Latest / INSPIRE STORY / #094 - STORY INSPIRE: They’re Lying About UFOs — The Truth Is Stranger Than You Think

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#094 - STORY INSPIRE: They’re Lying About UFOs — The Truth Is Stranger Than You Think · INSPIRE STORY

• 0:00
  Speaker 1: Immortality is tantalizing close.
• 0:02
  Speaker 2: And you think it's possible within the laws of physics
• 0:04
  Speaker 2: and biology?
• 0:05
  Speaker 1: Yeah. In fact, we know that there's a clock in
• 0:07
  Speaker 1: our body called the telomeres that tracks how long we're
• 0:10
  Speaker 1: going to live. And there's something called telomerase which stops
• 0:13
  Speaker 1: the clock, which means that we can live forever. That's
• 0:16
  Speaker 1: the good news. But the bad news was we found
• 0:19
  Speaker 1: out that cancer also uses telomeres and telomerase to live forever.
• 0:23
  Speaker 1: And so the question is, can we apply that to
• 0:25
  Speaker 1: humans without wakening up the cancers? But this is not
• 0:28
  Speaker 1: science fiction. This is the future.
• 0:30
  Speaker 2: And for 71 years, you've been studying physics and how
• 0:33
  Speaker 2: science will shape human destiny. So how is life likely
• 0:36
  Speaker 2: to be different in the future?
• 0:37
  Speaker 1: Well, decade by decade, we see the enormous progress that
• 0:41
  Speaker 1: we humans have made. For example, we'll probably be on
• 0:43
  Speaker 1: the moon, maybe on to Mars. And also the artificial
• 0:46
  Speaker 1: intelligence will help us to cure cancer and many diseases. However...
• 0:50
  Speaker 1: For the first time in human history, we have the
• 0:52
  Speaker 1: potential of destroying ourselves with designer germs, nuclear weapons, perhaps
• 0:57
  Speaker 1: artificial intelligence. Like this is a quantum computer. This is
• 1:00
  Speaker 1: so powerful that even the CIA is worried about the
• 1:03
  Speaker 1: fact that these could break into any known computer.
• 1:07
  Speaker 2: Including banks, even Bitcoins.
• 1:09
  Speaker 1: That's right. So capitalism would vanish. Society would come to
• 1:13
  Speaker 1: a halt.
• 1:14
  Speaker 2: And what about humanoid robots?
• 1:15
  Speaker 1: I would look seriously at the possibility of merging with
• 1:17
  Speaker 1: them so that we don't have a civil war. Realize
• 1:20
  Speaker 1: that we're at the edge of a knife. You tilt
• 1:22
  Speaker 1: it the wrong way and there's world war. You tilt
• 1:25
  Speaker 1: it the other way and there's food and luxury for everyone.
• 1:29
  Speaker 1: And it's up to us to decide which way the
• 1:31
  Speaker 1: knife will go. Dr.
• 1:33
  Speaker 2: Michio Kaku, I've waited a long time to ask someone
• 1:35
  Speaker 2: these questions. Where do you believe we came from? Do
• 1:38
  Speaker 2: you think it's plausible that in fact we are living
• 1:41
  Speaker 2: in a simulation? And then is there any evidence when
• 1:43
  Speaker 2: we look out at the stars that there is non-human
• 1:47
  Speaker 2: life out there?
• 1:49
  Speaker 1: Okay, so first of all.
• 1:50
  Speaker 2: This is super interesting to me. My team gave me
• 1:57
  Speaker 2: this report to show me how many of you that
• 1:58
  Speaker 2: watch this show subscribe. And some of you have told us,
• 2:01
  Speaker 2: according to this... that you are unsubscribed from the channel randomly.
• 2:04
  Speaker 2: So favour to ask all of you, please could you
• 2:06
  Speaker 2: check right now if you've hit the subscribe button, if
• 2:08
  Speaker 2: you are a regular viewer of the show and you
• 2:09
  Speaker 2: like what we do here. We're approaching quite a significant
• 2:12
  Speaker 2: landmark on this show in terms of a subscriber number.
• 2:15
  Speaker 2: So if there was one simple free thing that you
• 2:17
  Speaker 2: could do to help us, my team, everyone here, to
• 2:20
  Speaker 2: keep this show free, to keep it improving year over
• 2:22
  Speaker 2: year and week over week, it is just to hit
• 2:24
  Speaker 2: that subscribe button and to double check if you've hit it.
• 2:26
  Speaker 2: Only thing I'll ever ask of you, do we have
• 2:28
  Speaker 2: a deal? If you do it, I'll tell you what
• 2:30
  Speaker 2: I'll do. I'll make sure... Every single week, every single month,
• 2:33
  Speaker 2: we fight harder and harder and harder and harder to
• 2:35
  Speaker 2: bring you the guests and conversations that you want to hear.
• 2:37
  Speaker 2: I've stayed true to that promise since the very beginning
• 2:39
  Speaker 2: of the Diary of a CEO, and I will not
• 2:41
  Speaker 2: let you down. Please help us. Really appreciate it. Let's
• 2:44
  Speaker 2: get on with the show. Dr. Michio Kaku.
• 2:50
  Speaker 1: That's right.
• 2:53
  Speaker 2: For anyone that isn't aware of you and your work,
• 2:55
  Speaker 2: and they're wondering whether they should listen to what you
• 2:58
  Speaker 2: have to say today, because they don't know your work
• 3:00
  Speaker 2: and they've not gone through the books and the interviews
• 3:03
  Speaker 2: that you've done. How would you describe your experience?
• 3:06
  Speaker 1: I work in something called string theory, which we think
• 3:09
  Speaker 1: is the theory that eluded Einstein for the last 30
• 3:11
  Speaker 1: years of his life. The theory of everything. The theory
• 3:15
  Speaker 1: that explains the big bang, the formation of stars galaxy,
• 3:19
  Speaker 1: formation of the earth, life. I'm a physicist working in
• 3:22
  Speaker 1: the theory of everything.
• 3:23
  Speaker 2: What is the theory of everything?
• 3:25
  Speaker 1: An equation, perhaps no more than one inch long, that
• 3:28
  Speaker 1: will allow us to, quote, read the mind of God.
• 3:31
  Speaker 1: These are Einstein's words. The theory of the Big Bang,
• 3:34
  Speaker 1: the theory of creation itself, the theory of everything.
• 3:38
  Speaker 2: I want to explain this in terms that even the
• 3:41
  Speaker 2: most sort of novice viewer could understand. The theory of
• 3:43
  Speaker 2: everything is an equation that explains... Everything. Physics. Physics.
• 3:48
  Speaker 1: No, no, no. Everything. Because from physics comes chemistry. From
• 3:52
  Speaker 1: chemistry comes biology. And from that comes our universe.
• 3:57
  Speaker 2: Is it things like gravity and space and time?
• 4:00
  Speaker 1: Gravity, light, the nuclear force. There are four fundamental forces
• 4:06
  Speaker 1: of the universe. There's the gravitational force, which keeps us here.
• 4:10
  Speaker 1: The electromagnetic force, which lights up our world. And the
• 4:14
  Speaker 1: two nuclear forces. We want a theory that explains all four.
• 4:18
  Speaker 2: You know, when people watch your interviews and they read
• 4:21
  Speaker 2: your books, what do you think is the fundamental question
• 4:24
  Speaker 2: that they're typically seeking to answer?
• 4:28
  Speaker 1: What does it mean for me?
• 4:31
  Speaker 2: What does what mean for me?
• 4:32
  Speaker 1: The physics of the future. That is, we physicists create
• 4:35
  Speaker 1: the future. We're the ones who understand what is possible,
• 4:38
  Speaker 1: what is not possible, and what is plausible. How does
• 4:41
  Speaker 1: that affect the average person?
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  Speaker 2: And there's an element of all of us that's just
• 4:45
  Speaker 2: trying to figure out how we got here, where our
• 4:48
  Speaker 2: place is in the universe.
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  Speaker 1: Yeah, especially for people who are philosophical or religious. They
• 4:55
  Speaker 1: want to know, what does it all mean? I mean,
• 4:57
  Speaker 1: where did I come from? Where is the universe going?
• 5:00
  Speaker 1: They want to know the answer to the big questions,
• 5:03
  Speaker 1: the question of meaning. And that's what we physicists do.
• 5:07
  Speaker 2: And they want to know if we're alone in the universe.
• 5:09
  Speaker 1: Oh, yeah, that too. That's a byproduct of what we
• 5:11
  Speaker 1: do is look for extraterrestrial intelligence.
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  Speaker 2: You've been doing this for many, many decades now. You've
• 5:17
  Speaker 2: been studying the nature of the universe and physics. Is
• 5:19
  Speaker 2: there a fundamental misunderstanding that you're aware of that the
• 5:24
  Speaker 2: average person still believes?
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  Speaker 1: Yeah, people think that physics is for eggheads, that it's
• 5:31
  Speaker 1: just doing equations on a blackboard and totally divorced from
• 5:36
  Speaker 1: the average person. They don't realize that everything about their
• 5:40
  Speaker 1: life about electricity, about magnetism, about the nuclear force, about
• 5:44
  Speaker 1: the industry. Everything comes from physics. But the average person
• 5:49
  Speaker 1: thinks that physics is for eggheads. It's for equations you
• 5:52
  Speaker 1: put on a blackboard in a cartoon.
• 5:54
  Speaker 2: Nope.
• 5:55
  Speaker 1: It's everywhere.
• 5:58
  Speaker 2: In the last couple of weeks, you've been asked to
• 6:00
  Speaker 2: do lots of interviews because... Trump has released the UFO files.
• 6:05
  Speaker 2: That's right. Before we get into lots of other subjects
• 6:08
  Speaker 2: in physics generally, probably start by just tackling this question
• 6:11
  Speaker 2: head on. Do you think that we are alone in
• 6:16
  Speaker 2: the universe?
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  Speaker 1: No, we're not alone because the galaxy has 100 billion stars,
• 6:21
  Speaker 1: of which maybe 10% have planets that are Earth-like or
• 6:26
  Speaker 1: are similar to Earth. But the question is, can they
• 6:29
  Speaker 1: visit us? A Saturn V rocket would take 70,000 years
• 6:34
  Speaker 1: just to reach the nearest star. Hop, skip, and a jump. 70,000 years.
