1:01
  clear
• 1:01
  triplets
• 1:02
  ringing
• 1:02
  out
• 1:02
  across
• 1:02
  the
• 1:03
  woods.
• 1:03
  That
• 1:03
  was
• 1:03
  spring
• 1:04
  for
• 1:04
  me
• 1:04
  growing
• 1:04
  up.
• 1:05
  That
• 1:05
  was
• 1:05
  home.
• 1:06
  So
• 1:07
  imagine
• 1:07
  my
• 1:07
  surprise
• 1:07
  when
• 1:08
  I
• 1:08
  found
• 1:08
  out
• 1:08
  that
• 1:08
  I
• 1:08
  might
• 1:08
  soon
• 1:09
  start
• 1:09
  hearing
• 1:09
  something
• 1:10
  different.
• 1:11
  Around
• 1:11
  the
• 1:12
  year
• 1:12
  2000,
• 1:12
  a
• 1:12
  collaborator
• 1:13
  of
• 1:13
  mine,
• 1:13
  Ken
• 1:13
  Otter,
• 1:14
  noticed
• 1:14
  that
• 1:14
  the
• 1:14
  local
• 1:14
  white
• 1:15
  throated
• 1:15
  sparrows
• 1:15
  around
• 1:15
  Prince
• 1:16
  George,
• 1:16
  British
• 1:16
  Columbia,
• 1:17
  weren't
• 1:17
  singing
• 1:18
  the
• 1:18
  classic
• 1:18
  three
• 1:18
  note
• 1:19
  ending
• 1:19
  anymore.
• 1:20
  They
• 1:20
  were
• 1:20
  singing
• 1:20
  something
• 1:21
  shorter,
• 1:21
  a
• 1:21
  two
• 1:21
  note
• 1:22
  stutter.
• 1:22
  Dear
• 1:22
  sweet
• 1:23
  canna,
• 1:23
  canna,
• 1:24
  canna.
• 1:28
  He
• 1:28
  and
• 1:28
  his
• 1:29
  colleague
• 1:29
  Scott
• 1:29
  Ramsey
• 1:30
  started
• 1:30
  recording,
• 1:30
  and
• 1:30
  what
• 1:30
  they
• 1:31
  found
• 1:31
  was
• 1:31
  wild.
• 1:32
  That
• 1:32
  new
• 1:32
  ending
• 1:33
  had
• 1:33
  already
• 1:33
  taken
• 1:34
  over
• 1:34
  every
• 1:34
  sparrow
• 1:35
  population
• 1:35
  west
• 1:35
  of
• 1:36
  the
• 1:36
  Rockies,
• 1:36
  and
• 1:37
  it
• 1:37
  was
• 1:37
  spreading
• 1:37
  east
• 1:38
  fast.
• 1:39
  By
• 1:39
  2004,
• 1:40
  half
• 1:40
  the
• 1:40
  birds
• 1:41
  in
• 1:41
  Alberta
• 1:41
  had
• 1:41
  switched.
• 1:42
  By
• 1:42
  2014,
• 1:43
  all
• 1:43
  of
• 1:43
  them
• 1:44
  had.
• 1:44
  And
• 1:44
  by
• 1:44
  2019,
• 1:45
  it
• 1:45
  had
• 1:45
  traveled
• 1:46
  over
• 1:46
  3,000
• 1:46
  km
• 1:47
  and
• 1:47
  was
• 1:47
  showing
• 1:48
  up
• 1:48
  in
• 1:48
  Ontario
• 1:48
  and
• 1:49
  Quebec.
• 1:49
  A
• 1:50
  song
• 1:50
  went
• 1:50
  viral
• 1:51
  in
• 1:51
  birds
• 1:51
  without
• 1:52
  the
• 1:52
  Internet.
• 1:53
  How?
• 1:54
  Migration.
• 1:55
  It
• 1:55
  turns
• 1:55
  out
• 1:56
  western
• 1:56
  sparrows
• 1:56
  winter
• 1:57
  in
• 1:57
  the
• 1:57
  southern
• 1:57
  Great
• 1:57
  Plains
• 1:58
  right
• 1:58
  alongside
• 1:58
  eastern
• 1:59
  birds.
• 1:59
  Young
• 2:00
  males
• 2:00
  picked
• 2:00
  up
• 2:00
  the
• 2:00
  new
• 2:01
  tune
• 2:01
  on
• 2:01
  their
• 2:01
  wintering
• 2:02
  grounds
• 2:02
  and
• 2:02
  brought
• 2:02
  it
• 2:02
  home.
• 2:03
  One
• 2:03
  population
• 2:03
  taught
• 2:04
  another,
• 2:04
  and
• 2:04
  the
• 2:04
  old
• 2:05
  song,
• 2:05
  the
• 2:05
  one
• 2:05
  birders
• 2:06
  had
• 2:06
  known
• 2:06
  since
• 2:06
  the
• 2:06
  1950s,
• 2:07
  started
• 2:08
  disappearing.
• 2:09
  Now,
• 2:09
  song
• 2:10
  learning
• 2:10
  in
• 2:10
  passerines,
• 2:11
  the
• 2:11
  pershing
• 2:11
  birds
• 2:11
  that
• 2:12
  make
• 2:12
  up
• 2:12
  over
• 2:12
  6,000
• 2:13
  of
• 2:13
  the
• 2:13
  roughly
• 2:14
  11,000
• 2:14
  species
• 2:15
  on
• 2:15
  Earth,
• 2:15
  is
• 2:16
  one
• 2:16
  of
• 2:16
  the
• 2:16
  best
• 2:16
  studied
• 2:17
  forms
• 2:17
  of
• 2:17
  animal
• 2:18
  culture.
• 2:18
  Young
• 2:19
  birds
• 2:19
  learn
• 2:19
  their
• 2:19
  songs
• 2:20
  from
• 2:20
  older
• 2:20
  tutors
• 2:21
  during
• 2:21
  a
• 2:21
  sensitive
• 2:22
  developmental
• 2:22
  window.
• 2:23
  And
• 2:23
  once
• 2:23
  it's
• 2:23
  locked
• 2:24
  in,
• 2:24
  that's
• 2:24
  it.
• 2:24
  Usually,
• 2:25
  what's
• 2:25
  wild
• 2:26
  about
• 2:26
  this
• 2:26
  sparrow
• 2:26
  story
• 2:27
  is
• 2:27
  that
• 2:27
  it
• 2:27
  shows
• 2:27
  us
• 2:27
  cultural
• 2:28
  change
• 2:28
  can
• 2:28
  sweep
• 2:28
  across
• 2:29
  an
• 2:29
  entire
• 2:29
  continent
• 2:30
  in
• 2:30
  real
• 2:30
  time.
• 2:31
  A
• 2:31
  behavior
• 2:32
  passed
• 2:32
  socially
• 2:33
  from
• 2:33
  bird
• 2:33
  to
• 2:33
  bird
• 2:33
  replaced
• 2:34
  a
• 2:34
  tradition
• 2:35
  that
• 2:35
  had
• 2:35
  been
• 2:35
  stable
• 2:35
  for
• 2:36
  decades.
• 2:37
  And
• 2:37
  that
• 2:38
  raises
• 2:38
  a
• 2:38
  bigger
• 2:38
  question,
• 2:39
  because
• 2:39
  song
• 2:40
  isn't
• 2:40
  the
• 2:40
  only
• 2:41
  thing
• 2:41
  birds
• 2:41
  learn
• 2:41
  from
• 2:41
  each
• 2:42
  other.
• 2:42
  What
• 2:42
  about
• 2:43
  how
• 2:43
  they
• 2:43
  find
• 2:43
  food?
• 2:44
  Where
• 2:44
  they
• 2:44
  migrate?
• 2:45
  How
• 2:45
  they
• 2:45
  avoid
• 2:46
  predators,
• 2:47
  how
• 2:47
  they
• 2:47
  solve
• 2:47
  problems
• 2:48
  they've
• 2:48
  never
• 2:48
  even
• 2:48
  encountered
• 2:49
  before?
• 2:49
  Which
• 2:50
  brings
• 2:50
  us
• 2:50
  to
• 2:50
  today's
• 2:51
  question.
• 2:51
  Okay,
• 2:52
  but
• 2:52
  do
• 2:52
  birds
• 2:52
  have
• 2:53
  culture
• 2:53
  that's
• 2:54
  what
• 2:54
  Dr.
• 2:54
  Lucy
• 2:54
  Aplin
• 2:55
  studies.
• 2:55
  She's
• 2:56
  an
• 2:56
  associate
• 2:56
  professor
• 2:56
  at
• 2:57
  the
• 2:57
  Australian
• 2:57
  National
• 2:58
  University
• 2:58
  and
• 2:58
  the
• 2:58
  University
• 2:59
  of
• 2:59
  Zurich,
• 2:59
  and
• 3:00
  she
• 3:00
  runs
• 3:00
  a
• 3:00
  creative
• 3:00
  research
• 3:01
  program
• 3:01
  studying
• 3:02
  animal
• 3:02
  cognition
• 3:02
  and
• 3:03
  culture.
• 3:03
  In
• 3:04
  this
• 3:04
  episode,
• 3:04
  we're
• 3:04
  going
• 3:05
  to
• 3:05
  talk
• 3:05
  about
• 3:05
  what
• 3:05
  culture
• 3:06
  actually
• 3:06
  means
• 3:06
  when
• 3:07
  you
• 3:07
  strip
• 3:07
  away
• 3:07
  language
• 3:08
  and
• 3:08
  art
• 3:08
  galleries
• 3:09
  and
• 3:09
  TikTok.
• 3:10
  We'll
• 3:10
  dig
• 3:10
  into
• 3:10
  how
• 3:11
  a
• 3:11
  bird
• 3:11
  that's
• 3:11
  never
• 3:11
  seen
• 3:12
  a
• 3:12
  garbage
• 3:12
  bin
• 3:12
  figures
• 3:12
  out
• 3:13
  how
• 3:13
  to
• 3:13
  pop
• 3:13
  the
• 3:13
  lid
• 3:14
  and.
• 3:14
  And
• 3:14
  whether
• 3:15
  that
• 3:15
  knowledge
• 3:15
  can
• 3:15
  outlast
• 3:16
  the
• 3:16
  individual
• 3:16
  who
• 3:16
  initially
• 3:17
  solved
• 3:17
  the
• 3:17
  puzzle.
• 3:18
  And
• 3:18
  we'll
• 3:18
  ask
• 3:19
  whether
• 3:19
  losing
• 3:19
  a
• 3:19
  population
• 3:20
  of
• 3:20
  birds
• 3:20
  might
• 3:20
  also
• 3:21
  mean
• 3:21
  losing
• 3:21
  something
• 3:21
  we
• 3:22
  can't
• 3:22
  get
• 3:22
  back.
• 3:23
  A
• 3:23
  way
• 3:23
  of
• 3:23
  doing
• 3:23
  things
• 3:24
  that
• 3:24
  took
• 3:24
  generations
• 3:25
  to
• 3:25
  build.
• 3:26
  Stay
• 3:26
  with
• 3:26
  us.
• 3:32
  Well,
• 3:32
  welcome
• 3:33
  back,
• 3:33
  everyone.
• 3:33
  I'm
• 3:34
  excited
• 3:34
  to
• 3:34
  have
• 3:35
  Lucy
• 3:35
  with
• 3:35
  us
• 3:35
  today
• 3:36
  on
• 3:36
  the
• 3:36
  podcast.
• 3:36
  And
• 3:36
  thanks
• 3:37
  for
• 3:37
  joining
• 3:37
  us.
• 3:38
  Thank
• 3:38
  you
• 3:38
  for
• 3:38
  having
• 3:38
  me.
• 3:39
  I'm
• 3:39
  really
• 3:39
  looking
• 3:39
  forward
• 3:40
  to
• 3:40
  it.
• 3:40
  Yeah.
• 3:40
  Culture.
• 3:41
  We're
• 3:41
  talking
• 3:41
  about
• 3:41
  bird
• 3:42
  culture
• 3:42
  today,
• 3:42
  and
• 3:42
  I
• 3:43
  think
• 3:43
  when
• 3:43
  most
• 3:43
  people
• 3:43
  hear
• 3:44
  that
• 3:44
  term
• 3:44
  bird
• 3:45
  culture,
• 3:45
  they
• 3:45
  think
• 3:45
  we're
• 3:46
  metaphorical.
• 3:47
  So
• 3:48
  what's
• 3:48
  like
• 3:48
  the
• 3:48
  simplest
• 3:48
  way
• 3:49
  to
• 3:49
  explain
• 3:50
  what
• 3:50
  culture
• 3:51
  actually
• 3:51
  means
• 3:51
  kind
• 3:52
  of
• 3:52
  in
• 3:52
  a
• 3:52
  biological
• 3:52
  sense,
• 3:53
  and
• 3:53
  why
• 3:53
  we
• 3:53
  can
• 3:54
  study
• 3:54
  that
• 3:54
  in
• 3:54
  birds?
• 3:55
  Yeah.
• 3:56
  So
• 3:56
  we
• 3:56
  run
• 3:57
  into
• 3:57
  this.
• 3:57
  The
• 3:57
  whole
• 3:58
  field
• 3:58
  has
• 3:58
  had
• 3:58
  this
• 3:59
  problem
• 3:59
  of
• 3:59
  how
• 3:59
  do
• 3:59
  we
• 3:59
  define
• 4:00
  culture
• 4:00
  in
• 4:01
  a
• 4:01
  way
• 4:01
  that
• 4:02
  is
• 4:02
  actually
• 4:02
  possible
• 4:03
  to
• 4:03
  test
• 4:03
  in
• 4:04
  animals?
• 4:04
  Because
• 4:04
  if
• 4:05
  we
• 4:05
  think
• 4:05
  of
• 4:05
  culture
• 4:06
  in
• 4:06
  terms
• 4:06
  of
• 4:07
  our
• 4:07
  belief
• 4:07
  system
• 4:08
  or
• 4:08
  the
• 4:08
  way
• 4:09
  we
• 4:09
  feel
• 4:09
  about
• 4:09
  how
• 4:10
  we
• 4:10
  fit
• 4:10
  into
• 4:10
  groups,
• 4:11
  then
• 4:11
  we
• 4:11
  can't
• 4:11
  ask
• 4:11
  animals
• 4:12
  and
• 4:12
  if
• 4:12
  they
• 4:12
  fit
• 4:13
  into
• 4:13
  groups
• 4:13
  and
• 4:13
  what
• 4:13
  they
• 4:14
  believe.
• 4:14
  Right.
• 4:15
  So
• 4:15
  we
• 4:15
  have
• 4:15
  to
• 4:16
  stick
• 4:16
  to
• 4:16
  a
• 4:17
  really
• 4:17
  functional,
• 4:17
  testable
• 4:18
  definition.
• 4:19
  And
• 4:19
  what
• 4:20
  the
• 4:20
  field
• 4:20
  sort
• 4:20
  of
• 4:21
  coalesced
• 4:21
  on
• 4:21
  is
• 4:21
  this
• 4:22
  idea
• 4:22
  that
• 4:23
  culture
• 4:23
  is
• 4:24
  a
• 4:24
  socially
• 4:24
  learned
• 4:25
  behavior
• 4:25
  or
• 4:26
  skill
• 4:26
  or
• 4:26
  knowledge.
• 4:27
  So
• 4:27
  it's
• 4:27
  something
• 4:27
  that's
• 4:28
  transmitted
• 4:28
  from
• 4:29
  one
• 4:29
  individual
• 4:29
  to
• 4:30
  another
• 4:30
  through
• 4:31
  copying,
• 4:31
  usually.
• 4:32
  But
• 4:32
  it
• 4:32
  could
• 4:32
  also
• 4:33
  be
• 4:33
  interaction
• 4:34
  with
• 4:34
  what
• 4:34
  the
• 4:35
  other
• 4:35
  ones
• 4:35
  left
• 4:35
  behind.
• 4:36
  And
• 4:37
  it's
• 4:38
  held
• 4:38
  in
• 4:38
  populations
• 4:39
  or
• 4:39
  groups,
• 4:40
  so
• 4:40
  it
• 4:40
  spreads
• 4:40
  between
• 4:41
  individuals
• 4:42
  to
• 4:42
  reach
• 4:43
  sort
• 4:43
  of
• 4:43
  that
• 4:43
  group
• 4:43
  level
• 4:44
  trait.
• 4:44
  And
• 4:45
  it
• 4:45
  persists
• 4:45
  over
• 4:46
  time.
• 4:46
  And
• 4:46
  we
• 4:47
  know
• 4:47
  actually
• 4:47
  now
• 4:48
  that
• 4:48
  some
• 4:48
  animal
• 4:48
  cultures
• 4:49
  have
• 4:49
  persisted
• 4:49
  over
• 4:50
  thousands
• 4:50
  of
• 4:50
  years,
• 4:51
  so
• 4:51
  they
• 4:51
  really
• 4:51
  have
• 4:52
  stuck
• 4:52
  around
• 4:53
  in
• 4:53
  groups.
