Latest / Space Nuts: Astronomy Insights & Cosmic Discoveries / #438: Gravitons' Mysteries & The Sun's Hidden Twin

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#438: Gravitons' Mysteries & The Sun's Hidden Twin · Space Nuts: Astronomy Insights & Cosmic Discoveries

0:00
Speaker 1: Hi there, thanks for joining us. This is a Q
0:02
Speaker 1: and A edition of Space Nuts. My name is Andrew Dunkley.
0:06
Speaker 1: Coming up, we're going to do some homework. Gus sent
0:09
Speaker 1: us a question a couple of weeks ago. It was
0:11
Speaker 1: so convoluted and complicated he gave up. But we'll really
0:15
Speaker 1: bit at that because he's actually come up with something
0:18
Speaker 1: very interesting. He might not have realized that we'll also
0:22
Speaker 1: be looking for the Sun's dark matter twin. According to Rich,
0:28
Speaker 1: other questions involving time dilation and dead stars have been
0:31
Speaker 1: sent to us, and a question we've done before we
0:34
Speaker 1: will revisit because Fred likes Anthony's accent. That's all coming
0:39
Speaker 1: up on this edition Space Nuts fifteen in channel ten
0:45
Speaker 1: nine ignition.
0:47
Speaker 2: Sequence Space Nuts or three two space notes A and
0:56
Speaker 2: I repot it.
0:56
Speaker 1: Bill's good here is once again to answer all of
1:00
Speaker 1: those questions and more, Professor Fred, what's an astronomer A
1:02
Speaker 1: large HIPH Fred.
1:04
Speaker 2: Let's start on an optimistic note that maybe we can
1:07
Speaker 2: maybe we can answer some of them.
1:09
Speaker 1: Yes, at least we have a homework department that can
1:13
Speaker 1: we can get We can always go back to them later,
1:15
Speaker 1: which which is what we're going to do today. Shall
1:18
Speaker 1: we just get stuck straight in.
1:20
Speaker 2: I think we ought to.
1:21
Speaker 1: Yes, all right, So our first job today is to
1:24
Speaker 1: answer some homework from Gus, who's sent in this question
1:28
Speaker 1: a few weeks ago.
1:29
Speaker 3: Hello, Professor Fred and Andrew.
1:33
Speaker 2: This is Gus Ever sent from Disakwa, Washington.
1:36
Speaker 4: I sent in a question for you guys previously, and
1:38
Speaker 4: you thought I was in we Western Australia. I've been
1:42
Speaker 4: thinking about gravity today and it came to my mind
1:49
Speaker 4: that if energy and mass are equippedent, then essentially shouldn't
1:57
Speaker 4: energy also create graph be at some level. I'm not
2:03
Speaker 4: sure if this is a related question or or extension
2:08
Speaker 4: or a separate question.
2:09
Speaker 2: Though.
2:11
Speaker 4: Additionally, if a body of any size is generating or
2:18
Speaker 4: it has mass and it is generating a gravitational.
2:23
Speaker 3: Field, does not that field itself have energy and mass?
2:31
Speaker 3: And would that field not create additional gravity by its
2:38
Speaker 3: simple existence? So if that's the case, or even kind
2:44
Speaker 3: of the case, my question is where does the energy
2:47
Speaker 3: and mass go? If or I have no idea where
2:55
Speaker 3: to go?
2:56
Speaker 2: Thank you? I love love the show and appreciate being
2:59
Speaker 2: able to ask. Thank you. Gus. Yeah, I kind of yeah,
3:03
Speaker 2: he ran out of puff, but.
3:06
Speaker 1: You know, we've we put this one on the back
3:08
Speaker 1: burner because there was a lot going on there, a
3:11
Speaker 1: lot of thinking, and Fred's done the homework and you've.
3:16
Speaker 2: Come up with an answer.
3:17
Speaker 1: In fact, you've suggested before we started that Gus might
3:20
Speaker 1: have been onto something.