• 6:39
  Speaker 1: So a civilization that could reach the Earth would be hundreds,
• 6:44
  Speaker 1: thousands of years more advanced than us. So I'm a physicist.
• 6:48
  Speaker 1: We look at that. Space warps. Is it possible that
• 6:52
  Speaker 1: a flying saucer or a race could create a space
• 6:55
  Speaker 1: warp so they could visit us?
• 6:56
  Speaker 2: Space warp?
• 6:57
  Speaker 1: Bending space.
• 6:58
  Speaker 2: Is that possible? No.
• 7:00
  Speaker 1: Well, gravity bends space all the time. The question is,
• 7:03
  Speaker 1: can you bend space enough so that you can go
• 7:06
  Speaker 1: faster than the speed of light so you can visit
• 7:08
  Speaker 1: the nearest star? That's a question mark. We physicists look
• 7:12
  Speaker 1: at that, but we have no definite answer. But it's possible.
• 7:16
  Speaker 2: So when these people say that, you know, I had
• 7:19
  Speaker 2: a podcast recently where two people explained to me that
• 7:23
  Speaker 2: there's been some very unusual sightings of UAPs. And they
• 7:28
  Speaker 2: use this as evidence to say that aliens exist. Do
• 7:31
  Speaker 2: you think those sightings are actually extraterrestrial life? Or do
• 7:35
  Speaker 2: you think it's just people hallucinating and seeing, I don't know,
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  Speaker 2: light orbs and misunderstanding what they're looking at?
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  Speaker 1: Well, there are three types of observations. The close encounters
• 7:45
  Speaker 1: are the first kind, is when you see something in
• 7:48
  Speaker 1: the sky, first kind. Close encounters of the second kind
• 7:53
  Speaker 1: is when you have something tangible, an engine, a body,
• 7:57
  Speaker 1: a wreckage of a UAP. That's second kind. Close encounters
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  Speaker 1: of the third kind is when you actually encounter them
• 8:05
  Speaker 1: and shake their hand. Now, where are we? We're at
• 8:09
  Speaker 1: close encounters of the first kind, where we see things
• 8:12
  Speaker 1: floating in the sky, but we don't know what they are.
• 8:15
  Speaker 1: We don't have anything tangible. Now, in science fiction, we've
• 8:18
  Speaker 1: captured the flying saucer. We have the aliens in a cage,
• 8:21
  Speaker 1: so on and so forth. That's the movies. We have
• 8:24
  Speaker 1: yet to see an alien in a laboratory. We have
• 8:27
  Speaker 1: yet to see an alien ship. In other words, people say,
• 8:31
  Speaker 1: I saw something. Now, what does that mean? I'm a physicist.
• 8:35
  Speaker 1: We go where the observation goes, and we have no
• 8:39
  Speaker 1: observations to verify what you saw. Except, of course, sensationalists
• 8:45
  Speaker 1: who say, I've seen the bodies. Okay, show us.
• 8:50
  Speaker 2: So from that, I conclude that you don't believe alien
• 8:54
  Speaker 2: life has arrived here on Earth.
• 8:56
  Speaker 1: I'm open to the possibility. 95% of the sightings we
• 9:00
  Speaker 1: can explain using the known laws of physics. 5% are
• 9:05
  Speaker 1: either optical illusions or they are evidence of visitation. You
• 9:10
  Speaker 1: can't rule it out. So I'm open to the idea
• 9:12
  Speaker 1: that maybe they're here. Now, President Trump has released the
• 9:17
  Speaker 1: first mountain load of 160 encounters of alien technology, we think.
• 9:23
  Speaker 1: But we haven't yet seen a close encounter of the
• 9:26
  Speaker 1: second kind. When that happens, that's a game changer. When
• 9:30
  Speaker 1: we have a piece of UFO hardware, that would nail
• 9:34
  Speaker 1: it to the wall right there.
• 9:35
  Speaker 2: There's a narrative that the U.S. government or generally governments
• 9:39
  Speaker 2: around the world wouldn't want the people to know.
• 9:46
  Speaker 1: That's the traditional excuse for not revealing these things. But
• 9:51
  Speaker 1: the other excuse is that it's a cover. It's a
• 9:53
  Speaker 1: cover for the stealth bomber. It's a cover for the
• 9:56
  Speaker 1: fact that the military does experiment with aerodynamic systems. novel
• 10:01
  Speaker 1: forms of transport. And so those are the reasons why
• 10:05
  Speaker 1: the military keeps it a secret and actually lies about
• 10:09
  Speaker 1: these things. But now it's leaking out. Congress, the President
• 10:14
  Speaker 1: of the United States, they're demanding these sightings to be declassified.
• 10:19
  Speaker 1: So we physicists now are analyzing them to see whether
• 10:22
  Speaker 1: or not they're really real or not.
• 10:24
  Speaker 2: Is there any evidence when we look out at the
• 10:26
  Speaker 2: stars that there is non-human life out there? Is there
• 10:31
  Speaker 2: anything that you've seen when you look at other planets
• 10:35
  Speaker 2: and how they're operating that might suggest there's a different
• 10:38
  Speaker 2: type of life there?
• 10:40
  Speaker 1: Oh, yeah. But there's no tangible evidence for it yet, though.
• 10:43
  Speaker 2: Give me one example.
• 10:45
  Speaker 1: Well, for example, take a look at Alpha Centauri, the
• 10:47
  Speaker 1: closest star system to the planet Earth, right? How far
• 10:50
  Speaker 1: away is that? Four and a half light years. And
• 10:53
  Speaker 1: if you take a look at the Alpha Centauri system,
• 10:55
  Speaker 1: the closest system to the Earth, you have red stars
• 11:00
  Speaker 1: that could have life on them. We're not sure. They're
• 11:04
  Speaker 1: not super hot, super large, in which case it would
• 11:07
  Speaker 1: be very difficult to get life forms off the ground.
• 11:10
  Speaker 1: But the point I'm raising is that the Milky Way galaxy,
• 11:12
  Speaker 1: our backyard, has 150 billion stars, and the probability of
• 11:17
  Speaker 1: life existing among those stars is almost 100%. The question is,
• 11:22
  Speaker 1: can they reach us? That means, is it possible to
• 11:25
  Speaker 1: create a space warp such that you can break the
• 11:27
  Speaker 1: light barrier so that you can travel across the galaxy
• 11:32
  Speaker 1: and visit the Earth?
• 11:33
  Speaker 3: And did you say that was theoretically possible? It's theoretically possible, yeah.
• 11:38
  Speaker 3: But unfortunately, energy, fantastic amounts of energy, But the laws
• 11:42
  Speaker 3: of physics do allow for the possibility of space warps.
• 11:46
  Speaker 3: I mean, you've seen space warps on Star Trek, but
• 11:48
  Speaker 3: where does Star Trek get the word space warps? It
• 11:52
  Speaker 3: comes from physics.
• 11:53
  Speaker 2: I also heard you telling, I think it was Joe Rogan,
• 11:55
  Speaker 2: you were telling a story of one particular star that
• 12:01
  Speaker 2: reduces in its intensity by 20%.
• 12:03
  Speaker 1: Yeah, there is a star that oscillates.
• 12:07
  Speaker 2: What does that mean?
• 12:08
  Speaker 1: So it drops by about 20%. So it's.
• 12:11
  Speaker 2: It's reducing its light output by 20%. That's right. How often?
• 12:17
  Speaker 1: You don't have to wait for centuries. It's within a
• 12:19
  Speaker 1: matter of months to years.
• 12:21
  Speaker 2: A star that reduces, frequently reduces its light output by 20%. Yeah,
• 12:26
  Speaker 2: which is very unusual.
• 12:28
  Speaker 1: It's the only one we've seen so far.
• 12:30
  Speaker 2: You explained one of the theories, I think, when you
• 12:32
  Speaker 2: first talked about this, was that a civilization might have
• 12:35
  Speaker 2: built something around that star?
• 12:38
  Speaker 1: Oh yeah, that's one of several theories that a civilization
• 12:41
  Speaker 1: that advanced would have tremendous energy needs. And the easiest
• 12:45
  Speaker 1: way to get energy is by encircling the mother star
• 12:49
  Speaker 1: with an envelope. And the envelope then would absorb most
• 12:53
  Speaker 1: of the energy. In fact, that was an episode of
• 12:55
  Speaker 1: Star Trek. They meet a star that is totally enveloped
• 12:59
  Speaker 1: by a metal shell. The aliens left it centuries ago. But,
• 13:05
  Speaker 1: you know, it can't be ruled out.
• 13:06
  Speaker 2: The theory goes that an advanced civilization will surround it
• 13:09
  Speaker 2: with like a metal sphere to capture its energy.
• 13:11
  Speaker 1: Yeah.
• 13:13
  Speaker 2: And that would explain why we see a 20% reduction
• 13:17
  Speaker 2: in the light output?
• 13:19
  Speaker 1: No, they think that it's probably an orbiting, an orbiting
• 13:22
  Speaker 1: globe that eclipses the mother star rather than envelops the
• 13:28
  Speaker 1: mother star. It simply goes around the mother star and
• 13:31
  Speaker 1: eclipses it.
• 13:33
  Speaker 2: Oh, so it'd be like a big ball that circles
• 13:35
  Speaker 2: the star extracting its energy.
• 13:36
  Speaker 1: And that would cause a dip Because they dip in
• 13:38
  Speaker 1: the intensity of light.
• 13:40
  Speaker 2: As far as we see it.
• 13:41
  Speaker 1: As far as we see it, right.
• 13:42
  Speaker 2: Because this big ball is sometimes moving in front of it.
• 13:45
  Speaker 1: That's right, exactly.
• 13:46
  Speaker 2: Why couldn't it just be a planet?
• 13:48
  Speaker 1: Planets are not that big. Planets are about 1%. Like
• 13:51
  Speaker 1: Jupiter is about 1% the size of the sun. So
• 13:55
  Speaker 1: the sunlight would drop by about 1% or 2% if
• 13:57
  Speaker 1: Jupiter goes in front of our sun. Oh, I've got you.
• 14:01
  Speaker 1: So this is much bigger. It's huge.
