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Episode 20: The First Imperial Wars · Missing Pages

• 0:00
  hello once again and welcome to missing pages this is episode
• 0:06
  20 the first imperial
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  wars in this episode i will be discussing king william's war
• 0:13
  and queen anne's war
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  from the american perspective these wars between the european
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  empires had far
• 0:19
  greater reach than just the americas historians now consider
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  them some of the first
• 0:26
  SPEAKER_00: world wars
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  SPEAKER_00: From the English and French colonial perspective,
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  SPEAKER_00: though,
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  SPEAKER_00: these were more like wars for survival and wars for extermination.
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  SPEAKER_00: The many shifting alliances between the French,
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  SPEAKER_00: English,
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  SPEAKER_00: Spanish,
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  and the sprawling network of Indian nations created mass chaos
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  for about 20
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  SPEAKER_00: straight years in the colonies.
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  SPEAKER_00: And these first imperial wars, though not as
• 0:54
  Directly related to the events of the revolution is where some
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  of the seeds were
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  planted regarding colonial cooperation and what the lack of it
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  entails and the
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  SPEAKER_00: growing disconnect between life in the colonies and life in Europe.
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  SPEAKER_00: As always,
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  if you would like to leave any comments on what I get wrong or
• 1:16
  appreciate what I
• 1:17
  SPEAKER_00: get right in this episode,
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  or if you want to read any of my extra writings on how history
• 1:25
  relates to current
• 1:25
  SPEAKER_00: events,
• 1:27
  SPEAKER_00: some more deep dives into various aspects of American history,
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  SPEAKER_00: or just the random ramblings that I have from time to time,
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  SPEAKER_00: please head on over to missingpages.substack.com,
• 1:42
  SPEAKER_00: and I'll see you there.
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  SPEAKER_00: Now, without further ado, this is episode 20, The First Imperial Wars.
• 1:52
  SPEAKER_01: Where are these missing pages, this map?
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  SPEAKER_01: We must have these pages back.
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  SPEAKER_00: This one's got pages missing.
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  SPEAKER_00: Why are the pages missing?
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  SPEAKER_00: Like a book with missing pages.
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  SPEAKER_00: This season,
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  I have been exploring many different cultural moments
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  throughout the late colonial
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  SPEAKER_00: period that have some valence today.
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  SPEAKER_00: Piracy, the Salem witch trials, even this far removed from them.
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  SPEAKER_00: This may not be super strong relevance.
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  SPEAKER_00: You know,
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  SPEAKER_00: we don't still have major piracy problems here in America,
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  SPEAKER_00: nor do we burn people for witchcraft.
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  SPEAKER_00: But the last episodes of this era,
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  SPEAKER_00: starting with this one,
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  I'll be discussing many of the events that have a much more
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  lasting impact,
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  SPEAKER_00: especially in the foundation of this country that leads to today.
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  SPEAKER_00: The first and the last of these involve wars.
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  It's likely that you may have some inkling of an idea of the
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  French and Indian War,
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  SPEAKER_00: the Seven Years' War,
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  SPEAKER_00: that occurred from 1756 to 1763.
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  SPEAKER_00: It was a major war between England and France,
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  SPEAKER_00: and the aftermath of that is what helped facilitate the revolution.
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  But there were three other imperial wars that occurred during
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  the 18th century.
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  The first one ended right at the cusp of the 18th century,
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  but I'll include it anyways.
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  SPEAKER_00: It is in this era between 1676 and 1763.
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  But the first three of these have very little coverage in
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  American history generally.
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  SPEAKER_00: But they also had a strong impact on the colonial world.
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  And both piracy and the Salem Witch Trials may have been
• 3:57
  spurred on by them in their entirety.
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  SPEAKER_00: And in this episode, I'll be discussing the first two of these.
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  The first of these is the Nine Years' War,
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  or the War of the League of Augsburg.
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  SPEAKER_00: And the second one is the War of Spanish Succession.
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  SPEAKER_00: In the colonies, though, they had different names.
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  SPEAKER_00: They were King William's War and Queen Anne's War, respectively.
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  And these names alone point to the disconnect that was starting
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  to be felt between
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  SPEAKER_00: the English in America and the English in the mother country.
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  SPEAKER_00: Rather than a war being started due to the alliances of Europe,
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  SPEAKER_00: these wars were tied to the kings and queens of England.
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  SPEAKER_00: They were seen as an extension of the power of the crown,
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  and anything that happened in these wars was the fault of the
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  crown rather than the
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  SPEAKER_00: fault of alliances or imperial rivalries or religion.
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  SPEAKER_00: And as we'll see,
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  SPEAKER_00: as we understand history,
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  SPEAKER_00: which seems obvious to us now but was not at the time,
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  this disconnect between the colonists and the mother country
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  will only grow more
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  SPEAKER_00: and more,
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  SPEAKER_00: and especially after these wars,
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  SPEAKER_00: as I've discussed,
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  SPEAKER_00: when the Americans become much more independent themselves.
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  Now moving back into the AP notes for the first time in a few
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  episodes now,
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  SPEAKER_00: we can see how little these are discussed.
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  SPEAKER_00: Under the heading Anglo-French Wars of Empire,
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  SPEAKER_00: the notes read,
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  SPEAKER_00: Between 1688 and 1763,
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  England and France fought against each other in four wars for
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  empire that spanned
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  SPEAKER_00: the globe.
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  Your textbook has labeled these wars the first four
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  quote-unquote world wars.
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  These wars spread to the North American continent and had a
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  huge effect on the
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  SPEAKER_00: American colonists.
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  These wars were known by different names in Europe and America,
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  and it has a list here.
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  SPEAKER_00: The first two of these,
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  SPEAKER_00: again,
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  are the War of the League of Augsburg or King William's War
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  from 1688 to 1697.
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  And the second is the War of Spanish Succession or Queen Anne's
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  War from 1701 to 1713.
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  The other two that we will be talking about are the War of
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  Austrian Succession or
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  King George's War from 1740 to 1748 and the Seven Years' War or
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  French and Indian
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  SPEAKER_00: War from 1754 to 1763.
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  SPEAKER_00: The notes continue.
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  What are two reasons why wars between France and Great Britain
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  on the North
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  SPEAKER_00: American continent were so prevalent during the 18th century?
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  I said,
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  difference in religious beliefs,
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  as well as revenge for past conflicts.
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  And in these four wars in the North American continent,
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  Indians fought on both sides.
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  What are two reasons why both the French and the British
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  enlisted the help of Indians?
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  SPEAKER_00: And I said they already had alliances with them,
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  SPEAKER_00: and they'd rather have Indians die rather than themselves.
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  SPEAKER_00: That's it for the overview of the Imperial Wars.
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  The French and Indian War has much more that I will be getting
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  to in a future episode.
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  SPEAKER_00: But as you can see, the other ones have not much to go off of.
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  SPEAKER_00: Yes,
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  SPEAKER_00: those generalities are correct for all of these,
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  but both of these wars have some differences despite the kind
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  of consistent nature
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  SPEAKER_00: of them that we'll see in this episode.
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  So grab your British flag or your French flag or even your
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  Spanish one as they get
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  involved here as well and come along with me as we find out who
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  comes out on top in
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  SPEAKER_00: these first two imperial wars.
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  SPEAKER_00: Let's fill in those missing pages.
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  Before we get into the meat and potatoes of these two conflicts
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  that I'll be
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  SPEAKER_00: covering in this episode,
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  the first two of the four imperial conflicts that occur in the
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  18th century in the
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  SPEAKER_00: American colonies.
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  I'd like to refresh our memory and place us in 1688 to get a
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  sense of where we are
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  SPEAKER_00: in the entire colonial world before jumping into the war.
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  SPEAKER_00: The most massive event that occurs in 1688 is,
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  SPEAKER_00: of course,
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  the glorious revolution in which King William III takes the
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  crown from King James
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  SPEAKER_00: II.
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  This has cascading effects all the way in the American
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  colonies,
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  of course.
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  SPEAKER_00: Now,
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  SPEAKER_00: these ripples didn't really take place until the next year,
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  SPEAKER_00: though,
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  SPEAKER_00: when Boston,
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  SPEAKER_00: Virginia,
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  SPEAKER_00: New York were all filled with protests.
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  SPEAKER_00: In New York,
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  we talked about Jacob Leisler and the rise of the Leislerian or
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  Dutch faction in
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  New York that took over and created tensions throughout the
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  region for decades.
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  SPEAKER_00: But Leisler's rise also led to a mass desertion in the army,
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  SPEAKER_00: leaving the colony with extremely low manpower.
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  And New England was facing raids that started by the Wabanaki
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  in northern New
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  SPEAKER_00: England and Maine and the Massachusetts frontier.
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  The first town hit by these raids by the Wabanaki was in Dover,
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  New Hampshire.
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  SPEAKER_00: This town was chosen mainly for vengeance against the mayor,
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  SPEAKER_00: Thomas Waldron,
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  who had captured hundreds of Wabanaki during King Philip's war
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  just ten years
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  SPEAKER_00: prior.
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  SPEAKER_00: This raid was highly successful,
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  SPEAKER_00: and though the town garrison eventually fought back the invaders,
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  SPEAKER_00: many were killed.
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  SPEAKER_00: Now,
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  this was just the beginning of what would be nearly three
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  decades of raids from
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  SPEAKER_00: this point on.
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  SPEAKER_00: And we will see how these wax and wane throughout the next three decades.
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  SPEAKER_00: But this is just the start.
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  Now,
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  the French at this time were facing the aftermath of the death
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  of Juan Baptiste Colbert.
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  SPEAKER_00: and were locked in a power struggle with both the Iroquois and New York.
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  The French expansion westward and down the Mississippi created
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  new enemies in the
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  SPEAKER_00: Seneca,
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  SPEAKER_00: who were determined to wipe them out of the Mississippi Valley,
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  SPEAKER_00: like they had done to the Hurons decades before.
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  New York also was trying to make its way into the fur trade at
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  the detriment of the French.
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  SPEAKER_00: Thus, New York was helping supply the Iroquois to help fight them.
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  SPEAKER_00: The French didn't fare well against the Iroquois to start with,
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  even with their several Indian allies that hated the Iroquois
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  much deeper than the
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  SPEAKER_00: French could.
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  So the Iroquois were able to continue their own westward
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  expansion in spite of French efforts.
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  SPEAKER_00: On top of this,
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  the Hudson Bay Company was starting to encroach the French
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  territory from the
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  SPEAKER_00: north.
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  SPEAKER_00: So in total,
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  SPEAKER_00: the French were very worried by this point about the English,
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  especially with their comparatively large size over ten times
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  the population,
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  SPEAKER_00: along with the Iroquois due to these previous conflicts.
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  And both of these even superseded the problems at home as their
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  economy slowly transitioned to
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  SPEAKER_00: from a pure trade economy to a more diverse one.
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  As the New York colonies started to expand northward,
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  it started to hurt the French trade.
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  SPEAKER_00: The French were not completely inept in this, though.
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  They were able to turn the tide a bit in 1686 when they took
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  the English trading
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  SPEAKER_00: post on Hudson Bay called Moose Fort,
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  SPEAKER_00: nearly wiping the English from the bay completely.
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  SPEAKER_00: In 1688,
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  SPEAKER_00: they were also able to attack the Senecas,
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  SPEAKER_00: though not destroying them,
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  SPEAKER_00: they did assert their own power in the regent.
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  SPEAKER_00: However,
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  SPEAKER_00: in these attacks,
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  SPEAKER_00: the Iroquois were caught in the crossfire,
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  only further driving them to become sworn enemies of New France
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  and ally with the
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  SPEAKER_00: English.
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  The Five Nations Confederacy raided villages and forced the
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  Canadians into forts.
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  SPEAKER_00: This led to poor harvests,
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  SPEAKER_00: a massive decrease in the fur trade,
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  SPEAKER_00: and a general economic downturn,
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  SPEAKER_00: and further risked New York being called directly into this conflict.
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  But since New York was facing their own conflict at home,
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  that never happened.
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  One way that the French could fight back against the generally
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  overwhelming size of
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  SPEAKER_00: the English were through raids.
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  And they joined the Wabanaki who had already started raiding
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  the English and helped
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  SPEAKER_00: them to start seeking bigger targets,
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  SPEAKER_00: including the coastal fort at Pimaquid,
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  SPEAKER_00: near modern-day Bristol, Maine.
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  SPEAKER_00: Despite the size of this fort and the preparations that they made,
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  SPEAKER_00: it was very quickly overrun by the Wabanaki,
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  SPEAKER_00: and the nearby town was completely destroyed,
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  SPEAKER_00: leaving nearly 200 dead or captured.
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  SPEAKER_00: Now,
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  SPEAKER_00: these constant raids that would occur made all of New England anxious,
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  SPEAKER_00: and they were right to be.
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  The French and Wabanaki continued from town to town throughout
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  the frontier,
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  SPEAKER_00: and there was nothing the English could do to stop it.
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  SPEAKER_00: They were too fast and too numerous.
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  Even nearby armies would be too slow when they heard of a raid
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  just a few miles away.
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  SPEAKER_00: The English looked to Benjamin Church,
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  SPEAKER_00: the veteran of King Philip's War,
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  SPEAKER_00: to try to conduct his own offensive,
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  SPEAKER_00: his own expedition against the French and Wabanaki.