3:21
Speaker 2: Yeah, I think it's doing pretty well with that sort
3:26
Speaker 2: of thinking. We did talk I think we covered part
3:31
Speaker 2: of this a little while ago. You spoke about if
3:34
Speaker 2: you if you've got, you know, a planet, and you
3:37
Speaker 2: increase its temperature by two hundred degrees celsius or something
3:41
Speaker 2: that actually contributes to its mask because you're putting energy
3:44
Speaker 2: in and so it would affect it's gravitational pool. But
3:50
Speaker 2: the nub of I think Gus's question comes down to
3:56
Speaker 2: the issue of whether the hypothetical particles, which we haven't
4:02
Speaker 2: yet detected and there is no theory to support them,
4:06
Speaker 2: but they are still doing the rounds. The hypothetical particles
4:10
Speaker 2: of gravity, which we call gravitons, I guess analogous to
4:15
Speaker 2: the fact that we call particles of light photons, which
4:22
Speaker 2: are certainly not hypothetical. We know a lot about them,
4:25
Speaker 2: and they certainly exist. They're definitely part of our big
4:28
Speaker 2: picture of the subatomic world. But gravitons aren't yet, but
4:33
Speaker 2: they are thought to exist. So that because gravity is
4:36
Speaker 2: one of the four fundamental forces of nature, all the
4:39
Speaker 2: others have particles associated with them, and so we expect
4:43
Speaker 2: gravity too as well. And eventually we were probably able
4:47
Speaker 2: to prove that gravitons exist and that they know that
4:51
Speaker 2: they are real, and that we can see evidence of them.
4:56
Speaker 2: So the issue that postulates the boils down to do
5:02
Speaker 2: gravitons themselves have mass? And the assumption has always been
5:08
Speaker 2: and this is because effectively that's what Einstein's relativity predicts,
5:14
Speaker 2: although it doesn't really talk about gravitons.
5:16
Speaker 3: But.
5:18
Speaker 2: The assumption has always been that gravitons are like photons,
5:23
Speaker 2: massless particles. They don't have a rest mass, that's the
5:26
Speaker 2: way to put it. So photons we know and don't
5:30
Speaker 2: have a rest mass. Gravitons are assumed not to have
5:35
Speaker 2: a rest mass either. But there is science that's going on.
5:40
Speaker 2: People are researching this and in fact i'm reading an
5:43
Speaker 2: article which is easy to find. It's on The Guardian's website.
5:48
Speaker 2: It's actually four years old, now four and a half
5:51
Speaker 2: years old, but it's about the work of one particular
5:55
Speaker 2: physicist who name His name is Claudier Dram, who's at
6:01
Speaker 2: Imperial College in London, and she has built a theory
6:07
Speaker 2: that postulates that gravitons have mass, and if they do,
6:17
Speaker 2: then they've got intriguing consequences and one of them is
6:21
Speaker 2: that they would have If they do have mass, then
6:26
Speaker 2: it would mean that their influence on very large distances,
6:31
Speaker 2: on very large scales is weaker, and that could account
6:36
Speaker 2: for the phenomenon that we see of the acceleration of
6:39
Speaker 2: the universe, the accelerated expansion of the universe, in other words,
6:42
Speaker 2: what we call dark energy. If you have mass, gravitons
6:47
Speaker 2: with mass, then that could explain the accelerated expansion of
6:53
Speaker 2: the universe. Fantastic thing, you know, that would be that
6:57
Speaker 2: would solve so many problems. However, and I'm going to
7:01
Speaker 2: quote from the Guardian article here because I love this
7:06
Speaker 2: this theory. It is what it says is despite successive efforts,
7:12
Speaker 2: previous versions of the theory had the unfortunate feature of
7:16
Speaker 2: predicting the instantaneous decay of every particle in the universe.