• 14:04
  Speaker 2: You've... you've written a lot of books about the universe
• 14:12
  Speaker 2: and physics and everything in between. I've waited a long
• 14:15
  Speaker 2: time to ask someone this question. And it's a very
• 14:17
  Speaker 2: broad question. And the question is, where do you believe
• 14:21
  Speaker 2: that we came from? Where do you believe that life
• 14:25
  Speaker 2: came from? Where do you believe this universe came from?
• 14:28
  Speaker 1: Well, the universe came from the big bang. The question is,
• 14:31
  Speaker 1: where did the big bang come from? Right.
• 14:35
  Speaker 2: Okay. So what is the big bang? A Big Bang
• 14:37
  Speaker 2: is a cosmic.
• 14:38
  Speaker 1: Explosion that took place around 14 or so billion years
• 14:40
  Speaker 1: ago that created the expanding universe.
• 14:46
  Speaker 2: How do we know that happened?
• 14:48
  Speaker 1: Because we have evidence of this expansion that took place,
• 14:53
  Speaker 1: you know, 14 or so billion years ago. We see
• 14:55
  Speaker 1: the stars moving away from us. So think of a
• 14:58
  Speaker 1: big balloon, a big balloon with points of light on
• 15:02
  Speaker 1: the balloon, and the balloon is expanding and And the
• 15:05
  Speaker 1: stars are moving away from each other. That's what we
• 15:08
  Speaker 1: see today. Not moving toward each other. All the stars
• 15:11
  Speaker 1: are moving away from each other like the sphere is expanding.
• 15:15
  Speaker 1: And so we believe in the Big Bang theory. And
• 15:18
  Speaker 1: we believe that the universe is expanding rather than contracting.
• 15:22
  Speaker 2: Expanding into what?
• 15:24
  Speaker 1: Hyperspace.
• 15:26
  Speaker 2: What's that?
• 15:27
  Speaker 1: Well, we live in a four-dimensional universe. Three dimensions of space.
• 15:31
  Speaker 1: One dimension of time. We live in a four-dimensional universe.
• 15:35
  Speaker 1: But in string theory, we believe that there are 11
• 15:37
  Speaker 1: dimensions altogether.
• 15:39
  Speaker 2: String theory is something that you came up with?
• 15:43
  Speaker 1: I came up with string field theory, which is one
• 15:45
  Speaker 1: of the branches of string theory, right.
• 15:47
  Speaker 2: And what is string theory?
• 15:49
  Speaker 1: String theory says that what is a proton? What is
• 15:54
  Speaker 1: an electron? They're nothing but vibrations of a string. So
• 16:00
  Speaker 1: from a distance... this looks like a point particle. For distance,
• 16:04
  Speaker 1: this is an electron. But if you could magnify that,
• 16:08
  Speaker 1: we find that it's not really a point at all.
• 16:11
  Speaker 1: It's really a vibrating string. And each vibration corresponds to
• 16:15
  Speaker 1: a node. So this would be a proton. This would
• 16:19
  Speaker 1: be an electron. This would be a neutron. This would
• 16:22
  Speaker 1: be a neutrino. That's why we have so many subatomic particles.
• 16:26
  Speaker 2: Okay, so to simplify this in a way that I understand,
• 16:29
  Speaker 2: you're saying that at the very base layer, Particles are
• 16:34
  Speaker 2: the same, but they're just strings that are basically vibrating differently.
• 16:38
  Speaker 1: That's right.
• 16:38
  Speaker 2: And that would be the sort of foundational matter of everything.
• 16:41
  Speaker 1: That's right. Everything is basically a vibrating string. So when
• 16:45
  Speaker 1: the string vibrates in this direction, we call it an electron.
• 16:50
  Speaker 1: If it vibrates in this way, we call it a proton.
• 16:53
  Speaker 1: So why do we have so many subatomic particles? How
• 16:56
  Speaker 1: many of them are there? Hundreds. We've seen hundreds of
• 17:00
  Speaker 1: subatomic particles. And how could Mother Nature be so malicious
• 17:05
  Speaker 1: to create a universe at the fundamental level based on
• 17:08
  Speaker 1: hundreds of different kinds of strings vibrating in different directions? Well,
• 17:13
  Speaker 1: it's really just one string. One string that can vibrate
• 17:17
  Speaker 1: in different modes. Each mode is called a particle.
• 17:21
  Speaker 2: Why does it need to be a string?
• 17:23
  Speaker 1: We don't know why things are. I'm a physicist. We
• 17:26
  Speaker 1: just try to figure out the way things really are.
• 17:29
  Speaker 1: But it will explain why there's so many particles. We
• 17:33
  Speaker 1: used to think there was an electron, a proton, a neutron,
• 17:35
  Speaker 1: and that's it. That's it. Period.
• 17:38
  Speaker 3: Nope.
• 17:39
  Speaker 1: We've seen pie mesons. We've seen lambda particles, omega particles,
• 17:43
  Speaker 1: hundreds of subatomic particles. Why did we build atom smashers?
• 17:47
  Speaker 1: Outside Chicago, outside Geneva, huge gigantic atom smashers smashing atoms apart. Why? Why?
• 17:54
  Speaker 1: Because then from the debris, we begin to figure out
• 17:57
  Speaker 1: these vibrations are particles. We can categorize them. We can
• 18:02
  Speaker 1: give them names. And that gives us a quote, a
• 18:05
  Speaker 1: theory of everything. So we have what is called the
• 18:08
  Speaker 1: standard model, which explains all the subatomic particles other than gravity.
• 18:14
  Speaker 1: And we create these particles with their atom smashes.
• 18:18
  Speaker 2: Which is the big machines where they fire atoms at
• 18:20
  Speaker 2: each other in Geneva and so on around the world.
• 18:23
  Speaker 1: That's right. It's the Large Hadron Collider, right? But now
• 18:25
  Speaker 1: we realize that there's another octave. There's another layer even
• 18:29
  Speaker 1: beyond what we see with the Large Hadron Collider. Dark matter.
• 18:34
  Speaker 1: Dark matter is invisible matter that surrounds the Milky Way galaxy.
• 18:39
  Speaker 1: And we don't know what it is. There's a Nobel
• 18:40
  Speaker 1: Prize waiting for somebody who can figure out what dark
• 18:44
  Speaker 1: matter is. It's invisible matter. Invisible matter that surrounds the
• 18:48
  Speaker 1: entire Milky Way galaxy. We think that we cannot yet
• 18:52
  Speaker 1: prove that it's nothing but the next octave.
• 18:54
  Speaker 2: What do you mean by octave?
• 18:56
  Speaker 1: Vibration. In other words, this would be the lowest vibration,
• 18:59
  Speaker 1: which corresponds to an electron. But there are other vibrations
• 19:03
  Speaker 1: much bigger, and they would correspond to a higher octave.
• 19:06
  Speaker 2: How do we know it's there if it's invisible?
• 19:08
  Speaker 1: Well, this is a guess. But it turns out that
• 19:10
  Speaker 1: when you do the math and you look at the
• 19:12
  Speaker 1: vibration of a string... And you look at the higher vibrations,
• 19:16
  Speaker 1: some of them are invisible. In other words, they don't
• 19:18
  Speaker 1: interact with light. Now, we know that this interacts with
• 19:22
  Speaker 1: light before we can see it. But these are the
• 19:24
  Speaker 1: lowest vibrations. Some of the higher vibrations are invisible. And
• 19:29
  Speaker 1: so we think that's what dark matter is.
• 19:31
  Speaker 2: I guess this all comes back to the question we
• 19:32
  Speaker 2: were talking about the Big Bang. You know, scientists tend
• 19:36
  Speaker 2: to agree that there was some kind of Big Bang
• 19:38
  Speaker 2: because when you look at the universe, it's expanding outward.
• 19:40
  Speaker 2: So one would, if you rewind time, At some point
• 19:43
  Speaker 2: there was a central point where something, where an explosion
• 19:49
  Speaker 2: of if you reverse time. I mean, it begs the question,
• 19:57
  Speaker 2: what caused the Big Bang?
• 20:00
  Speaker 1: Well, we don't know, but there are theories. String theory
• 20:03
  Speaker 1: is a theory even before the Big Bang. It's a
• 20:06
  Speaker 1: theory of everything. The Big Bang, in some sense, is
• 20:09
  Speaker 1: a misnomer because it disguised the fact that we're ignorant.
• 20:13
  Speaker 1: We're ignorant of what caused the thing to bang. String theory,
• 20:17
  Speaker 1: there was no bang. That is, it did collapse, if
• 20:21
  Speaker 1: you go backwards in time. It did collapse, a very
• 20:24
  Speaker 1: small thing, and then came out again. It bounced.
• 20:26
  Speaker 2: Oh, okay.
• 20:28
  Speaker 1: So we think that there could be a bubble bath
• 20:31
  Speaker 1: of universes.
• 20:32
  Speaker 2: What do you mean by a bubble bath of universes?
• 20:34
  Speaker 1: Our universe is a bubble of some sort. And the
• 20:36
  Speaker 1: bubble is expanding, and that's called the Big Bang Theory,
• 20:39
  Speaker 1: which fits all the data. But we think there are
• 20:41
  Speaker 1: other bubbles out there. In other words, string theory says
• 20:46
  Speaker 1: that we live not just in a four-dimensional world, but
• 20:50
  Speaker 1: in an 11-dimensional world. These other dimensions we cannot see.
• 20:54
  Speaker 1: But we think that the universe coexists with other universes.
• 20:59
  Speaker 1: There's a bubble bath. Think of bubbles, soap bubbles, floating
• 21:03
  Speaker 1: in the vacuum.
• 21:04
  Speaker 2: What about marbles? So when you're talking about bubbles, you know,
• 21:10
  Speaker 2: do you mean kind of like this? Right.
• 21:13
  Speaker 1: Okay. Give me the big one.
• 21:14
  Speaker 2: All of them.
• 21:17
  Speaker 1: All right. Okay. So let's say this is the sun. Yeah.
• 21:21
  Speaker 1: And these are planets, asteroids, whatever, and they're going around
• 21:27
  Speaker 1: the sun. Why? Why are they going around the sun
• 21:32
  Speaker 1: like that?
• 21:32
  Speaker 2: Okay.