• 4:54
  And
• 4:55
  we
• 4:55
  think
• 4:55
  if
• 4:55
  we
• 4:56
  can
• 4:56
  satisfy
• 4:56
  all
• 4:57
  of
• 4:57
  those
• 4:57
  three,
• 4:58
  then
• 4:59
  we
• 4:59
  have
• 4:59
  something
• 5:00
  which
• 5:00
  looks
• 5:00
  like
• 5:01
  a
• 5:01
  cultural
• 5:02
  trait
• 5:02
  which
• 5:02
  is
• 5:02
  not
• 5:03
  that
• 5:03
  dissimilar
• 5:03
  to
• 5:04
  some
• 5:04
  of
• 5:04
  the
• 5:04
  behaviors
• 5:04
  we
• 5:05
  see
• 5:05
  in
• 5:05
  humans
• 5:06
  as
• 5:06
  well.
• 5:06
  One
• 5:06
  of
• 5:06
  the
• 5:07
  stories
• 5:07
  that
• 5:07
  I
• 5:07
  guess
• 5:08
  I
• 5:08
  think
• 5:08
  of
• 5:08
  when
• 5:08
  I.
• 5:09
  When
• 5:09
  I
• 5:09
  hear
• 5:09
  about
• 5:10
  culture
• 5:10
  in
• 5:10
  birds
• 5:11
  is
• 5:11
  this
• 5:12
  the
• 5:12
  milk
• 5:12
  bottle
• 5:13
  story
• 5:13
  with
• 5:13
  great
• 5:14
  tits
• 5:14
  and
• 5:14
  blue
• 5:14
  tits.
• 5:15
  And
• 5:15
  I
• 5:15
  was
• 5:15
  wondering
• 5:16
  if
• 5:16
  you
• 5:16
  could
• 5:16
  walk
• 5:16
  us
• 5:16
  through
• 5:17
  a
• 5:17
  little
• 5:18
  bit
• 5:18
  about
• 5:18
  the
• 5:18
  history
• 5:18
  of
• 5:18
  that
• 5:19
  story
• 5:19
  and
• 5:20
  what
• 5:20
  it
• 5:21
  kind
• 5:21
  of
• 5:21
  helped
• 5:22
  US
• 5:22
  understand
• 5:22
  about
• 5:22
  birds.
• 5:23
  I
• 5:23
  love
• 5:24
  that
• 5:24
  the
• 5:25
  earliest
• 5:25
  documented
• 5:26
  example
• 5:26
  of
• 5:26
  an
• 5:26
  animal
• 5:27
  culture
• 5:27
  was
• 5:28
  not
• 5:28
  in
• 5:28
  primates
• 5:29
  or
• 5:29
  whales
• 5:30
  like
• 5:30
  you
• 5:30
  might
• 5:30
  think,
• 5:31
  but
• 5:31
  in
• 5:31
  birds.
• 5:32
  So
• 5:33
  in
• 5:33
  1921
• 5:35
  there
• 5:35
  was
• 5:36
  this
• 5:36
  study
• 5:37
  where
• 5:38
  it
• 5:38
  was
• 5:38
  in
• 5:38
  the
• 5:39
  south
• 5:39
  of
• 5:39
  England
• 5:39
  and
• 5:40
  it
• 5:40
  was
• 5:40
  an
• 5:40
  early
• 5:40
  example
• 5:41
  of
• 5:41
  citizen
• 5:41
  science.
• 5:42
  People
• 5:43
  started
• 5:43
  reporting
• 5:43
  that
• 5:44
  great
• 5:44
  tits
• 5:45
  and
• 5:45
  blue
• 5:45
  tits,
• 5:45
  two
• 5:46
  little
• 5:46
  garden
• 5:46
  birds
• 5:47
  which
• 5:47
  are
• 5:47
  both
• 5:48
  like
• 5:48
  chickadees,
• 5:48
  they're
• 5:49
  related
• 5:49
  to
• 5:49
  chickadees,
• 5:50
  were
• 5:50
  piercing
• 5:51
  the
• 5:51
  tops
• 5:52
  of
• 5:52
  the
• 5:52
  foil
• 5:52
  caps
• 5:53
  of
• 5:53
  milk
• 5:53
  bottles
• 5:54
  that
• 5:54
  were
• 5:54
  delivered
• 5:54
  to
• 5:55
  people's
• 5:55
  doorsteps
• 5:56
  and
• 5:56
  eating
• 5:57
  the
• 5:57
  cream.
• 5:58
  Fisher
• 5:58
  and
• 5:58
  Hind
• 5:59
  did
• 5:59
  this
• 5:59
  fantastic
• 6:00
  study
• 6:00
  with
• 6:01
  hand
• 6:01
  drawn
• 6:01
  graphs
• 6:01
  in
• 6:02
  it
• 6:02
  that
• 6:03
  showed
• 6:04
  that
• 6:04
  from
• 6:04
  all
• 6:04
  the
• 6:04
  reports
• 6:05
  they'd
• 6:05
  been
• 6:05
  receiving
• 6:06
  over
• 6:06
  the
• 6:06
  next
• 6:06
  10
• 6:07
  year
• 6:07
  period,
• 6:08
  spread
• 6:08
  geographically
• 6:09
  over
• 6:10
  actually
• 6:11
  most
• 6:11
  of
• 6:11
  the
• 6:12
  UK
• 6:12
  and
• 6:13
  also
• 6:13
  in
• 6:13
  part
• 6:14
  of
• 6:14
  Ireland
• 6:14
  too.
• 6:15
  Now
• 6:15
  these
• 6:15
  birds,
• 6:15
  they
• 6:16
  have
• 6:16
  a
• 6:16
  generation
• 6:16
  time
• 6:17
  of
• 6:17
  only
• 6:17
  about
• 6:17
  two
• 6:18
  years.
• 6:18
  So
• 6:18
  the
• 6:19
  fact
• 6:19
  that
• 6:19
  they
• 6:19
  documented
• 6:20
  it
• 6:20
  over
• 6:20
  at
• 6:20
  least
• 6:20
  10
• 6:21
  years
• 6:21
  suggested
• 6:22
  also
• 6:22
  that
• 6:22
  it
• 6:22
  had
• 6:23
  stuck
• 6:23
  around.
• 6:24
  This
• 6:25
  was
• 6:25
  pretty
• 6:25
  much,
• 6:27
  I
• 6:27
  think,
• 6:28
  this
• 6:29
  story
• 6:30
  stuck
• 6:30
  in
• 6:31
  pop
• 6:31
  culture.
• 6:31
  It
• 6:32
  caught
• 6:32
  the
• 6:32
  imagination
• 6:33
  of
• 6:33
  a
• 6:33
  lot
• 6:33
  of
• 6:33
  people,
• 6:34
  but
• 6:34
  it
• 6:34
  wasn't
• 6:35
  really
• 6:35
  picked
• 6:35
  up
• 6:35
  by
• 6:36
  the
• 6:36
  scientific
• 6:36
  field
• 6:37
  until
• 6:38
  the
• 6:38
  90s
• 6:39
  when
• 6:40
  Louis
• 6:40
  Lefebvre,
• 6:41
  who
• 6:42
  is
• 6:42
  a
• 6:43
  professor
• 6:43
  in
• 6:43
  animal
• 6:44
  behavior
• 6:44
  and
• 6:44
  done
• 6:45
  some
• 6:45
  amazing
• 6:46
  work
• 6:46
  on
• 6:46
  documenting
• 6:47
  animal
• 6:47
  innovations,
• 6:48
  went
• 6:49
  back
• 6:49
  to
• 6:49
  these
• 6:49
  original
• 6:50
  studies
• 6:50
  and
• 6:51
  said,
• 6:52
  well,
• 6:53
  we
• 6:53
  now
• 6:53
  know
• 6:54
  we
• 6:54
  have
• 6:54
  examples
• 6:55
  of
• 6:56
  primate
• 6:56
  culture
• 6:57
  in
• 6:57
  macaques,
• 6:58
  in
• 6:58
  chimpanzees,
• 6:59
  in
• 6:59
  orangutans.
• 7:00
  All
• 7:00
  of
• 7:00
  these
• 7:00
  major
• 7:00
  studies
• 7:01
  coming
• 7:01
  out
• 7:01
  in
• 7:01
  the
• 7:02
  90s
• 7:02
  and
• 7:02
  early
• 7:02
  2000s
• 7:03
  demonstrating
• 7:04
  they
• 7:04
  have
• 7:04
  culture.
• 7:05
  Is
• 7:06
  this
• 7:06
  old
• 7:06
  study
• 7:07
  in
• 7:08
  tits
• 7:08
  an
• 7:08
  example
• 7:09
  of
• 7:09
  potential
• 7:09
  case
• 7:10
  of
• 7:10
  the
• 7:11
  spread
• 7:11
  of
• 7:11
  innovation
• 7:12
  to
• 7:13
  form
• 7:13
  a
• 7:13
  new
• 7:14
  cultural
• 7:14
  trait.
• 7:15
  So
• 7:15
  he
• 7:15
  reanalyzed
• 7:16
  that
• 7:16
  data
• 7:16
  and
• 7:17
  said,
• 7:17
  yeah,
• 7:18
  it
• 7:18
  was
• 7:18
  really
• 7:18
  highly
• 7:18
  suggestive
• 7:19
  that
• 7:19
  it
• 7:19
  was,
• 7:20
  but
• 7:20
  of
• 7:20
  course
• 7:21
  we
• 7:21
  didn't
• 7:21
  have
• 7:22
  anything
• 7:22
  more
• 7:23
  than
• 7:23
  that.
• 7:23
  We
• 7:23
  don't
• 7:23
  have
• 7:23
  the
• 7:23
  original
• 7:24
  data
• 7:24
  set
• 7:24
  from
• 7:25
  1921.
• 7:26
  He
• 7:26
  was
• 7:26
  working
• 7:27
  off
• 7:27
  those
• 7:27
  hand
• 7:27
  drawn
• 7:28
  graphs
• 7:29
  and
• 7:29
  so
• 7:29
  it
• 7:29
  was
• 7:29
  really
• 7:30
  open
• 7:30
  to
• 7:30
  go
• 7:31
  out
• 7:31
  and
• 7:31
  ask
• 7:31
  these
• 7:32
  questions
• 7:32
  again.
• 7:33
  But
• 7:33
  yes,
• 7:34
  it's
• 7:35
  folk
• 7:35
  tale.
• 7:36
  Well,
• 7:36
  it's
• 7:36
  a
• 7:36
  little
• 7:36
  bit
• 7:36
  more
• 7:36
  than
• 7:37
  that
• 7:37
  because
• 7:37
  it
• 7:37
  was
• 7:37
  a
• 7:37
  proper
• 7:37
  study.
• 7:38
  But
• 7:38
  this
• 7:39
  general
• 7:39
  idea
• 7:39
  in
• 7:40
  the
• 7:40
  public
• 7:40
  that
• 7:40
  birds
• 7:41
  could
• 7:41
  actually
• 7:41
  learn
• 7:42
  from
• 7:42
  each
• 7:42
  other
• 7:42
  and
• 7:42
  adopt
• 7:43
  new
• 7:43
  behaviours,
• 7:44
  it
• 7:44
  does.
• 7:44
  Really
• 7:44
  capture
• 7:45
  the
• 7:45
  imagination.
• 7:45
  I
• 7:45
  guess
• 7:45
  it's
• 7:46
  something
• 7:46
  about
• 7:46
  the
• 7:47
  milk
• 7:47
  being
• 7:47
  delivered
• 7:48
  and
• 7:48
  the
• 7:48
  little
• 7:48
  birds
• 7:49
  stealing.
• 7:50
  I
• 7:50
  think
• 7:50
  it's
• 7:51
  the
• 7:51
  suburban
• 7:51
  nature
• 7:52
  of
• 7:52
  the
• 7:52
  whole
• 7:52
  thing.
• 7:52
  Right.
• 7:53
  It's
• 7:54
  like
• 7:54
  a
• 7:54
  little
• 7:54
  urban
• 7:54
  legend
• 7:55
  and
• 7:55
  a
• 7:55
  suburban
• 7:56
  tale.
• 7:56
  I
• 7:57
  love
• 7:57
  that.
• 7:57
  Yeah.
• 7:57
  I
• 7:58
  guess
• 7:58
  the
• 7:58
  next
• 7:58
  question
• 7:59
  that
• 7:59
  comes
• 7:59
  up
• 7:59
  is
• 8:00
  how
• 8:00
  do
• 8:00
  learned
• 8:00
  behaviors
• 8:01
  move
• 8:01
  through
• 8:01
  populations
• 8:02
  and
• 8:02
  across
• 8:02
  generations
• 8:04
  and
• 8:04
  what
• 8:04
  makes
• 8:04
  some
• 8:05
  behaviors
• 8:05
  stick
• 8:05
  while
• 8:06
  others
• 8:06
  just
• 8:06
  die
• 8:06
  out?
• 8:07
  So
• 8:07
  if
• 8:07
  we
• 8:07
  think
• 8:08
  of
• 8:08
  a
• 8:08
  behavior,
• 8:09
  we
• 8:09
  have
• 8:09
  a
• 8:09
  few
• 8:09
  sources
• 8:10
  of
• 8:10
  variation,
• 8:11
  right?
• 8:11
  Probably
• 8:12
  all
• 8:12
  of
• 8:12
  them
• 8:12
  will
• 8:12
  influence
• 8:13
  the
• 8:13
  behavior
• 8:14
  that
• 8:14
  we
• 8:14
  see
• 8:15
  in
• 8:15
  the
• 8:15
  end.
• 8:15
  So
• 8:16
  of
• 8:16
  course
• 8:16
  it
• 8:16
  could
• 8:17
  be
• 8:17
  genetically
• 8:18
  inherited.
• 8:19
  It
• 8:19
  could
• 8:19
  also
• 8:20
  be
• 8:20
  individually
• 8:21
  learned
• 8:21
  through
• 8:22
  trial
• 8:22
  and
• 8:22
  error
• 8:22
  experience
• 8:23
  on
• 8:23
  the
• 8:23
  part
• 8:23
  of
• 8:23
  the
• 8:24
  animal,
• 8:24
  or
• 8:24
  it
• 8:24
  could
• 8:25
  be
• 8:25
  acquired
• 8:25
  through
• 8:26
  observing
• 8:26
  another
• 8:26
  animal.
• 8:27
  So
• 8:27
  that
• 8:27
  would
• 8:27
  be
• 8:27
  the
• 8:28
  social
• 8:28
  learning
• 8:29
  part
• 8:29
  of
• 8:29
  it.
• 8:30
  So
• 8:30
  if
• 8:30
  we
• 8:30
  want
• 8:30
  to
• 8:31
  isolate
• 8:32
  behavior
• 8:32
  and
• 8:33
  identify
• 8:33
  that
• 8:33
  it's
• 8:34
  socially
• 8:34
  learned,
• 8:34
  we
• 8:35
  need
• 8:35
  to
• 8:35
  really
• 8:36
  exclude
• 8:36
  those
• 8:36
  other
• 8:37
  two
• 8:37
  sources
• 8:37
  of
• 8:38
  variation.
• 8:38
  And
• 8:38
  there's
• 8:39
  a
• 8:39
  few
• 8:39
  ways
• 8:39
  we
• 8:39
  can
• 8:39
  do
• 8:40
  that.
• 8:40
  So
• 8:41
  we
• 8:41
  can
• 8:42
  look
• 8:42
  for
• 8:43
  cultural
• 8:43
  inheritance
• 8:44
  by
• 8:44
  using
• 8:44
  cross
• 8:45
  fostering
• 8:45
  experiments.
• 8:46
  And
• 8:46
  there's
• 8:46
  been
• 8:46
  some,
• 8:47
  some
• 8:47
  fantastic
• 8:47
  work,
• 8:48
  especially
• 8:48
  done
• 8:48
  by
• 8:49
  Professor
• 8:49
  Slagsvold
• 8:50
  in
• 8:51
  Norway,
• 8:52
  where
• 8:53
  he
• 8:53
  has
• 8:54
  moved
• 8:55
  eggs
• 8:55
  between
• 8:56
  nests,
• 8:56
  between
• 8:57
  different
• 8:58
  nests
• 8:58
  of
• 8:58
  the
• 8:58
  same
• 8:59
  species,
• 8:59
  or
• 8:59
  actually
• 9:00
  between
• 9:00
  blue
• 9:00
  tit
• 9:01
  and
• 9:01
  great
• 9:01
  tit
• 9:01
  nests,
• 9:02
  going
• 9:02
  back
• 9:02
  to
• 9:02
  those
• 9:02
  model
• 9:03
  species
• 9:03
  before.
• 9:04
  And
• 9:04
  then
• 9:04
  he's
• 9:05
  been
• 9:05
  able
• 9:05
  to
• 9:06
  quantify
• 9:06
  how
• 9:07
  much
• 9:07
  of
• 9:07
  the
• 9:07
  behavior
• 9:08
  that
• 9:08
  he
• 9:08
  observes
• 9:08
  in
• 9:09
  the
• 9:09
  adult
• 9:09
  bird
• 9:09
  is
• 9:10
  similar
• 9:11
  to
• 9:11
  its
• 9:12
  foster
• 9:12
  parents
• 9:13
  versus
• 9:13
  its
• 9:14
  actual
• 9:15
  genetic
• 9:15
  parents.