7:21
Speaker 2: So there is there's a drawback to it. And a
7:27
Speaker 2: quote from Claudia Iram, very clever people who'd worked on
7:31
Speaker 2: this and the arguments were very compelling. People thought it
7:33
Speaker 2: would be impossible to make it work. But well, there
7:39
Speaker 2: was a paper published back in twenty eleven which had
7:44
Speaker 2: a pretty hostile response from the you know, the scientific world.
7:49
Speaker 2: In other words, people saying, this is all ridiculous. It
7:52
Speaker 2: doesn't work. It means every particle in the universe decays instantaneously.
7:59
Speaker 2: So so it's still a work in progress. But the
8:04
Speaker 2: reason why it was in the news back in twenty
8:07
Speaker 2: twenty is that Claudier Durham was the recipient of a
8:13
Speaker 2: one thousand, sorry, one hundred thousand US dollar Blavatnik Award
8:20
Speaker 2: for young scientists, and it's one of you know, it's
8:24
Speaker 2: an award that is put in a place where people
8:29
Speaker 2: think it's going to the research is actually going to
8:31
Speaker 2: bear some fruit. She actually won the Adams Prize as well,
8:35
Speaker 2: which is Cambridge University very prestigious award. So it's still
8:42
Speaker 2: a theory. Massive gravity still a theory, but has attractive features.
8:48
Speaker 2: I mean, if you can explain away the accelerated expansion
8:52
Speaker 2: of the universe by having massive gravitons, that is brilliant,
8:57
Speaker 2: but especially if you can do it without everything else
8:59
Speaker 2: in the universe us decaying. So you know, it's interesting.
9:04
Speaker 2: And one of the other aspects is that you might
9:08
Speaker 2: be able to detect this by fairly subtle ways using
9:13
Speaker 2: gravitational wave detectors, and as they become more and more
9:18
Speaker 2: excuse me, more and more refined, and I guess the
9:22
Speaker 2: gold standard is going to be leaser that. What's it
9:26
Speaker 2: called large interferometric space. I can't remember what the A
9:31
Speaker 2: stands for, but it's an EASA project to have a
9:34
Speaker 2: space based gravitational wave observatory. It's if something like that
9:40
Speaker 2: had the sensitivity that we expected to have, then it
9:44
Speaker 2: may well be that we can one day say, well,
9:47
Speaker 2: gravitons have mass, and that would revolutionize our whole thinking
9:51
Speaker 2: about the universe. So Gus, you've done very well there
9:54
Speaker 2: in yeah an idea, even though you run out of
9:57
Speaker 2: steam as I would have done where where you were
10:01
Speaker 2: in the thinking. It's it's got some credibility.
10:05
Speaker 1: Laser intoferometer, space antenna.
10:07
Speaker 2: That's it. Thank you.
10:11
Speaker 1: Your answer to gusa's question is going to ask probably
10:15
Speaker 1: result in someone asking another question, which might be, Okay,
10:20
Speaker 1: we don't know that gravitons exist, or we just assume
10:23
Speaker 1: that we haven't identified them. But could gravitons be dark matter, uh,
10:31
Speaker 1: dark energy.
10:32
Speaker 3: For that matter.
10:33
Speaker 2: Well, well, yeah, that's what we're saying that they're saying
10:35
Speaker 2: there's no need for dark energy if you've got massive
10:40
Speaker 2: gravitons and they weaken their effect, weakens of the distance,
10:44
Speaker 2: So you don't need dark energy because the you know,
10:48
Speaker 2: the basically the gravitational pull of everything in the universe
10:52
Speaker 2: is weaker than we think it is, and that we
10:55
Speaker 2: could explain the accelerated expansion dark matter. Yeah, it's an
11:00
Speaker 2: interesting thought, except dark matter. Well, dark matter is something
11:06
Speaker 2: that's associated with normal mutter. I think I've got to
11:10
Speaker 2: think about that one a bit more. So there's more
11:12
Speaker 2: work from you, Andrew.