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  SPEAKER_00: It wasn't long before this army of his found the enemy,
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  SPEAKER_00: traded fire,
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  SPEAKER_00: and drove them into the forest,
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  SPEAKER_00: but he was already too unorganized by this point and low on ammunition,
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  SPEAKER_00: so he was forced to abandon his pursuit.
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  Now these raids against Maine and New Hampshire and
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  Massachusetts were highly
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  SPEAKER_00: successful,
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  but the French still faced problems at home when the Iroquois
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  threatened some of
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  SPEAKER_00: their biggest cities.
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  SPEAKER_00: and on August 4th, 1689, attacked a little village near Montreal.
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  In his book,
• 14:41
  King William's War,
• 14:43
  Michael G.
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  Laramie describes this attack on this village.
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  SPEAKER_00: A discharge of thunder reverberated across the landscape and faded.
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  SPEAKER_00: Seconds later,
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  it was replaced with the screeches and war whoops of 1,500
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  Iroquois braves as they
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  SPEAKER_00: burst upon the village.
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  SPEAKER_00: It was the worst massacre Canada would ever see.
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  SPEAKER_00: Men, women, and children were hacked down as they rose from their beds.
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  the rolling thunder occasionally masked the screams and cries
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  of the bewildered as
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  the neatly lined homes were set ablaze a few fought back and a
• 15:17
  few fled into the
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  SPEAKER_00: wet night but most found themselves engulfed by the frenzied attackers
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  SPEAKER_00: Now this was a massive issue for the French.
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  SPEAKER_00: and the French couldn't even muster a return attack.
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  The Iroquois ran with this advantage and took another town and
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  burned down the countryside.
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  SPEAKER_00: Despite this, King Louis XIV did little to help.
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  SPEAKER_00: He approved an attack plan, but it started with disaster.
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  SPEAKER_00: and reached the colonies far too late to attack the English.
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  SPEAKER_00: Now this attack left the Canadian government in a panic,
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  and they even ordered a fort near the Iroquois to be burned
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  down in an attempt to
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  SPEAKER_00: appease them.
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  This did very little,
• 16:20
  and the Iroquois returned in November for more raids.
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  There was an attempt to make peace,
• 16:27
  though the French bargaining chip,
• 16:29
  a great Cayuga warrior,
• 16:31
  named Antantio,
• 16:33
  was seen as a traitor and only strengthened the resolve of the
• 16:38
  Iroquois.
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  SPEAKER_00: But there was an opportunity here.
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  SPEAKER_00: If the French were able to attack the English and cripple them enough,
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  the Iroquois would be crippled alongside of them and their own
• 16:51
  alliances would be
• 16:52
  SPEAKER_00: bolstered against the English and Iroquois.
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  SPEAKER_00: Thus,
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  a three-pronged attack was proposed from each of the major
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  Canadian cities,
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  SPEAKER_00: and the first assault occurred at Schenectady,
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  SPEAKER_00: near Albany,
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  SPEAKER_00: where 210 French and Indians fell on the town,
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  SPEAKER_00: killing 60 and capturing 100.
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  SPEAKER_00: At the same time, Maine and New Hampshire continued to face raids.
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  English detachments were called upon to try to take down these
• 17:23
  wandering French troops,
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  SPEAKER_00: but failed continuously and were often routed themselves.
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  The French even took one of the forts that many of these troops
• 17:33
  were stationed at,
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  SPEAKER_00: which was a crushing blow to the English and left the frontier completely
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  SPEAKER_00: defenseless.
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  SPEAKER_00: And the French were just getting started.
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  Now all of this that had happened preceded any news of the war
• 17:51
  that had broke out in Europe.
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  SPEAKER_00: Now,
• 17:53
  after the taking of the throne by King William and the taking
• 18:00
  of the throne by a
• 18:01
  SPEAKER_00: Protestant from a Catholic,
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  SPEAKER_00: the French could not abide by this.
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  SPEAKER_00: And King Louis XIV declared war,
• 18:09
  SPEAKER_00: dragging the Dutch and the English into a war against the French.
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  SPEAKER_00: This news did not hit America right away.
• 18:18
  It actually took several months before they even knew that
• 18:21
  there was a true war happening.
• 18:24
  And all of these alliances that were building between the
• 18:27
  Iroquois and the English
• 18:28
  SPEAKER_00: and the French and the Wabanaki and all of the Western nations,
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  SPEAKER_00: as well as the network of enemies among them,
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  SPEAKER_00: this was already being created by the time that the war started.
• 18:39
  So it was basically just a continuation of what was already
• 18:42
  kind of ramping up by 1688.
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  SPEAKER_00: But by 1689, the war was underway.
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  SPEAKER_00: And despite all of the problems that the English have faced so far,
• 18:54
  SPEAKER_00: all of the raids,
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  SPEAKER_00: the attack on Schenectady,
• 18:58
  SPEAKER_00: and the internal turmoil of Jacob Leisler,
• 19:02
  and the various new leadership coming and going after the new
• 19:08
  king was crowned,
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  the British colonists were not willing to take a merely
• 19:14
  defensive posture,
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  SPEAKER_00: and they began to plan for retaliation.
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  SPEAKER_00: However,
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  and this is an important point that will be something that
• 19:23
  comes up continuously
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  SPEAKER_00: during these wars,
• 19:26
  SPEAKER_00: as well as the future wars,
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  SPEAKER_00: and part of the whole theme as we're getting approaching the revolution,
• 19:34
  SPEAKER_00: is that these colonies were not a singular united front,
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  SPEAKER_00: and they had their own goals that never really lined up collectively.
• 19:43
  SPEAKER_00: For instance,
• 19:44
  the New York government under Jacob Leisler was deeply divided
• 19:47
  and could not muster
• 19:48
  SPEAKER_00: a militia,
• 19:49
  Massachusetts couldn't help fund this militia themselves
• 19:53
  because they were too
• 19:54
  SPEAKER_00: focused on the northern frontier and funding their own expeditions,
• 19:58
  one of which was highly successful when William Phipps retook
• 20:02
  the fort at Pimaquid
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  SPEAKER_00: in Maine and Port Royal in Acadia,
• 20:09
  SPEAKER_00: though the gains stopped there.
• 20:13
  SPEAKER_00: Now, King William himself was not blind to all of these struggles.
• 20:17
  and even sent a large amount of supplies to help keep militias
• 20:21
  up and running,
• 20:22
  SPEAKER_00: and even sent Henry Slaughter to take back New York,
• 20:25
  SPEAKER_00: as we have mentioned previously.
• 20:29
  SPEAKER_00: But they needed to do something bold,
• 20:31
  SPEAKER_00: and William Phipps,
• 20:32
  SPEAKER_00: the governor of Massachusetts,
• 20:36
  sought out an attempt to lead some 2,000 men and collectively
• 20:41
  take Montreal by land
• 20:43
  SPEAKER_00: and Quebec by sea.
• 20:45
  Now,
• 20:45
  while the English prepared for this,
• 20:47
  the French continued their raids.
• 20:49
  SPEAKER_00: However,
• 20:50
  SPEAKER_00: as I've said,
• 20:51
  they had their own setbacks against the Iroquois and had to
• 20:55
  prepare for this
• 20:57
  SPEAKER_00: marching army that they thought was coming to Montreal.
• 21:01
  SPEAKER_00: And then the news of a fleet sailing towards Quebec.
• 21:07
  SPEAKER_00: Now Quebec was a formidable city.
• 21:09
  SPEAKER_00: It was heavily defended,
• 21:11
  SPEAKER_00: both naturally and by the French fort,
• 21:13
  SPEAKER_00: and some 2,500 men were garrisoned there.
• 21:17
  SPEAKER_00: Despite this, Phipps thought it was a good idea to attack it.
• 21:22
  SPEAKER_00: After arriving in the bay outside of Quebec,
• 21:26
  Phipps sent Thomas Savage to negotiate with the French and
• 21:30
  demanded surrender.
• 21:32
  SPEAKER_00: The French obviously laughed in his face.
• 21:35
  SPEAKER_00: So Phipps continued on with his planned landing of some 1,200 troops,
• 21:39
  but a storm blew in and the ships were taken away from the
• 21:44
  shore and forced to
• 21:46
  SPEAKER_00: abandon the landing.
• 21:48
  SPEAKER_00: Phipps refused to give up.
• 21:50
  SPEAKER_00: However,
• 21:51
  the commander of the fort was able to ensure that the only
• 21:54
  possible landing place
• 21:56
  SPEAKER_00: for the English would be in some mudflats,
• 21:59
  SPEAKER_00: forcing them to slog slowly up to the fort.
• 22:03
  SPEAKER_00: Again, Phipps did not back down from this and took on the challenge.
• 22:08
  SPEAKER_00: Surprisingly,
• 22:08
  the advance force of some 400 men was successful in driving the
• 22:13
  French back with
• 22:14
  SPEAKER_00: the help of ship bombardments.
• 22:17
  SPEAKER_00: However,
• 22:18
  return bombardment from the French fort and the dwindling
• 22:22
  stores made any further
• 22:23
  SPEAKER_00: progress nearly impossible.
• 22:26
  SPEAKER_00: A war council was called,
• 22:28
  SPEAKER_00: and at the same time,
• 22:29
  SPEAKER_00: a detachment of French and Indians,
• 22:31
  SPEAKER_00: though much smaller than the English force,
• 22:34
  SPEAKER_00: forced the English to fall back and eventually retreat in full.
• 22:40
  Now the journey home from this attack killed more soldiers than
• 22:44
  the assault itself,
• 22:46
  SPEAKER_00: and one-fifth of the force was lost to disease.
• 22:50
  SPEAKER_00: Now,
• 22:50
  this naval assault at Quebec was meant to eventually join
• 22:54
  forces with another
• 22:55
  1,000-plus man army that was meant to take Montreal and then
• 23:00
  meet up together.
• 23:02
  SPEAKER_00: But this expedition on Montreal faced even worse disaster.
• 23:08
  SPEAKER_00: This army was meant to rendezvous in Albany,
• 23:12
  then work their way towards Montreal via river and lake before
• 23:16
  taking Fort Chambly
• 23:17
  SPEAKER_00: from the French to stage their final assault on the city.
• 23:21
  SPEAKER_00: This plan failed from the very beginning.
• 23:24
  SPEAKER_00: The army was far smaller than expected,
• 23:27
  SPEAKER_00: and the Iroquois had only sent a handful of troops to help.
• 23:30
  SPEAKER_00: Disease broke out,
• 23:31
  SPEAKER_00: provisions quickly ran low,
• 23:33
  SPEAKER_00: and they didn't even have enough canoes for the army to move.
• 23:37
  SPEAKER_00: Now this proved, these failed assaults proved two things.
• 23:41
  SPEAKER_00: One, the French were no slouches in war.
• 23:44
  SPEAKER_00: Now this was fully understood at the time.
• 23:47
  SPEAKER_00: The modern understanding of French military is a very new one.
• 23:52
  And for several hundred years prior to our modern understanding
• 23:57
  of the frailty of
• 23:58
  SPEAKER_00: the French army,
• 24:00
  SPEAKER_00: was an understanding of the French army that was extremely effective,
• 24:04
  SPEAKER_00: extremely disciplined,
• 24:06
  SPEAKER_00: and they showed that here.
• 24:08
  SPEAKER_00: Now the second thing was that the British,
• 24:11
  SPEAKER_00: again,
• 24:11
  SPEAKER_00: were extremely unorganized,
• 24:13
  SPEAKER_00: or at least the American colonies were extremely unorganized.
• 24:18
  SPEAKER_00: And this would show its ugly face over and over and over for them.
• 24:23
  SPEAKER_00: Now while Phipps and Winthrop were floundering in Quebec and Montreal,
• 24:29
  SPEAKER_00: The governor of Massachusetts,
• 24:31
  SPEAKER_00: Simon Bradstreet,
• 24:32
  SPEAKER_00: a magistrate,
• 24:33
  SPEAKER_00: actually,
• 24:35
  SPEAKER_00: in Anne Hutchinson's trial,
• 24:37
  armed an expedition to deal with the French in the Maine and
• 24:42
  New Hampshire
• 24:42
  SPEAKER_00: frontier.
• 24:44
  SPEAKER_00: Again, led by Benjamin Church.
• 24:47
  Their goal was to find any enemy villages and destroy them by
• 24:50
  whatever means necessary.
• 24:52
  SPEAKER_00: They would zigzag through the frontier,
• 24:54
  SPEAKER_00: attacking any village that they found,
• 24:56
  SPEAKER_00: and if they were lucky...
• 24:58
  SPEAKER_00: freeing any hostages.
• 25:00
  SPEAKER_00: As they moved, Church's army was often surprised by Wabanaki themselves.
• 25:05
  SPEAKER_00: Though Church's army often outnumbered them and drove them away,
• 25:09
  SPEAKER_00: it was a constant nuisance,
• 25:11
  SPEAKER_00: and in the end,
• 25:13
  SPEAKER_00: few villages were found and Church's army limped home.
• 25:16
  These expeditions were costly in both manpower and money,
• 25:21
  especially for Massachusetts.