• 9:16
  This
• 9:17
  has
• 9:17
  been
• 9:17
  a
• 9:17
  really
• 9:17
  classic
• 9:18
  method
• 9:18
  in
• 9:18
  which
• 9:18
  we
• 9:19
  can
• 9:19
  use
• 9:19
  to
• 9:19
  identify
• 9:20
  behavior
• 9:21
  that's
• 9:21
  been
• 9:22
  learned
• 9:22
  from
• 9:24
  the
• 9:24
  social
• 9:25
  context
• 9:25
  as
• 9:25
  opposed
• 9:26
  to
• 9:27
  through
• 9:27
  other
• 9:27
  means.
• 9:28
  Another
• 9:29
  way
• 9:29
  we
• 9:29
  can
• 9:30
  do
• 9:30
  it
• 9:30
  is
• 9:30
  through
• 9:30
  what
• 9:31
  we
• 9:31
  call
• 9:31
  cultural
• 9:32
  diffusion
• 9:32
  experiments.
• 9:33
  This
• 9:33
  is
• 9:33
  where
• 9:34
  we
• 9:34
  introduce
• 9:34
  a
• 9:34
  new
• 9:35
  behavior
• 9:35
  into
• 9:35
  a
• 9:36
  population,
• 9:36
  usually
• 9:37
  by
• 9:37
  training
• 9:37
  an
• 9:38
  individual
• 9:38
  or
• 9:38
  sometimes
• 9:39
  relying
• 9:39
  on
• 9:39
  natural
• 9:40
  innovations,
• 9:42
  and
• 9:42
  then
• 9:42
  watch
• 9:42
  that
• 9:42
  behavior
• 9:44
  spread
• 9:44
  and
• 9:44
  track
• 9:45
  its
• 9:45
  spread.
• 9:46
  And
• 9:46
  if
• 9:47
  it
• 9:47
  spreads
• 9:47
  through
• 9:48
  the
• 9:48
  social
• 9:48
  network
• 9:48
  through
• 9:49
  social
• 9:49
  contacts,
• 9:50
  then
• 9:50
  it's
• 9:50
  most
• 9:51
  likely
• 9:51
  to
• 9:51
  have
• 9:52
  been
• 9:52
  adopted
• 9:52
  through
• 9:53
  those
• 9:53
  social
• 9:53
  contacts.
• 9:54
  Right?
• 9:54
  Because
• 9:55
  if
• 9:56
  it
• 9:56
  was
• 9:57
  innovated
• 9:57
  individually,
• 9:58
  we
• 9:59
  would
• 9:59
  expect
• 9:59
  that
• 10:00
  you'd
• 10:00
  see
• 10:00
  it
• 10:00
  popping
• 10:01
  up
• 10:01
  all
• 10:01
  over
• 10:01
  the
• 10:02
  place,
• 10:02
  because
• 10:02
  every
• 10:03
  animal
• 10:03
  hypothetically
• 10:04
  has
• 10:04
  equal
• 10:05
  opportunity
• 10:06
  to
• 10:06
  engage
• 10:06
  in
• 10:07
  the
• 10:07
  behavior.
• 10:07
  And
• 10:08
  obviously
• 10:08
  in
• 10:08
  that
• 10:08
  case,
• 10:09
  we
• 10:09
  can
• 10:09
  also
• 10:10
  rule
• 10:10
  out
• 10:10
  that
• 10:11
  it's
• 10:11
  genetically
• 10:11
  inherited,
• 10:12
  because
• 10:12
  it's
• 10:12
  something
• 10:12
  completely
• 10:13
  new
• 10:13
  that
• 10:14
  we're.
• 10:14
  Introducing
• 10:15
  in
• 10:15
  the
• 10:15
  context
• 10:16
  of
• 10:16
  introducing
• 10:16
  a
• 10:17
  new
• 10:17
  behavior
• 10:17
  or
• 10:17
  new
• 10:18
  task,
• 10:18
  like
• 10:19
  training
• 10:19
  an
• 10:19
  individual
• 10:20
  and
• 10:20
  then
• 10:20
  watching
• 10:20
  how
• 10:20
  it
• 10:21
  moves
• 10:21
  through
• 10:21
  a
• 10:21
  population.
• 10:22
  How
• 10:22
  do
• 10:22
  you
• 10:23
  actually
• 10:23
  track
• 10:24
  those
• 10:24
  interactions
• 10:25
  contemporarily?
• 10:26
  I
• 10:26
  can
• 10:26
  imagine
• 10:27
  historically
• 10:27
  we
• 10:27
  would
• 10:27
  have
• 10:28
  had
• 10:28
  to
• 10:28
  just
• 10:28
  watch
• 10:28
  and
• 10:29
  band
• 10:29
  birds
• 10:29
  and
• 10:29
  see
• 10:30
  who
• 10:30
  is
• 10:30
  interacting
• 10:30
  with
• 10:31
  whom.
• 10:31
  But
• 10:31
  it's
• 10:31
  much
• 10:32
  more
• 10:32
  technologically
• 10:32
  advanced
• 10:33
  now
• 10:33
  to
• 10:33
  be
• 10:33
  able
• 10:34
  to
• 10:34
  track
• 10:34
  and
• 10:34
  see,
• 10:34
  okay,
• 10:35
  how
• 10:35
  does
• 10:35
  the
• 10:36
  social
• 10:36
  network
• 10:36
  track
• 10:38
  this
• 10:38
  new
• 10:38
  behavior
• 10:38
  as
• 10:39
  it
• 10:39
  diffuses
• 10:39
  through
• 10:39
  a
• 10:39
  population?
• 10:40
  Can
• 10:40
  you
• 10:40
  tell
• 10:40
  us
• 10:40
  a
• 10:41
  little
• 10:41
  bit
• 10:41
  about
• 10:41
  how
• 10:41
  we
• 10:42
  do
• 10:42
  that?
• 10:42
  Most
• 10:43
  what
• 10:43
  I
• 10:43
  would
• 10:44
  call
• 10:44
  cultural
• 10:44
  diffusion
• 10:45
  experiments
• 10:45
  in
• 10:45
  the
• 10:46
  past
• 10:46
  happened
• 10:46
  in
• 10:46
  captivity,
• 10:47
  because
• 10:47
  this
• 10:48
  is
• 10:48
  the
• 10:48
  easiest
• 10:49
  context
• 10:49
  to
• 10:49
  do
• 10:49
  it
• 10:49
  in.
• 10:50
  You
• 10:50
  catch
• 10:50
  a
• 10:50
  bunch
• 10:50
  of
• 10:50
  birds
• 10:51
  or
• 10:52
  even
• 10:52
  you
• 10:52
  just
• 10:52
  do
• 10:52
  it
• 10:52
  in
• 10:53
  a
• 10:53
  dyadic
• 10:53
  way.
• 10:53
  So
• 10:54
  you
• 10:54
  put
• 10:54
  two
• 10:54
  birds
• 10:54
  in
• 10:54
  a
• 10:54
  cage
• 10:55
  and
• 10:55
  one
• 10:55
  of
• 10:55
  them
• 10:55
  knows
• 10:56
  the
• 10:56
  behavior
• 10:56
  and
• 10:56
  you
• 10:56
  see
• 10:57
  if
• 10:57
  the
• 10:57
  other
• 10:57
  one
• 10:57
  adopts
• 10:58
  it.
• 10:58
  You
• 10:59
  can
• 10:59
  then
• 10:59
  expand
• 10:59
  that
• 10:59
  to
• 11:00
  a
• 11:00
  group
• 11:00
  context
• 11:01
  to
• 11:01
  make
• 11:01
  it
• 11:01
  a
• 11:01
  little
• 11:01
  bit
• 11:02
  more
• 11:02
  ecologically
• 11:03
  relevant.
• 11:03
  But,
• 11:04
  but
• 11:04
  really
• 11:04
  we
• 11:04
  want
• 11:05
  to
• 11:05
  be
• 11:05
  able
• 11:05
  to
• 11:05
  do
• 11:05
  this
• 11:05
  in
• 11:06
  the
• 11:06
  wild
• 11:06
  to
• 11:07
  fully
• 11:07
  understand
• 11:07
  it
• 11:08
  in
• 11:08
  the
• 11:08
  context
• 11:08
  of
• 11:08
  ecology.
• 11:10
  The
• 11:10
  way
• 11:10
  I've
• 11:10
  done
• 11:11
  this
• 11:11
  in
• 11:11
  my
• 11:12
  model
• 11:12
  species.
• 11:12
  The
• 11:13
  great
• 11:13
  tier
• 11:13
  has
• 11:13
  been
• 11:14
  to
• 11:14
  use
• 11:15
  pick
• 11:15
  tag
• 11:16
  operated
• 11:17
  devices
• 11:18
  and
• 11:18
  also
• 11:19
  antenna.
• 11:19
  So
• 11:20
  these
• 11:20
  are
• 11:20
  RFID
• 11:21
  tags
• 11:21
  we
• 11:21
  can
• 11:22
  either
• 11:22
  inject
• 11:23
  into
• 11:23
  the
• 11:23
  bird
• 11:23
  or
• 11:24
  put
• 11:24
  on
• 11:24
  little
• 11:24
  leg
• 11:25
  rings.
• 11:25
  We
• 11:25
  put
• 11:25
  them
• 11:25
  on
• 11:26
  little
• 11:26
  leg
• 11:26
  rings
• 11:26
  so
• 11:27
  they're
• 11:27
  a
• 11:27
  little
• 11:27
  bit
• 11:28
  like
• 11:28
  plastic
• 11:28
  color
• 11:29
  bands
• 11:29
  that
• 11:29
  some
• 11:30
  of
• 11:30
  your
• 11:30
  other
• 11:30
  guests
• 11:31
  might
• 11:31
  have
• 11:31
  talked
• 11:31
  about.
• 11:32
  But
• 11:32
  instead
• 11:33
  of
• 11:33
  being
• 11:34
  identifiable
• 11:34
  by
• 11:35
  eye,
• 11:35
  they're
• 11:35
  identifiable
• 11:37
  on
• 11:37
  a
• 11:37
  data
• 11:38
  logger
• 11:38
  that
• 11:38
  can
• 11:39
  detect
• 11:39
  that,
• 11:40
  just
• 11:40
  like
• 11:40
  your
• 11:41
  swipe
• 11:41
  card
• 11:41
  to
• 11:42
  get
• 11:42
  into
• 11:42
  your
• 11:42
  office
• 11:43
  store.
• 11:43
  It's
• 11:43
  exactly
• 11:44
  the
• 11:44
  same
• 11:44
  technology.
• 11:45
  And
• 11:45
  then
• 11:46
  we
• 11:46
  can
• 11:46
  put
• 11:46
  these
• 11:46
  antenna
• 11:47
  on
• 11:47
  anything
• 11:47
  we
• 11:48
  want.
• 11:48
  So
• 11:49
  we
• 11:49
  tend
• 11:49
  to
• 11:49
  put
• 11:50
  them
• 11:50
  around
• 11:50
  bird
• 11:50
  feeders,
• 11:52
  at
• 11:52
  least
• 11:52
  in
• 11:52
  great
• 11:53
  tits.
• 11:53
  And
• 11:53
  then
• 11:54
  with
• 11:54
  a
• 11:54
  grid
• 11:54
  of
• 11:54
  these
• 11:55
  bird
• 11:55
  feeders,
• 11:55
  we
• 11:56
  can
• 11:57
  detect
• 11:58
  where
• 11:59
  everybody's
• 11:59
  going
• 11:59
  to
• 12:00
  feed
• 12:00
  and
• 12:00
  build
• 12:01
  up
• 12:01
  a
• 12:01
  picture
• 12:01
  of
• 12:02
  who
• 12:02
  they
• 12:02
  feed
• 12:02
  with.
• 12:03
  And
• 12:03
  kind
• 12:03
  of
• 12:04
  this
• 12:04
  doesn't
• 12:04
  mean
• 12:04
  much
• 12:05
  on
• 12:05
  the
• 12:05
  space
• 12:05
  of
• 12:06
  a
• 12:06
  day
• 12:06
  or
• 12:07
  a
• 12:07
  couple
• 12:07
  of
• 12:07
  individuals,
• 12:08
  but
• 12:08
  over
• 12:08
  tens
• 12:09
  and
• 12:09
  thousands
• 12:10
  of
• 12:10
  observations
• 12:11
  to
• 12:11
  two
• 12:11
  individuals
• 12:12
  foraging
• 12:12
  together,
• 12:13
  you
• 12:13
  can
• 12:13
  build
• 12:13
  a
• 12:13
  social
• 12:14
  network.
• 12:15
  And
• 12:15
  we
• 12:16
  can
• 12:16
  use
• 12:16
  exactly
• 12:16
  the
• 12:16
  same
• 12:17
  technology
• 12:17
  to
• 12:18
  detect
• 12:18
  when
• 12:19
  individuals
• 12:19
  solve
• 12:20
  our
• 12:20
  puzzles
• 12:21
  and
• 12:21
  how
• 12:21
  they
• 12:21
  solve
• 12:22
  our
• 12:22
  puzzles,
• 12:22
  which
• 12:23
  allows
• 12:23
  us
• 12:23
  to
• 12:23
  automate
• 12:24
  the
• 12:24
  whole
• 12:24
  system
• 12:25
  and
• 12:25
  kind
• 12:25
  of
• 12:25
  track
• 12:26
  these
• 12:26
  two
• 12:26
  things
• 12:26
  going
• 12:27
  on
• 12:27
  in
• 12:27
  the
• 12:27
  same
• 12:27
  time.
• 12:28
  Social
• 12:29
  network
• 12:30
  and
• 12:30
  the
• 12:30
  behavior
• 12:31
  or
• 12:32
  individual's
• 12:33
  learning
• 12:33
  of
• 12:34
  this
• 12:34
  behavior,
• 12:35
  all
• 12:35
  in
• 12:35
  a.
• 12:36
  Natural
• 12:36
  context,
• 12:36
  like
• 12:37
  all
• 12:37
  out
• 12:37
  in
• 12:37
  the
• 12:37
  field,
• 12:38
  which
• 12:38
  is
• 12:38
  such
• 12:39
  an
• 12:39
  advance
• 12:39
  from
• 12:40
  like
• 12:40
  you
• 12:40
  were
• 12:40
  talking
• 12:40
  about,
• 12:41
  these
• 12:41
  captive
• 12:42
  studies
• 12:42
  of
• 12:42
  didactic
• 12:43
  comparisons.
• 12:44
  This
• 12:44
  is
• 12:44
  just
• 12:44
  all
• 12:45
  happening
• 12:45
  out
• 12:45
  in
• 12:45
  the
• 12:45
  woods,
• 12:45
  which
• 12:46
  is
• 12:46
  incredible.
• 12:46
  Can
• 12:46
  you
• 12:47
  tell
• 12:47
  us
• 12:47
  about
• 12:47
  some
• 12:47
  of
• 12:47
  the
• 12:47
  problems
• 12:48
  that
• 12:48
  you
• 12:48
  trained
• 12:49
  the
• 12:49
  great
• 12:49
  tits
• 12:50
  to
• 12:50
  solve?
• 12:51
  Yeah,
• 12:52
  so
• 12:52
  we've
• 12:52
  trained
• 12:53
  them
• 12:53
  mostly
• 12:54
  on
• 12:54
  a
• 12:54
  sliding
• 12:55
  door
• 12:55
  task.
• 12:55
  It
• 12:56
  was
• 12:56
  a,
• 12:58
  it
• 12:58
  was
• 12:58
  a
• 12:58
  funny
• 12:59
  process.
• 12:59
  When
• 12:59
  we
• 12:59
  did
• 12:59
  these
• 13:00
  studies,
• 13:00
  we
• 13:01
  started
• 13:01
  off
• 13:02
  coming
• 13:02
  up
• 13:02
  with
• 13:02
  all
• 13:02
  sorts
• 13:03
  of
• 13:03
  different
• 13:03
  problems
• 13:03
  for
• 13:03
  them
• 13:04
  to
• 13:04
  solve.
• 13:04
  Pulling
• 13:05
  levers
• 13:06
  were
• 13:06
  turning
• 13:08
  dials.
• 13:09
  And
• 13:09
  in
• 13:10
  the
• 13:10
  end
• 13:10
  I
• 13:10
  actually
• 13:10
  went
• 13:11
  back
• 13:11
  to
• 13:11
  this
• 13:11
  old
• 13:12
  and
• 13:12
  classic
• 13:13
  task
• 13:13
  that
• 13:13
  they've
• 13:14
  used
• 13:14
  in
• 13:14
  chimpanzees,
• 13:15
  which
• 13:15
  is
• 13:15
  just
• 13:15
  a
• 13:16
  sliding
• 13:16
  door.
• 13:22
  Here
• 13:22
  the
• 13:22
  idea
• 13:23
  is
• 13:23
  they
• 13:23
  adjust.
• 13:24
  Actually
• 13:24
  I
• 13:24
  have
• 13:24
  a
• 13:24
  few
• 13:25
  of
• 13:25
  the
• 13:25
  tasks
• 13:25
  up
• 13:25
  here
• 13:26
  behind
• 13:26
  me.
• 13:26
  Oh
• 13:26
  yeah,
• 13:27
  nice.
• 13:28
  So
• 13:28
  you
• 13:28
  have
• 13:28
  a
• 13:28
  two
• 13:29
  action
• 13:29
  door
• 13:29
  and
• 13:30
  the
• 13:30
  door
• 13:30
  can
• 13:30
  move
• 13:31
  in
• 13:31
  either
• 13:31
  direction.