11:14
Speaker 1: Sorry about that. Yeah, okay, thank you, Gus. We finally
11:18
Speaker 1: got there. While we're talking about dark matter, here's a
11:21
Speaker 1: question from Rich in the UK, Hi both and Hugh
11:25
Speaker 1: in the studio. Great show, such a broad spectrum of information.
11:29
Speaker 2: You do a great job. Okay.
11:31
Speaker 1: My question harks back to a number of different episodes
11:35
Speaker 1: we've talked about the theory of our sun may have
11:39
Speaker 1: been born of a twin planet nine roaming about somewhere
11:43
Speaker 1: in there, and that dark matter is only measurable by
11:47
Speaker 1: its gravitational effects. So I put two and two together
11:50
Speaker 1: and came up with thirteen point seven. Is there any
11:53
Speaker 1: plausibility in the idea that the Sun has a dark
11:57
Speaker 1: matter twin somewhere in the vicinity, in the vicinity that
12:01
Speaker 1: could be demonstrating the effects we see on our Solar
12:04
Speaker 1: system instead of a planet nine rich from the UK,
12:09
Speaker 1: or maybe it's a town called Ah.
12:10
Speaker 2: I'm not sure. No, it's not like it's yes, so
12:20
Speaker 2: interesting idea. I mean, we've got no evidence of dark
12:26
Speaker 2: matter entities. Yes, stars for a star, planets for a second.
12:35
Speaker 2: And in fact, it was experiments done in the nineteen nineties,
12:39
Speaker 2: some of which were done here in Australia that ruled
12:42
Speaker 2: out the possibility of there being lots of dark matter objects,
12:50
Speaker 2: which we call black holes. Basically, it ruled out, you know,
12:55
Speaker 2: the dark matter was dense stars in other words, what
12:59
Speaker 2: were called black dwarf or rogue planets or black holes
13:06
Speaker 2: that we hadn't detected because they would have a signature
13:09
Speaker 2: on the stars beyond them, they'd have a gravitational lensing signature.
13:14
Speaker 2: And I think that will be the same if you
13:16
Speaker 2: had a dark matter planet, it would have a gravitational
13:21
Speaker 2: lensing signature, and nothing's been observed so far. It's true
13:25
Speaker 2: though that some people have suggested that perhaps Planet nine
13:28
Speaker 2: isn't a planet, perhaps it is a black hole, some
13:34
Speaker 2: tiny mass black hole something you know, Mutch, more than
13:37
Speaker 2: a star, which would suggest that it was a primordial
13:42
Speaker 2: black hole, one that was created in the Big Bang,
13:44
Speaker 2: not by the collapse of the star. So yeah, these
13:47
Speaker 2: are ideas I think that are floating through the astronomical
13:51
Speaker 2: community as well, So you're not thinking that far out
13:54
Speaker 2: of the box, except a dark matter planet is something
13:58
Speaker 2: that I don't think mainstream astronomy things could exist, so
14:03
Speaker 2: that might not be the exact answer.
14:08
Speaker 1: Yes, very good, Thank you, Rich. This is Space Nuts
14:13
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Speaker 1: the coupon code space nuts. Now back to the show. Okay,
18:03
Speaker 1: we take yourself space nuts. Our next question comes from Sean.
18:10
Speaker 1: There seems to be controversy surrounding the James Webspace telescopes
18:14
Speaker 1: pictures of galaxies in the early universe, and how many
18:18
Speaker 1: of them seem to be too big and well formed
18:20
Speaker 1: when they're only half a billion or less years old.
18:24
Speaker 1: I was pondering this question over coffee this morning people
18:27
Speaker 1: tend to do that, and was wondering if time dilation
18:31
Speaker 1: might have anything to do with this. It seems to
18:34
Speaker 1: me that if the early universe was expanding at anywhere
18:37
Speaker 1: near light speed from our point of observation thirteen point
18:41
Speaker 1: eight billion years in the future, things wouldn't be what
18:44
Speaker 1: they seem.
18:44
Speaker 2: You guys are the best. I hope this question can
18:47
Speaker 2: provide a few moments.