• 21:33
  Speaker 1: Okay. It's because this exerts gravitational force that is pulling
• 21:37
  Speaker 1: these things toward the sun. The earth is just one.
• 21:43
  Speaker 1: Asteroids are none of the other. Saturn, Jupiter, they're nothing
• 21:46
  Speaker 1: but planets going around the mother star. And so then
• 21:51
  Speaker 1: the next question is why? Why is it that planets
• 21:54
  Speaker 1: are going around the sun? It's because the sun is
• 21:58
  Speaker 1: warping the space around it. It's creating a shallow depression
• 22:04
  Speaker 1: Space is not flat. This is Einstein's achievement. You go
• 22:08
  Speaker 1: in this direction, seems flat. You go in this direction,
• 22:11
  Speaker 1: everything seems to be flat, right? But no, the Earth,
• 22:14
  Speaker 1: for example, is round, but it looks flat, but it's not.
• 22:18
  Speaker 1: The universe looks flat, but it's not. It's curved. That's
• 22:23
  Speaker 1: why planets go around the mother star, because gravity is
• 22:28
  Speaker 1: a byproduct of the warping of space, and that's why
• 22:32
  Speaker 1: we are sitting on this chair right now why are
• 22:36
  Speaker 1: we here how come we're not flying in outer space
• 22:39
  Speaker 1: the earth is spinning right the earth is spinning we
• 22:42
  Speaker 1: should be flung out into outer space so how come
• 22:44
  Speaker 1: we're here gravity grab what when is gravity though that's
• 22:48
  Speaker 1: just a word.
• 22:49
  Speaker 2: Right just because the mass of the earth is so
• 22:52
  Speaker 2: much greater than us that it pulls us in.
• 22:54
  Speaker 1: Okay well why is it pulling us in Einstein says
• 22:57
  Speaker 1: that the reason why the Earth is pulling us in
• 23:00
  Speaker 1: is because the Earth warps the space around us and
• 23:04
  Speaker 1: is pushing us into the floor. That's why the solar
• 23:08
  Speaker 1: system works the way it does, because the sun grabs
• 23:11
  Speaker 1: the planets and forces the planets to move in a
• 23:14
  Speaker 1: curved line because it's curved space that is causing it
• 23:20
  Speaker 1: to move this way.
• 23:20
  Speaker 2: And going back to what you were saying about the
• 23:23
  Speaker 2: bubble bath idea. Right.
• 23:25
  Speaker 1: Then the question is, are there other stars? Yes. Are
• 23:28
  Speaker 1: there other galaxies? There are billions and billions of planets
• 23:31
  Speaker 1: out there. We think that the whole shebang is curved.
• 23:35
  Speaker 1: We're nothing but inhabitants of the skin of this gigantic bubble.
• 23:39
  Speaker 1: Now we're saying that maybe there are other bubbles out there,
• 23:42
  Speaker 1: a multiverse, a multiverse of universes, parallel universes. In fact,
• 23:49
  Speaker 1: The word multiverse has gotten into the literature. Comic books
• 23:53
  Speaker 1: now refer to the multiverse, Spider-Man and things like that.
• 23:57
  Speaker 1: So it's even part of the vernacular, the common language
• 24:00
  Speaker 1: of the average person that we believe in parallel universes.
• 24:05
  Speaker 1: So yeah, these parallel universes come from physics.
• 24:10
  Speaker 2: And the other thing that comes from physics is black holes.
• 24:13
  Speaker 1: That's right. If this star becomes so massive... that its
• 24:18
  Speaker 1: gravity is so great that it pulls the entire shebang
• 24:23
  Speaker 1: in like this, then that would be a black hole.
• 24:30
  Speaker 1: And we now believe that at the center of almost
• 24:33
  Speaker 1: every galaxy we see, and there are trillions of galaxies,
• 24:37
  Speaker 1: we think that at the center of these galaxies there's
• 24:39
  Speaker 1: a black hole.
• 24:40
  Speaker 2: Even our galaxy, the Milky Way.
• 24:41
  Speaker 1: Even our galaxy, right. If you look in the direction
• 24:44
  Speaker 1: of Sagittarius, the constellation Sagittarius, There's a black hole there.
• 24:49
  Speaker 1: So tonight, go outside, look for the constellation Sagittarius, and
• 24:53
  Speaker 1: there's a black hole at the center of our own
• 24:56
  Speaker 1: backyard that holds the Milky Way galaxy together.
• 25:00
  Speaker 2: So how did it get there?
• 25:02
  Speaker 1: Well, we think that it's a remnant of the Big Bang,
• 25:04
  Speaker 1: that when the Big Bang exploded, clusters of matter began
• 25:09
  Speaker 1: to contract other clusters of matter. And this is where
• 25:12
  Speaker 1: the galaxies and the planets come from. The condensation of
• 25:15
  Speaker 1: the matter ejected out of the Big Bang gives you
• 25:19
  Speaker 1: the galaxies, the solar systems, and the planets.
• 25:23
  Speaker 2: So if I use this as an example, there was
• 25:26
  Speaker 2: the Big Bang and all the pieces flew everywhere. And
• 25:30
  Speaker 2: then because of gravity, the pieces came together and they
• 25:34
  Speaker 2: got so big, so much mass that they collapsed inwards.
• 25:40
  Speaker 1: We're not sure about exactly which came first, the galaxy
• 25:43
  Speaker 1: came first or the black hole came first. But let's
• 25:46
  Speaker 1: assume for the moment that the black hole came first.
• 25:50
  Speaker 1: Gas concentrated into a small area called the black hole,
• 25:54
  Speaker 1: and then it drew all the other stars and galaxy
• 25:58
  Speaker 1: around it to create the Milky Way galaxy. We're not sure,
• 26:02
  Speaker 1: but that's one possibility of where it came from. And
• 26:05
  Speaker 1: where did that come from? That in turn came from
• 26:08
  Speaker 1: the explosion that created the universe, roughly 14 billion years ago.
• 26:12
  Speaker 2: Am I right in thinking black holes, they are extremely
• 26:16
  Speaker 2: dense areas of matter, and if you were to go
• 26:19
  Speaker 2: near one, everything that goes near it gets sucked in?
• 26:21
  Speaker 1: That's right, and you never get out again. If this
• 26:24
  Speaker 1: is a black hole, there is a ring or a
• 26:27
  Speaker 1: sphere surrounding it, a point of no return. You go
• 26:31
  Speaker 1: toward the black hole and you pass this ring, and
• 26:35
  Speaker 1: then you go into the black hole, never to be
• 26:38
  Speaker 1: seen again. It's a point of no return.
• 26:40
  Speaker 2: How do we know that?
• 26:41
  Speaker 1: Well, we've never seen it happen, but we can calculate
• 26:44
  Speaker 1: the escape velocity. In other words, if you want to
• 26:46
  Speaker 1: leave the Earth, how fast do you have to move
• 26:49
  Speaker 1: to leave the Earth? Seven miles per second. Our astronauts
• 26:53
  Speaker 1: travel seven miles per second to reach the moon. Okay?
• 26:57
  Speaker 1: That's called escape velocity. So, every gravitating piece of matter
• 27:02
  Speaker 1: has an escape velocity. For the Earth, it's seven miles
• 27:05
  Speaker 1: per second. What about the escape velocity of A black
• 27:09
  Speaker 1: hole is the speed of light. That's why if you
• 27:14
  Speaker 1: fall through the event horizon of a black hole, you
• 27:17
  Speaker 1: never come out. Because otherwise you would have to go
• 27:19
  Speaker 1: faster than the speed of light, which is not possible.
• 27:23
  Speaker 1: So you go in, but you never come out. That's
• 27:25
  Speaker 1: why it's called black holes.
• 27:27
  Speaker 2: What's in there?
• 27:30
  Speaker 1: If you knew, you'd win a Nobel Prize.
• 27:33
  Speaker 2: This area has loads and loads of mass inside it.
• 27:36
  Speaker 2: It's sucking things into it. So one would assume that
• 27:39
  Speaker 2: there was a lot inside there, but it's tiny, right?
• 27:42
  Speaker 2: Black holes are tiny.
• 27:43
  Speaker 1: We don't know how big they are. We think at
• 27:45
  Speaker 1: the very center, it could be very small. We're not sure.
• 27:49
  Speaker 1: No one's ever been there because if you go past
• 27:51
  Speaker 1: the inner horizon, you never come out again.
• 27:53
  Speaker 2: What do people think is inside a black hole? Cause
• 27:55
  Speaker 2: I'm thinking of, it's just this area in space that
• 27:58
  Speaker 2: looks black on a, when you look at it and
• 28:01
  Speaker 2: it can suck in planets, anything.
• 28:06
  Speaker 1: If I were to take a guess, I would say
• 28:08
  Speaker 1: that it's an entrance. It's a gateway, perhaps to another universe.
• 28:16
  Speaker 1: We think, for example, if I have a warped space
• 28:19
  Speaker 1: and you fall into warped space, if the warped space
• 28:23
  Speaker 1: is powerful enough, it may come out again on the
• 28:26
  Speaker 1: other side. So there may be another universe on the
• 28:30
  Speaker 1: other side of a black hole. We're not sure, of course.
• 28:34
  Speaker 1: If you want to go to Alpha Centauri with a
• 28:37
  Speaker 1: Saturn V rocket, it would take 70,000 years to reach
• 28:42
  Speaker 1: the nearest star with our most powerful rocket. Very impractical.
• 28:48
  Speaker 1: You need a shortcut. And that's the gateway called a wormhole,
• 28:53
  Speaker 1: which is very similar to a black hole. A little
• 28:55
  Speaker 1: bit different, but very similar.
• 28:57
  Speaker 2: How long have you been studying physics in the universe now?
• 29:01
  Speaker 1: Since I was eight years old. I've been studying the universe.
• 29:06
  Speaker 2: 71 years.
• 29:07
  Speaker 4: Yeah.
• 29:07
  Speaker 1: When I was eight years old, a great scientist had
• 29:11
  Speaker 1: just died. It was in all the newspapers. And the
• 29:15
  Speaker 1: newspapers said that he failed on his last try to
• 29:21
  Speaker 1: create a theory of everything. So I was fascinated by
• 29:24
  Speaker 1: this idea that his man was attempting to find the
• 29:28
  Speaker 1: final theory.