• 13:32
  And
• 13:33
  the
• 13:33
  idea
• 13:33
  is
• 13:34
  that
• 13:34
  you
• 13:34
  train
• 13:34
  the
• 13:34
  bird
• 13:35
  to
• 13:35
  move
• 13:35
  the
• 13:35
  door
• 13:36
  left
• 13:36
  to
• 13:36
  get
• 13:37
  to
• 13:37
  the
• 13:37
  bird
• 13:37
  feeder
• 13:38
  behind
• 13:38
  it
• 13:39
  and
• 13:39
  then
• 13:40
  release
• 13:40
  it
• 13:40
  into
• 13:41
  a
• 13:41
  subpopulation.
• 13:42
  And
• 13:42
  you
• 13:42
  hope
• 13:43
  that
• 13:43
  if
• 13:44
  it's
• 13:44
  social
• 13:44
  learning,
• 13:45
  all
• 13:45
  the
• 13:45
  local
• 13:46
  birds
• 13:46
  will
• 13:46
  be
• 13:46
  pushing
• 13:47
  left
• 13:47
  to
• 13:47
  get
• 13:48
  into
• 13:48
  this.
• 13:50
  Into
• 13:50
  this
• 13:50
  feeder.
• 13:51
  And
• 13:52
  you
• 13:52
  do
• 13:52
  the
• 13:53
  same
• 13:53
  thing,
• 13:53
  the
• 13:53
  balance
• 13:54
  design,
• 13:54
  obviously,
• 13:55
  in
• 13:55
  another
• 13:55
  population
• 13:56
  where
• 13:56
  they
• 13:56
  all.
• 13:57
  You
• 13:57
  release
• 13:57
  a
• 13:58
  demonstrator
• 13:58
  trained
• 13:59
  on
• 13:59
  pushing
• 13:59
  right.
• 14:00
  And
• 14:00
  because
• 14:01
  it's
• 14:01
  what
• 14:01
  we
• 14:01
  call
• 14:01
  a
• 14:01
  two
• 14:02
  action
• 14:02
  and
• 14:02
  control
• 14:03
  design,
• 14:04
  it
• 14:04
  means
• 14:05
  that
• 14:05
  you've
• 14:06
  got
• 14:06
  this
• 14:06
  lovely
• 14:07
  balanced
• 14:07
  experiment
• 14:08
  where
• 14:09
  you
• 14:09
  should
• 14:09
  be
• 14:10
  able
• 14:10
  to
• 14:10
  disentangle
• 14:11
  social
• 14:12
  learning
• 14:12
  from
• 14:12
  asocial
• 14:13
  learning,
• 14:13
  because
• 14:14
  there's
• 14:14
  two
• 14:14
  equally
• 14:15
  difficulties,
• 14:15
  equally
• 14:16
  rewarding
• 14:16
  alternatives
• 14:17
  to
• 14:18
  get
• 14:18
  to
• 14:18
  the
• 14:18
  one
• 14:19
  solution.
• 14:19
  And
• 14:20
  the
• 14:20
  only
• 14:20
  possible
• 14:21
  difference
• 14:21
  between
• 14:21
  the
• 14:22
  populations
• 14:22
  is
• 14:23
  the
• 14:24
  knowledgeable
• 14:24
  individual
• 14:25
  who
• 14:25
  starts
• 14:26
  off
• 14:26
  the
• 14:27
  spread
• 14:27
  of
• 14:27
  behavior.
• 14:28
  Yeah,
• 14:28
  yeah.
• 14:29
  I
• 14:29
  love
• 14:29
  the
• 14:29
  balanced
• 14:29
  nature
• 14:30
  of
• 14:30
  it.
• 14:30
  And
• 14:31
  you
• 14:31
  just
• 14:31
  trained
• 14:31
  one
• 14:32
  individual
• 14:32
  and
• 14:32
  then
• 14:33
  released
• 14:33
  that
• 14:33
  single
• 14:33
  individual.
• 14:34
  Did
• 14:34
  you
• 14:34
  train
• 14:34
  a
• 14:35
  handful
• 14:35
  of
• 14:35
  individuals
• 14:36
  or
• 14:36
  did
• 14:36
  you
• 14:37
  play
• 14:37
  around
• 14:37
  with
• 14:37
  that
• 14:37
  across
• 14:38
  the
• 14:38
  experimental
• 14:38
  timeframe?
• 14:40
  So
• 14:40
  in
• 14:40
  this
• 14:40
  experiment,
• 14:41
  I
• 14:41
  guess
• 14:41
  we're
• 14:42
  talking
• 14:42
  about
• 14:42
  in
• 14:42
  the
• 14:43
  first
• 14:43
  one,
• 14:43
  where
• 14:43
  I
• 14:43
  did
• 14:44
  it
• 14:44
  in
• 14:44
  the
• 14:44
  wild,
• 14:44
  I
• 14:45
  was
• 14:45
  part
• 14:45
  of
• 14:45
  a
• 14:45
  team
• 14:46
  at
• 14:46
  the
• 14:46
  University
• 14:46
  of
• 14:46
  Oxford
• 14:47
  in
• 14:47
  Professor
• 14:48
  Ben
• 14:48
  Sheldon's
• 14:49
  lab,
• 14:49
  who
• 14:50
  were
• 14:50
  all
• 14:50
  out
• 14:51
  in
• 14:51
  this
• 14:51
  large
• 14:51
  woodland
• 14:52
  area
• 14:53
  measuring
• 14:53
  and
• 14:53
  studying
• 14:54
  different
• 14:54
  aspects
• 14:54
  of
• 14:54
  the
• 14:55
  social
• 14:55
  network.
• 14:56
  So
• 14:56
  that
• 14:56
  meant
• 14:56
  I
• 14:56
  had
• 14:56
  a
• 14:57
  fantastic
• 14:57
  platform
• 14:58
  where
• 14:58
  I
• 14:58
  knew
• 14:59
  the
• 14:59
  different
• 14:59
  social
• 14:59
  communities
• 15:00
  across
• 15:00
  this
• 15:00
  wide
• 15:01
  woodland.
• 15:01
  It's
• 15:02
  a
• 15:02
  population
• 15:02
  of
• 15:02
  about
• 15:03
  1500
• 15:04
  birds.
• 15:05
  So
• 15:05
  I
• 15:06
  found
• 15:07
  isolated
• 15:07
  social
• 15:08
  communities
• 15:08
  in
• 15:08
  different
• 15:09
  or
• 15:09
  relatively
• 15:09
  isolated
• 15:10
  social
• 15:10
  communities
• 15:11
  in
• 15:11
  different
• 15:11
  parts
• 15:11
  of
• 15:11
  the
• 15:12
  woods.
• 15:12
  And
• 15:13
  I
• 15:13
  trained
• 15:14
  two
• 15:14
  demonstrators
• 15:15
  in
• 15:15
  each
• 15:15
  of
• 15:15
  them.
• 15:16
  So
• 15:16
  left
• 15:17
  or
• 15:17
  right,
• 15:17
  or
• 15:17
  I
• 15:18
  caught
• 15:18
  a
• 15:18
  bird
• 15:18
  and
• 15:19
  I
• 15:19
  train
• 15:20
  and
• 15:20
  that
• 15:20
  was
• 15:20
  the
• 15:20
  control
• 15:21
  population.
• 15:22
  So
• 15:22
  I
• 15:22
  did
• 15:22
  that
• 15:22
  in
• 15:23
  a
• 15:23
  patchwork
• 15:24
  across
• 15:24
  the
• 15:24
  woodlands.
• 15:25
  And
• 15:25
  before
• 15:26
  you
• 15:26
  asked
• 15:26
  me
• 15:26
  why
• 15:26
  I
• 15:27
  did
• 15:27
  two
• 15:27
  instead
• 15:27
  of
• 15:27
  one,
• 15:28
  it
• 15:28
  was
• 15:28
  just
• 15:28
  my
• 15:28
  own
• 15:28
  gutlessness
• 15:29
  that
• 15:29
  I
• 15:29
  was
• 15:29
  afraid
• 15:30
  I
• 15:30
  was
• 15:30
  going
• 15:30
  to
• 15:31
  spend
• 15:31
  10
• 15:31
  days
• 15:32
  training
• 15:32
  this
• 15:32
  bird
• 15:32
  and
• 15:33
  release
• 15:33
  it
• 15:33
  and
• 15:33
  watch
• 15:33
  it
• 15:34
  being,
• 15:34
  you
• 15:34
  know,
• 15:34
  eaten
• 15:34
  by
• 15:35
  a
• 15:35
  sparrowhawk.
• 15:35
  As
• 15:35
  it
• 15:36
  left
• 15:36
  my
• 15:36
  hand,
• 15:38
  I
• 15:38
  would.
• 15:38
  Have
• 15:38
  the
• 15:38
  same
• 15:39
  concern.
• 15:39
  I
• 15:39
  might
• 15:39
  have
• 15:39
  even
• 15:40
  gone
• 15:40
  to
• 15:40
  three
• 15:40
  or
• 15:40
  four.
• 15:41
  I've
• 15:42
  seen
• 15:42
  how
• 15:42
  ravenous
• 15:43
  like
• 15:43
  around
• 15:43
  here.
• 15:43
  Coopers
• 15:44
  and
• 15:44
  Sharptions
• 15:44
  hawks
• 15:45
  can
• 15:45
  be
• 15:45
  around
• 15:45
  our
• 15:46
  chickadee
• 15:46
  feeders,
• 15:47
  which
• 15:47
  is.
• 15:47
  Yeah,
• 15:49
  but
• 15:49
  in
• 15:49
  the
• 15:50
  end
• 15:50
  I
• 15:51
  had.
• 15:51
  But
• 15:53
  all
• 15:53
  of
• 15:53
  them
• 15:54
  didn't,
• 15:54
  so
• 15:54
  I
• 15:54
  needn't
• 15:55
  have
• 15:55
  worried.
• 15:55
  But
• 15:55
  I
• 15:56
  guess
• 15:56
  the
• 15:56
  belt
• 15:57
  and
• 15:57
  braces
• 15:57
  approach.
• 15:58
  Yeah.
• 15:59
  So
• 15:59
  how
• 15:59
  do
• 15:59
  you
• 15:59
  train
• 15:59
  them?
• 16:00
  What's
• 16:00
  the
• 16:00
  process
• 16:01
  for
• 16:01
  training
• 16:01
  them
• 16:01
  to
• 16:01
  do
• 16:02
  this
• 16:02
  task
• 16:02
  before
• 16:02
  you
• 16:02
  release
• 16:03
  them
• 16:03
  back
• 16:03
  into
• 16:03
  the
• 16:03
  population?
• 16:04
  Any
• 16:05
  dog
• 16:05
  owner
• 16:06
  will
• 16:06
  know
• 16:06
  you
• 16:06
  can
• 16:06
  train
• 16:07
  anything
• 16:07
  into
• 16:08
  an
• 16:08
  animal
• 16:08
  with
• 16:08
  not
• 16:09
  shaping
• 16:10
  so
• 16:10
  it's
• 16:10
  exactly
• 16:10
  the
• 16:11
  same
• 16:11
  thing.
• 16:12
  We
• 16:12
  just
• 16:14
  slowly,
• 16:15
  slowly
• 16:15
  shape
• 16:16
  the
• 16:16
  behaviors
• 16:17
  we
• 16:17
  want.
• 16:17
  And
• 16:18
  it
• 16:18
  usually
• 16:18
  takes
• 16:18
  about
• 16:19
  a
• 16:19
  week.
• 16:19
  And
• 16:19
  then
• 16:20
  the
• 16:20
  birds
• 16:20
  are
• 16:21
  solving
• 16:21
  the
• 16:21
  task.
• 16:22
  The
• 16:22
  hardest
• 16:23
  part
• 16:23
  for
• 16:23
  them
• 16:23
  with
• 16:24
  this
• 16:24
  problem
• 16:24
  and
• 16:25
  for
• 16:25
  many
• 16:25
  problems
• 16:26
  is
• 16:26
  the
• 16:27
  object
• 16:27
  permanence.
• 16:28
  So
• 16:28
  it's
• 16:28
  that
• 16:28
  point
• 16:29
  where
• 16:29
  the
• 16:29
  food
• 16:30
  is
• 16:30
  finally
• 16:30
  completely
• 16:31
  hidden
• 16:31
  and
• 16:31
  the
• 16:32
  bird
• 16:32
  has
• 16:32
  to
• 16:32
  remember.
• 16:33
  It's
• 16:33
  surprising
• 16:33
  how
• 16:34
  many
• 16:34
  birds
• 16:34
  go,
• 16:34
  oh,
• 16:35
  oops.
• 16:35
  I
• 16:35
  guess
• 16:35
  the
• 16:35
  food's
• 16:36
  disappeared.
• 16:36
  Then
• 16:36
  that's
• 16:36
  the
• 16:37
  end.
• 16:37
  Yeah.
• 16:38
  You
• 16:38
  have
• 16:38
  to
• 16:39
  be
• 16:39
  like,
• 16:39
  no,
• 16:39
  it's
• 16:39
  still
• 16:39
  there.
• 16:40
  Yeah.
• 16:40
  So
• 16:41
  it's
• 16:41
  a
• 16:41
  cognitive
• 16:42
  problem,
• 16:42
  not
• 16:42
  a
• 16:42
  physical
• 16:43
  problem,
• 16:44
  but
• 16:44
  that's
• 16:45
  how
• 16:45
  we
• 16:45
  do
• 16:45
  it.
• 16:45
  And
• 16:46
  we've
• 16:46
  got
• 16:46
  pretty
• 16:47
  expert
• 16:48
  at
• 16:48
  it
• 16:48
  now.
• 16:48
  We've
• 16:48
  also
• 16:49
  trained
• 16:49
  birds,
• 16:50
  cockatoos,
• 16:51
  for
• 16:51
  example,
• 16:51
  in
• 16:51
  the
• 16:52
  wild
• 16:52
  itself.
• 16:53
  And
• 16:54
  it
• 16:54
  works,
• 16:55
  it
• 16:55
  works
• 16:55
  really
• 16:55
  well.
• 16:56
  The
• 16:56
  particularly
• 16:57
  frustrating
• 16:58
  but
• 16:58
  also
• 16:59
  exciting
• 17:00
  part
• 17:00
  is
• 17:00
  when
• 17:01
  you've
• 17:01
  taken
• 17:02
  a
• 17:02
  week
• 17:02
  of
• 17:03
  sort
• 17:03
  of
• 17:04
  mind
• 17:04
  numbing
• 17:05
  days
• 17:05
  in
• 17:05
  the
• 17:06
  lab
• 17:06
  to
• 17:06
  convince
• 17:07
  this
• 17:07
  bird
• 17:07
  that
• 17:08
  opening
• 17:08
  the
• 17:08
  door
• 17:09
  provides
• 17:09
  a
• 17:09
  food
• 17:10
  rewarder.
• 17:10
  And
• 17:11
  then
• 17:11
  you
• 17:11
  release
• 17:11
  it
• 17:11
  into
• 17:12
  the
• 17:12
  wild
• 17:13
  and
• 17:13
  you
• 17:13
  watch
• 17:13
  the
• 17:13
  second
• 17:13
  bird.
• 17:14
  Watch
• 17:14
  that
• 17:14
  bird
• 17:15
  and
• 17:15
  learn
• 17:15
  it
• 17:15
  in
• 17:15
  two
• 17:16
  minutes.
• 17:16
  Yeah.
• 17:22
  And
• 17:22
  I
• 17:22
  remember
• 17:23
  I
• 17:23
  went
• 17:23
  to
• 17:23
  the
• 17:24
  first
• 17:24
  one
• 17:24
  and
• 17:24
  I
• 17:24
  saw,
• 17:24
  you
• 17:25
  know,
• 17:25
  50,
• 17:26
  right?
• 17:26
  Or
• 17:27
  something.
• 17:27
  I
• 17:27
  was
• 17:27
  like,
• 17:27
  oh,
• 17:28
  yes.
• 17:28
  And
• 17:29
  then
• 17:29
  I
• 17:29
  went
• 17:29
  to
• 17:29
  the
• 17:29
  second
• 17:29
  one
• 17:30
  and
• 17:30
  I
• 17:30
  saw,
• 17:30
  you
• 17:30
  know,
• 17:30
  100,
• 17:31
  right.
• 17:31
  And
• 17:32
  I
• 17:32
  was
• 17:32
  like,
• 17:32
  oh
• 17:33
  my
• 17:33
  God,
• 17:33
  I
• 17:33
  think
• 17:33
  it
• 17:33
  might
• 17:33
  be
• 17:34
  working.
• 17:34
  And
• 17:35
  then
• 17:35
  one
• 17:36
  of
• 17:36
  the
• 17:36
  research
• 17:36
  assistants
• 17:37
  who
• 17:37
  was
• 17:37
  walking
• 17:38
  around
• 17:38
  another
• 17:38
  part
• 17:38
  of
• 17:38
  the
• 17:39
  wood
• 17:39
  helping
• 17:39
  me
• 17:39
  fill
• 17:40
  these
• 17:40
  things
• 17:40
  up
• 17:40
  with
• 17:41
  mealworms,
• 17:42
  texted
• 17:42
  me
• 17:42
  and
• 17:42
  went,
• 17:43
  I
• 17:43
  think
• 17:44
  it
• 17:44
  might
• 17:44
  be
• 17:44
  working.