18:48
Speaker 1: Of filler for your awesome podcast. Sean from British Columbia.
18:54
Speaker 2: Sure you you you underestimate yourself as far more than filler.
18:59
Speaker 2: This is interesting stuff, this questions of fillers. Yeah so yeah,
19:05
Speaker 2: I mean time dilation is an interesting aspect of our
19:11
Speaker 2: view of cosmology. I don't think it solves the problem
19:15
Speaker 2: in this case, but partly because what you're talking about, Sean,
19:21
Speaker 2: here is relativistic time dilation from special relativity. You're talking
19:27
Speaker 2: about it from the point of view of things moving
19:29
Speaker 2: at near relativistic speeds, in other words, near the speed
19:33
Speaker 2: of light. And yes, you're right that the early universe expanded,
19:42
Speaker 2: probably faster than the speed of light, but only for
19:45
Speaker 2: about tenth of minus thirty three of a second. So
19:49
Speaker 2: this was way way before the origin of galaxies, way
19:52
Speaker 2: way before the origin of well matter actually, because it
19:56
Speaker 2: was just pure energy at that stage, and since then
19:59
Speaker 2: the exper has been much more sedate. So the speeds
20:03
Speaker 2: involved are not such as to I hope I'm saying
20:09
Speaker 2: the right thing here to be relativistically significant. In other words,
20:14
Speaker 2: they wouldn't cause time dilation of the kind that you're
20:19
Speaker 2: thinking of. In other words, the idea that we're seeing
20:23
Speaker 2: we're looking back our look back time is illusory. That's
20:30
Speaker 2: the point that I think you're making that we think
20:32
Speaker 2: we're looking back in time to a time, you know,
20:36
Speaker 2: when the universe was only half a billion years old,
20:40
Speaker 2: but we're not. We're actually that's an illusion. We're looking
20:43
Speaker 2: back to a time later than that, and I don't
20:46
Speaker 2: think it works in that situation. It's a nice thought.
20:50
Speaker 2: Time dilation is always good to think about because it's
20:52
Speaker 2: such a boogie phenomenon, but I don't think it works
20:56
Speaker 2: in this case, so far more than a filler shown.
21:00
Speaker 2: Great question, Thank you very much.
21:02
Speaker 1: Indeed, thanks Sean. And a question from Jane. How many
21:06
Speaker 1: stars in the humanly observable universe are already dead?
21:13
Speaker 2: Yes, well that the slow I can't give an answer
21:18
Speaker 2: to this, but I can laffle on about it. Sorry,
21:21
Speaker 2: the rapid the brief lifetimes of very massive stars, they
21:28
Speaker 2: are only ten million years or less. For you know,
21:33
Speaker 2: a very massive star such as we think were created
21:38
Speaker 2: in the early universe. These are you know, lift fast,
21:43
Speaker 2: die young stars. They're what makes the spiral arms of
21:49
Speaker 2: galaxies look blue. These are young stars, massive stars that
21:51
Speaker 2: aren't going to last very long. They'll detonate with a
21:54
Speaker 2: super and ova, possibly forming a black hole very quickly.
21:59
Speaker 2: So there's lots of these stars that are already dead
22:03
Speaker 2: because they're now something else. The most numerous stars are
22:10
Speaker 2: in the vicinity of the Sun in our own galaxy
22:13
Speaker 2: are red dwarf stars, and they're very old, and they'll
22:17
Speaker 2: go on being very old because they they're the opposite
22:21
Speaker 2: of these you know, live fast, die young, right, super
22:26
Speaker 2: massive stars. They're low mass, they churn through their hydrogen
22:32
Speaker 2: fuel very slowly and last for billions of years, outlasting
22:37
Speaker 2: the son. The Sun's got a lifetime of about ten
22:39
Speaker 2: billion years. These red dwarfs have going much longer than that.
22:43
Speaker 2: So there's a lot of the stars that aren't dead yet.