• 29:29
  Speaker 2: You're talking about Einstein.
• 29:30
  Speaker 1: That's right. Later, I found out the man's name was
• 29:32
  Speaker 1: Albert Einstein. And at that point, I said to myself,
• 29:36
  Speaker 1: that's for me. That's what I want to work on.
• 29:38
  Speaker 1: I want to be part of this great journey to
• 29:42
  Speaker 1: complete Einstein's dream of a theory of everything. And that's
• 29:46
  Speaker 1: what I do for a living. I work with Einstein's equations.
• 29:50
  Speaker 2: So for 71 years, you've been trying to understand the
• 29:53
  Speaker 2: universe and create this theory for everything. In that time,
• 29:57
  Speaker 2: how is your perspective on God developed.
• 30:04
  Speaker 1: Yes. Most of my family were Buddhists coming from Japan.
• 30:10
  Speaker 1: But my father was a Christian and put me in
• 30:14
  Speaker 1: Sunday school. So I had the benefit of two religions
• 30:19
  Speaker 1: as a child. Now I'm a physicist. And physicists are, quote, agnostic.
• 30:25
  Speaker 1: They don't take a position. They simply go where the
• 30:29
  Speaker 1: physics takes them, into areas that are distasteful, mysterious, whatever.
• 30:34
  Speaker 1: You go where the evidence goes. And that's what I
• 30:38
  Speaker 1: am today. In other words, we have the laws of physics.
• 30:41
  Speaker 1: We have string theory, which takes us to the instant
• 30:44
  Speaker 1: of the Big Bang and even before, even before the
• 30:47
  Speaker 1: creation of the universe. But then the next question is,
• 30:49
  Speaker 1: where does string theory come from?
• 30:51
  Speaker 2: Okay? Okay?
• 30:53
  Speaker 1: At that point, we have to say that that's where
• 30:55
  Speaker 1: our ignorance takes over. We simply don't know.
• 30:59
  Speaker 2: What about simulation theory? Do you think it's plausible that,
• 31:04
  Speaker 2: in fact, we are living in a simulation?
• 31:08
  Speaker 1: I would say the answer is probably no.
• 31:10
  Speaker 2: Probably no.
• 31:11
  Speaker 1: That's right. Simulation theory is basically saying that the universe
• 31:17
  Speaker 1: is a puppet show and there's a script. We're living
• 31:21
  Speaker 1: out the script. because somebody is pulling our strings. First
• 31:24
  Speaker 1: of all, that violates quantum theory. Quantum theory believes in probabilities.
• 31:30
  Speaker 1: Probabilities that I'm sitting here today, probabilities that maybe one
• 31:34
  Speaker 1: day I'll go into outer space. We can calculate the
• 31:37
  Speaker 1: probabilities of atomic events, chemical events, with accuracy that is incredible.
• 31:43
  Speaker 1: But simulation theory is not one of them.
• 31:46
  Speaker 2: The theory which was proposed by philosopher Nick Bostrom says
• 31:51
  Speaker 2: that there's three possibilities logically. Either number one, that human-like
• 31:57
  Speaker 2: civilizations always destroy themselves before they get to the point
• 32:01
  Speaker 2: where they can do advanced hyper-realistic simulations. And if you
• 32:05
  Speaker 2: think about things like, I know, virtual reality at the
• 32:08
  Speaker 2: moment or video games, and you imagine them on a spectrum,
• 32:11
  Speaker 2: if they just get 1% better a year, at some
• 32:13
  Speaker 2: point they are indistinguishable from this reality that we're experiencing now.
• 32:18
  Speaker 1: So.
• 32:18
  Speaker 2: Theory one, we wipe ourselves out before we get to
• 32:20
  Speaker 2: the point where we're advanced enough in hyper-realistic simulations. Theory
• 32:24
  Speaker 2: number two, or possibility number two, is that advanced civilizations
• 32:29
  Speaker 2: do exist, but they have zero interest in simulating their ancestors,
• 32:32
  Speaker 2: which would be us. Or theory number three is that
• 32:35
  Speaker 2: we are a simulation and civilizations do survive and they
• 32:38
  Speaker 2: do run millions of simulations because there would be millions
• 32:42
  Speaker 2: of fake universes and only one can be base reality
• 32:45
  Speaker 2: in this scenario. And the mathematical odds are incredibly high
• 32:48
  Speaker 2: that we are currently living inside one of those simulations
• 32:50
  Speaker 2: and not in base reality.
• 32:52
  Speaker 1: Well, my personal point of view is there's option four
• 32:57
  Speaker 1: that you don't mention. And option four is that there
• 33:00
  Speaker 1: is no simulation at all. That all this talk is
• 33:03
  Speaker 1: nothing but fairy tales. Fairy tales that we tell our
• 33:06
  Speaker 1: children to amaze them about the universe. But you see,
• 33:10
  Speaker 1: the universe is based on probabilities, right? Probabilities that uranium
• 33:15
  Speaker 1: will fire, for example, which gives us nuclear weapons. Probability
• 33:19
  Speaker 1: that hydrogen can fuse, and that gives us stars. So
• 33:23
  Speaker 1: the universe is based on probabilities, not on simulations.
• 33:28
  Speaker 2: Do you think what we're seeing... This is a strange
• 33:31
  Speaker 2: question to ask because, again, there's so many definitions within it.
• 33:34
  Speaker 2: But do you think what we're seeing is real? Like,
• 33:37
  Speaker 2: do you think this is, you know, because people do
• 33:39
  Speaker 2: psychedelic drugs and I hear about things like DMT. You
• 33:42
  Speaker 2: inhale a little bit of smoke and suddenly everything you
• 33:45
  Speaker 2: see is different. And you meet, people talk about how
• 33:48
  Speaker 2: they've met other types of life when they've taken an
• 33:52
  Speaker 2: inhale of DMT. They've interacted with some type of other
• 33:55
  Speaker 2: life form. So, I guess all this is to say
• 33:58
  Speaker 2: that if our perceived reality is that fragile, where we
• 34:02
  Speaker 2: inhale one of smoke and suddenly we're amongst a different
• 34:06
  Speaker 2: life form, then it makes us question whether this is
• 34:10
  Speaker 2: real at all. And also like, just to extend that
• 34:14
  Speaker 2: a little bit further, if one inhalation of smoke, and
• 34:17
  Speaker 2: I guess you could think about that as a bunch
• 34:19
  Speaker 2: of small particles, can interrupt something in my brain that
• 34:23
  Speaker 2: causes me to believe that I'm in a different universe
• 34:26
  Speaker 2: and then doesn't that prove that my reality is just
• 34:32
  Speaker 2: the projection of a very fragile, small amount of particles
• 34:35
  Speaker 2: that are right now lined up so that I see
• 34:37
  Speaker 2: you and this?
• 34:40
  Speaker 1: Well, I think the answer to that is that what
• 34:42
  Speaker 1: you consider to be reality is really a partial fiction.
• 34:49
  Speaker 1: That your senses are limited by what your senses can
• 34:53
  Speaker 1: retrieve from the outside world but there's only a teeny
• 34:56
  Speaker 1: weeny little fraction of what actually exists. Look at the
• 35:00
  Speaker 1: electromagnetic spectrum of light, for example. You can't see all
• 35:04
  Speaker 1: the ultraviolet radiation, the infrared, X-rays. This room is full
• 35:09
  Speaker 1: of realities that you can't see. Most of what you
• 35:13
  Speaker 1: see is a fragment, a teeny weeny little fragment of reality.
• 35:19
  Speaker 1: You can't see cosmic rays. You can't see ultraviolet radiation.
• 35:23
  Speaker 1: So what I'm trying to tell you is that You
• 35:25
  Speaker 1: live in an illusion. It's a good illusion for survival.
• 35:29
  Speaker 1: But in terms of being able to see the full
• 35:31
  Speaker 1: spectrum of reality as it exists, no, there's no way.
• 35:36
  Speaker 1: So you think reality is everything.
• 35:39
  Speaker 2: Nope.
• 35:40
  Speaker 1: It's only a tiny, tiny, eensy weensy little fragment of reality.
• 35:45
  Speaker 1: And then talking about this reality, that's a fantasy on
• 35:49
  Speaker 1: top of a fantasy. The first fantasy is that you
• 35:53
  Speaker 1: think that what you see is real and everything. That's
• 35:55
  Speaker 1: the first fantasy. The second fantasy is there's a fantasy
• 35:59
  Speaker 1: within the first fantasy. So you're going layer upon layer
• 36:03
  Speaker 1: of fantasies. Now let me give you another example. Let's
• 36:07
  Speaker 1: say you hear rustling in the forest. You think it's
• 36:10
  Speaker 1: a tiger there. Nine times out of ten, there's no
• 36:14
  Speaker 1: tiger there. But how come your senses are constantly alerting
• 36:18
  Speaker 1: you to the tiger? And that is evolution. Evolution. Evolution
• 36:23
  Speaker 1: gives you the ability to see things that are not
• 36:26
  Speaker 1: really there at all because it's good for survival. One
• 36:30
  Speaker 1: time there is a tiger and it saves your butt.
• 36:34
  Speaker 1: In other words, why are we here today? We're here
• 36:36
  Speaker 1: today because our senses are overactive. Our senses think there's
• 36:40
  Speaker 1: a lion, there's a tiger there, where there's no lion
• 36:43
  Speaker 1: or tiger there at all, but it was good for
• 36:45
  Speaker 1: our survival.
• 36:46
  Speaker 2: Okay.
• 36:47
  Speaker 1: So our senses are only necessary for our survival. That's
• 36:52
  Speaker 1: why we cannot see infrared. We cannot see ultraviolet. We
• 36:55
  Speaker 1: cannot see the whole spectrum of reality, radio, everything. We
• 36:59
  Speaker 1: can't see it all because it was not necessary for
• 37:03
  Speaker 1: our survival.
• 37:04
  Speaker 2: Why does life matter in the universe? Like what function
• 37:08
  Speaker 2: does life have in the universe?
• 37:10
  Speaker 1: I think we create our own meaning individually. I think
• 37:14
  Speaker 1: there's no universal meaning for life in general, but I
• 37:17
  Speaker 1: think each of us create our own meaning individually.