• 25:24
  SPEAKER_00: Soldiers were asked to work without pay in the frontier,
• 25:27
  SPEAKER_00: and they didn't have the capacity to slow the French even if they were
• 25:31
  SPEAKER_00: well-supplied.
• 25:32
  SPEAKER_00: The French, though, were not faring much better.
• 25:34
  SPEAKER_00: Despite their defense of Quebec,
• 25:36
  they had a poor crop and were not getting the shipments they
• 25:39
  needed from France.
• 25:41
  So for the time being,
• 25:43
  there was a bit of stasis between the French and the English.
• 25:47
  That was not so for the Iroquois,
• 25:49
  but this was not in a good way for them necessarily.
• 25:53
  were able to conduct one final assault on the french but the
• 25:57
  enemy tribes were
• 25:58
  continuously raiding their villages and they were forced to
• 26:01
  turn to defense the
• 26:03
  iroquois looked to the english for reassurance they were the
• 26:06
  ones doing all of the
• 26:07
  SPEAKER_00: fighting
• 26:08
  SPEAKER_00: while the English fumbled around in the frontier,
• 26:11
  SPEAKER_00: or in Albany,
• 26:12
  SPEAKER_00: or just fought themselves in their cities.
• 26:15
  SPEAKER_00: To rectify this,
• 26:16
  SPEAKER_00: the New York governor,
• 26:17
  SPEAKER_00: Slaughter,
• 26:18
  SPEAKER_00: called for another expedition with 266 soldiers,
• 26:21
  SPEAKER_00: a mix of English,
• 26:22
  SPEAKER_00: Dutch,
• 26:23
  SPEAKER_00: Mohawk,
• 26:24
  SPEAKER_00: and Mohegan,
• 26:26
  SPEAKER_00: which set out in June of 1691.
• 26:29
  This expedition followed the same path as the previously failed
• 26:32
  one and was
• 26:33
  SPEAKER_00: slightly more successful.
• 26:36
  SPEAKER_00: They ended this not with complete disaster,
• 26:38
  SPEAKER_00: but rather with a raid on La Prairie just miles away from Fort Chambly.
• 26:43
  SPEAKER_00: The French were semi-prepared for this attack,
• 26:45
  but the English were able to fend off the defenders as they
• 26:49
  continued their path
• 26:50
  SPEAKER_00: towards the fort.
• 26:52
  SPEAKER_00: In the end,
• 26:52
  SPEAKER_00: the English were eventually stopped,
• 26:54
  SPEAKER_00: but both sides returned to their respective colonies in triumph.
• 26:58
  SPEAKER_00: This expedition wasn't seen as a triumph by the Iroquois, though.
• 27:03
  SPEAKER_00: and the morale of the Confederacy fell to an all-time low.
• 27:08
  SPEAKER_00: To make matters worse for them,
• 27:10
  SPEAKER_00: as they would be the ones facing the brunt of this,
• 27:13
  SPEAKER_00: William Phipps was granted another chance of taking Quebec,
• 27:18
  SPEAKER_00: though it was put on hold.
• 27:20
  SPEAKER_00: The French had similar ambitious plans to take New York City and Boston,
• 27:25
  SPEAKER_00: but the pains they had felt over the past year made these impossible,
• 27:29
  SPEAKER_00: and King Louis XIV was focused on Europe.
• 27:33
  SPEAKER_00: Now,
• 27:35
  SPEAKER_00: they would not know this at the time,
• 27:37
  but failing to actually attack the English at this time was an
• 27:42
  incredibly costly
• 27:43
  SPEAKER_00: mistake.
• 27:45
  SPEAKER_00: It was one of those branching moments where if they had done it now,
• 27:50
  SPEAKER_00: with even the limited supplies that they had,
• 27:53
  the English were at the worst moment for themselves and likely
• 27:56
  their weakest.
• 27:59
  SPEAKER_00: as this was the final moment where the French could have actually made a
• 28:04
  SPEAKER_00: significant impact against New York and Boston.
• 28:08
  And they would never,
• 28:10
  from this point on,
• 28:12
  be in such an advantageous position.
• 28:16
  SPEAKER_00: It's one of those very strange what-if moments in history.
• 28:21
  where if they had attacked,
• 28:22
  perhaps more of the country would be speaking French.
• 28:26
  SPEAKER_00: It's not highly likely,
• 28:28
  given the fact of the number of people that lived in the
• 28:33
  British colonies compared
• 28:34
  SPEAKER_00: to the French colonies.
• 28:36
  SPEAKER_00: But if there was a big enough impact on the population,
• 28:41
  SPEAKER_00: it likely would have made a difference in the end.
• 28:45
  SPEAKER_00: But carrying on, this quiet of 1691 is
• 28:51
  SPEAKER_00: did not continue into the new year,
• 28:53
  SPEAKER_00: as on January 25,
• 28:58
  SPEAKER_00: 1692,
• 28:58
  SPEAKER_00: the Wabanaki fell on Main yet again,
• 29:01
  SPEAKER_00: leaving York a ghost town.
• 29:05
  SPEAKER_00: This was joined by news of a potential raid of 800 French on Albany,
• 29:12
  SPEAKER_00: and also news from Salem,
• 29:14
  SPEAKER_00: which was being overwhelmed by witchcraft accusations.
• 29:20
  which may have also been spurred on by the horrors felt in the
• 29:24
  frontier itself.
• 29:26
  The French then fell on Wells,
• 29:28
  Maine yet again,
• 29:31
  though were eventually driven away.
• 29:32
  SPEAKER_00: In a small moment of triumph,
• 29:35
  SPEAKER_00: William Phipps,
• 29:36
  SPEAKER_00: after sorting out the witch business,
• 29:38
  SPEAKER_00: was able to build a fort near Pimaquid called William Henry.
• 29:44
  SPEAKER_00: But this success was short-lived.
• 29:46
  SPEAKER_00: New York's new governor,
• 29:48
  SPEAKER_00: Benjamin Fletcher,
• 29:49
  immediately made enemies of the Iroquois by scolding them for
• 29:52
  not helping enough in
• 29:55
  SPEAKER_00: the June raid of the previous year,
• 29:57
  in which they would then remind him of the fact that they were
• 30:00
  still doing the
• 30:01
  SPEAKER_00: majority of the fighting against the French,
• 30:04
  SPEAKER_00: but they were happy to do so,
• 30:06
  SPEAKER_00: as they hated the French.
• 30:08
  SPEAKER_00: and did so again starting in the spring of 1692.
• 30:13
  SPEAKER_00: However,
• 30:13
  this became more difficult as the French were able to receive
• 30:17
  the reinforcements
• 30:18
  SPEAKER_00: they had been waiting for.
• 30:20
  SPEAKER_00: This,
• 30:20
  SPEAKER_00: along with a good harvest in the fall of 1692,
• 30:24
  SPEAKER_00: meant the French were in a very good place to attack again.
• 30:29
  SPEAKER_00: But instead of looking to the English, they looked to the Iroquois.
• 30:33
  And they were able to travel up Lake Champlain before arriving
• 30:38
  at a Mohawk village.
• 30:40
  The Mohawk were barely able to mount a resistance before 30
• 30:44
  were dead and 300 captured.
• 30:47
  SPEAKER_00: The English were surprisingly able to launch their own counterattack.
• 30:52
  SPEAKER_00: and were able to help some of the Mohawk,
• 30:55
  though both the French and the English started to run low on
• 30:59
  ammo as the snow began
• 31:00
  SPEAKER_00: to fall and morale fell with it.
• 31:04
  SPEAKER_00: Both were forced to retreat.
• 31:07
  SPEAKER_00: By 1693,
• 31:08
  SPEAKER_00: the raids in Maine did start to slow down,
• 31:12
  SPEAKER_00: and the Wabanaki even signed a peace treaty in August,
• 31:15
  SPEAKER_00: allowing Phipps to send some military aid to New York,
• 31:19
  SPEAKER_00: which would have been impossible just six months before.
• 31:22
  SPEAKER_00: The English also tried to take the fight to the French in the Caribbean,
• 31:26
  SPEAKER_00: again ending in disaster,
• 31:28
  SPEAKER_00: though the remaining troops from this did end up in Boston,
• 31:32
  SPEAKER_00: and with these reinforcements,
• 31:33
  SPEAKER_00: a new attack on Quebec was planned.
• 31:36
  SPEAKER_00: However,
• 31:37
  SPEAKER_00: the French grew wise to this plan,
• 31:39
  SPEAKER_00: fortified Quebec,
• 31:40
  SPEAKER_00: and forced the English to give up.
• 31:43
  SPEAKER_00: Not only did the French reinforce themselves,
• 31:45
  SPEAKER_00: they even reinforced their alliances with the surrounding Indians,
• 31:50
  SPEAKER_00: despite the Wabanaki Treaty,
• 31:53
  SPEAKER_00: and even tried to split the Iroquois into separate peace deals.
• 31:58
  SPEAKER_00: On the flip side, the English continued to fail.
• 32:01
  Their disunity from the very beginning to the very end of the
• 32:04
  war marred any
• 32:06
  SPEAKER_00: possible success that they could have mustered.
• 32:09
  There were many attempts to consolidate and enforce quotas,
• 32:12
  even in London.
• 32:14
  SPEAKER_00: All failed.
• 32:16
  SPEAKER_00: To make matters worse, the Wabanaki rejoined the French...
• 32:20
  SPEAKER_00: In the summer of 1694,
• 32:22
  when the village of Durham was burnt to the ground and 104 of
• 32:27
  its residents were
• 32:28
  SPEAKER_00: dead.
• 32:28
  SPEAKER_00: Phipps did not raise any army in response to this attack.
• 32:33
  SPEAKER_00: And this failure,
• 32:34
  along with his failure during the witch trials and his corrupt
• 32:37
  business dealings
• 32:38
  SPEAKER_00: that had been found out during his time as governor,
• 32:43
  SPEAKER_00: led to his demise.
• 32:45
  SPEAKER_00: Luckily,
• 32:45
  this would be the only major attack by the French and the
• 32:49
  Indians at this point,
• 32:50
  SPEAKER_00: as the French,
• 32:51
  SPEAKER_00: despite their relative reinforcement,
• 32:56
  SPEAKER_00: could not afford the gifts or guns required to continue these assaults.
• 33:01
  SPEAKER_00: At this point,
• 33:01
  SPEAKER_00: it feels like I'm repeating myself a little bit,
• 33:03
  SPEAKER_00: and I kind of am,
• 33:04
  because the French would consistently attack and then draw back
• 33:08
  and attack and draw
• 33:09
  SPEAKER_00: back,
• 33:10
  SPEAKER_00: and the English would continuously try to counterattack and fail.
• 33:15
  SPEAKER_00: But throughout all of this,
• 33:16
  SPEAKER_00: the French,
• 33:17
  SPEAKER_00: despite their actual success in the raids in Maine,
• 33:23
  SPEAKER_00: their attack against the Mohawk,
• 33:27
  SPEAKER_00: were never able to make the deep impact that they're attempting.
• 33:30
  SPEAKER_00: And on top of this,
• 33:31
  SPEAKER_00: the English were finally,
• 33:32
  with the help of Benjamin Fletcher being named the
• 33:36
  commander-in-chief by the king
• 33:37
  SPEAKER_00: himself,
• 33:38
  SPEAKER_00: were starting to unify a little bit.
• 33:40
  The quotas that they were given were never met,
• 33:45
  but there was now some sign of unity.
• 33:48
  SPEAKER_00: So in order for the French to try to counteract these failed attempts,
• 33:53
  SPEAKER_00: finally in 1696,
• 33:56
  SPEAKER_00: after a couple years of failure,
• 33:59
  SPEAKER_00: mustered up an army of 2,500 men and in July began their march southward.
• 34:06
  SPEAKER_00: Now for a couple years,
• 34:07
  the French and the Iroquois had constant communications and
• 34:11
  were attempting some
• 34:13
  SPEAKER_00: negotiations,
• 34:14
  though the Iroquois were continuously stalling in order to
• 34:17
  regain some strength.
• 34:19
  And also were starting to negotiate with surrounding allied
• 34:24
  tribes of the French,
• 34:26
  SPEAKER_00: which would spell disaster.
• 34:29
  SPEAKER_00: So in July 1696, they decided to attack.
• 34:34
  and an army of some 2,500 men,
• 34:36
  both native and French,
• 34:38
  began their marth southward.
• 34:41
  SPEAKER_00: In August,
• 34:42
  they burned down every single Oneida and Onondaga village that
• 34:45
  they came across,
• 34:46
  SPEAKER_00: if it wasn't already put to the torch by the fleeing Indians,
• 34:51
  SPEAKER_00: and captured a few dozen Oneida.
• 34:54
  The English tried to muster up a quick response,
• 34:57
  but as always,
• 34:58
  they were too late.
• 34:59
  SPEAKER_00: though they did give supplies to them for the winter.
• 35:03
  SPEAKER_00: With this success, the French marched home.
• 35:07
  A similar attack was held the next year,
• 35:12
  which eventually forced the Mohawk to sue for peace.
• 35:16
  SPEAKER_00: But this success wasn't just had against the Iroquois.
• 35:20
  SPEAKER_00: In the same summer,
• 35:22
  SPEAKER_00: Pierre Lemoyne d'Iberville,
• 35:24
  SPEAKER_00: a name that we shall become extremely familiar with,
• 35:27
  SPEAKER_00: was tasked with taking down Fort William Henry at Pimaquit.