• 17:44
  Lucy.
• 17:46
  That's
• 17:46
  amazing.
• 17:48
  That's
• 17:48
  so
• 17:48
  exciting.
• 17:49
  Yes.
• 17:50
  So
• 17:50
  exciting.
• 17:51
  Yeah.
• 17:51
  That's
• 17:52
  why
• 17:52
  we
• 17:52
  do
• 17:52
  science,
• 17:52
  right?
• 17:53
  Yeah,
• 17:53
  exactly.
• 17:54
  After
• 17:54
  all
• 17:54
  that
• 17:54
  work,
• 17:54
  to
• 17:55
  see
• 17:55
  like
• 17:55
  a
• 17:55
  thing
• 17:55
  working
• 17:56
  in
• 17:56
  the
• 17:56
  field
• 17:56
  is
• 17:57
  incredible.
• 17:58
  And
• 17:58
  to
• 17:58
  see
• 17:59
  that
• 17:59
  they
• 17:59
  were
• 17:59
  all
• 17:59
  sticking
• 17:59
  to
• 18:00
  the
• 18:00
  same
• 18:00
  side,
• 18:01
  which
• 18:01
  my
• 18:02
  10
• 18:03
  years
• 18:03
  of
• 18:03
  research
• 18:04
  since
• 18:04
  then
• 18:04
  has
• 18:04
  shown
• 18:05
  that
• 18:06
  they
• 18:06
  really
• 18:06
  will
• 18:07
  like.
• 18:08
  What's
• 18:08
  astounding
• 18:09
  is
• 18:11
  how
• 18:11
  many
• 18:11
  birds
• 18:12
  utilize
• 18:13
  social
• 18:13
  learning
• 18:13
  to
• 18:13
  acquire
• 18:14
  new
• 18:14
  behavior
• 18:15
  and
• 18:15
  how
• 18:15
  faithfully
• 18:16
  they
• 18:16
  will
• 18:16
  copy
• 18:16
  the
• 18:17
  other
• 18:17
  individuals,
• 18:18
  not
• 18:19
  the
• 18:19
  opposite.
• 18:19
  Which
• 18:20
  is
• 18:20
  where
• 18:20
  we
• 18:20
  sort
• 18:20
  of
• 18:20
  started
• 18:21
  10,
• 18:22
  15
• 18:22
  years
• 18:22
  ago
• 18:23
  with
• 18:23
  this
• 18:23
  idea
• 18:23
  that,
• 18:24
  oh,
• 18:24
  probably
• 18:25
  the
• 18:25
  culture
• 18:25
  will
• 18:26
  erode
• 18:26
  rapidly
• 18:27
  and
• 18:27
  they'll
• 18:27
  all
• 18:27
  just
• 18:28
  figure
• 18:28
  it
• 18:28
  out
• 18:28
  and
• 18:28
  then
• 18:28
  it
• 18:28
  will
• 18:29
  be
• 18:29
  just
• 18:29
  50,
• 18:29
  50,
• 18:30
  whatever
• 18:30
  they'll
• 18:31
  do.
• 18:31
  That's
• 18:32
  not
• 18:32
  what
• 18:32
  we
• 18:32
  see
• 18:33
  at
• 18:33
  all
• 18:33
  in
• 18:34
  almost
• 18:34
  every
• 18:34
  species
• 18:35
  that's
• 18:35
  been
• 18:35
  tested.
• 18:36
  Now
• 18:36
  instead
• 18:38
  we
• 18:38
  just
• 18:38
  see
• 18:38
  this
• 18:38
  rapid
• 18:39
  social
• 18:39
  learning
• 18:40
  and
• 18:41
  this
• 18:41
  sort
• 18:41
  of
• 18:42
  really
• 18:42
  faithful
• 18:43
  adoption
• 18:43
  of
• 18:44
  what
• 18:44
  they
• 18:44
  see
• 18:45
  others
• 18:45
  doing.
• 18:45
  It
• 18:46
  would
• 18:46
  be
• 18:46
  great
• 18:46
  to
• 18:46
  hear
• 18:46
  more
• 18:46
  about
• 18:47
  your
• 18:47
  cockatoo
• 18:47
  work
• 18:48
  as
• 18:48
  well,
• 18:48
  since
• 18:48
  it's
• 18:48
  a
• 18:48
  different
• 18:49
  kind
• 18:49
  of
• 18:49
  problem
• 18:49
  that
• 18:49
  they're
• 18:50
  solving.
• 18:50
  Tell
• 18:50
  us,
• 18:51
  how
• 18:51
  do
• 18:51
  they
• 18:51
  open
• 18:51
  these
• 18:51
  bins?
• 18:53
  Yes.
• 18:53
  So
• 18:55
  in
• 18:55
  Australia,
• 18:55
  we
• 18:56
  have
• 18:57
  what
• 18:57
  we
• 18:57
  call
• 18:57
  wheelie
• 18:58
  bins.
• 18:58
  It's
• 18:58
  very
• 18:58
  Australian.
• 18:59
  A
• 18:59
  bit
• 18:59
  of
• 19:00
  Australian
• 19:00
  slang
• 19:00
  for
• 19:00
  you.
• 19:01
  We
• 19:01
  have
• 19:01
  wheelie
• 19:02
  bins
• 19:02
  too,
• 19:02
  but
• 19:02
  we
• 19:02
  don't
• 19:03
  call
• 19:03
  them
• 19:03
  that.
• 19:03
  But
• 19:03
  I
• 19:03
  love
• 19:04
  that.
• 19:04
  What
• 19:04
  do
• 19:05
  you
• 19:05
  call
• 19:05
  them?
• 19:05
  I
• 19:06
  don't
• 19:06
  know,
• 19:06
  garbage
• 19:06
  bins.
• 19:07
  But
• 19:07
  they
• 19:07
  have
• 19:07
  wheels
• 19:08
  and
• 19:08
  a
• 19:08
  top
• 19:09
  that
• 19:09
  opens.
• 19:10
  Well,
• 19:10
  we
• 19:10
  can't
• 19:11
  say
• 19:11
  anything
• 19:11
  full
• 19:12
  in
• 19:12
  Australia,
• 19:12
  so
• 19:13
  wheelie
• 19:13
  bins,
• 19:13
  as
• 19:13
  far
• 19:14
  as
• 19:14
  we're
• 19:14
  gonna
• 19:14
  go,
• 19:14
  I
• 19:14
  love
• 19:14
  it
• 19:15
  if
• 19:15
  we
• 19:15
  reduce
• 19:15
  every
• 19:15
  word.
• 19:17
  Yeah.
• 19:17
  So
• 19:17
  in
• 19:18
  all
• 19:18
  the
• 19:18
  suburbs
• 19:18
  of
• 19:19
  every
• 19:19
  Australian
• 19:20
  town
• 19:20
  and
• 19:20
  city,
• 19:21
  once
• 19:21
  a
• 19:21
  week,
• 19:21
  people
• 19:22
  wheel
• 19:22
  their
• 19:23
  wheelie
• 19:23
  bins
• 19:23
  to
• 19:23
  the
• 19:24
  curb.
• 19:25
  And
• 19:25
  these
• 19:26
  are
• 19:26
  sort
• 19:26
  of
• 19:27
  your
• 19:27
  standard
• 19:28
  half
• 19:28
  or
• 19:29
  full
• 19:29
  sized
• 19:30
  plastic
• 19:30
  bins
• 19:31
  with
• 19:31
  a
• 19:32
  flipping
• 19:33
  top
• 19:33
  to
• 19:33
  them.
• 19:34
  And
• 19:35
  the
• 19:36
  tricky
• 19:36
  part
• 19:36
  for
• 19:37
  the
• 19:37
  cockatoos
• 19:38
  and
• 19:38
  for
• 19:38
  the
• 19:38
  people
• 19:38
  is
• 19:39
  they're
• 19:39
  quite
• 19:39
  heavy
• 19:40
  and
• 19:40
  quite
• 19:40
  large,
• 19:41
  and
• 19:41
  they
• 19:41
  have
• 19:42
  to
• 19:42
  be
• 19:42
  automatically
• 19:43
  emptied
• 19:44
  by
• 19:44
  a
• 19:45
  bin
• 19:45
  truck.
• 19:46
  So
• 19:46
  someone's
• 19:47
  not
• 19:47
  dragging
• 19:47
  them
• 19:47
  to
• 19:47
  the
• 19:48
  curb.
• 19:48
  There's
• 19:48
  a
• 19:48
  bin
• 19:49
  coming
• 19:49
  with
• 19:49
  a
• 19:49
  robot
• 19:50
  arm
• 19:50
  that
• 19:50
  empties
• 19:51
  them.
• 19:52
  So
• 19:52
  what
• 19:52
  the
• 19:52
  birds
• 19:52
  do
• 19:52
  to
• 19:53
  open
• 19:53
  these
• 19:53
  bins
• 19:54
  that
• 19:54
  magically
• 19:54
  appear
• 19:55
  on
• 19:55
  the
• 19:55
  curb
• 19:56
  once
• 19:56
  a
• 19:56
  week
• 19:56
  full
• 19:56
  of
• 19:57
  pasta
• 19:58
  and
• 19:58
  pizza
• 19:59
  and
• 19:59
  all
• 20:00
  good
• 20:00
  things,
• 20:01
  is
• 20:02
  they
• 20:02
  have
• 20:03
  to
• 20:03
  learn
• 20:04
  to
• 20:04
  stand
• 20:04
  on
• 20:05
  the
• 20:05
  rim
• 20:05
  of
• 20:05
  the
• 20:05
  bin.
• 20:06
  So
• 20:06
  it
• 20:06
  seems
• 20:06
  actually
• 20:07
  to
• 20:07
  be
• 20:07
  the
• 20:07
  first
• 20:08
  cognitive
• 20:08
  challenge
• 20:09
  for
• 20:09
  them
• 20:09
  is
• 20:09
  a
• 20:09
  lot
• 20:09
  of
• 20:10
  them
• 20:10
  try
• 20:10
  to
• 20:10
  stand
• 20:11
  on
• 20:11
  the
• 20:11
  top
• 20:11
  of
• 20:11
  the
• 20:11
  bin,
• 20:12
  on
• 20:12
  the
• 20:12
  lid
• 20:12
  itself,
• 20:13
  and
• 20:13
  pull
• 20:13
  against
• 20:13
  their
• 20:13
  own
• 20:14
  body
• 20:14
  weight.
• 20:14
  And
• 20:14
  of
• 20:14
  course
• 20:15
  this
• 20:15
  doesn't
• 20:15
  work.
• 20:16
  So
• 20:16
  they
• 20:16
  have
• 20:16
  to
• 20:16
  learn
• 20:17
  to
• 20:17
  get
• 20:17
  off
• 20:17
  the
• 20:17
  lid,
• 20:18
  stand
• 20:18
  on
• 20:18
  the
• 20:18
  rim
• 20:18
  of
• 20:19
  the
• 20:19
  bin,
• 20:19
  and
• 20:20
  then
• 20:20
  there's
• 20:20
  a
• 20:20
  handle
• 20:21
  on
• 20:21
  the
• 20:21
  edge
• 20:21
  which
• 20:22
  they
• 20:22
  can
• 20:22
  push
• 20:23
  up.
• 20:24
  They
• 20:24
  usually
• 20:25
  do
• 20:26
  this
• 20:26
  with
• 20:26
  their
• 20:26
  foot,
• 20:26
  and
• 20:27
  then
• 20:27
  they
• 20:27
  have
• 20:27
  to
• 20:27
  transfer
• 20:28
  it
• 20:28
  to
• 20:28
  their
• 20:28
  bill
• 20:29
  and
• 20:29
  shuffle
• 20:30
  down
• 20:30
  the
• 20:30
  side
• 20:31
  of
• 20:31
  the
• 20:31
  bin
• 20:32
  so
• 20:32
  that
• 20:32
  they
• 20:32
  can
• 20:33
  gradually
• 20:34
  work
• 20:34
  the
• 20:35
  lid
• 20:35
  up
• 20:36
  because
• 20:36
  it's
• 20:36
  very
• 20:36
  heavy
• 20:37
  for
• 20:37
  them.
• 20:37
  Yeah.
• 20:38
  And
• 20:39
  then
• 20:39
  the
• 20:39
  other
• 20:39
  hardest
• 20:40
  part
• 20:40
  is
• 20:40
  they
• 20:40
  get
• 20:41
  to
• 20:41
  that
• 20:41
  point
• 20:41
  where
• 20:41
  they
• 20:41
  have
• 20:42
  to
• 20:42
  do
• 20:42
  a
• 20:42
  big
• 20:42
  push
• 20:43
  and
• 20:43
  manage
• 20:43
  to
• 20:43
  flip
• 20:44
  it
• 20:44
  over
• 20:45
  the
• 20:45
  edge.
• 20:46
  And
• 20:46
  if
• 20:46
  they
• 20:46
  do
• 20:47
  that,
• 20:47
  then
• 20:47
  they
• 20:47
  can
• 20:48
  pull
• 20:48
  food
• 20:49
  out
• 20:49
  of
• 20:49
  the
• 20:49
  bin.
• 20:50
  So
• 20:50
  it's
• 20:50
  about
• 20:51
  five
• 20:52
  distinct
• 20:52
  steps
• 20:53
  that
• 20:53
  my
• 20:53
  postdoc
• 20:54
  at
• 20:54
  the
• 20:54
  time,
• 20:55
  Barbara
• 20:56
  Klump,
• 20:56
  who's
• 20:56
  now
• 20:56
  an
• 20:56
  assistant
• 20:57
  professor
• 20:57
  at
• 20:57
  the
• 20:58
  University
• 20:58
  of
• 20:58
  Vienna,
• 20:59
  she
• 20:59
  did
• 21:00
  a
• 21:00
  really
• 21:00
  amazing
• 21:01
  study
• 21:01
  where
• 21:01
  she
• 21:02
  described
• 21:03
  all
• 21:03
  of
• 21:03
  these
• 21:03
  steps
• 21:04
  in
• 21:04
  really
• 21:04
  high
• 21:05
  detail.
• 21:06
  And
• 21:06
  she
• 21:06
  found
• 21:07
  that,
• 21:08
  like
• 21:08
  I
• 21:08
  said,
• 21:09
  many
• 21:09
  birds
• 21:09
  are
• 21:10
  actually
• 21:10
  in
• 21:11
  the
• 21:11
  process
• 21:11
  of
• 21:12
  learning,
• 21:12
  so
• 21:12
  they
• 21:12
  would
• 21:13
  be
• 21:13
  able
• 21:13
  to
• 21:13
  get
• 21:13
  to
• 21:13
  step
• 21:14
  three,
• 21:14
  but
• 21:14
  they
• 21:14
  haven't
• 21:15
  quite
• 21:15
  worked
• 21:15
  out
• 21:15
  how
• 21:15
  they
• 21:16
  do
• 21:16
  the
• 21:16
  flip.
• 21:17
  Or
• 21:18
  maybe
• 21:18
  they
• 21:18
  haven't
• 21:18
  worked
• 21:19
  out
• 21:19
  even
• 21:19
  that
• 21:19
  they
• 21:19
  shouldn't
• 21:20
  stand
• 21:20
  on
• 21:20
  top
• 21:20
  yet
• 21:21
  and
• 21:21
  they're
• 21:21
  just
• 21:22
  pulling,
• 21:23
  reefing
• 21:24
  on
• 21:24
  the.
• 21:24
  Top
• 21:24
  but
• 21:24
  keeping
• 21:25
  it
• 21:25
  shut.
• 21:25
  Exactly.
• 21:26
  And
• 21:26
  it
• 21:26
  seems
• 21:27
  to
• 21:27
  take
• 21:27
  birds
• 21:29
  months,
• 21:29
  even
• 21:30
  now
• 21:30
  we
• 21:30
  know
• 21:31
  years
• 21:32
  to
• 21:32
  fully
• 21:33
  acquire
• 21:33
  this
• 21:33
  behavior.
• 21:34
  So
• 21:34
  it's
• 21:34
  quite
• 21:35
  different
• 21:35
  from
• 21:35
  that
• 21:35
  example
• 21:36
  in
• 21:36
  the
• 21:36
  great
• 21:36
  tits
• 21:37
  of
• 21:37
  five
• 21:37
  minutes
• 21:37
  and
• 21:37
  it's
• 21:38
  done.
• 21:38
  It's
• 21:38
  something
• 21:38
  which
• 21:39
  is
• 21:39
  really
• 21:40
  physically
• 21:40
  and
• 21:41
  cognitively
• 21:42
  difficult
• 21:42
  for
• 21:43
  these
• 21:43
  birds
• 21:44
  but
• 21:44
  obviously
• 21:46
  gives
• 21:46
  high
• 21:46
  rewards
• 21:47
  and
• 21:48
  is
• 21:48
  still
• 21:48
  possible
• 21:48
  to
• 21:49
  learn
• 21:49
  from
• 21:50
  observing
• 21:50
  other
• 21:50
  individuals.