• 37:21
  Speaker 2: I was saying this because you were talking about survival.
• 37:24
  Speaker 2: And I was just wondering if there was some universal
• 37:26
  Speaker 2: reason why survival is so important to the universe.
• 37:31
  Speaker 1: Survival is important for the universe because survival writes history.
• 37:35
  Speaker 1: If there's no survival, there's nothing to write. There's no memories.
• 37:38
  Speaker 1: There's no stories to tell. Nothing. There's just a vacuum
• 37:43
  Speaker 1: of space.
• 37:43
  Speaker 2: I was also asking that, I guess, because you were
• 37:46
  Speaker 2: saying how we only see one version of reality. And
• 37:51
  Speaker 2: so one would assume, therefore, that there's another version of
• 37:53
  Speaker 2: reality that we can't even see. I mean, I've heard
• 37:54
  Speaker 2: this before from physicists, you know, and if you just
• 37:57
  Speaker 2: think about different animals, the bat sees a different version
• 38:01
  Speaker 2: of reality to the whale.
• 38:03
  Speaker 1: Like sonar, for example.
• 38:04
  Speaker 2: Sonar, for example. Even my dog, my dog seems to
• 38:07
  Speaker 2: see a completely different version of reality than the one
• 38:09
  Speaker 2: I see.
• 38:09
  Speaker 1: It smells much better than you. Olfactory nerves of a
• 38:12
  Speaker 1: dog are infinitely better than our olfactory nerves in our nose.
• 38:17
  Speaker 1: They have a different reality.
• 38:18
  Speaker 2: I guess it begs the question, like, what is all
• 38:20
  Speaker 2: of this then?
• 38:22
  Speaker 1: You're talking about the meaning of life, for which I
• 38:25
  Speaker 1: have no answer. Sorry about that.
• 38:27
  Speaker 2: I guess that was what I was asking, but I
• 38:28
  Speaker 2: wasn't asking, that wasn't what I was intent on asking.
• 38:30
  Speaker 2: But that's the base question, which is, what's the point?
• 38:34
  Speaker 1: I'm not even sure if the universe has a point.
• 38:36
  Speaker 1: But my personal attitude is we create our own point.
• 38:39
  Speaker 1: We create our own world and meaning within that world.
• 38:44
  Speaker 1: It could be different from another person's meaning and understanding
• 38:47
  Speaker 1: of the world, but it's good enough for me.
• 38:50
  Speaker 2: What do you think of the human sort of proclivity
• 38:53
  Speaker 2: to imagine a God and to assign meaning and morality
• 38:57
  Speaker 2: to that God and say, well, you know, because we
• 38:59
  Speaker 2: do have this, we do live with this kind of
• 39:01
  Speaker 2: God-shaped hole in our lives where we don't really know
• 39:04
  Speaker 2: where we came from. We don't know what the point is.
• 39:06
  Speaker 2: So I understand why it's tempting to say, This book
• 39:09
  Speaker 2: that someone wrote once upon a time that says, this person,
• 39:12
  Speaker 2: this thing created us, and these are the rules, and
• 39:16
  Speaker 2: this is what good is, this is what bad is,
• 39:18
  Speaker 2: this is what we get if we follow the rules.
• 39:21
  Speaker 2: You know, as humans, we want that. Yes, and I
• 39:23
  Speaker 2: think there's a reason for that. And the answer is evolution.
• 39:27
  Speaker 2: What holds animals together?
• 39:28
  Speaker 1: The alchemy. male, the top dog. As humans became more
• 39:33
  Speaker 1: intelligent over millions of years, humans bicker. We argue. We
• 39:39
  Speaker 1: challenge the leader. And then tribes would fall apart because
• 39:44
  Speaker 1: you need some glue. You need some glue to hold
• 39:47
  Speaker 1: it together. And if everyone becomes intelligent uniformly, there's no
• 39:52
  Speaker 1: glue anymore. Everyone bickers. I'm the leader. No, I'm the leader.
• 39:55
  Speaker 1: So on and so forth. So what happens is one
• 39:58
  Speaker 1: person comes up and says, I'm stronger than you. And
• 40:01
  Speaker 1: I talk to somebody even stronger than me. God. And
• 40:05
  Speaker 1: if you disobey me, then God will strike you down.
• 40:09
  Speaker 1: In other words, God is a glue. God is a
• 40:12
  Speaker 1: glue that holds sentient beings together together. when there's no
• 40:17
  Speaker 1: reason to hold them together anymore, and they bicker, and
• 40:20
  Speaker 1: the tribe falls apart. What holds the tribe together? God.
• 40:25
  Speaker 1: Who is God? Well, God is not here, but the
• 40:28
  Speaker 1: Son of God is here. And the Son of God says,
• 40:32
  Speaker 1: you got to do this, you got to do this,
• 40:34
  Speaker 1: you got to do this, and you got to obey me.
• 40:36
  Speaker 2: Why?
• 40:37
  Speaker 1: Because I'm the messenger. I'm the Son of God. So
• 40:40
  Speaker 1: I think religion has a definite purpose here. The purpose
• 40:44
  Speaker 1: of religion is a glue to hold sentient, intelligent beings together.
• 40:50
  Speaker 2: What do you think consciousness is?
• 40:52
  Speaker 1: Consciousness, I think, is a question of awareness, the ability
• 40:56
  Speaker 1: to create ideas about, you know, why. I mean, what
• 41:00
  Speaker 1: does it mean? Meaning, to give meaning to things. Otherwise,
• 41:04
  Speaker 1: things become meaningless. So I think that's the purpose of consciousness,
• 41:09
  Speaker 1: is to give us an awareness of meaning.
• 41:12
  Speaker 2: Do you think these big... questions will ever be answered
• 41:15
  Speaker 2: around like where we came from, what the point is.
• 41:18
  Speaker 2: Do you think we'll ever have answers to these things?
• 41:20
  Speaker 1: Probably not. However, we have this instinctive urge to, to explore,
• 41:27
  Speaker 1: to look for new territories and new ideas. And that
• 41:31
  Speaker 1: is what I think keeps us going. Animals do not
• 41:34
  Speaker 1: have that. You can't tell a dog, aren't you thrilled
• 41:37
  Speaker 1: that we're going to this new, new house, this new whatever, right?
• 41:40
  Speaker 1: And dog says, no, just give me my, my dinner.
• 41:44
  Speaker 1: So I think that humans are different. The purpose of
• 41:47
  Speaker 1: the front part of our brain, the cerebral cortex that
• 41:50
  Speaker 1: holds us together, is a time machine. It asks the question,
• 41:55
  Speaker 1: what's going to happen in the future? If you don't
• 41:58
  Speaker 1: believe me, go to your dog tonight and ask your dog,
• 42:02
  Speaker 1: what did he do last night? And the dog will
• 42:06
  Speaker 1: just bark. No interest in what happened yesterday, what's happened tomorrow.
• 42:12
  Speaker 1: We constantly think about the future. We can't help it.
• 42:17
  Speaker 1: We are constantly thinking about what's for dinner tomorrow. Who's
• 42:19
  Speaker 1: my friend? Who's my enemy? What am I going to
• 42:22
  Speaker 1: do next year? What college am I going to go to?
• 42:25
  Speaker 1: We are obsessed with the future. That's what separates us
• 42:30
  Speaker 1: from the animal kingdom. Animals do not care about the future.
• 42:35
  Speaker 1: They just care about survival. We, on the other hand,
• 42:38
  Speaker 1: are obsessed with the future because that's where our survival lies.
• 42:42
  Speaker 1: And why is that? Because we don't have claws. We
• 42:46
  Speaker 1: don't have fangs. We don't have huge muscles. We can't
• 42:50
  Speaker 1: run very fast. We can't fly. We're not like the animals.
• 42:55
  Speaker 1: We are dependent upon the front part of our brain.
• 42:59
  Speaker 1: And that's why we ask these questions that you just asked.
• 43:03
  Speaker 1: Why are you asking these questions? Because you're programmed to
• 43:06
  Speaker 1: ask these questions. Animals are not.
• 43:09
  Speaker 2: I mean, on the subject of intelligence, there is now
• 43:13
  Speaker 2: new types of intelligence amongst us. One of them is
• 43:16
  Speaker 2: referred to as artificial intelligence, which is actually modeled on
• 43:20
  Speaker 2: how the brain works. You know, I've sat here with
• 43:22
  Speaker 2: some of the experts in AI and they've told me
• 43:24
  Speaker 2: that they learned a lot about the human brain and
• 43:27
  Speaker 2: how it reasons and how it processes information with these
• 43:32
  Speaker 2: neural nets, as they call it, which is a concept
• 43:36
  Speaker 2: that has been inspired by the brain. And with that,
• 43:39
  Speaker 2: they've started to build these very intelligent machines, which a
• 43:42
  Speaker 2: lot of people are now using in terms of large
• 43:44
  Speaker 2: language models like ChatGPT, but we're going further and further
• 43:47
  Speaker 2: into the world of artificial intelligence. So, I mean, one
• 43:51
  Speaker 2: would reason that the future looks very, very, very different
• 43:53
  Speaker 2: because of this new type of intelligence and that it's
• 43:56
  Speaker 2: going to accelerate maybe a lot of the discoveries that
• 43:59
  Speaker 2: we've pondered about today, but also that it's going to
• 44:02
  Speaker 2: change life as we know it. And I mean, some
• 44:03
  Speaker 2: people even think that human life won't be the dominant
• 44:06
  Speaker 2: form of intelligence. in such a world? What do you think?
• 44:11
  Speaker 1: Yes, I think that is a definite problem. Right now,
• 44:14
  Speaker 1: I think a lot of our robots have the intelligence
• 44:17
  Speaker 1: of a bug, an insect. They don't plan, they can't
• 44:22
  Speaker 1: articulate their thoughts and so, so forth, but they carry
• 44:25
  Speaker 1: out orders very well. But eventually, it's only a matter
• 44:29
  Speaker 1: of time before they become as smart as a mouse,
• 44:32
  Speaker 1: then as smart as a rabbit, then as smart as
• 44:35
  Speaker 1: a dog or a cat, and finally as smart as
• 44:37
  Speaker 1: a monkey. At that point, they are potentially dangerous.