• 35:33
  SPEAKER_00: Now this plan was slow going at the start and rife with complications.
• 35:38
  SPEAKER_00: He was slowed down by weather,
• 35:40
  SPEAKER_00: got into a skirmish with some English warships,
• 35:43
  SPEAKER_00: and just struggled with his army.
• 35:46
  SPEAKER_00: But eventually he loaded up around 500 soldiers,
• 35:51
  SPEAKER_00: five times as many as were in the fort.
• 35:54
  SPEAKER_00: Once they arrived,
• 35:55
  SPEAKER_00: they requested surrender,
• 35:56
  SPEAKER_00: which the English commander,
• 35:58
  SPEAKER_00: Captain Pascoe Chubb,
• 36:00
  SPEAKER_00: refused.
• 36:01
  Though,
• 36:02
  after a successful landing and a further threat,
• 36:06
  the English surrendered.
• 36:07
  SPEAKER_00: Now,
• 36:08
  SPEAKER_00: this siege did not last long,
• 36:10
  SPEAKER_00: which was an incredible shock,
• 36:13
  SPEAKER_00: as this fort was state-of-the-art,
• 36:16
  SPEAKER_00: and it fell in under a day.
• 36:19
  SPEAKER_00: Now,
• 36:19
  SPEAKER_00: most of this was actually a failure by Chubb himself,
• 36:25
  SPEAKER_00: who later would be charged with treason and jailed.
• 36:28
  SPEAKER_00: But it also showed, again, the French tenacity
• 36:33
  SPEAKER_00: and the English fumbling of any progress in the region.
• 36:39
  SPEAKER_00: This time though,
• 36:40
  SPEAKER_00: the response from the English was quick,
• 36:42
  SPEAKER_00: and the New England colonies brought both land and sea power.
• 36:47
  SPEAKER_00: Lucky wins did prevent Iberville from being taken,
• 36:52
  but a recently sanctioned expedition led again by Benjamin
• 36:55
  Church was rerouted to
• 36:57
  SPEAKER_00: drive the French out of the fort.
• 37:00
  SPEAKER_00: But by the time he arrived, the French and Indian attackers were gone.
• 37:03
  SPEAKER_00: He continued on to take a partially completed French fort on the St.
• 37:08
  SPEAKER_00: John River,
• 37:09
  SPEAKER_00: which he took easily,
• 37:11
  SPEAKER_00: before being joined by the navy which had been sent to do the same.
• 37:15
  SPEAKER_00: This combined force of some 200 made their way upriver to Fort St.
• 37:20
  SPEAKER_00: Joseph,
• 37:21
  which they were unable to take as it had just been resupplied
• 37:25
  and even had supplies
• 37:26
  SPEAKER_00: which were destined for Fort St.
• 37:28
  SPEAKER_00: John.
• 37:29
  SPEAKER_00: So the French successfully fought off the attackers.
• 37:31
  Now the attack on Fort William Henry was only part one of
• 37:36
  Iberville's plan,
• 37:38
  SPEAKER_00: which was to remove the English from all of Newfoundland completely.
• 37:44
  The English put up very little fight when Iberville took the
• 37:48
  city of Placentia,
• 37:50
  SPEAKER_00: which was a vital fishing port,
• 37:52
  SPEAKER_00: one of the largest on Newfoundland for the English.
• 37:56
  SPEAKER_00: From here,
• 37:56
  Iberville continued up the coastal settlements before
• 38:00
  attempting to take the
• 38:01
  largest town on the Avalon Peninsula on the eastern side of
• 38:07
  Newfoundland called St.
• 38:08
  SPEAKER_00: John's.
• 38:09
  SPEAKER_00: This is not the same as the previous fort.
• 38:12
  SPEAKER_00: The English,
• 38:14
  SPEAKER_00: as always,
• 38:15
  SPEAKER_00: were ill-prepared for this attack,
• 38:18
  SPEAKER_00: and the town and its forts fell quickly.
• 38:21
  SPEAKER_00: This whole campaign by Iberville was an incredible success.
• 38:26
  SPEAKER_00: 36 settlements were taken,
• 38:28
  SPEAKER_00: over 100 English were killed,
• 38:30
  SPEAKER_00: and 791 were captured,
• 38:33
  SPEAKER_00: half of which were sent back all the way to England.
• 38:37
  SPEAKER_00: And this campaign showed the potency of what is called petty guerre,
• 38:42
  SPEAKER_00: or petty warfare,
• 38:43
  which is basically taking small targets rather than settling
• 38:48
  with major battles
• 38:49
  SPEAKER_00: involving hundreds of soldiers.
• 38:52
  Now these attacks on Newfoundland spurred King William III to
• 38:56
  build up a new naval
• 38:58
  presence in the colonies because these colonies to the north
• 39:02
  were vital fishing
• 39:03
  SPEAKER_00: ports.
• 39:04
  Just because they were lightly defended doesn't mean they were
• 39:07
  not important.
• 39:09
  And a fleet of 13 vessels and 760 soldiers arrived in Boston in
• 39:12
  April 1697.
• 39:17
  SPEAKER_00: And on June 7th, the French were driven out of St.
• 39:20
  SPEAKER_00: John's and supplies arrived to rebuild.
• 39:23
  It was at this point that the French began to realize the
• 39:26
  importance of a navy in
• 39:29
  protecting their own gains as well as potentially being used to
• 39:35
  attack Boston and
• 39:36
  SPEAKER_00: New York.
• 39:37
  SPEAKER_00: At this point,
• 39:38
  both the English and the French threatened each other to take
• 39:41
  the entire peninsula,
• 39:44
  SPEAKER_00: but nothing came of it.
• 39:45
  Now,
• 39:45
  Iberville left the eastern seaboard behind and went north to
• 39:50
  Hudson Bay.
• 39:52
  SPEAKER_00: I had said earlier that the French had taken Moose Forte,
• 39:55
  from the english earlier this was then taken back by the
• 40:00
  english and again
• 40:01
  iberville had actually been here previously in 1693 where he
• 40:06
  had taken fort nelson
• 40:07
  without firing a single shot it was manned with merchants and
• 40:12
  trappers not soldiers
• 40:15
  so it was a little bit easier it was then again taken by the
• 40:19
  english in august of
• 40:19
  SPEAKER_00: 1696
• 40:22
  SPEAKER_00: And Iberville arrived in July of 1697,
• 40:26
  SPEAKER_00: and despite being the middle of the summer,
• 40:28
  SPEAKER_00: the water was still adrift with ice.
• 40:31
  These treacherous waters were even destroying ships as they
• 40:34
  went,
• 40:35
  but Iberville sailed on.
• 40:37
  Unfortunately for him,
• 40:38
  an English fleet was just arriving with support just behind
• 40:43
  him.
• 40:44
  SPEAKER_00: Miraculously,
• 40:45
  SPEAKER_00: though,
• 40:46
  SPEAKER_00: and perhaps this is just showing his military skill,
• 40:50
  SPEAKER_00: he was able to use his single ship,
• 40:53
  SPEAKER_00: albeit as large as the largest English ship in this fleet,
• 40:57
  SPEAKER_00: to outmaneuver the fleet and even sink that large ship.
• 41:02
  SPEAKER_00: The winds then helped Iberville avoid the English for just long enough to
• 41:07
  SPEAKER_00: for French support to arrive and fight them off.
• 41:11
  The fleet then moved on to take Fort Nelson at Hudson Bay
• 41:15
  without firing a shot.
• 41:17
  The summer of 1697 was also filled again with raids in the New
• 41:22
  England frontier.
• 41:24
  SPEAKER_00: And about a dozen raids throughout the year were
• 41:27
  SPEAKER_00: Over 100 settlers had been killed, wounded, or captured.
• 41:31
  Some good news came in December of 1697 with the signing of a
• 41:37
  treaty ending the
• 41:38
  SPEAKER_00: long war for the Europeans.
• 41:41
  SPEAKER_00: This did not stop the raids,
• 41:42
  SPEAKER_00: though,
• 41:43
  as the Abenaki were not involved in any treaty between the
• 41:47
  English and the French.
• 41:49
  SPEAKER_00: And for them,
• 41:50
  SPEAKER_00: fighting officially ended in 1699,
• 41:53
  SPEAKER_00: when the Iwabanaki realized their success,
• 41:56
  SPEAKER_00: as strong as it was,
• 41:57
  SPEAKER_00: it was not going to stop the spread of the English into their lands.
• 42:01
  In the end of all of this fighting,
• 42:04
  all of these raids,
• 42:05
  the total number of raids was 59.
• 42:09
  leading to some 700 casualties or captures,
• 42:14
  and hundreds of homes being burned down.
• 42:17
  Now the outcome of this war was an incredible expansion of the
• 42:22
  military and navy in
• 42:24
  SPEAKER_00: both England and France.
• 42:26
  And this is the war that largely set England on its path to
• 42:30
  fully realize its global empire.
• 42:34
  SPEAKER_00: Now,
• 42:34
  SPEAKER_00: by this point,
• 42:35
  it was still not the empire that we think of when we think of
• 42:39
  the Victorian era,
• 42:42
  SPEAKER_00: the era of the sun never setting on the British Empire.
• 42:46
  SPEAKER_00: But it was starting on its way by this point.
• 42:50
  SPEAKER_00: However, massive debts were incurred to build this army.
• 42:55
  And by the end of the war,
• 42:56
  the army was about 48,000 Englishmen and 21,000 German
• 43:01
  mercenaries.
• 43:03
  SPEAKER_00: 61 warships were built, thus making the English Navy the best in Europe.
• 43:08
  SPEAKER_00: But this led to 17 million pounds of debt to be paid to private citizens,
• 43:15
  SPEAKER_00: which actually prompted Parliament to create
• 43:18
  SPEAKER_00: the Bank of England, to manage the finances.
• 43:21
  SPEAKER_00: And despite this rapid militarism in England,
• 43:25
  Parliament was able to increase its control of military and
• 43:28
  fiscal policy,
• 43:29
  SPEAKER_00: unlike the despotism that developed in France.
• 43:33
  SPEAKER_00: Now in the colonies, this new military was not seen or felt much at all.
• 43:39
  SPEAKER_00: Rather,
• 43:39
  SPEAKER_00: the colonies were largely left to fend for themselves,
• 43:42
  and most resources that were sent to them were sent to the West
• 43:46
  Indies rather than
• 43:47
  SPEAKER_00: the mainland colonies,
• 43:49
  SPEAKER_00: as that was where the money was.
• 43:51
  SPEAKER_00: The English vastly outnumbered the French by over 20 to 1,
• 43:55
  SPEAKER_00: but the French were not only able to survive,
• 43:58
  SPEAKER_00: but actually handed the English continuous,
• 44:01
  SPEAKER_00: continuous defeats.
• 44:03
  SPEAKER_00: As I've said,
• 44:04
  this failure was mostly due to the political infighting between
• 44:07
  the English
• 44:08
  SPEAKER_00: colonies.
• 44:09
  SPEAKER_00: Had they banded together just one time,
• 44:12
  SPEAKER_00: they likely could have taken New France completely easily.
• 44:15
  SPEAKER_00: However,
• 44:16
  this disunity allowed for the much more unified French colonies
• 44:19
  that were much more
• 44:20
  SPEAKER_00: unified with their home country to have major success.
• 44:24
  SPEAKER_00: Though,
• 44:25
  SPEAKER_00: by this point,
• 44:26
  it was very clear that it would be nearly impossible for the
• 44:30
  French to ever drive
• 44:32
  SPEAKER_00: the English out for good.
• 44:34
  There were a couple things that the English colonies could
• 44:37
  agree on,
• 44:37
  though.
• 44:38
  One was a growing distrust between the colonists and the
• 44:43
  imperial authorities when
• 44:44
  SPEAKER_00: it came to war,
• 44:46
  SPEAKER_00: and also that they couldn't trust the French's neighbors.
• 44:50
  SPEAKER_00: Now, despite this peace, the Iroquois continued to fight.
• 44:54
  SPEAKER_00: as they,
• 44:55
  SPEAKER_00: like the Wabanaki,
• 44:56
  SPEAKER_00: were not involved in the treaty,
• 44:59
  and they remained unwilling to accept any French or
• 45:02
  French-allied Indian to pass
• 45:04
  SPEAKER_00: through their lands to trade with the English.
• 45:07
  This prompted the French to continue their attacks,
• 45:10
  and eventually,
• 45:11
  a treaty was signed.
• 45:13
  With this peace with the Iroquois,
• 45:15
  the French were able to expand very quickly into the West.
• 45:20
  And after the war was over,
• 45:21
  a decision was made regarding the western reaches of the
• 45:24
  colony.
• 45:25
  SPEAKER_00: And they expanded down the Mississippi River,
• 45:28
  SPEAKER_00: and by 1700,
• 45:28
  SPEAKER_00: this frontier,
• 45:31
  SPEAKER_00: this French frontier,
• 45:33
  SPEAKER_00: expanded all the way down to the Gulf of Mexico,
• 45:37
  SPEAKER_00: creating a barrier for the English.
• 45:41
  SPEAKER_00: They were now stuck behind the Appalachian Mountains,
• 45:45
  SPEAKER_00: though the natural barrier proved difficult in itself.