22:47
Speaker 2: But at the same time, there are a lot of
22:49
Speaker 2: stars that are that they're dead too. So, Jane, I
22:53
Speaker 2: can't give you an answer to that question directly, but
22:58
Speaker 2: to say that, yes, there is a popular of objects
23:00
Speaker 2: in the universe that are no longer visible because they've
23:04
Speaker 2: turned into something else, either a black hole or a
23:07
Speaker 2: white dwarf, as a sun like star would turn into.
23:13
Speaker 2: It's one that I'll think about again a bit more.
23:16
Speaker 2: I'm not going to call it homework because I might forget,
23:18
Speaker 2: but I'll think about that a bit more and see
23:20
Speaker 2: if we can come up with a number. How many
23:22
Speaker 2: stars in the humanly observable universe are already dead? Have
23:27
Speaker 2: to be in the billions? Well they well, oh yeah,
23:30
Speaker 2: absolutely so. How many stars are there in the universe?
23:33
Speaker 2: About ten to twenty three, because there's something like ten
23:38
Speaker 2: to the eleven stars in a galaxy, and there's about
23:45
Speaker 2: ten to the twelve galaxies in the universe, So that
23:48
Speaker 2: makes ten to the twenty three stars. And there stars
23:53
Speaker 2: like those in our own galaxy, but that doesn't count
23:57
Speaker 2: for the ones that might have already popped off a superner,
24:00
Speaker 2: so it would be it would be billions. It might
24:04
Speaker 2: actually be more than billions. It's a lot. A lot
24:08
Speaker 2: is a technical answer. Is a lot a lot. Thank you, Jane.
24:13
Speaker 1: Lovely to hear from you, and nice to get a
24:15
Speaker 1: question from our female audience sector.
24:21
Speaker 2: That's very official. It's the only way I say it
24:24
Speaker 2: these days. Andrew, Yeah, try to be careful.
24:29
Speaker 1: Finally, we're going to revisit a question we've had before.
24:32
Speaker 1: This is from Anthony and the reason we're doing it again.
24:35
Speaker 1: Fred likes Anthony's accent. I'm not kidding, that's the truth.
24:41
Speaker 5: Hi, guys, Anthony here from Kenny in Irelands. I've been
24:45
Speaker 5: looking at absolute zero being minus two hundred and seventy
24:50
Speaker 5: degrees census and if it's an absolute zero, surely there
24:53
Speaker 5: must be an absolute high temperature.
24:56
Speaker 2: Could you tell me what that is? Thank you be
25:00
Speaker 2: sure to sure. I've just realized what a great what
25:04
Speaker 2: a great accent, isn't it lovely?
25:05
Speaker 6: Yeah?
25:06
Speaker 2: So sorry, Anthony, Anthony going back to Sean because that's
25:12
Speaker 2: a very Irish name. Anthony's from kirl Kenny. Here's a
25:17
Speaker 2: weird thing, Andrew, A little weird coincidence. The friend of
25:22
Speaker 2: mine that I mentioned who was reading reading Dune back
25:25
Speaker 2: in nineteen sixty seven, Yep, his name is David Kilkenny. Yeah,
25:33
Speaker 2: there you go. I think, look there just just a
25:37
Speaker 2: little strange coincidence. Dave doesn't I'm sure Dave doesn't listen
25:42
Speaker 2: to the space nuts. But if you do, Dave, how
25:44
Speaker 2: are you doing time? You wrote to me again. He
25:47
Speaker 2: lives in Captown in South Africa. When I came to
25:51
Speaker 2: Australia to make my career back in the day he
25:54
Speaker 2: went to South Africa to make his career.
25:56
Speaker 1: He's another coincidence, right, yeah, quite a shocking one. I
26:00
Speaker 1: don't know if you've heard of the cartoon series called
26:02
Speaker 1: South Park. Yes, in every episode they kill Kenny.
26:07
Speaker 2: Oh there you go. There. You don't know where this
26:13
Speaker 2: is going to go to.