• 21:51
  I
• 21:52
  did
• 21:52
  a
• 21:52
  visiting
• 21:53
  research
• 21:53
  fellowship
• 21:54
  at
• 21:54
  the
• 21:54
  Australian
• 21:55
  Museum
• 21:55
  in,
• 21:55
  in
• 21:55
  Sydney
• 21:56
  where
• 21:57
  I
• 21:57
  was
• 21:57
  helping
• 21:58
  some
• 21:59
  local
• 21:59
  collaborators
• 22:00
  who
• 22:01
  were
• 22:01
  doing
• 22:03
  urban
• 22:03
  ecology
• 22:04
  of
• 22:04
  the
• 22:04
  sulphur
• 22:05
  crested
• 22:05
  cockatoos.
• 22:05
  They're
• 22:06
  really
• 22:06
  successful
• 22:06
  urban
• 22:07
  adapter
• 22:07
  in
• 22:07
  Australia
• 22:08
  and
• 22:09
  I
• 22:09
  just
• 22:09
  thought
• 22:09
  they
• 22:09
  were
• 22:09
  fascinating.
• 22:10
  So
• 22:10
  I
• 22:10
  was
• 22:11
  working
• 22:11
  on
• 22:11
  their
• 22:11
  social
• 22:11
  networks
• 22:12
  and
• 22:13
  my
• 22:13
  collaborator
• 22:15
  came
• 22:16
  into
• 22:17
  work
• 22:17
  one
• 22:18
  day
• 22:18
  at
• 22:18
  the
• 22:18
  museum
• 22:19
  on
• 22:19
  this
• 22:20
  three
• 22:20
  month
• 22:20
  visit
• 22:20
  I
• 22:21
  had,
• 22:21
  he
• 22:21
  said
• 22:21
  look
• 22:22
  what
• 22:22
  I
• 22:22
  just
• 22:22
  saw.
• 22:23
  And
• 22:23
  he
• 22:23
  showed
• 22:23
  me
• 22:23
  on
• 22:23
  his
• 22:24
  phone.
• 22:24
  He
• 22:25
  had
• 22:25
  just
• 22:25
  caught
• 22:25
  the
• 22:25
  train
• 22:26
  in
• 22:26
  from
• 22:26
  the
• 22:26
  south
• 22:27
  of
• 22:27
  Sydney
• 22:27
  where
• 22:28
  he
• 22:28
  lived.
• 22:28
  And
• 22:28
  at
• 22:29
  the
• 22:29
  train
• 22:29
  station
• 22:29
  that
• 22:30
  morning
• 22:30
  there
• 22:31
  was
• 22:31
  a
• 22:31
  cockatoo
• 22:32
  opening
• 22:32
  a
• 22:32
  bin
• 22:33
  and
• 22:33
  he
• 22:33
  had
• 22:33
  captured
• 22:33
  it
• 22:34
  on
• 22:34
  camera
• 22:35
  as
• 22:35
  he
• 22:35
  got
• 22:35
  onto
• 22:36
  the
• 22:36
  train
• 22:36
  and
• 22:37
  he
• 22:37
  was
• 22:37
  like,
• 22:37
  oh,
• 22:37
  isn't
• 22:38
  that
• 22:38
  weird?
• 22:39
  And
• 22:39
  I
• 22:40
  went,
• 22:41
  oh
• 22:41
  my
• 22:42
  God,
• 22:42
  this
• 22:42
  is
• 22:43
  so
• 22:44
  exciting.
• 22:45
  What
• 22:45
  have
• 22:45
  you
• 22:45
  just
• 22:45
  shown
• 22:46
  me?
• 22:47
  Is
• 22:47
  this
• 22:47
  a
• 22:49
  start
• 22:49
  of
• 22:50
  a
• 22:50
  new
• 22:50
  milk
• 22:50
  bottle?
• 22:51
  But
• 22:51
  the
• 22:51
  milk
• 22:51
  bottle
• 22:51
  is
• 22:51
  not
• 22:52
  a
• 22:52
  milk
• 22:52
  bottle,
• 22:52
  it's
• 22:52
  a
• 22:52
  full
• 22:53
  on
• 22:53
  rubbish
• 22:53
  bin
• 22:54
  and
• 22:54
  the
• 22:54
  birds
• 22:54
  are
• 22:54
  on
• 22:55
  the
• 22:55
  grapes.
• 22:55
  It's
• 22:55
  an
• 22:56
  actual
• 22:56
  cockatoo.
• 22:58
  And
• 22:59
  can
• 22:59
  we
• 22:59
  track
• 22:59
  it?
• 23:00
  Has
• 23:00
  anyone
• 23:01
  else
• 23:01
  seen
• 23:01
  this?
• 23:02
  Because
• 23:02
  I've
• 23:02
  never
• 23:03
  heard
• 23:03
  of
• 23:03
  this
• 23:03
  happening
• 23:04
  and
• 23:04
  I
• 23:04
  think
• 23:05
  he
• 23:05
  really
• 23:05
  had
• 23:06
  captured
• 23:06
  one
• 23:07
  of
• 23:07
  the
• 23:07
  first
• 23:08
  incidences.
• 23:09
  It
• 23:10
  was
• 23:10
  in
• 23:10
  the
• 23:10
  area
• 23:10
  we
• 23:11
  later
• 23:11
  identified
• 23:12
  as
• 23:13
  pretty
• 23:13
  much
• 23:14
  the
• 23:14
  first
• 23:14
  place
• 23:15
  that
• 23:15
  it
• 23:15
  was
• 23:16
  starting
• 23:16
  to
• 23:17
  take
• 23:17
  off.
• 23:18
  And
• 23:18
  we
• 23:19
  were
• 23:19
  also
• 23:19
  able
• 23:19
  to
• 23:19
  show
• 23:20
  with
• 23:20
  this
• 23:20
  intensive
• 23:20
  study
• 23:21
  that
• 23:24
  there
• 23:24
  was
• 23:24
  a
• 23:24
  signature
• 23:24
  in
• 23:25
  the
• 23:25
  local
• 23:25
  social
• 23:25
  network.
• 23:26
  So
• 23:26
  birds
• 23:27
  that
• 23:27
  were
• 23:27
  more
• 23:27
  socially
• 23:28
  connected
• 23:28
  to
• 23:28
  each
• 23:28
  other
• 23:29
  were
• 23:30
  more
• 23:30
  likely
• 23:31
  to
• 23:31
  open
• 23:32
  bins.
• 23:32
  And
• 23:32
  birds
• 23:32
  that
• 23:33
  were
• 23:33
  in
• 23:33
  the
• 23:33
  process
• 23:33
  of
• 23:34
  learning
• 23:34
  how
• 23:34
  to
• 23:34
  open
• 23:35
  bins
• 23:36
  were
• 23:36
  more
• 23:36
  connected
• 23:37
  to
• 23:37
  fully
• 23:37
  knowledgeable
• 23:38
  individuals.
• 23:40
  So
• 23:40
  in
• 23:40
  this
• 23:40
  case
• 23:40
  we
• 23:40
  couldn't
• 23:41
  track
• 23:41
  it
• 23:41
  through
• 23:42
  the
• 23:42
  network,
• 23:42
  but
• 23:42
  we
• 23:43
  could
• 23:43
  look
• 23:43
  for
• 23:43
  that.
• 23:43
  So
• 23:43
  signature
• 23:44
  of
• 23:45
  past
• 23:45
  learning
• 23:46
  on
• 23:46
  the
• 23:46
  social
• 23:47
  network,
• 23:47
  which
• 23:47
  is
• 23:48
  what
• 23:48
  we
• 23:48
  did.
• 23:49
  The
• 23:50
  same
• 23:50
  mechanisms
• 23:51
  that
• 23:51
  allowed
• 23:51
  for
• 23:51
  this
• 23:52
  rapid
• 23:52
  spread
• 23:53
  of
• 23:53
  innovation
• 23:53
  to
• 23:54
  establish
• 23:54
  as
• 23:54
  a
• 23:55
  new
• 23:55
  culture,
• 23:55
  then
• 23:56
  allow
• 23:56
  for
• 23:56
  that
• 23:57
  culture
• 23:57
  to
• 23:58
  adapt
• 23:59
  and
• 23:59
  change
• 24:00
  to
• 24:01
  the
• 24:01
  new
• 24:01
  challenges
• 24:02
  or
• 24:02
  are
• 24:03
  they
• 24:03
  stuck
• 24:03
  in
• 24:04
  this
• 24:04
  tradition
• 24:04
  like
• 24:05
  in
• 24:05
  the
• 24:05
  way
• 24:05
  we
• 24:06
  think
• 24:06
  of
• 24:06
  tradition
• 24:06
  sometimes
• 24:07
  in
• 24:08
  humans
• 24:08
  that
• 24:08
  they're
• 24:08
  quite
• 24:09
  slow
• 24:09
  to
• 24:09
  keep
• 24:09
  up
• 24:10
  with
• 24:11
  new
• 24:11
  challenges.
• 24:13
  So
• 24:13
  the
• 24:13
  Answer
• 24:13
  in
• 24:14
  a
• 24:14
  nutshell
• 24:14
  for
• 24:15
  the
• 24:15
  cockatoos
• 24:16
  is
• 24:16
  no.
• 24:16
  They
• 24:17
  can
• 24:17
  rapidly
• 24:18
  keep
• 24:18
  up
• 24:18
  to
• 24:19
  new
• 24:19
  challenges.
• 24:19
  And
• 24:19
  the
• 24:20
  new
• 24:20
  challenges
• 24:20
  were
• 24:21
  provided
• 24:22
  by
• 24:22
  the
• 24:22
  people.
• 24:23
  So
• 24:23
  we
• 24:23
  had
• 24:23
  this
• 24:23
  lovely
• 24:23
  natural
• 24:24
  experiment
• 24:25
  where
• 24:26
  the
• 24:26
  bins
• 24:26
  were
• 24:27
  our
• 24:28
  new
• 24:28
  puzzle
• 24:28
  box,
• 24:29
  but
• 24:29
  they
• 24:29
  were
• 24:29
  provided
• 24:30
  by
• 24:30
  these
• 24:31
  residents
• 24:32
  of
• 24:32
  Sydney
• 24:32
  on
• 24:33
  every
• 24:33
  street
• 24:33
  corner
• 24:34
  once
• 24:34
  a
• 24:34
  week.
• 24:36
  And
• 24:36
  then
• 24:37
  once
• 24:37
  the
• 24:37
  behavior
• 24:38
  had
• 24:38
  spread
• 24:39
  and
• 24:39
  is
• 24:39
  continuing
• 24:40
  to
• 24:40
  spread,
• 24:40
  we
• 24:41
  had
• 24:41
  people
• 24:41
  coming
• 24:42
  along
• 24:42
  behind
• 24:42
  and
• 24:43
  changing
• 24:43
  the
• 24:44
  resource
• 24:44
  to
• 24:44
  effectively
• 24:45
  make
• 24:45
  it
• 24:45
  more
• 24:46
  complex.
• 24:47
  Just
• 24:47
  as
• 24:47
  the
• 24:47
  cockatoos
• 24:48
  were
• 24:48
  socially
• 24:49
  learning
• 24:49
  how
• 24:49
  to
• 24:50
  get
• 24:50
  into
• 24:50
  bins,
• 24:51
  people
• 24:51
  were
• 24:51
  socially
• 24:51
  learning
• 24:52
  how
• 24:52
  to
• 24:52
  prevent
• 24:53
  cockatoos
• 24:53
  getting
• 24:54
  into
• 24:54
  bins.
• 24:55
  We
• 24:55
  started
• 24:56
  adding
• 24:56
  to
• 24:56
  our
• 24:56
  citizen
• 24:57
  science
• 24:57
  surveys
• 24:57
  to
• 24:58
  ask
• 24:58
  people
• 24:58
  to
• 24:58
  report
• 25:00
  what
• 25:00
  are
• 25:00
  cockatoos
• 25:01
  defeating?
• 25:02
  When
• 25:03
  did
• 25:03
  they
• 25:03
  start
• 25:03
  defeating
• 25:04
  it?
• 25:04
  How
• 25:05
  do
• 25:05
  you
• 25:05
  protect
• 25:05
  your
• 25:05
  bin?
• 25:06
  And
• 25:06
  have
• 25:07
  you
• 25:07
  changed
• 25:07
  the
• 25:08
  protection
• 25:08
  you've
• 25:09
  used
• 25:09
  on
• 25:09
  your
• 25:09
  bins?
• 25:10
  And
• 25:10
  again,
• 25:11
  this
• 25:11
  was
• 25:11
  Barbara
• 25:12
  Klumpf
• 25:12
  who
• 25:12
  led
• 25:12
  this
• 25:12
  work,
• 25:13
  the
• 25:13
  postdoc
• 25:13
  in
• 25:13
  my
• 25:13
  lab.
• 25:14
  And
• 25:14
  she
• 25:14
  managed
• 25:15
  to
• 25:15
  show
• 25:15
  that
• 25:16
  the
• 25:16
  two
• 25:17
  were
• 25:17
  tracking
• 25:17
  each
• 25:17
  other
• 25:18
  really
• 25:18
  quite
• 25:18
  closely.
• 25:19
  So
• 25:21
  people
• 25:21
  escalated
• 25:22
  over
• 25:22
  time
• 25:23
  to
• 25:23
  more
• 25:23
  and
• 25:23
  more,
• 25:25
  let's
• 25:25
  say
• 25:26
  complex
• 25:27
  anti
• 25:27
  cockatoo
• 25:28
  measures.
• 25:28
  So
• 25:28
  they'd
• 25:29
  start
• 25:29
  with
• 25:29
  the
• 25:29
  rock
• 25:29
  on
• 25:30
  the
• 25:30
  bin,
• 25:30
  but
• 25:31
  pretty
• 25:31
  much
• 25:31
  everywhere,
• 25:32
  cockatoos
• 25:33
  know
• 25:33
  how
• 25:33
  to
• 25:33
  open
• 25:33
  bins.
• 25:34
  They
• 25:34
  also
• 25:34
  can
• 25:34
  push
• 25:34
  the
• 25:35
  rock
• 25:35
  rocks
• 25:35
  off
• 25:35
  the
• 25:36
  bins
• 25:37
  and
• 25:37
  then
• 25:37
  they
• 25:37
  would
• 25:38
  escalate
• 25:38
  all
• 25:38
  the
• 25:38
  way
• 25:39
  to
• 25:39
  either
• 25:40
  these
• 25:40
  belt
• 25:40
  and
• 25:41
  braces
• 25:41
  approach.
• 25:41
  We
• 25:41
  have
• 25:42
  these
• 25:42
  hilarious
• 25:42
  photos
• 25:43
  of
• 25:43
  people
• 25:43
  who
• 25:43
  put
• 25:44
  three
• 25:44
  different
• 25:44
  protection
• 25:45
  types
• 25:45
  on
• 25:45
  the
• 25:45
  same
• 25:46
  bin
• 25:46
  to
• 25:46
  think,
• 25:46
  well,
• 25:47
  one
• 25:47
  of
• 25:47
  these
• 25:47
  is
• 25:47
  going
• 25:47
  to
• 25:48
  stop
• 25:48
  it
• 25:49
  or
• 25:49
  a
• 25:50
  full
• 25:50
  commercial
• 25:52
  bin
• 25:52
  lock.
• 25:53
  And
• 25:53
  people
• 25:54
  told
• 25:54
  us
• 25:54
  that
• 25:55
  the
• 25:55
  reason
• 25:55
  they
• 25:55
  were
• 25:55
  doing
• 25:56
  this
• 25:56
  was
• 25:56
  because
• 25:56
  the
• 25:56
  cockatoos
• 25:57
  had
• 25:57
  defeated
• 25:58
  the
• 25:59
  other
• 25:59
  protection
• 25:59
  measures
• 26:00
  they
• 26:00
  had
• 26:00
  used.
• 26:01
  They're
• 26:01
  mostly
• 26:01
  relying
• 26:02
  on
• 26:02
  horizontal
• 26:03
  learning,
• 26:04
  what
• 26:04
  we
• 26:04
  call
• 26:04
  kind
• 26:04
  of
• 26:05
  learning
• 26:05
  within
• 26:05
  from
• 26:06
  your
• 26:06
  peers.
• 26:07
  And
• 26:07
  they
• 26:08
  do
• 26:08
  this
• 26:08
  throughout
• 26:08
  their
• 26:09
  whole
• 26:09
  life.
• 26:09
  They're
• 26:10
  not
• 26:10
  just
• 26:10
  concentrating
• 26:11
  on
• 26:11
  the
• 26:12
  early
• 26:12
  stage
• 26:12
  and
• 26:12
  that
• 26:13
  actually
• 26:13
  a
• 26:13
  big
• 26:13
  difference
• 26:14
  between
• 26:14
  foraging
• 26:14
  and
• 26:15
  song
• 26:15
  cultures
• 26:15
  where
• 26:16
  they
• 26:16
  are
• 26:16
  really
• 26:16
  learning
• 26:17
  in
• 26:17
  that
• 26:17
  early
• 26:17
  developmental
• 26:18
  period.