• 45:50
  SPEAKER_00: After the war,
• 45:51
  SPEAKER_00: there was a proposal for New York and New England to merge again,
• 45:55
  SPEAKER_00: as they did under the Dominion.
• 45:58
  SPEAKER_00: This was shut down,
• 45:59
  SPEAKER_00: though a unification of Massachusetts,
• 46:01
  SPEAKER_00: New York,
• 46:02
  SPEAKER_00: and New Hampshire under a single governor,
• 46:05
  SPEAKER_00: Richard Coote,
• 46:06
  SPEAKER_00: Earl of Belmont,
• 46:08
  SPEAKER_00: did occur.
• 46:09
  SPEAKER_00: Belmont came in with two jobs,
• 46:11
  SPEAKER_00: and the corruption of the Fletcher administration,
• 46:15
  SPEAKER_00: especially with pirates,
• 46:17
  SPEAKER_00: and rebuild colonial defenses.
• 46:20
  SPEAKER_00: Fletcher had been greatly involved with the pirates.
• 46:23
  SPEAKER_00: And Belmont...
• 46:24
  SPEAKER_00: was prepared to put an end to it as quickly as possible.
• 46:27
  SPEAKER_00: The defense garrisons,
• 46:28
  SPEAKER_00: as he soon found out,
• 46:30
  SPEAKER_00: were in a sorry state as well,
• 46:32
  SPEAKER_00: only half as many men as necessary,
• 46:34
  SPEAKER_00: and even then with poor supplies.
• 46:36
  He quickly hired experienced commanders and engineers to
• 46:39
  rebuild these,
• 46:40
  starting in Albany.
• 46:42
  This would not be easy,
• 46:43
  and craftsmen were few,
• 46:45
  but construction was underway regardless.
• 46:48
  SPEAKER_00: The peace between the French and the Iroquois
• 46:51
  SPEAKER_00: when the English found out, was also troubling for this new governor.
• 46:55
  As the English had relied very heavily on the Iroquois fighting
• 46:59
  the French
• 47:00
  SPEAKER_00: throughout the previous war,
• 47:02
  SPEAKER_00: and a faltering alliance would spell disaster in a future one.
• 47:08
  Belmont found that even more troubling than the frontier
• 47:10
  defenses were those of the
• 47:12
  SPEAKER_00: cities themselves.
• 47:14
  Boston and New York were both in disrepair,
• 47:18
  and any concerted attack would be devastating.
• 47:22
  All of these issues continued to compound on each other over
• 47:26
  the period of the last
• 47:27
  SPEAKER_00: war,
• 47:28
  SPEAKER_00: but it seemed as if no one in the government,
• 47:30
  SPEAKER_00: in the assembly or the previous governor himself,
• 47:33
  SPEAKER_00: had any intention to fix it.
• 47:36
  SPEAKER_00: On top of this,
• 47:37
  the merchants who had grown fat through trade with pirates were
• 47:41
  resistant to any
• 47:42
  SPEAKER_00: crackdown.
• 47:43
  SPEAKER_00: Though, as we mentioned in the previous episode,
• 47:48
  Divine providence seemed to help the governor when William Kidd
• 47:52
  came waltzing in
• 47:53
  SPEAKER_00: basically through the front door,
• 47:56
  SPEAKER_00: asking for clemency.
• 47:58
  Belmont was in no position to help this pirate,
• 48:01
  inept as he may have been.
• 48:03
  All of this early success would be very short-lived,
• 48:06
  as in the spring of 1701,
• 48:09
  SPEAKER_00: Belmont died,
• 48:11
  leaving a vacuum for both the anti-Lyslarian and the
• 48:14
  Fletcherite factions of the
• 48:15
  SPEAKER_00: assembly to fill it,
• 48:17
  SPEAKER_00: especially since the lieutenant governor,
• 48:20
  SPEAKER_00: John Nanfin,
• 48:21
  SPEAKER_00: was in Barbados.
• 48:23
  SPEAKER_00: Now,
• 48:23
  SPEAKER_00: Nanfin arrived back in New York pretty quickly,
• 48:25
  SPEAKER_00: and he dissolved the assembly to stop the infighting,
• 48:29
  SPEAKER_00: called for a new election,
• 48:30
  SPEAKER_00: and met with the Iroquois to attempt to reinforce the covenant chain,
• 48:36
  that alliance between the Iroquois and the English ensuring
• 48:40
  that the Iroquois
• 48:42
  SPEAKER_00: prevented any French encroachment southward.
• 48:45
  The Massachusetts Assembly approved of new fortifications
• 48:49
  called Castle William in
• 48:50
  SPEAKER_00: Boston Harbor and reinforced the peace that was made with the Wabanaki.
• 48:56
  After news of Belmont's death reached London,
• 48:59
  the Northern Colonial Alliance was disbanded.
• 49:03
  Joseph Dudley was appointed governor of Massachusetts and
• 49:07
  Edward Hyde was appointed
• 49:08
  SPEAKER_00: governor of New York and New Jersey,
• 49:10
  SPEAKER_00: replacing Nanfin.
• 49:12
  SPEAKER_00: Now Hyde,
• 49:13
  SPEAKER_00: like Belmont and Nanfin before him,
• 49:16
  found New York to be in a very sorry state and also worried of
• 49:19
  a failing alliance
• 49:20
  SPEAKER_00: with the Iroquois.
• 49:22
  SPEAKER_00: However,
• 49:23
  SPEAKER_00: both Dudley and Hyde had very little time before,
• 49:26
  SPEAKER_00: in 1702,
• 49:27
  SPEAKER_00: war broke out again in Europe.
• 49:32
  SPEAKER_00: And just like the last time,
• 49:35
  this war broke out because of a battle over the throne of one
• 49:41
  of the big European
• 49:42
  SPEAKER_00: empires.
• 49:44
  This time it was over the throne of Spain,
• 49:47
  which was left empty of King Charles II.
• 49:51
  SPEAKER_00: Louis XIV tried to claim the throne for his grandson,
• 49:54
  SPEAKER_00: Philip,
• 49:55
  SPEAKER_00: in order to unite Spain and France under one house.
• 49:58
  SPEAKER_00: When Queen Anne took the throne in 1702,
• 50:02
  SPEAKER_00: after the death of King William III,
• 50:05
  SPEAKER_00: she revived the alliance with the Dutch and Austria against Louis XIV,
• 50:09
  SPEAKER_00: and war broke out.
• 50:12
  SPEAKER_00: As news arrived in the colonies,
• 50:15
  SPEAKER_00: the war seemed to portend trouble for the English from the beginning,
• 50:19
  because the Iroquois were not really backing down from their
• 50:23
  alliance with France.
• 50:26
  SPEAKER_00: However,
• 50:27
  SPEAKER_00: at first,
• 50:28
  the French were not able to convince the Wabanaki to turn their
• 50:31
  back on neutrality.
• 50:33
  SPEAKER_00: Plans for attacks were quick to surface, but never really materialized.
• 50:38
  SPEAKER_00: However,
• 50:39
  SPEAKER_00: in the new year,
• 50:39
  SPEAKER_00: in 1703,
• 50:40
  SPEAKER_00: the new governor of Montreal,
• 50:43
  SPEAKER_00: Pierre de Rigaud,
• 50:45
  SPEAKER_00: Marquis de Vaudroux,
• 50:47
  SPEAKER_00: I'll be only saying Vaudroux from here on out,
• 50:50
  was able to use the expansion of English settlements into their
• 50:53
  traditional hunting
• 50:54
  SPEAKER_00: grounds as pretense for them to break their truce.
• 50:58
  The Wabanaki accepted this justification and launched raids
• 51:02
  against the English.
• 51:04
  SPEAKER_00: They started with Wells, Maine.
• 51:07
  Michael G.
• 51:07
  Laramie,
• 51:08
  in his other book,
• 51:10
  Queen Anne's War,
• 51:12
  lays out this first raid.
• 51:14
  SPEAKER_00: Quote,
• 51:20
  SPEAKER_00: to tend to their fields.
• 51:22
  SPEAKER_00: One of these men was Thomas Wells.
• 51:25
  He,
• 51:26
  however,
• 51:26
  was not headed for the fields but for a nurse as his wife was
• 51:29
  in childbirth.
• 51:30
  SPEAKER_00: He would not see her or his family again.
• 51:32
  SPEAKER_00: A war whoop rang out,
• 51:35
  followed by another and a few shots as a French and Indian war
• 51:38
  party descended upon
• 51:39
  SPEAKER_00: Wells' home and his neighbors Joseph Sayre.
• 51:43
  SPEAKER_00: It was quick work as the attackers killed everyone in both homes,
• 51:47
  SPEAKER_00: including several toddlers,
• 51:48
  who would be too small to survive the grueling wilderness march
• 51:52
  to the Wabanaki
• 51:52
  SPEAKER_00: villages.
• 51:54
  SPEAKER_00: Both homes were set to the torch,
• 51:56
  SPEAKER_00: and the war party slid back into the shadows,
• 51:58
  SPEAKER_00: searching out its next victims.
• 52:00
  This scene was being repeated across the town as more columns
• 52:03
  of smoke appeared and
• 52:05
  SPEAKER_00: sporadic shots rang out.
• 52:08
  SPEAKER_00: This raid left 11 dead and 24 taken prisoner.
• 52:13
  This ban continued on throughout Maine and consisted of both
• 52:17
  direct attacks,
• 52:18
  SPEAKER_00: sneak attacks,
• 52:19
  SPEAKER_00: and full-blown sieges.
• 52:21
  SPEAKER_00: The last of these occurred at Fort Casco,
• 52:23
  SPEAKER_00: which was besieged by a collective French and Wabanaki force.
• 52:28
  SPEAKER_00: though it was eventually saved by a Massachusetts warship off the coast.
• 52:34
  In the end,
• 52:34
  about 175 English settlers were taken or killed,
• 52:38
  and dozens of houses were burned.
• 52:41
  SPEAKER_00: This war seemed to be starting very much like the previous,
• 52:44
  SPEAKER_00: with both dysfunction throughout the colonies and frontier raids.
• 52:50
  SPEAKER_00: Dudley,
• 52:50
  SPEAKER_00: the Massachusetts governor,
• 52:52
  SPEAKER_00: was able,
• 52:52
  SPEAKER_00: though,
• 52:53
  to send several ships to intercept French aid to the Wabanaki
• 52:57
  and ordered a
• 52:58
  SPEAKER_00: frontier expedition of 360 men,
• 53:01
  SPEAKER_00: though due to the migration over the past five years,
• 53:04
  SPEAKER_00: they encountered no villages where they were expected.
• 53:08
  SPEAKER_00: These raids,
• 53:09
  SPEAKER_00: though,
• 53:10
  SPEAKER_00: continued into 1704,
• 53:12
  and there was little to be done besides each village becoming
• 53:16
  more vigilant.
• 53:18
  SPEAKER_00: And in some cases, this did happen.
• 53:21
  SPEAKER_00: In the case of Deerfield,
• 53:22
  SPEAKER_00: Massachusetts,
• 53:24
  SPEAKER_00: after taking the meeting house,
• 53:25
  SPEAKER_00: the French were held at bay by constant musket fire from a nearby house.
• 53:30
  SPEAKER_00: The French were eventually driven out by the English militia.
• 53:34
  And conditions varied from raid to raid how the prisoners were
• 53:37
  treated afterwards.
• 53:40
  Laramie lays out some of the stories of the various English
• 53:44
  prisoners as they were
• 53:46
  SPEAKER_00: being taken back to Wabanaki villages.
• 53:49
  SPEAKER_00: Quote,
• 53:57
  SPEAKER_00: Some,
• 53:58
  like the slaying of his black slave and Parthena's husband
• 54:00
  Frank in a drunken rage
• 54:02
  SPEAKER_00: on the first evening,
• 54:04
  SPEAKER_00: or the callous use of the tomahawk for slight infractions,
• 54:07
  SPEAKER_00: such as being a bit too slow,
• 54:09
  SPEAKER_00: were simply acts of brutality.
• 54:11
  SPEAKER_00: But as the starving reverend,
• 54:13
  SPEAKER_00: this is Williams,
• 54:14
  SPEAKER_00: shuffled forward against the northern winds,
• 54:17
  SPEAKER_00: he saw acts that completely defied this mindset.
• 54:20
  SPEAKER_00: Some of the smaller children were wearing out from the long march.
• 54:24
  SPEAKER_00: Their captives,
• 54:24
  SPEAKER_00: however,
• 54:25
  SPEAKER_00: did not resort to the tomahawk,
• 54:26
  SPEAKER_00: but instead carried them on their backs until they had recovered.
• 54:30
  While Williams and others would simply see this as protecting
• 54:33
  an investment,
• 54:34
  it was more frequent than might be imagined and supplemented by
• 54:38
  other acts that
• 54:39
  SPEAKER_00: could be characterized in the same vein.
• 54:41
  SPEAKER_00: For instance,
• 54:42
  Mary Catlin's daughter Ruth was treated as a great lady and
• 54:46
  with enormous respect
• 54:47
  SPEAKER_00: during the march back to Canada.
• 54:49
  SPEAKER_00: while others were nearly or literally starved to death.
• 54:52
  SPEAKER_00: End quote.