26:14
Speaker 1: But let's go to the question what's the absolute maximum?
26:18
Speaker 1: Now we did have this before, and we did answer it.
26:22
Speaker 1: Not if I recall correctly, the answer is there isn't one.
26:26
Speaker 2: Is that what happens? It is? That's correct. So absolute
26:29
Speaker 2: zero's defined. So temperature is the effect of particles moving
26:36
Speaker 2: in a solid. They just vibrate.
26:38
Speaker 6: So you know the fact that my desk is getting
26:42
Speaker 6: a bit warm because the heat is pointing at It
26:44
Speaker 6: means that the atoms in the desk top are vibrating
26:49
Speaker 6: in a In a liquid day, they swirl around in
26:52
Speaker 6: a gas, they zoom about all over the place.
26:54
Speaker 2: The temperature is related to motion, and the absolute zero
26:59
Speaker 2: is defined basically as the temperature at which all motion stops.
27:03
Speaker 2: So there isn't an absolute maximum because things can move
27:06
Speaker 2: as fast as you want them to, especially in the
27:09
Speaker 2: rarefied gas between the stars and planets. But absolute zero
27:15
Speaker 2: is well defined. It's the temperature which atomic motion stops.
27:18
Speaker 2: And as Anthony said, minus two hundred, two hundred and
27:22
Speaker 2: seventy three degrees minus two hundred and seventy three degrees celsius.
27:28
Speaker 2: That's cool. It's been like that here lately though. Yeah,
27:33
Speaker 2: all motions stopped.
27:34
Speaker 7: In my case, all motion stopped. That's run it well,
27:38
Speaker 7: especially on the golf course. Gosh, it's been a bitterly
27:40
Speaker 7: cold out there. We must be idiots, and most golfers
27:44
Speaker 7: are golfers and fishermen. Yeah, go out and all sorts
27:48
Speaker 7: of weather, so there is no absolute maximum antony is
27:53
Speaker 7: what we took a long time to say.
27:55
Speaker 1: But thanks for the question and love the accent. That's
27:59
Speaker 1: just about it, and forget. If you've got questions for us,
28:01
Speaker 1: you can send them through for our Q and A
28:03
Speaker 1: episodes via our website, space nuts podcast dot com or
28:07
Speaker 1: space nuts dot io. If you click on the little
28:09
Speaker 1: AMA button up the top, it'll give you at an
28:12
Speaker 1: interface to send us text questions or you can send
28:15
Speaker 1: an audio question. But on the right hand side of
28:17
Speaker 1: the homepage send us your questions. Press that and you
28:21
Speaker 1: can send us an audio question. Don't forget to tell
28:23
Speaker 1: us who you are and where you're from. Fred, thank
28:26
Speaker 1: you so much.
28:26
Speaker 2: It's been a great pleasure as always, good to chat Andrew.
28:31
Speaker 2: But I still wander how we got away with it
28:34
Speaker 2: to be eldest, but.
28:36
Speaker 1: Well we'll keep trying to get away with it, see
28:39
Speaker 1: what happens.
28:40
Speaker 2: Thanks Red soon, cheers, bye bye.
28:44
Speaker 1: Fred Watson, astronomer at large, part of the team here
28:46
Speaker 1: at Space Nuts. And thanks to Hu in the studio
28:49
Speaker 1: who turned up for two episodes this week, which is
28:52
Speaker 1: good because we had two episodes.
28:54
Speaker 2: And from me Andrew Dunkley, thanks for your company.
28:56
Speaker 1: As always, we'll see you on the next episode of
28:58
Speaker 1: Space Nuts.
28:59
Speaker 2: Bye bye.
29:00
Speaker 5: You'll be listening to the Space Nuts podcast.
29:05
Speaker 1: Available at Apple Podcasts, Spotify, iHeartRadio, or your favorite podcast player.
29:11
Speaker 2: You can also stream on demand at bites dot com.
29:14
Speaker 7: This has been another quality podcast production from nights dot Com.