• 44:43
  Speaker 2: The AI models, though, that are available now are PhD
• 44:47
  Speaker 2: level in terms of intelligence.
• 44:50
  Speaker 1: No, you cannot talk PhD physics with them. They're programmed.
• 44:55
  Speaker 1: They're programmed to have certain ways of thinking about certain things,
• 45:00
  Speaker 1: but they're not original. You can't come up with a
• 45:03
  Speaker 1: new theory of physics talking to a robot. They basically
• 45:07
  Speaker 1: take what is programmed into them and work with that. Now, eventually,
• 45:12
  Speaker 1: they may become creative, okay? But I think that's going
• 45:15
  Speaker 1: to take several decades before we are at that point.
• 45:19
  Speaker 2: When you say creative, what's your definition of creative in
• 45:22
  Speaker 2: that context?
• 45:23
  Speaker 1: Robots right now take what is available to them and
• 45:26
  Speaker 1: rearrange things, like writing a book.
• 45:28
  Speaker 2: Isn't that what humans do? Don't we take information and
• 45:30
  Speaker 2: rearrange it?
• 45:31
  Speaker 1: Yeah, but we come up with new ideas.
• 45:33
  Speaker 2: Based on that information. The AIs can make a photo
• 45:36
  Speaker 2: that has never existed before. So isn't that by definition.
• 45:39
  Speaker 1: On the basis of what did exist before. In other words,
• 45:43
  Speaker 1: something new, but basically a rearrangement of something that already existed.
• 45:47
  Speaker 2: So I'm saying, you know, the Michael Jackson documentary has
• 45:50
  Speaker 2: just come out recently and you see Michael Jackson, the
• 45:53
  Speaker 2: way he moves and you look at it and go, wow,
• 45:55
  Speaker 2: like no one's ever moved like that before. And then
• 45:57
  Speaker 2: my friend sent me this video, which was what Michael
• 46:01
  Speaker 2: Jackson was actually inspired by. And it's this, I'll throw
• 46:05
  Speaker 2: it up on the screen so other people can see.
• 46:07
  Speaker 2: But it was something that came before Michael Jackson. And
• 46:09
  Speaker 2: it was this guy who moved in this very interesting way.
• 46:12
  Speaker 2: And when I watched this guy, I saw Michael Jackson.
• 46:14
  Speaker 2: And so you look up someone like Michael Jackson and
• 46:16
  Speaker 2: you go, oh, my God, an unbelievable, creative, genius artist.
• 46:18
  Speaker 2: But even he was inspired by, let's see if I
• 46:21
  Speaker 2: can get it to play. Even he was inspired by
• 46:25
  Speaker 2: this individual. And then if I play it forward, I mean,
• 46:29
  Speaker 2: this is how Michael Jackson moved.
• 46:31
  Speaker 1: Well, art, the bottom line of art is mimicry. That's
• 46:35
  Speaker 1: the bottom line of art, except you arrange things in
• 46:37
  Speaker 1: an original way. So it looks fresh.
• 46:40
  Speaker 2: Am I right in thinking that with Newton, he took
• 46:45
  Speaker 2: the existing laws of physics and.
• 46:48
  Speaker 1: He- Which were negligible. And he proposed- There were no
• 46:51
  Speaker 1: laws of physics before Newton.
• 46:53
  Speaker 2: And he proposed a question. And then he tested that
• 46:56
  Speaker 2: question and found an answer.
• 46:59
  Speaker 1: He asked himself a question. How come the earth goes
• 47:02
  Speaker 1: around the sun? And he came up with an idea
• 47:06
  Speaker 1: that was totally different from what people had thought about before.
• 47:10
  Speaker 1: He came up with calculus. He came up with the
• 47:12
  Speaker 1: inverse square law. So what I'm saying is true creativity
• 47:15
  Speaker 1: comes from almost nothing. And it's like a supernova. Well,
• 47:19
  Speaker 1: creativity of a robot is imitative. Now, there's nothing wrong
• 47:23
  Speaker 1: with that because, of course, imitative artwork is still artwork,
• 47:27
  Speaker 1: but it's imitative.
• 47:29
  Speaker 2: Do you believe people like the big AI CEOs and
• 47:33
  Speaker 2: Elon Musk when they say that AI will lead to
• 47:36
  Speaker 2: new discoveries in science?
• 47:38
  Speaker 1: That's possible because there's so many laws of physics that
• 47:41
  Speaker 1: are known that many of the new laws of physics
• 47:44
  Speaker 1: are imitative and you rearrange them and combine them in
• 47:47
  Speaker 1: different ways. So it's possible that the big breakthroughs of
• 47:52
  Speaker 1: the future will be guided by breakthroughs of the past.
• 47:55
  Speaker 1: There's nothing wrong with that.
• 47:56
  Speaker 2: Are you concerned about AI at all?
• 47:59
  Speaker 1: I'm concerned about AI in the larger perspective that one
• 48:04
  Speaker 1: day they can learn to do things that are bad,
• 48:08
  Speaker 1: learn to kill, learn to maim, to harm people. Realize
• 48:14
  Speaker 1: that every invention that we've made in the past, like
• 48:17
  Speaker 1: the bow and arrow, could be used for good and bad. Everything, okay? Okay?
• 48:23
  Speaker 1: The bow and arrow could be good for game, for food,
• 48:26
  Speaker 1: for eating, but a bow and arrow could be good
• 48:29
  Speaker 1: for slaughtering your next-door neighbor. Any new invention has a
• 48:34
  Speaker 1: double-edged sword to it. And so I think that so far,
• 48:38
  Speaker 1: most of the applications of artificial intelligence have been positive.
• 48:43
  Speaker 1: We're talking about labor costs. We're talking about creating wealth.
• 48:46
  Speaker 1: We're talking about making things faster, cheaper, better. That's all great, but...
• 48:52
  Speaker 1: You can also create artificial intelligence weapons as well. And
• 48:55
  Speaker 1: the battlefield is where it's happening. And if you take
• 48:59
  Speaker 1: a look at what's happening in the Ukraine and Russia,
• 49:04
  Speaker 1: already we're talking about aerial weapons that can use wires
• 49:11
  Speaker 1: to lock onto their target. And they use artificial intelligence
• 49:17
  Speaker 1: to guide them with this wire. And they cannot be
• 49:20
  Speaker 1: stopped using the usual techniques.
• 49:23
  Speaker 2: For every founder, there comes a point in building a
• 49:25
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  Speaker 2: to this question of the Big Bang and where we
• 51:34
  Speaker 2: all came from, if you had to posit a guess
• 51:39
  Speaker 2: as to what caused the Big Bang, would you land
• 51:41
  Speaker 2: on this bubble bath theory that you talked about, where
• 51:45
  Speaker 2: there's just lots and lots of universes, some of them
• 51:46
  Speaker 2: are contracting and expanding. Is that where you would personally land?
• 51:51
  Speaker 1: Probably. If you take a look at empty space, we
• 51:54
  Speaker 1: now believe that empty space is frothing, frothing with little bubbles,
• 51:59
  Speaker 1: bubbles that pop into existence and then annihilate and go
• 52:03
  Speaker 1: back into nothingness again. So even pure nothingness is chock
• 52:08
  Speaker 1: full of activity. And one day, we think, one day,
• 52:12
  Speaker 1: one of these tiny little bubbles decided not to go
• 52:15
  Speaker 1: back into the vacuum, but to keep on expanding and expanding.
• 52:20
  Speaker 1: And that became the Big Bang. And so the theory
• 52:23
  Speaker 1: says that the universe is dynamic and that universes are
• 52:27
  Speaker 1: being created all the time.
• 52:28
  Speaker 2: What about Adam and Eve?
• 52:32
  Speaker 1: What about Adam and Eve?
• 52:33
  Speaker 2: You don't think this story is true, that there was
• 52:35
  Speaker 2: a garden, Adam and Eve, Adam ate the apple, put
• 52:38
  Speaker 2: your clothes on, bathe yourself? And then, you know, we
• 52:41
  Speaker 2: all come from there.
• 52:43
  Speaker 1: Well, I think there's evolution. And evolution did create life
• 52:47
  Speaker 1: forms that are single-celled, multi-celled, and then cells with a
• 52:52
  Speaker 1: nervous system like fish. And then fish became land-moving organisms.
• 53:00
  Speaker 1: So I think there's a linear progression.
• 53:02
  Speaker 2: But you don't believe the stories told in the First
• 53:04
  Speaker 2: Testament of the Bible around how humans came to be?
• 53:08
  Speaker 2: God created the world in seven days. You don't believe
• 53:10
  Speaker 2: that stuff.
• 53:11
  Speaker 1: Well, I think it's a fairy tale. I think it's
• 53:13
  Speaker 1: a very compelling fairy tale. But I think that even
• 53:16
  Speaker 1: the people who teach religion realize it as a metaphor
• 53:21
  Speaker 1: that we don't really mean 24 hours in a day
• 53:24
  Speaker 1: because that deals with the earth. In the universe, there
• 53:28
  Speaker 1: could be other worlds where a day is not 24 hours.
• 53:32
  Speaker 1: A day does not look like what the Bible says
• 53:34
  Speaker 1: in Genesis 24. So I think it's a way to
• 53:38
  Speaker 1: organize your religion into a way that is digestible and
• 53:42
  Speaker 1: people can understand it. And it touches people, which is
• 53:46
  Speaker 1: the purpose of religion. The purpose of religion is to
• 53:49
  Speaker 1: touch people, to bring them together into a commonality. And
• 53:53
  Speaker 1: that's what the story of Genesis does. Religion, in some sense,
• 53:56
  Speaker 1: is a way to help people, to show people guidance,
• 54:01
  Speaker 1: the good life, so that you don't terrorize other people
• 54:05
  Speaker 1: that you make life better for other people. Not that
• 54:09
  Speaker 1: it explains the meaning of existence, but it gives you
• 54:13
  Speaker 1: a reason for existence.
• 54:16
  Speaker 2: And you would consider yourself to be an atheist? No,
• 54:19
  Speaker 2: I'm agnostic.
• 54:20
  Speaker 1: I believe that there's a lot of truth because it's
• 54:22
  Speaker 1: a way of behaving. It's a way of learning how
• 54:26
  Speaker 1: to be good to your neighbor. It's a glue that
• 54:29
  Speaker 1: holds things together. Not that it gives meaning for life,
• 54:33
  Speaker 1: but it shows the way.