• 54:54
  As the raids continued,
• 54:55
  Dudley realized very quickly that he needed to do something.
• 54:59
  SPEAKER_00: If he couldn't prevent them, then he had to avenge them.
• 55:02
  His solution was to go to the old,
• 55:05
  trusty veteran commander,
• 55:07
  Benjamin Church.
• 55:09
  SPEAKER_00: Church organized a raid, and they were on their way to Maine.
• 55:13
  SPEAKER_00: To throw the French off the scent,
• 55:15
  SPEAKER_00: Church left the Navy in New Hampshire,
• 55:17
  SPEAKER_00: which also doubly acted as a deterrent.
• 55:22
  SPEAKER_00: He slowly made his way up the coast,
• 55:24
  SPEAKER_00: raiding any Frenchmen that he could find and gathered intel from them.
• 55:28
  SPEAKER_00: After several of them,
• 55:29
  SPEAKER_00: Port Royal became the focus,
• 55:31
  SPEAKER_00: and the ships in New Hampshire were sent for his support.
• 55:35
  SPEAKER_00: In the middle of June 1704,
• 55:38
  SPEAKER_00: Church led an amphibious assault and successfully drove the French away,
• 55:42
  SPEAKER_00: but he was given orders not to attack the fort directly,
• 55:45
  SPEAKER_00: and instead sacked the surrounding villages.
• 55:49
  SPEAKER_00: In the end,
• 55:49
  SPEAKER_00: though,
• 55:51
  SPEAKER_00: this expedition did little to stop the raids,
• 55:53
  SPEAKER_00: but as the raids became more frequent,
• 55:56
  SPEAKER_00: more and more of the New England frontier became prepared for it.
• 56:00
  and there were many more French casualties that came as a
• 56:04
  result of these failed raids.
• 56:06
  SPEAKER_00: This didn't stop all of the raids,
• 56:07
  SPEAKER_00: but it did enough,
• 56:08
  along with the shrinking supplies for the French and the
• 56:12
  strained relations that
• 56:14
  SPEAKER_00: the French had with the Wabanaki,
• 56:17
  SPEAKER_00: for Dudley and Vaudreuil to accept a short peace.
• 56:22
  SPEAKER_00: But this was on the condition that New York would take part as well.
• 56:27
  SPEAKER_00: However, Governor Hyde refused to accept.
• 56:32
  So after a year of negotiations and attempts to stop the raids
• 56:38
  in the frontier,
• 56:39
  SPEAKER_00: this peace fell apart,
• 56:41
  SPEAKER_00: and the French fell once again on the English in April 1706.
• 56:44
  SPEAKER_00: The settlers,
• 56:47
  SPEAKER_00: hoping for peace,
• 56:48
  SPEAKER_00: had become lax in their defenses,
• 56:50
  so the subsequent attacks in July led to an overwhelming
• 56:55
  campaign of terror
• 56:57
  SPEAKER_00: throughout the New England frontier.
• 57:00
  SPEAKER_00: But New England wasn't the only place where this war was being fought.
• 57:06
  Heading north,
• 57:07
  we reach again Newfoundland and specifically the Avalon
• 57:11
  Peninsula.
• 57:12
  Both the French and the English were able to rebuild some of
• 57:15
  their defenses between
• 57:17
  SPEAKER_00: the two wars,
• 57:18
  but it was so slow and the wars were so close together that
• 57:22
  they didn't make much
• 57:23
  SPEAKER_00: progress.
• 57:24
  SPEAKER_00: For the French, the very important fishing town of Placentia
• 57:28
  SPEAKER_00: was a focal point during this time,
• 57:30
  and soon became one of the most well-defended towns in North
• 57:34
  America with a
• 57:35
  SPEAKER_00: garrison of over 150 people.
• 57:37
  This acted as a base for many raids that would occur throughout
• 57:41
  the peninsula,
• 57:42
  SPEAKER_00: and due to this,
• 57:44
  Placentia became a major target for the English to try to take
• 57:48
  away the French
• 57:49
  SPEAKER_00: fishing operations,
• 57:51
  SPEAKER_00: which was a major moneymaker for them.
• 57:54
  To prepare for an attack on the town,
• 57:56
  the English started to press men from St.
• 57:58
  SPEAKER_00: John's into ships.
• 58:01
  SPEAKER_00: These sailors were poorly trained and barely fit for battle.
• 58:06
  SPEAKER_00: though the men in Placentia weren't much better.
• 58:08
  SPEAKER_00: In August 1703, the English prepared for an assault.
• 58:11
  SPEAKER_00: They assembled an army of about 1,200 people,
• 58:14
  SPEAKER_00: though this was half of what they had hoped for,
• 58:17
  SPEAKER_00: and sailed to Placentia.
• 58:19
  SPEAKER_00: This assault was a pure failure from the very beginning.
• 58:22
  The soldiers were poorly supplied,
• 58:25
  poorly trained,
• 58:27
  and the weather was terrible.
• 58:30
  So even though they were able to land next to Placentia,
• 58:36
  the siege was impossible.
• 58:38
  SPEAKER_00: So they called off the attack until the next year.
• 58:43
  SPEAKER_00: Throughout the winter of 1703, the conditions at both St.
• 58:46
  SPEAKER_00: John's where the English were stationed in Placentia continued to worsen.
• 58:52
  Though for the English,
• 58:53
  this was far worse and many desertions occurred and
• 58:57
  SPEAKER_00: and there was almost a mutiny tearing down the entire town.
• 59:01
  SPEAKER_00: As always,
• 59:01
  the French were able to take advantage of this and prepared an
• 59:04
  assault to emulate
• 59:06
  SPEAKER_00: what Iberville did in the previous war.
• 59:09
  SPEAKER_00: When the winter took hold and the peninsula froze over in January 1704,
• 59:15
  SPEAKER_00: an army of 450 marched on the English settlements.
• 59:19
  SPEAKER_00: Due to the daring it took to march during a blizzard,
• 59:23
  the French took the nearby town of Bay Bulls by surprise and
• 59:27
  captured it without a
• 59:27
  SPEAKER_00: shot fired.
• 59:29
  SPEAKER_00: They would do the same at Petty Harbor.
• 59:32
  SPEAKER_00: They continued on to St.
• 59:33
  SPEAKER_00: John's and captured the town before sunrise.
• 59:36
  SPEAKER_00: However, they faltered in their attempt to
• 59:38
  for a quick assault on the fort,
• 59:41
  though they left with some 300 prisoners.
• 59:44
  SPEAKER_00: At this point, they started a siege.
• 59:47
  The French had hoped for reinforcements because the army that
• 59:51
  had arrived was not
• 59:52
  SPEAKER_00: big enough to take the fort,
• 59:54
  SPEAKER_00: but they never came.
• 59:55
  and the army had more raids to conduct,
• 59:58
  so the French abandoned the siege on March 5th.
• 1:00:02
  SPEAKER_00: As the French returned to Placentia,
• 1:00:04
  SPEAKER_00: they razed every single village that they came across,
• 1:00:07
  SPEAKER_00: including Bay Bulls.
• 1:00:09
  SPEAKER_00: Then, despite not taking Fort William at St.
• 1:00:12
  SPEAKER_00: John's,
• 1:00:13
  SPEAKER_00: this expedition was as successful as Iberville's 1696 campaign,
• 1:00:20
  SPEAKER_00: leaving dozens of English killed and hundreds captured her without homes.
• 1:00:26
  It proved yet again that the English would continue to fail
• 1:00:30
  until they unified.
• 1:00:32
  SPEAKER_00: While the French were successful here,
• 1:00:34
  SPEAKER_00: they were struggling to keep their peace with the Iroquois in the West.
• 1:00:38
  SPEAKER_00: Both the Iroquois and the French wanted this peace,
• 1:00:41
  SPEAKER_00: but the old rivals of the Iroquois were raring for an attack.
• 1:00:46
  During the summer of 1704,
• 1:00:49
  both the Miamis and the Ottawas took shots at the Five Nations.
• 1:00:54
  SPEAKER_00: Despite these brazen attempts to break the peace,
• 1:00:56
  SPEAKER_00: the French and the Iroquois kept their treaty intact,
• 1:00:59
  SPEAKER_00: as neither really wanted war.
• 1:01:01
  SPEAKER_00: For the French,
• 1:01:02
  this would open up more fronts that they didn't really want to
• 1:01:05
  fight right now,
• 1:01:07
  SPEAKER_00: and for the Iroquois,
• 1:01:08
  SPEAKER_00: they'd likely be doing all of the fighting for the English again.
• 1:01:13
  SPEAKER_00: The Iroquois were able to get all of their captured men back,
• 1:01:17
  SPEAKER_00: as well as an apology from the Ottawa to help solidify the peace.
• 1:01:22
  A further attack at Fort Detroit by the Ottawa on the Miami
• 1:01:27
  nearly brought this
• 1:01:28
  SPEAKER_00: whole artifice down.
• 1:01:30
  SPEAKER_00: Fort Detroit was a trading post for the western reaches of New France.
• 1:01:35
  SPEAKER_00: This trading post brought Miami,
• 1:01:37
  SPEAKER_00: Ottawa,
• 1:01:38
  SPEAKER_00: and Huron interests,
• 1:01:40
  SPEAKER_00: and in doing so,
• 1:01:42
  SPEAKER_00: many of them built villages surrounding it.
• 1:01:45
  SPEAKER_00: So when several Ottawa were allegedly killed by many Miami,
• 1:01:50
  SPEAKER_00: and the French balked at any attempt to calm the situation down,
• 1:01:54
  SPEAKER_00: the Ottawa prepared for a war and attacked back.
• 1:01:58
  In the chaos,
• 1:02:00
  the villages surrounding the fort were completely destroyed.
• 1:02:03
  SPEAKER_00: However,
• 1:02:04
  SPEAKER_00: Vaudreuil was able to let cooler heads prevail,
• 1:02:07
  SPEAKER_00: and only the leader of the Ottawa attack was arrested.
• 1:02:11
  SPEAKER_00: For the French, this was vital.
• 1:02:13
  If they wanted the fur trade to be successful,
• 1:02:17
  they needed this fort,
• 1:02:18
  and they needed peace.
• 1:02:20
  SPEAKER_00: And it wasn't just here that they were trying to do this.
• 1:02:23
  Down in the southern reaches of the French Empire in Louisiana,
• 1:02:28
  things were heating up as well.
• 1:02:30
  SPEAKER_00: Unlike the previous war,
• 1:02:31
  SPEAKER_00: this war spread to the southern colonies of South Carolina,
• 1:02:35
  SPEAKER_00: Louisiana,
• 1:02:37
  SPEAKER_00: and Florida.
• 1:02:38
  Though the previous war did prompt the southern colonies to
• 1:02:41
  reinforce their
• 1:02:44
  SPEAKER_00: defenses,
• 1:02:45
  they were far more worried with trade or the missions or just
• 1:02:49
  merely surviving the
• 1:02:51
  SPEAKER_00: so they didn't really have a strong military foundation.
• 1:02:56
  The English often used the Choctaw and the Chickasaw against
• 1:03:01
  each other and
• 1:03:03
  encouraged them to raid each other and bolster the slave trade
• 1:03:06
  in South Carolina,
• 1:03:08
  which led to thousands of dead or enslaved natives with little
• 1:03:13
  to show for it for
• 1:03:13
  SPEAKER_00: either of them.
• 1:03:15
  SPEAKER_00: The French were able to use this mutual hatred for the English
• 1:03:20
  SPEAKER_00: for their own benefit,
• 1:03:22
  and built up a sort of peace with both of them as they did in
• 1:03:26
  the north in order to
• 1:03:28
  SPEAKER_00: ensure that the Mississippi River was safe from violence.
• 1:03:32
  Furthermore,
• 1:03:33
  they banned the Indian slave trade completely to keep them in
• 1:03:37
  good graces.
• 1:03:39
  SPEAKER_00: The English weren't the only ones that did this.
• 1:03:42
  SPEAKER_00: The Spanish used their allied Apalachee to attack the Timicua,
• 1:03:47
  early on in the war,
• 1:03:49
  and used them to help spread their missions throughout the
• 1:03:53
  peninsula.
• 1:03:54
  SPEAKER_00: The colony most prepared for the war was likely South Carolina.
• 1:03:58
  SPEAKER_00: The governor,
• 1:03:59
  SPEAKER_00: James Moore,
• 1:04:00
  SPEAKER_00: understood the threats that surrounded the colony,
• 1:04:02
  SPEAKER_00: including those created by the English,
• 1:04:05
  and repaired and built up defenses in Charlestown after the end
• 1:04:09
  of King William's
• 1:04:10
  SPEAKER_00: War.
• 1:04:11
  SPEAKER_00: But he also was prepared to go on the offensive,
• 1:04:14
  which he did in October of 1702 when he took some 400 men and
• 1:04:18
  13 ships south to
• 1:04:20
  SPEAKER_00: attack St.
• 1:04:21
  SPEAKER_00: Augustine.
• 1:04:22
  SPEAKER_00: This expedition was an embarrassing failure.
• 1:04:26
  SPEAKER_00: The fort caught wind of the attack before it even began,
• 1:04:29
  so they transferred all the goods and men they could out before
• 1:04:32
  the English even
• 1:04:32
  SPEAKER_00: arrived.