• 26:19
  And
• 26:20
  this
• 26:20
  means
• 26:20
  that
• 26:21
  the
• 26:21
  flexibility
• 26:22
  of
• 26:22
  the
• 26:22
  population
• 26:23
  is
• 26:23
  really
• 26:23
  enhanced
• 26:24
  because
• 26:26
  bins
• 26:27
  can
• 26:27
  pop
• 26:27
  up.
• 26:28
  You're
• 26:28
  a
• 26:28
  50
• 26:28
  year
• 26:28
  old
• 26:28
  cockatoo.
• 26:31
  Yes.
• 26:31
  It's
• 26:31
  more
• 26:32
  complex
• 26:32
  than
• 26:32
  a
• 26:32
  tick
• 26:33
  because
• 26:33
  you
• 26:33
  can
• 26:33
  spend
• 26:33
  a
• 26:34
  year
• 26:34
  learning
• 26:34
  it
• 26:34
  while
• 26:35
  a
• 26:35
  tick
• 26:35
  can't
• 26:35
  afford
• 26:35
  to
• 26:36
  do
• 26:36
  that.
• 26:36
  And
• 26:36
  you've
• 26:36
  got
• 26:37
  a
• 26:37
  larger
• 26:37
  brain
• 26:37
  as
• 26:37
  well,
• 26:38
  but
• 26:39
  you
• 26:39
  can
• 26:39
  still
• 26:39
  learn
• 26:40
  it
• 26:40
  and
• 26:40
  you
• 26:40
  can
• 26:41
  still
• 26:41
  transmit
• 26:41
  it
• 26:42
  onwards
• 26:42
  to
• 26:42
  other
• 26:43
  individuals
• 26:44
  and
• 26:44
  you
• 26:44
  don't
• 26:44
  have
• 26:44
  to
• 26:45
  sort
• 26:45
  of
• 26:45
  need,
• 26:46
  you
• 26:46
  don't
• 26:46
  need
• 26:46
  that
• 26:47
  vertical
• 26:47
  transmission
• 26:48
  across
• 26:49
  parent
• 26:50
  to
• 26:50
  offspring.
• 26:50
  There's
• 26:51
  a
• 26:51
  cool
• 26:51
  recent
• 26:52
  story
• 26:52
  about
• 26:52
  Regent
• 26:53
  honeyeaters,
• 26:54
  critically
• 26:54
  endangered
• 26:55
  Australian
• 26:55
  species.
• 26:57
  And
• 26:57
  they're
• 26:57
  trying
• 26:58
  to
• 26:58
  captive
• 26:59
  raise
• 26:59
  individuals
• 27:00
  and
• 27:00
  then
• 27:00
  release
• 27:00
  them
• 27:00
  to
• 27:01
  help
• 27:01
  the
• 27:01
  population.
• 27:01
  But
• 27:02
  they
• 27:02
  ran
• 27:02
  into
• 27:02
  this
• 27:02
  issue
• 27:03
  where
• 27:03
  their
• 27:03
  captive
• 27:04
  males
• 27:04
  had
• 27:04
  nobody
• 27:05
  to
• 27:05
  learn
• 27:05
  from.
• 27:06
  But
• 27:06
  this
• 27:06
  is
• 27:07
  in
• 27:07
  the
• 27:07
  song
• 27:07
  context,
• 27:08
  so
• 27:08
  that,
• 27:09
  and
• 27:09
  I
• 27:09
  would
• 27:10
  assume,
• 27:10
  I
• 27:10
  guess,
• 27:10
  that
• 27:11
  they
• 27:11
  have
• 27:11
  a
• 27:11
  constrained
• 27:12
  period
• 27:12
  for
• 27:13
  song
• 27:13
  learning
• 27:14
  and
• 27:14
  then
• 27:14
  they
• 27:14
  had
• 27:14
  to
• 27:14
  get
• 27:14
  these
• 27:15
  tutors.
• 27:15
  But
• 27:15
  it
• 27:15
  is
• 27:16
  interesting
• 27:16
  to
• 27:16
  think
• 27:17
  about
• 27:17
  because
• 27:17
  song
• 27:18
  can
• 27:18
  be
• 27:18
  culturally
• 27:18
  transmitted.
• 27:19
  What's
• 27:19
  the
• 27:19
  deal
• 27:20
  with
• 27:20
  species
• 27:21
  losing
• 27:21
  culture?
• 27:21
  And
• 27:22
  I
• 27:22
  don't
• 27:22
  know
• 27:22
  if
• 27:22
  you
• 27:22
  want
• 27:23
  to
• 27:23
  use
• 27:23
  the
• 27:23
  Regent
• 27:23
  honeyeater
• 27:24
  as
• 27:24
  an
• 27:24
  example.
• 27:25
  Yeah,
• 27:25
  I
• 27:25
  absolutely
• 27:26
  will
• 27:26
  because
• 27:26
  I
• 27:26
  love
• 27:27
  them
• 27:27
  and
• 27:27
  I
• 27:27
  think
• 27:27
  it's
• 27:28
  tragic.
• 27:28
  There's
• 27:28
  only
• 27:29
  less
• 27:29
  than
• 27:30
  250
• 27:30
  in
• 27:30
  the
• 27:31
  wild
• 27:31
  now,
• 27:31
  we
• 27:31
  think
• 27:34
  really
• 27:35
  beautiful,
• 27:36
  beautiful
• 27:36
  song
• 27:37
  as
• 27:37
  well,
• 27:37
  that
• 27:38
  they've
• 27:38
  lost
• 27:39
  almost
• 27:39
  entirely.
• 27:40
  So
• 27:40
  this
• 27:40
  is
• 27:41
  a
• 27:41
  small
• 27:41
  Australian
• 27:42
  honeyeater,
• 27:42
  which
• 27:43
  is
• 27:43
  a
• 27:43
  little
• 27:43
  bit
• 27:43
  like
• 27:44
  our
• 27:44
  version
• 27:44
  of
• 27:44
  a
• 27:45
  hummingbird,
• 27:45
  but
• 27:46
  it's
• 27:46
  a
• 27:46
  passerine,
• 27:47
  they
• 27:47
  eat
• 27:47
  nectar.
• 27:48
  And
• 27:50
  they
• 27:50
  went
• 27:50
  through
• 27:51
  massive
• 27:51
  population
• 27:52
  declines.
• 27:52
  They're
• 27:52
  not
• 27:53
  really
• 27:53
  sure
• 27:53
  why,
• 27:54
  but
• 27:56
  when
• 27:56
  they
• 27:57
  started
• 27:57
  to
• 27:58
  do
• 27:59
  intensive
• 27:59
  study
• 27:59
  on
• 28:00
  them
• 28:00
  for
• 28:00
  conservation
• 28:01
  regions,
• 28:01
  they
• 28:01
  noticed
• 28:02
  that
• 28:03
  the
• 28:03
  song
• 28:03
  was
• 28:04
  also
• 28:04
  being
• 28:04
  lost
• 28:05
  from
• 28:05
  these
• 28:05
  populations.
• 28:07
  So
• 28:07
  it
• 28:07
  was
• 28:07
  really
• 28:08
  over
• 28:08
  the
• 28:08
  space
• 28:09
  of
• 28:09
  10
• 28:09
  years
• 28:10
  or
• 28:10
  a
• 28:11
  little
• 28:11
  bit
• 28:11
  longer,
• 28:11
  but
• 28:11
  it
• 28:11
  was
• 28:12
  about
• 28:12
  10
• 28:12
  years
• 28:12
  they
• 28:12
  were
• 28:12
  studying
• 28:13
  them
• 28:13
  that
• 28:14
  they
• 28:14
  went
• 28:14
  from
• 28:14
  this
• 28:15
  really
• 28:15
  complex,
• 28:16
  beautiful
• 28:17
  passerine,
• 28:18
  burbling,
• 28:20
  complex
• 28:21
  song,
• 28:21
  like
• 28:21
  sort
• 28:22
  of
• 28:22
  a
• 28:22
  bit
• 28:22
  like
• 28:22
  a
• 28:23
  blackbird,
• 28:25
  to
• 28:26
  what
• 28:26
  they
• 28:27
  called
• 28:27
  the
• 28:27
  clipped
• 28:27
  song,
• 28:28
  which
• 28:28
  was
• 28:28
  just
• 28:29
  really
• 28:29
  a
• 28:29
  couple
• 28:29
  of
• 28:29
  notes
• 28:30
  and
• 28:30
  nothing
• 28:31
  like
• 28:31
  it.
• 28:32
  And
• 28:32
  not
• 28:32
  only
• 28:33
  that,
• 28:33
  they
• 28:33
  also
• 28:34
  started
• 28:34
  to
• 28:34
  see
• 28:34
  them
• 28:34
  incorporating
• 28:36
  other
• 28:36
  species
• 28:37
  into
• 28:37
  their
• 28:38
  song
• 28:38
  as
• 28:38
  well,
• 28:38
  which
• 28:39
  they
• 28:39
  don't
• 28:39
  usually
• 28:39
  do.
• 28:39
  They're
• 28:40
  not
• 28:40
  a
• 28:40
  mimic.
• 28:41
  So
• 28:42
  the
• 28:42
  idea
• 28:42
  was
• 28:43
  that
• 28:43
  what
• 28:43
  must
• 28:43
  be
• 28:44
  happening
• 28:44
  is
• 28:44
  that
• 28:45
  the
• 28:45
  young
• 28:46
  males
• 28:46
  are
• 28:46
  living
• 28:47
  under
• 28:47
  such
• 28:47
  low
• 28:48
  population
• 28:48
  densities
• 28:49
  that
• 28:49
  they
• 28:49
  have
• 28:50
  no
• 28:50
  adult
• 28:50
  males
• 28:51
  to
• 28:51
  listen
• 28:52
  to.
• 28:52
  And
• 28:54
  it's
• 28:54
  understood
• 28:54
  from
• 28:55
  other
• 28:55
  song
• 28:56
  studies,
• 28:56
  as
• 28:56
  well
• 28:56
  as
• 28:57
  the
• 28:57
  later
• 28:57
  captive
• 28:58
  work
• 28:58
  they
• 28:58
  did
• 28:58
  that
• 28:59
  often
• 29:00
  young
• 29:00
  male
• 29:00
  birds
• 29:01
  that
• 29:01
  learn
• 29:01
  their
• 29:01
  song,
• 29:02
  they
• 29:02
  need
• 29:03
  multiple
• 29:03
  role
• 29:04
  models
• 29:04
  to
• 29:04
  learn
• 29:04
  from.
• 29:05
  They
• 29:05
  can't
• 29:05
  just
• 29:05
  learn
• 29:06
  from
• 29:06
  their
• 29:06
  father.
• 29:06
  They
• 29:06
  need
• 29:07
  to
• 29:07
  be
• 29:07
  listening
• 29:07
  at
• 29:07
  different
• 29:07
  periods
• 29:08
  of,
• 29:08
  of
• 29:08
  their
• 29:08
  development
• 29:09
  to
• 29:09
  the
• 29:09
  males
• 29:10
  around
• 29:10
  them.
• 29:10
  And
• 29:11
  then
• 29:11
  that
• 29:11
  sort
• 29:11
  of
• 29:11
  crystallizes
• 29:12
  into
• 29:13
  a
• 29:13
  song
• 29:13
  as
• 29:14
  adults
• 29:15
  and
• 29:15
  females
• 29:16
  have
• 29:16
  a
• 29:16
  preference
• 29:17
  for
• 29:17
  the
• 29:17
  song
• 29:18
  of
• 29:18
  their
• 29:18
  own
• 29:18
  species
• 29:19
  that
• 29:19
  is
• 29:19
  innate.
• 29:20
  And
• 29:20
  so
• 29:20
  you've
• 29:21
  got
• 29:21
  these
• 29:21
  female
• 29:21
  region
• 29:22
  honeyeaters
• 29:23
  out
• 29:23
  there
• 29:24
  trying
• 29:24
  to
• 29:24
  hear
• 29:25
  the
• 29:25
  song
• 29:26
  and
• 29:26
  not
• 29:26
  hearing
• 29:27
  it
• 29:27
  because
• 29:27
  the
• 29:27
  males
• 29:28
  have
• 29:28
  lost
• 29:28
  it,
• 29:29
  which
• 29:29
  then
• 29:29
  of
• 29:29
  course
• 29:30
  leads
• 29:30
  to
• 29:31
  reproductive
• 29:34
  crashes
• 29:35
  in
• 29:35
  the
• 29:36
  population.
• 29:36
  So
• 29:37
  the
• 29:37
  system
• 29:37
  starts
• 29:37
  to
• 29:38
  collapse.
• 29:39
  And
• 29:39
  the
• 29:39
  other
• 29:39
  side
• 29:40
  of
• 29:40
  this
• 29:40
  story
• 29:40
  is
• 29:40
  that
• 29:41
  they
• 29:41
  started
• 29:41
  captive
• 29:41
  breeding
• 29:42
  programs.
• 29:42
  But
• 29:43
  when
• 29:44
  they
• 29:44
  started
• 29:44
  them,
• 29:44
  they
• 29:44
  weren't
• 29:45
  thinking
• 29:45
  about
• 29:45
  culture,
• 29:47
  so
• 29:47
  they
• 29:47
  were
• 29:48
  instead
• 29:48
  trying
• 29:48
  to
• 29:48
  breed
• 29:48
  them
• 29:49
  as
• 29:49
  fast
• 29:49
  as
• 29:49
  possible,
• 29:49
  remove
• 29:50
  them
• 29:50
  from
• 29:50
  their
• 29:50
  parents,
• 29:51
  create
• 29:51
  them
• 29:52
  as
• 29:52
  young
• 29:53
  individuals
• 29:53
  together.
• 29:54
  And
• 29:55
  they
• 29:55
  developed
• 29:56
  what
• 29:56
  they
• 29:56
  call
• 29:56
  the
• 29:57
  captive
• 29:57
  song,
• 29:58
  which
• 29:58
  is
• 29:58
  this
• 29:58
  weird
• 29:58
  babbling
• 29:59
  juvenile
• 30:00
  song
• 30:00
  that
• 30:01
  even
• 30:01
  the
• 30:01
  adults
• 30:02
  sing.
• 30:03
  This
• 30:04
  is
• 30:04
  work
• 30:04
  by
• 30:05
  Dr.
• 30:06
  Ross
• 30:06
  Crates
• 30:07
  especially.
• 30:07
  And
• 30:07
  it's
• 30:07
  been
• 30:08
  really
• 30:08
  amazing
• 30:08
  how
• 30:09
  much
• 30:09
  he's
• 30:09
  been
• 30:09
  able
• 30:10
  to
• 30:10
  turn
• 30:10
  this
• 30:11
  around
• 30:11
  by
• 30:12
  convincing
• 30:13
  these
• 30:14
  really
• 30:14
  well
• 30:14
  meaning,
• 30:15
  but
• 30:16
  potentially
• 30:17
  with
• 30:17
  different
• 30:17
  priority
• 30:19
  zoo
• 30:19
  conservationists
• 30:20
  that
• 30:20
  they
• 30:21
  need
• 30:21
  to
• 30:21
  include
• 30:21
  culture.
• 30:23
  And
• 30:23
  they
• 30:23
  need
• 30:23
  to
• 30:23
  take
• 30:23
  the
• 30:24
  time
• 30:24
  and
• 30:24
  effort
• 30:25
  to
• 30:25
  train
• 30:26
  wild
• 30:26
  song
• 30:27
  into
• 30:27
  these
• 30:27
  young
• 30:27
  birds,
• 30:28
  which
• 30:28
  requires
• 30:30
  having
• 30:30
  the
• 30:30
  wild
• 30:31
  type
• 30:31
  singing
• 30:32
  males.
• 30:32
  And
• 30:32
  they're
• 30:32
  very
• 30:33
  rare
• 30:33
  now,
• 30:34
  bringing
• 30:34
  them
• 30:34
  in,
• 30:34
  providing
• 30:35
  multiple
• 30:35
  tutors
• 30:36
  because
• 30:36
  they
• 30:36
  can't
• 30:36
  learn
• 30:37
  from
• 30:37
  just
• 30:37
  a
• 30:37
  single
• 30:37
  male,
• 30:38
  they
• 30:38
  can't
• 30:38
  learn
• 30:38
  from
• 30:38
  a
• 30:39
  tape
• 30:39
  recording.
• 30:39
  They
• 30:39
  need
• 30:40
  the
• 30:40
  actual
• 30:40
  live
• 30:41
  male
• 30:41
  singing.
• 30:42
  Wow.
• 30:43
  And
• 30:45
  then
• 30:45
  generating
• 30:46
  these
• 30:46
  birds
• 30:47
  which
• 30:47
  could
• 30:47
  then
• 30:47
  be
• 30:47
  released
• 30:48
  with
• 30:48
  the
• 30:48
  wild
• 30:49
  type
• 30:49
  song.