• 1:04:33
  SPEAKER_00: Furthermore, the fort was far larger than they expected.
• 1:04:38
  SPEAKER_00: Moore attempted a siege regardless,
• 1:04:40
  SPEAKER_00: though he had no cannons,
• 1:04:41
  SPEAKER_00: and since the Spanish supply lines were not cut off,
• 1:04:44
  SPEAKER_00: there was no risk of starving them out.
• 1:04:46
  SPEAKER_00: The arrival of Spanish support,
• 1:04:48
  SPEAKER_00: namely two large frigates,
• 1:04:50
  SPEAKER_00: nearly two months into the siege,
• 1:04:52
  SPEAKER_00: blocked the English into the harbor,
• 1:04:54
  SPEAKER_00: and forced Moore to land and retreat on foot.
• 1:04:58
  SPEAKER_00: Despite this failure,
• 1:05:00
  the attempt and the capture of some small villages and missions
• 1:05:03
  on the way down was
• 1:05:04
  SPEAKER_00: supported by many of the surrounding native tribes.
• 1:05:07
  SPEAKER_00: who looked to the English for protection.
• 1:05:10
  The Alabama and the Creek were the first to make peace in the
• 1:05:14
  beginning of 1703.
• 1:05:15
  These treaties brought the English into conflict with the
• 1:05:18
  Spanish-allied Apalachee.
• 1:05:21
  The devastation that was brought upon this tribe led to
• 1:05:24
  thousands fleeing north or
• 1:05:27
  SPEAKER_00: ending up as slaves.
• 1:05:28
  The fragile balance that the French had built between the
• 1:05:31
  Chickasaw and Choctaw
• 1:05:33
  SPEAKER_00: also ended due to English meddling via this slave trade,
• 1:05:37
  SPEAKER_00: and Louisiana was attacked in early 1705.
• 1:05:41
  SPEAKER_00: In order to deal with this new threat to the South,
• 1:05:44
  Iberville decided that it was now time to take the war to South
• 1:05:48
  Carolina and
• 1:05:50
  SPEAKER_00: Barbados himself.
• 1:05:51
  SPEAKER_00: His plan was to disrupt shipping lanes in the Leeward Islands,
• 1:05:54
  then attack Charlestown and use this plunder to fund further
• 1:05:58
  expeditions in
• 1:05:59
  SPEAKER_00: Virginia and Maryland.
• 1:06:01
  SPEAKER_00: Now, the first step to this plan was very quick.
• 1:06:04
  The French took Charlestown in Nevis,
• 1:06:06
  not in South Carolina,
• 1:06:07
  without much of a fight.
• 1:06:08
  SPEAKER_00: However,
• 1:06:09
  this success was quickly undermined by the death of Iberville
• 1:06:12
  before his newly
• 1:06:13
  SPEAKER_00: captured fleet could reach the mainland.
• 1:06:16
  SPEAKER_00: This fleet,
• 1:06:17
  SPEAKER_00: now decimated from desertion and disease after the loss of Iberville,
• 1:06:21
  SPEAKER_00: continued on to the disease-weakened Charlestown,
• 1:06:25
  SPEAKER_00: South Carolina.
• 1:06:26
  SPEAKER_00: Instead of attacking directly,
• 1:06:28
  the Navy sat in the harbor and requested the surrender of the
• 1:06:31
  new governor,
• 1:06:31
  SPEAKER_00: Nathaniel Johnson,
• 1:06:33
  SPEAKER_00: which he denied.
• 1:06:35
  SPEAKER_00: Laramie lays out the elaborate surrender process.
• 1:06:39
  And this surrender process that we see here is a little bit
• 1:06:42
  exaggerated compared to
• 1:06:43
  SPEAKER_00: many of the others,
• 1:06:44
  but this process is very similar to all of the other ones that
• 1:06:48
  we saw in the
• 1:06:49
  SPEAKER_00: previous surrender request throughout these two wars.
• 1:06:53
  SPEAKER_00: Quote,
• 1:06:54
  SPEAKER_00: the messenger was blindfolded and taken to Johnson,
• 1:06:56
  SPEAKER_00: where in the name of the king of France,
• 1:06:58
  SPEAKER_00: he demanded the immediate surrender of the town and all the forces in it.
• 1:07:02
  SPEAKER_00: In lieu of this,
• 1:07:03
  SPEAKER_00: he continued,
• 1:07:04
  the governor could pay a ransom of 50,000 pesos and the
• 1:07:07
  invaders would spare the
• 1:07:08
  SPEAKER_00: town.
• 1:07:09
  SPEAKER_00: The envoy then looked to his watch and read off the time.
• 1:07:12
  SPEAKER_00: The governor had one hour to decide.
• 1:07:14
  Johnson laughed at the idea and told the Frenchman that
• 1:07:16
  Charlestown was worth 40 million pesos.
• 1:07:19
  He then informed the ambassador that he did not need a minute
• 1:07:22
  to give his reply and
• 1:07:24
  SPEAKER_00: promptly refused."
• 1:07:27
  The French and the Spanish attacked Charlestown,
• 1:07:29
  though not directly head-on.
• 1:07:30
  SPEAKER_00: The English defenses around the town proved too much for the attackers,
• 1:07:33
  SPEAKER_00: though,
• 1:07:34
  SPEAKER_00: and they retreated,
• 1:07:35
  SPEAKER_00: facing heavy losses as they did.
• 1:07:37
  The defense of Charlestown,
• 1:07:38
  the only one needed in this war,
• 1:07:41
  was successful.
• 1:07:42
  SPEAKER_00: Back in Florida,
• 1:07:44
  all of the shifting native alliances throughout the colony led
• 1:07:47
  to the Spanish
• 1:07:48
  SPEAKER_00: missions and villages being raided continuously,
• 1:07:52
  SPEAKER_00: and the Spanish were pushed back almost entirely to the forts of St.
• 1:07:56
  SPEAKER_00: Augustine and Pensacola.
• 1:07:59
  SPEAKER_00: After the Creek and the Yamasee sided with the English,
• 1:08:03
  SPEAKER_00: the balance of power was entirely in the English's favor.
• 1:08:06
  SPEAKER_00: However,
• 1:08:07
  this did not result in any further attacks to drive either the
• 1:08:10
  Spanish or the
• 1:08:11
  SPEAKER_00: French out.
• 1:08:12
  SPEAKER_00: For the French,
• 1:08:13
  this was largely due to the leadership of Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne
• 1:08:17
  de Bienville and
• 1:08:18
  SPEAKER_00: its countervailing Indian alliances.
• 1:08:21
  Despite the English meddling resulting in another Chickasaw and
• 1:08:24
  Choctaw War,
• 1:08:26
  SPEAKER_00: Bienville was able to keep this tiny colony of about 300 people alive.
• 1:08:31
  SPEAKER_00: By 1710,
• 1:08:33
  SPEAKER_00: the entire southern region was basically in a stasis.
• 1:08:36
  There were continuous native wars and native raids between
• 1:08:43
  different tribes,
• 1:08:43
  SPEAKER_00: as well as kind of meddling among all of the Europeans,
• 1:08:47
  SPEAKER_00: minus the Spanish at this point.
• 1:08:49
  But now we can move back to the north where the major empires
• 1:08:53
  were once again in
• 1:08:55
  SPEAKER_00: each other's crosshairs.
• 1:08:56
  SPEAKER_00: The ever-present threat of a sustained naval attack on New England,
• 1:09:01
  SPEAKER_00: namely Boston,
• 1:09:02
  SPEAKER_00: made rebuilding Fort William and Mary a high priority.
• 1:09:06
  This concern was shared between both New York and Boston and
• 1:09:10
  proved only more
• 1:09:11
  SPEAKER_00: critical with the news of Iberville's plan to take the eastern seaboard.
• 1:09:16
  John Redknapp was tasked with carrying this out and
• 1:09:19
  successfully rebuilt the
• 1:09:20
  SPEAKER_00: damaged Fort William and Mary,
• 1:09:22
  SPEAKER_00: as well as Castle William in Boston,
• 1:09:24
  SPEAKER_00: before auditing the defenses in New York.
• 1:09:26
  SPEAKER_00: With the defenses rebuilt,
• 1:09:28
  plans were made to take out the French menace at Port Royal
• 1:09:32
  once and for all.
• 1:09:33
  Some 1,000 men were recruited,
• 1:09:35
  cannons and mortars were acquired,
• 1:09:37
  and ships were outfitted.
• 1:09:38
  SPEAKER_00: On May 26,
• 1:09:42
  SPEAKER_00: 1707,
• 1:09:49
  320 soldiers landed on the north shore near the fort,
• 1:09:46
  SPEAKER_00: and the remaining 750 landed on the south shore.
• 1:09:50
  These troops were able to fight their way to within cannon
• 1:09:52
  distance of the fort,
• 1:09:54
  SPEAKER_00: but trouble slowly derailed the expedition.
• 1:09:57
  The location initially chosen for the cannons was where the
• 1:10:00
  defenses were the strongest.
• 1:10:02
  SPEAKER_00: Rather than adjust the location and just fire them from another place,
• 1:10:05
  SPEAKER_00: the English retreated after just three days,
• 1:10:08
  SPEAKER_00: and even abandoned the siege altogether.
• 1:10:11
  SPEAKER_00: A second attack was attempted,
• 1:10:13
  SPEAKER_00: this time to attack the supply lines and raid the interior of Acadia.
• 1:10:18
  SPEAKER_00: However,
• 1:10:19
  desertions among the English and fort reinforcements among the
• 1:10:22
  French made this a
• 1:10:24
  SPEAKER_00: fruitless endeavor.
• 1:10:25
  SPEAKER_00: This failure proved yet again that the English,
• 1:10:28
  SPEAKER_00: for some reason,
• 1:10:29
  SPEAKER_00: could not figure out how to attack the French.
• 1:10:32
  Few French soldiers died,
• 1:10:34
  and very little damage was done to the surrounding towns.
• 1:10:38
  On the flip side,
• 1:10:39
  the French retained their advantage in warfare,
• 1:10:42
  and on January 1st,
• 1:10:44
  1709,
• 1:10:44
  St.
• 1:10:45
  SPEAKER_00: John's,
• 1:10:46
  SPEAKER_00: after over a year of mismanagement after that fiasco at Placentia,
• 1:10:51
  SPEAKER_00: was attacked by just 160 men,
• 1:10:53
  SPEAKER_00: and their fort was taken in less than an hour.
• 1:10:58
  SPEAKER_00: And by the morning, the French flag flew above the fort at St.
• 1:11:02
  SPEAKER_00: John's.
• 1:11:03
  SPEAKER_00: The failure by the English to take Port Royal was bad news,
• 1:11:07
  SPEAKER_00: but the lack of French and Indian raids throughout 1707 proved positive.
• 1:11:14
  This is likely a continuation of the failure of the French to
• 1:11:19
  give the Wabanaki
• 1:11:20
  SPEAKER_00: resources,
• 1:11:21
  as well as the slowly crumbling alliances and a general lack of
• 1:11:25
  will from the
• 1:11:26
  SPEAKER_00: Indians.
• 1:11:28
  SPEAKER_00: However,
• 1:11:28
  SPEAKER_00: by 1708,
• 1:11:28
  SPEAKER_00: the respite was over,
• 1:11:32
  SPEAKER_00: when 100 Canadians and 150 Indians fell on Haverhill,
• 1:11:36
  SPEAKER_00: Massachusetts.
• 1:11:38
  laramie describes this raid in queen anne's war quote rueville
• 1:11:42
  this is the
• 1:11:43
  commander of this raid arrived at the outskirts of haverhill a
• 1:11:47
  few hours before
• 1:11:48
  sunset on august 28 1708 scouts returned at dusk and informed
• 1:11:53
  the french commander
• 1:11:54
  that the town appeared to be partially fortified and occupied
• 1:11:57
  by a detachment of
• 1:11:58
  SPEAKER_00: soldiers
• 1:11:59
  SPEAKER_00: There were plenty of murmurs and a few doubtful comments,
• 1:12:02
  but Reuville pushed these aside and informed the war party that
• 1:12:05
  they would attack
• 1:12:06
  SPEAKER_00: before dawn.
• 1:12:07
  The French commander sent his detachment forward a few hours
• 1:12:10
  before sunrise.
• 1:12:11
  SPEAKER_00: Around 4 a.m.,
• 1:12:13
  SPEAKER_00: the war party was discovered by local resident John Kesar,
• 1:12:16
  SPEAKER_00: who was returning from nearby Amesbury.
• 1:12:19
  SPEAKER_00: Kezar dashed into the village square ahead of the raiders,
• 1:12:22
  SPEAKER_00: firing his musket and shouting out the alarm,
• 1:12:25
  SPEAKER_00: but it was too late.
• 1:12:26
  SPEAKER_00: The town had not posted any guards,
• 1:12:28
  SPEAKER_00: and like others which had committed such foolish mistakes,
• 1:12:32
  SPEAKER_00: it would pay dearly.
• 1:12:32
  SPEAKER_00: End quote.
• 1:12:35
  SPEAKER_00: Dozens were killed in this raid, and much of the town was burned down.
• 1:12:39
  However,
• 1:12:39
  this time,
• 1:12:40
  the English were able to launch a counterattack,
• 1:12:43
  killing some 20 of the
• 1:12:49
  SPEAKER_00: throughout the rest of the year.
• 1:12:51
  SPEAKER_00: These raids became harder and harder to furnish,
• 1:12:53
  SPEAKER_00: though,
• 1:12:54
  as the French Canadians were yet again facing agricultural
• 1:12:56
  difficulties and
• 1:12:58
  SPEAKER_00: shortages throughout the region,
• 1:13:01
  SPEAKER_00: as well as their faltering industry.
• 1:13:04
  SPEAKER_00: The news of the failure at St.
• 1:13:06
  SPEAKER_00: John's,
• 1:13:07
  SPEAKER_00: as well as the endless raiding in New England,
• 1:13:11
  SPEAKER_00: eventually brought the attention of the Queen herself to the
• 1:13:19
  did try to involve himself,
• 1:13:20
  but this time the Queen had much more in mind.
• 1:13:23
  SPEAKER_00: Her plan was a daring one, but at this point it seemed repetitious.
• 1:13:29
  SPEAKER_00: A simultaneous attack on Quebec and Montreal.
• 1:13:33
  SPEAKER_00: This would repeat the failed attempt of 1690,
• 1:13:37
  though with far greater numbers and far greater support from
• 1:13:42
  the English crown
• 1:13:43
  SPEAKER_00: herself.
• 1:13:44
  SPEAKER_00: There were still issues.
• 1:13:45
  The same troop quota issues arose again with the Quaker-run
• 1:13:49
  Pennsylvania refusing
• 1:13:51
  SPEAKER_00: to raise troops.
• 1:13:52
  SPEAKER_00: However,
• 1:13:53
  SPEAKER_00: the combined force of the other colonies,
• 1:13:55
  SPEAKER_00: including some Iroquois,
• 1:13:57
  SPEAKER_00: brought the total to over 2,000.
• 1:14:00
  It's important to note that this Iroquois contingent was part
• 1:14:03
  of an attempt to
• 1:14:04
  SPEAKER_00: break the peace between the French and the Five Nations.
• 1:14:07
  It resulted in some soldiers defecting,
• 1:14:10
  but no major break in the peace treaty.
• 1:14:13
  SPEAKER_00: Francis Nicholson was chosen to lead this expedition.
• 1:14:17
  SPEAKER_00: and started to build supply lines from Albany to Wood Creek,
• 1:14:21
  which would allow them to canoe all the way up Lake Champlain
• 1:14:24
  like they had tried
• 1:14:25
  SPEAKER_00: previously.
• 1:14:26
  This was backbreaking work,
• 1:14:27
  and the already poorly prepared soldiers just made it worse.
• 1:14:31
  SPEAKER_00: In Boston,
• 1:14:32
  the costs of keeping the 1,200 soldiers and the ship's supplies
• 1:14:37
  while waiting for
• 1:14:38
  the opportunity to attack Quebec made the expedition a failure
• 1:14:42
  again before it even
• 1:14:43
  SPEAKER_00: began.
• 1:14:44
  SPEAKER_00: By October 1709,
• 1:14:46
  The news spreading to the Nicholas expedition of the disbanding
• 1:14:50
  of the British army
• 1:14:52
  SPEAKER_00: led to a mass exodus,
• 1:14:54
  SPEAKER_00: and the temporary forts that were built returned to ash.
• 1:14:57
  While these expeditions were a total disaster,
• 1:15:00
  it did not stop further plans to develop in 1710.
• 1:15:04
  But rather than Quebec or Montreal,
• 1:15:05
  this new expedition would again target Port Royal.
• 1:15:10
  The British crown supplied Nicholson with a fleet of warships
• 1:15:13
  and a full regiment,
• 1:15:14
  SPEAKER_00: about 800 soldiers.
• 1:15:16
  SPEAKER_00: and Dudley was able to recruit some 900 more for this assault.
• 1:15:21
  SPEAKER_00: A further five regiments,
• 1:15:22
  SPEAKER_00: some 4,000 people,
• 1:15:24
  SPEAKER_00: were to be sent to aid this expedition,
• 1:15:27
  SPEAKER_00: but as September 1710 wore on and on,
• 1:15:30
  SPEAKER_00: the expedition risked being abandoned.
• 1:15:32
  So,
• 1:15:33
  on September 29th,
• 1:15:34
  Nicholson took the men and ships that he had and embarked for
• 1:15:38
  Port Royal.
• 1:15:39
  SPEAKER_00: The fort here only had about 300 men at its disposal.
• 1:15:44
  SPEAKER_00: This was already a lopsided affair,
• 1:15:46
  SPEAKER_00: but the English were aided even further as fog landed,
• 1:15:49
  SPEAKER_00: allowing them to set up their cannons for the siege undercover.
• 1:15:54
  SPEAKER_00: The siege began on October 12th and was over quickly.
• 1:15:59
  SPEAKER_00: The French surrendered,
• 1:16:00
  and the local citizens were given the chance to stay if they
• 1:16:03
  took an oath of
• 1:16:04
  SPEAKER_00: allegiance to the British Queen.
• 1:16:06
  SPEAKER_00: With this overwhelming victory,
• 1:16:08
  SPEAKER_00: Nicholson returned to England to advocate for another attack on Quebec.
• 1:16:13
  The old plan was used yet again,
• 1:16:15
  but this time with an extra assault on placentia added in.
• 1:16:20
  SPEAKER_00: This news came as a shock to many of the colonial leaders,
• 1:16:23
  SPEAKER_00: who were now forced to provision these armies yet again.
• 1:16:27
  SPEAKER_00: Eventually,
• 1:16:28
  SPEAKER_00: a deal was struck,
• 1:16:29
  and even more good news came when three of the five Iroquois
• 1:16:32
  sachems arrived with
• 1:16:33
  SPEAKER_00: the intent to rejoin the fight against the French.
• 1:16:37
  SPEAKER_00: After several delays,
• 1:16:38
  SPEAKER_00: usually due to colonial mismanagement,
• 1:16:40
  SPEAKER_00: as always,
• 1:16:42
  SPEAKER_00: by July 30,
• 1:16:42
  SPEAKER_00: 1711,
• 1:16:42
  SPEAKER_00: the expedition was underway.
• 1:16:47
  Nicholson was again heading up the rebuilding of forts and
• 1:16:51
  supply lines from Albany.
• 1:16:53
  SPEAKER_00: As the English fleet sailed north and was about to enter the St.
• 1:16:57
  SPEAKER_00: Lawrence River on August 23rd,
• 1:17:00
  the winds that had helped push them along were now pushing them
• 1:17:03
  towards the shore,
• 1:17:05
  SPEAKER_00: and her fog rolling in made visibility near zero.
• 1:17:09
  The fleet attempted to remain in position that night in the
• 1:17:12
  mouth of the river,
• 1:17:13
  SPEAKER_00: but the ever-shifting winds pushed these warships into the banks.
• 1:17:18
  SPEAKER_00: The losses were catastrophic.
• 1:17:21
  SPEAKER_00: Laramie describes the aftermath.
• 1:17:23
  SPEAKER_00: Quote,
• 1:17:33
  SPEAKER_00: In all,
• 1:17:33
  SPEAKER_00: eight vessels had been dashed against the rocky north shore,
• 1:17:36
  SPEAKER_00: seven of them troop transports.
• 1:17:39
  The smaller vessels in the fleet spent the next few days
• 1:17:41
  pulling exhausted men off
• 1:17:42
  SPEAKER_00: the north shore and combing the nearby waters for any other survivors.
• 1:17:46
  SPEAKER_00: Their efforts saved 499 men,
• 1:17:49
  SPEAKER_00: But the loss was staggering.
• 1:17:51
  Over 700 soldiers from 26 different infantry companies and
• 1:17:55
  perhaps another 150 sailors.
• 1:17:59
  SPEAKER_00: With this complete travesty, the expedition was called off.
• 1:18:03
  SPEAKER_00: Like the previous attempt,
• 1:18:05
  SPEAKER_00: Nicholson's expedition was called off as well,
• 1:18:08
  SPEAKER_00: leaving a trail of ash in his wake.
• 1:18:11
  SPEAKER_00: The French,
• 1:18:11
  SPEAKER_00: despite their luck with the English crashing into the shore,
• 1:18:16
  SPEAKER_00: were still struggling with the supplies reaching their colonies,
• 1:18:19
  SPEAKER_00: and the Iroquois were once again siding with the English.
• 1:18:23
  SPEAKER_00: They also faced down threats from the Fox,
• 1:18:27
  SPEAKER_00: the Mascoutin,
• 1:18:28
  SPEAKER_00: and the Kickapoo,
• 1:18:29
  SPEAKER_00: who were worried about their enemies controlling French trade.
• 1:18:32
  SPEAKER_00: But this final assault would be the last major one of the war.
• 1:18:37
  SPEAKER_00: New England was hit,
• 1:18:38
  SPEAKER_00: as usual,
• 1:18:38
  SPEAKER_00: by continuous small-scale raids,
• 1:18:41
  SPEAKER_00: though by the end of 1712,
• 1:18:42
  the Wabanaki were down to just a few hundred soldiers and were
• 1:18:46
  done with fighting.
• 1:18:48
  SPEAKER_00: In July 1713,
• 1:18:49
  the Wabanaki proclaimed themselves subjects of British
• 1:18:53
  authority and ended all
• 1:18:55
  SPEAKER_00: conflict with the settlers.
• 1:18:57
  Just a few weeks later,
• 1:18:59
  the Treaty of Utrecht was signed and the war was over.
• 1:19:03
  SPEAKER_00: In this peace treaty,
• 1:19:05
  SPEAKER_00: Louis' grandson Philip would actually take the throne,
• 1:19:08
  SPEAKER_00: but Spain and France would remain separated.
• 1:19:11
  SPEAKER_00: Gibraltar,
• 1:19:12
  the little part of Spain that jets out at the entrance of the
• 1:19:15
  Mediterranean,
• 1:19:16
  SPEAKER_00: and Minorca were given to England.
• 1:19:19
  SPEAKER_00: But this French loss in Europe...
• 1:19:21
  SPEAKER_00: forced King Louis to give up Placentia,
• 1:19:25
  SPEAKER_00: Port Royal,
• 1:19:26
  SPEAKER_00: all of Acadia,
• 1:19:27
  SPEAKER_00: and the Hudson Bay to the English.
• 1:19:30
  SPEAKER_00: The Iroquois were officially British subjects.
• 1:19:34
  Several of the Spanish West Indies islands were given to the
• 1:19:37
  English as well.
• 1:19:39
  SPEAKER_00: Despite the fortitude shown by the Canadians,
• 1:19:42
  New France would now be facing even more trouble trading with
• 1:19:45
  the home country,
• 1:19:47
  SPEAKER_00: and it seemed as though their days were limited.
• 1:19:50
  SPEAKER_00: On top of all of this,
• 1:19:52
  SPEAKER_00: the English gained a slave trade monopoly in Asiento,
• 1:19:56
  in which they were the sole shippers to all Spanish colonies
• 1:20:00
  for 30 years.
• 1:20:02
  This hurt not only the Spanish,
• 1:20:03
  but also the Dutch slave trade tremendously.
• 1:20:07
  And after this war,
• 1:20:08
  England fully embraced its role as a maritime empire.
• 1:20:13
  And it's after this war that we start to see the development of
• 1:20:17
  a more cohesive and
• 1:20:19
  SPEAKER_00: more coherent American culture.
• 1:20:22
  SPEAKER_00: I talked about this in a previous episode,
• 1:20:24
  SPEAKER_00: but the 1720s to the 1740s,
• 1:20:27
  SPEAKER_00: roughly,
• 1:20:28
  SPEAKER_00: marks a turning point in how the colonies are treated.
• 1:20:33
  Given their interests were far greater in the West Indies and
• 1:20:37
  now with the slave
• 1:20:38
  SPEAKER_00: trade shipping,
• 1:20:39
  the English government became much less interested in what
• 1:20:43
  happened in the mainland
• 1:20:44
  SPEAKER_00: colonies.
• 1:20:45
  SPEAKER_00: These weren't moneymakers like the islands.
• 1:20:49
  SPEAKER_00: Little did they know,
• 1:20:50
  SPEAKER_00: though,
• 1:20:51
  SPEAKER_00: that this development after Queen Anne's war,
• 1:20:56
  SPEAKER_00: after another set of wars to end out this era,
• 1:21:00
  will lead to these English in America becoming more independent
• 1:21:07
  from the Maritime
• 1:21:07
  SPEAKER_00: Empire.
• 1:21:09
  SPEAKER_00: But eventually they will start to despise them.
• 1:21:12
  SPEAKER_00: And by ignoring and letting the American colonies flourish,
• 1:21:18
  they started to wonder whether they actually needed to be part
• 1:21:21
  of England at all.
• 1:22:35
  SPEAKER_01: Baby,
• 1:22:35
  nothing will last forever I've got to learn this plan Cause
• 1:22:43
  nothing will last
• 1:22:45
  SPEAKER_01: forever Baby,
• 1:22:46
  nothing will last forever Look at how you got my face Hiding
• 1:22:52
  from the light for
• 1:22:53
  SPEAKER_01: weeks
• 1:23:58
  SPEAKER_01: Break your mouth back, break your mouth back