• 30:49
  And
• 30:50
  they've
• 30:50
  just
• 30:50
  done
• 30:50
  their
• 30:50
  first
• 30:51
  releases
• 30:51
  of
• 30:52
  birds
• 30:53
  with
• 30:53
  the
• 30:54
  complex
• 30:55
  song
• 30:55
  now
• 30:56
  and
• 30:56
  they're
• 30:57
  hoping
• 30:57
  that
• 30:58
  these
• 30:58
  birds
• 30:58
  will
• 30:58
  be
• 30:59
  able
• 31:00
  to
• 31:00
  find
• 31:00
  mates
• 31:00
  in
• 31:01
  the
• 31:01
  wild
• 31:01
  because
• 31:01
  the
• 31:02
  problem
• 31:02
  they
• 31:02
  had
• 31:02
  with
• 31:03
  previous
• 31:03
  releases
• 31:04
  of
• 31:04
  these
• 31:04
  babbling
• 31:05
  songbirds
• 31:05
  was
• 31:06
  that
• 31:06
  nobody
• 31:07
  was
• 31:07
  interested
• 31:08
  because
• 31:08
  the
• 31:08
  females
• 31:09
  don't
• 31:09
  want
• 31:09
  that,
• 31:10
  do
• 31:10
  they?
• 31:10
  Yeah.
• 31:11
  Yeah.
• 31:11
  It's
• 31:11
  amazing
• 31:12
  to
• 31:12
  think
• 31:12
  about
• 31:12
  how
• 31:12
  much
• 31:12
  more
• 31:13
  complex
• 31:13
  conservation
• 31:15
  efforts
• 31:15
  like
• 31:15
  that
• 31:16
  need
• 31:16
  to
• 31:16
  be.
• 31:16
  You
• 31:16
  know,
• 31:17
  in
• 31:17
  the
• 31:17
  case
• 31:17
  where
• 31:17
  culture
• 31:18
  is
• 31:18
  so,
• 31:18
  so
• 31:18
  important
• 31:19
  for
• 31:19
  the
• 31:20
  way
• 31:20
  these
• 31:20
  birds
• 31:20
  interact
• 31:21
  with
• 31:21
  one
• 31:21
  another.
• 31:21
  Like
• 31:23
  it's
• 31:23
  not
• 31:23
  enough
• 31:23
  to.
• 31:23
  Yeah.
• 31:23
  Just
• 31:24
  put
• 31:24
  more
• 31:24
  out
• 31:24
  in
• 31:24
  nature
• 31:25
  that
• 31:25
  don't
• 31:25
  know
• 31:25
  how
• 31:25
  to
• 31:26
  sing
• 31:26
  properly.
• 31:27
  So
• 31:27
  in
• 31:27
  your
• 31:27
  professional
• 31:28
  or
• 31:28
  personal
• 31:29
  opinion,
• 31:29
  what
• 31:29
  bird
• 31:30
  species
• 31:30
  is
• 31:30
  the
• 31:30
  ultimate
• 31:31
  trendsetter?
• 31:34
  Okay.
• 31:34
  The
• 31:34
  ultimate
• 31:35
  trendsetter.
• 31:36
  We
• 31:36
  have
• 31:37
  some
• 31:37
  really
• 31:38
  cool
• 31:39
  examples
• 31:39
  of
• 31:40
  birds
• 31:41
  where
• 31:41
  their
• 31:42
  cultures
• 31:43
  change
• 31:44
  rapidly.
• 31:45
  And
• 31:45
  so
• 31:46
  I
• 31:46
  think
• 31:46
  those
• 31:46
  might
• 31:46
  be
• 31:46
  some
• 31:47
  sort
• 31:47
  of
• 31:47
  trend
• 31:47
  inserting
• 31:48
  birds.
• 31:49
  So
• 31:49
  great
• 31:50
  tits
• 31:50
  might
• 31:50
  be
• 31:50
  one
• 31:50
  example,
• 31:51
  but
• 31:51
  someone
• 31:52
  might
• 31:52
  throw
• 31:52
  in
• 31:52
  some
• 31:53
  unusual
• 31:53
  ones
• 31:53
  here,
• 31:54
  like
• 31:55
  the
• 31:55
  pink
• 31:55
  footed
• 31:56
  geese
• 31:57
  and
• 31:58
  brent
• 31:58
  geese,
• 31:59
  a
• 31:59
  few
• 31:59
  different
• 31:59
  geese
• 31:59
  species
• 32:00
  which
• 32:00
  have
• 32:01
  really
• 32:01
  flexible
• 32:02
  migration
• 32:02
  routes
• 32:02
  and
• 32:03
  they're
• 32:03
  able
• 32:03
  to
• 32:04
  expand
• 32:05
  their
• 32:05
  migration
• 32:06
  into
• 32:07
  new
• 32:07
  areas
• 32:08
  through
• 32:08
  social
• 32:09
  transmission
• 32:10
  and
• 32:10
  open
• 32:11
  up
• 32:12
  new
• 32:13
  breeding
• 32:13
  grounds
• 32:14
  in
• 32:14
  these
• 32:14
  high
• 32:14
  Arctic
• 32:15
  areas
• 32:15
  that
• 32:15
  are
• 32:16
  now
• 32:16
  becoming
• 32:16
  available.
• 32:17
  Amazing.
• 32:17
  Yeah.
• 32:18
  And
• 32:18
  the
• 32:18
  fact
• 32:18
  that
• 32:18
  that's
• 32:18
  like
• 32:19
  a
• 32:19
  socially
• 32:20
  shared
• 32:21
  thing
• 32:21
  is
• 32:21
  incredible.
• 32:22
  Definitely.
• 32:22
  And
• 32:23
  can
• 32:23
  cross
• 32:23
  between
• 32:24
  species
• 32:24
  as
• 32:24
  well.
• 32:25
  So
• 32:25
  you
• 32:25
  can
• 32:25
  have
• 32:26
  species
• 32:26
  following
• 32:27
  other
• 32:27
  species
• 32:28
  and
• 32:28
  then
• 32:28
  discovering
• 32:29
  new
• 32:29
  areas
• 32:30
  and
• 32:30
  then
• 32:30
  that
• 32:31
  information
• 32:31
  can
• 32:32
  spread
• 32:32
  within
• 32:32
  their
• 32:32
  own
• 32:33
  species.
• 32:33
  There's
• 32:33
  some
• 32:34
  really
• 32:34
  cool
• 32:35
  studies
• 32:35
  and
• 32:35
  it's
• 32:35
  a
• 32:35
  great
• 32:36
  example
• 32:36
  of
• 32:36
  how
• 32:38
  culture
• 32:39
  maybe
• 32:40
  is
• 32:40
  something
• 32:40
  we
• 32:40
  should
• 32:40
  need
• 32:41
  to
• 32:41
  consider
• 32:41
  for
• 32:41
  threatened
• 32:42
  species,
• 32:42
  but
• 32:42
  it's
• 32:43
  also
• 32:43
  a
• 32:43
  mechanism
• 32:44
  by
• 32:44
  which
• 32:44
  some
• 32:44
  species
• 32:45
  are
• 32:46
  taking
• 32:46
  advantage
• 32:47
  of
• 32:49
  the
• 32:49
  new
• 32:49
  possibilities
• 32:49
  in
• 32:50
  this
• 32:50
  changing
• 32:50
  world
• 32:51
  and
• 32:51
  managing
• 32:52
  to
• 32:52
  do
• 32:53
  very
• 32:53
  well,
• 32:53
  thank
• 32:54
  you
• 32:54
  very
• 32:54
  much.
• 32:55
  Yeah.
• 32:55
  No,
• 32:55
  that's
• 32:55
  amazing.
• 32:56
  All
• 32:56
  right,
• 32:56
  we've
• 32:57
  reached
• 32:57
  the
• 32:57
  part
• 32:57
  of
• 32:57
  the
• 32:58
  show
• 32:58
  we
• 32:58
  call
• 32:58
  that's
• 32:58
  BS
• 32:59
  or
• 32:59
  that's
• 32:59
  bird
• 32:59
  stuff,
• 33:00
  where
• 33:00
  we
• 33:00
  give
• 33:00
  our
• 33:00
  guests
• 33:00
  an
• 33:01
  opportunity
• 33:01
  to
• 33:01
  debunk
• 33:02
  a
• 33:02
  myth
• 33:02
  that
• 33:02
  ruffles
• 33:02
  their
• 33:03
  feathers.
• 33:03
  So,
• 33:03
  Lucy,
• 33:04
  what
• 33:04
  do
• 33:04
  you
• 33:04
  want
• 33:04
  to.
• 33:04
  Call
• 33:04
  BS
• 33:05
  on
• 33:05
  this
• 33:06
  idea
• 33:06
  that
• 33:07
  urban
• 33:08
  birds
• 33:09
  are
• 33:09
  necessarily
• 33:10
  urban
• 33:11
  colonizing
• 33:12
  birds
• 33:12
  that
• 33:13
  have
• 33:13
  moved
• 33:14
  into
• 33:14
  the
• 33:14
  city?
• 33:15
  And
• 33:16
  the
• 33:16
  reason
• 33:16
  this
• 33:17
  ruffles
• 33:17
  my
• 33:17
  feathers
• 33:18
  is
• 33:18
  because
• 33:19
  it's
• 33:19
  something
• 33:20
  that
• 33:20
  applies
• 33:20
  to
• 33:20
  the
• 33:21
  cockatoos
• 33:21
  that
• 33:21
  we
• 33:22
  study
• 33:22
  as
• 33:22
  well
• 33:22
  as
• 33:23
  some
• 33:23
  of
• 33:23
  the
• 33:23
  other
• 33:23
  species.
• 33:24
  It's
• 33:24
  this
• 33:24
  idea
• 33:25
  that
• 33:25
  the
• 33:25
  city's
• 33:26
  always
• 33:26
  been
• 33:26
  there
• 33:26
  and
• 33:27
  the
• 33:27
  birds
• 33:27
  have
• 33:27
  moved
• 33:28
  into
• 33:28
  it.
• 33:29
  The
• 33:29
  city
• 33:29
  hasn't
• 33:29
  always
• 33:30
  been
• 33:30
  there.
• 33:30
  In
• 33:30
  the
• 33:31
  case
• 33:31
  of
• 33:31
  the
• 33:31
  cockatoos
• 33:32
  and
• 33:32
  many
• 33:33
  other
• 33:33
  species,
• 33:33
  they
• 33:34
  were
• 33:34
  there
• 33:34
  first,
• 33:34
  and
• 33:35
  the
• 33:35
  city
• 33:35
  grew
• 33:35
  up
• 33:35
  around
• 33:36
  them.
• 33:36
  Right.
• 33:37
  I
• 33:37
  don't
• 33:37
  think
• 33:37
  a
• 33:37
  lot
• 33:37
  of
• 33:38
  us
• 33:38
  think
• 33:38
  about
• 33:38
  the
• 33:38
  fact
• 33:38
  that
• 33:39
  many
• 33:39
  organisms
• 33:40
  live
• 33:40
  long
• 33:40
  enough
• 33:40
  to
• 33:41
  watch
• 33:41
  the
• 33:41
  same
• 33:42
  progress,
• 33:42
  you
• 33:42
  know,
• 33:43
  and
• 33:43
  especially
• 33:43
  birds.
• 33:45
  I
• 33:46
  think
• 33:46
  that's
• 33:46
  an
• 33:46
  amazing
• 33:46
  point
• 33:47
  and
• 33:47
  an
• 33:47
  important
• 33:47
  one
• 33:47
  for
• 33:48
  people
• 33:48
  to
• 33:48
  think
• 33:48
  about.
• 33:48
  So,
• 33:49
  yeah,
• 33:50
  thanks
• 33:50
  so
• 33:50
  much
• 33:50
  for
• 33:51
  joining
• 33:51
  us
• 33:51
  today.
• 33:51
  This
• 33:51
  has
• 33:52
  been
• 33:52
  really,
• 33:52
  really
• 33:52
  fascinating.
• 33:53
  I
• 33:53
  love
• 33:54
  the.
• 33:55
  I
• 33:55
  don't
• 33:55
  know,
• 33:55
  the
• 33:55
  careful
• 33:55
  research
• 33:56
  you
• 33:56
  described
• 33:56
  and
• 33:57
  just
• 33:57
  these
• 33:57
  really
• 33:57
  interesting
• 33:57
  innovations,
• 33:58
  and
• 33:58
  I
• 33:58
  think,
• 34:01
  yeah,
• 34:01
  it's
• 34:01
  amazing
• 34:02
  to
• 34:02
  think
• 34:02
  about
• 34:02
  culture
• 34:03
  and
• 34:03
  how
• 34:03
  it
• 34:03
  spreads
• 34:03
  and
• 34:04
  persists
• 34:04
  in
• 34:05
  these
• 34:05
  birds
• 34:06
  we
• 34:06
  all
• 34:06
  love.
• 34:06
  So
• 34:07
  thanks
• 34:07
  so
• 34:07
  much
• 34:07
  for
• 34:08
  taking
• 34:08
  the
• 34:08
  time
• 34:08
  to
• 34:08
  join
• 34:08
  us.
• 34:09
  Thank
• 34:09
  you.
• 34:10
  It's
• 34:10
  been
• 34:10
  a
• 34:10
  lot
• 34:10
  of
• 34:10
  fun.
• 34:11
  I
• 34:11
  always.
• 34:12
  I'm
• 34:12
  happy
• 34:13
  to
• 34:13
  talk
• 34:13
  about
• 34:13
  this
• 34:13
  for
• 34:14
  as
• 34:14
  long
• 34:14
  as
• 34:14
  you
• 34:14
  would
• 34:15
  let
• 34:15
  me.
• 34:15
  I
• 34:15
  just
• 34:15
  think
• 34:16
  it's
• 34:17
  fascinating
• 34:17
  to
• 34:17
  think
• 34:18
  about
• 34:18
  the
• 34:18
  whole
• 34:18
  world
• 34:18
  that's
• 34:19
  going
• 34:19
  on
• 34:19
  inside
• 34:20
  the
• 34:20
  minds
• 34:20
  of
• 34:20
  the
• 34:21
  birds
• 34:21
  around
• 34:21
  us.
• 34:25
  Birds
• 34:25
  are
• 34:25
  dinosaurs,
• 34:26
  and
• 34:26
  around
• 34:26
  here,
• 34:26
  we
• 34:26
  like
• 34:26
  our
• 34:27
  snacks.
• 34:27
  So
• 34:27
  we
• 34:27
  end
• 34:27
  each
• 34:28
  episode
• 34:28
  with
• 34:28
  a
• 34:28
  dinosaur
• 34:29
  nugget.
• 34:29
  Today's
• 34:30
  nugget
• 34:30
  is
• 34:30
  when
• 34:30
  a
• 34:30
  cockatoo
• 34:31
  in
• 34:31
  Sydney
• 34:31
  figured
• 34:32
  out
• 34:32
  how
• 34:32
  to
• 34:32
  flip
• 34:32
  open
• 34:32
  a
• 34:32
  wheelie
• 34:33
  bin
• 34:33
  to
• 34:33
  steal
• 34:33
  food.
• 34:34
  It
• 34:34
  wasn't
• 34:34
  instinct.
• 34:35
  It
• 34:35
  was
• 34:35
  innovation.
• 34:36
  And
• 34:36
  when
• 34:36
  other
• 34:36
  cockatoos
• 34:37
  across
• 34:37
  the
• 34:37
  city
• 34:38
  started
• 34:38
  doing
• 34:38
  it,
• 34:38
  too.
• 34:39
  Learning
• 34:39
  by
• 34:40
  observing
• 34:40
  one
• 34:40
  another
• 34:40
  and
• 34:41
  passing
• 34:41
  on
• 34:41
  the
• 34:41
  behavior,
• 34:42
  not
• 34:42
  just
• 34:42
  all
• 34:43
  independently
• 34:43
  innovating.
• 34:44
  That's
• 34:44
  not
• 34:45
  just
• 34:45
  learning.
• 34:45
  That's
• 34:46
  culture.
• 34:46
  Birds
• 34:47
  are
• 34:47
  dinosaurs.
• 34:47
  And
• 34:47
  it's
• 34:48
  now
• 34:48
  very
• 34:48
  clear
• 34:48
  that
• 34:49
  dinosaurs
• 34:49
  have
• 34:49
  culture,
• 34:50
  too.
• 34:50
  That's
• 34:51
  a
• 34:51
  wrap
• 34:51
  on
• 34:51
  this
• 34:51
  week's
• 34:52
  episode.
• 34:52
  Okay,
• 34:52
  but
• 34:52
  do
• 34:53
  birds
• 34:53
  have
• 34:53
  culture?
• 34:54
  Do
• 34:54
  you
• 34:54
  follow
• 34:55
  us
• 34:55
  on
• 34:55
  social
• 34:55
  media?
• 34:56
  If
• 34:56
  not,
• 34:56
  you're
• 34:57
  missing
• 34:57
  a
• 34:57
  lot
• 34:57
  of
• 34:57
  bonus
• 34:57
  Okay,
• 34:58
  But...
• 34:58
  questions
• 34:59
  and
• 34:59
  answers.So
• 34:59
  find
• 34:59
  us
• 35:00
  @okaybutbirds
• 35:01
  everywhere.
• 35:01
  We'll
• 35:01
  catch
• 35:02
  you
• 35:02
  next
• 35:02
  time.
• 35:02
  Byeee.
• 35:06
  Okay,
• 35:08
  But...
• 35:08
  Birds
• 35:09
  is
• 35:09
  hosted
• 35:10
  by
• 35:10
  Scott
• 35:10
  Taylor
• 35:11
  with
• 35:11
  production
• 35:11
  and
• 35:12
  creative
• 35:12
  by
• 35:12
  Zach
• 35:13
  Karl.