• 54:35
  Speaker 2: It shows the way. And the subject of morality is
• 54:39
  Speaker 2: often so intrinsically linked to religion, which is what is
• 54:41
  Speaker 2: good and what is bad. Where does your morality come from, Doctor?
• 54:45
  Speaker 1: Well, I was in the United States Army for two years.
• 54:51
  Speaker 1: And at that point, I had to face death. And
• 54:55
  Speaker 1: I had to face war. It was the height of
• 54:58
  Speaker 1: the Vietnam War. There were 500 GIs dying every week,
• 55:04
  Speaker 1: every week, Life magazine published an issue where they had
• 55:09
  Speaker 1: the pictures, just the pictures with no commentary of all
• 55:13
  Speaker 1: the GIs that died that week. With no commentary. No,
• 55:18
  Speaker 1: I told you so. Just the pictures of those people
• 55:21
  Speaker 1: that died. And then I realized that I would have
• 55:24
  Speaker 1: to put my life on the line because my number
• 55:28
  Speaker 1: was up. And people were going into the military. And
• 55:33
  Speaker 1: people were realizing, well, War is the way people, you know,
• 55:38
  Speaker 1: work out their differences. But then I began to realize,
• 55:42
  Speaker 1: being in the military, that there is a morality there.
• 55:47
  Speaker 1: I began to realize that the people that we were
• 55:50
  Speaker 1: fighting had their own religion. They had their own way
• 55:55
  Speaker 1: of looking at good and evil and whatever. And they
• 55:58
  Speaker 1: were willing to sacrifice their life for their own freedom.
• 56:03
  Speaker 1: I began to question religion at that point. Is it
• 56:06
  Speaker 1: just a glue that holds people together? Is there a
• 56:09
  Speaker 1: deeper meaning to the whole thing? So one day I
• 56:13
  Speaker 1: was learning how to throw hand grenades. And our sergeant
• 56:17
  Speaker 1: who was explaining to us how to throw a hand
• 56:20
  Speaker 1: grenade had scars on one side of his face, big
• 56:24
  Speaker 1: scars on his neck. And we asked him why. And
• 56:29
  Speaker 1: he said, well, one day a little Vietnamese boy came
• 56:33
  Speaker 1: up to him And the meat boy says, candy, candy,
• 56:38
  Speaker 1: you want candy? And the GI says, no, no, no,
• 56:41
  Speaker 1: get away from me. I don't want candy. Well, the
• 56:44
  Speaker 1: little boy showed what was in his hand. It was
• 56:47
  Speaker 1: a hand grenade. It was not candy at all. And
• 56:50
  Speaker 1: the little boy threw the hand grenade at the sergeant. Well,
• 56:54
  Speaker 1: the sergeant immediately saw what the danger was and he
• 56:57
  Speaker 1: hit the ground as soon as he could, flat on
• 57:00
  Speaker 1: the ground. The grenade exploded and one half of his
• 57:04
  Speaker 1: body got saturated with shrapnel. And then you have to
• 57:08
  Speaker 1: ask yourself a question. Why would a young boy do
• 57:11
  Speaker 1: something like this? It's because he believed in something. And
• 57:15
  Speaker 1: I think there was a real big lesson for me.
• 57:18
  Speaker 1: And that is, you have to believe in something. You
• 57:21
  Speaker 1: have to believe in the goodness of men and also
• 57:25
  Speaker 1: the fact that men can do evil. And you have
• 57:27
  Speaker 1: to fight for what you think is right.
• 57:29
  Speaker 2: And therefore.
• 57:32
  Speaker 1: It's not just a question of we're number one, we're
• 57:35
  Speaker 1: going to win this war. I used to sing a
• 57:38
  Speaker 1: song in the morning, I want to go to Vietnam,
• 57:41
  Speaker 1: I want to kill a Charlie Kong. I used to
• 57:43
  Speaker 1: sing that every morning at four o'clock in the morning.
• 57:46
  Speaker 1: And then I ask myself now, why? Were we on
• 57:50
  Speaker 1: the right side or the wrong side? And then at
• 57:52
  Speaker 1: that point, you begin to question what is right and
• 57:55
  Speaker 1: what is wrong. And then you realize maybe I'm on
• 57:59
  Speaker 1: the wrong side.
• 58:03
  Speaker 2: Maybe I'm on the wrong side. I mean, it goes
• 58:05
  Speaker 2: back to all the conflict happening at the moment because
• 58:07
  Speaker 2: we're ideologically captured by whatever our own religious beliefs are,
• 58:11
  Speaker 2: and that's causing us to turn against each other and
• 58:13
  Speaker 2: cause so much pain and suffering in the world. Do
• 58:17
  Speaker 2: you think there's any chance that this could at all change?
• 58:21
  Speaker 2: Or is this just part of the human condition?
• 58:24
  Speaker 1: Well, if you take a look at the human condition,
• 58:26
  Speaker 1: you realize that warfare has been an integral part of
• 58:31
  Speaker 1: our evolution as a species. Even in the animal kingdom,
• 58:37
  Speaker 1: animals will fight against other animals. And so my hope, however,
• 58:42
  Speaker 1: is that we're different from the animals. We have a brain.
• 58:45
  Speaker 1: We can make moral decisions. Animals do not understand the
• 58:49
  Speaker 1: meaning of a moral decision. Animals is survival, is who's stronger,
• 58:55
  Speaker 1: who has the food. We don't necessarily have to engage
• 58:59
  Speaker 1: in that conflict. And so I would hope that we
• 59:01
  Speaker 1: use the brain that we have to think through and
• 59:06
  Speaker 1: create a better world.
• 59:08
  Speaker 2: One of the things I heard when I was very
• 59:10
  Speaker 2: young about the universe, and I guess this was inspired
• 59:13
  Speaker 2: by some theory within physics, was that there are infinite
• 59:16
  Speaker 2: amounts of worlds out there. And I heard someone say,
• 59:20
  Speaker 2: if the world is infinite, that means that there's someone
• 59:22
  Speaker 2: like me, a Stephen Bartlett, who has an identical life
• 59:25
  Speaker 2: to me, up there somewhere out in the stars, who's
• 59:29
  Speaker 2: living a identical life to mine, maybe other than, instead
• 59:33
  Speaker 2: of in this cup, there's lemonade instead of coffee. This
• 59:37
  Speaker 2: is what they call, is it called the many worlds theory?
• 59:39
  Speaker 2: Where they think there's theoretically... There's a version of the
• 59:42
  Speaker 2: many worlds theory. But most many worlds theory simply says
• 59:46
  Speaker 2: that there's an infinite number of universes and worlds out there.
• 59:50
  Speaker 2: None of them necessarily identical to ours, but independent of us.
• 59:55
  Speaker 2: that that is a distinct possibility. But if there's infinite numbers,
• 59:59
  Speaker 2: that means there's one just like this, identical to this.
• 1:00:01
  Speaker 1: Not necessarily. You can have an infinite number of things
• 1:00:04
  Speaker 1: that don't repeat. So in other words, you don't necessarily
• 1:00:07
  Speaker 1: have to have another civilization that is exactly like ours.
• 1:00:12
  Speaker 1: You could, but it's not necessary if you believe in
• 1:00:15
  Speaker 1: an infinite universe.
• 1:00:17
  Speaker 2: It's true, I guess. Do you think that's plausible, that
• 1:00:20
  Speaker 2: there's an infinite number?
• 1:00:21
  Speaker 1: It's plausible. When you look at the night sky.
• 1:00:25
  Speaker 1: You're overwhelmed by the majesty of the night sky. And
• 1:00:29
  Speaker 1: then you realize that we're nothing but a dot, a
• 1:00:31
  Speaker 1: dot on this gigantic disk called the Milky Way galaxy.
• 1:00:35
  Speaker 1: And if this is the Milky Way galaxy, then here
• 1:00:38
  Speaker 1: we are thinking that this is the entire universe. This
• 1:00:42
  Speaker 1: is nothing but a pinpoint on the Milky Way galaxy.
• 1:00:45
  Speaker 1: And how many galaxies are there? We're talking about trillions
• 1:00:49
  Speaker 1: of galaxies that are out there, each one containing roughly
• 1:00:52
  Speaker 1: 100 billion stars.
• 1:00:55
  Speaker 2: How are we supposed to feel about this? I did
• 1:00:57
  Speaker 2: this star tour a couple of months ago in LA
• 1:01:00
  Speaker 2: where all it was was a guy took me out
• 1:01:02
  Speaker 2: to a field, not even a field, it was the
• 1:01:04
  Speaker 2: desert in Joshua Tree at nighttime. And he just explained
• 1:01:07
  Speaker 2: how far away all the stars are. And then I
• 1:01:10
  Speaker 2: looked through a telescope and he was like, okay, this
• 1:01:12
  Speaker 2: thing you're seeing here is a galaxy and it's a
• 1:01:14
  Speaker 2: gazillion miles that way. And this one is a galaxy
• 1:01:16
  Speaker 2: as big as the Milky Way and it's a gazillion
• 1:01:18
  Speaker 2: miles that way. It made me feel a lot of things.
• 1:01:21
  Speaker 2: It made me feel one, irrelevant from a cosmic perspective.
• 1:01:26
  Speaker 2: It also relieves one's anxiety. If anyone's anxious about this life,
• 1:01:30
  Speaker 2: you kind of feel like you're not, you don't matter
• 1:01:31
  Speaker 2: that much, but also it can make you feel like
• 1:01:34
  Speaker 2: it doesn't matter. Like there's no point, because I think
• 1:01:38
  Speaker 2: there's a certain ego to humans where we want to
• 1:01:40
  Speaker 2: think it really, really, really matters. Now it might matter
• 1:01:43
  Speaker 2: to us, but does it actually matter to the universe?
• 1:01:46
  Speaker 2: Does our lives matter to the universe?
• 1:01:49
  Speaker 1: Well, I like to think of it slightly differently. I
• 1:01:52
  Speaker 1: think on the other side of the Milky Way galaxy,
• 1:01:54
  Speaker 1: there's an alien who's writing the same equation that I'm
• 1:01:58
  Speaker 1: writing down right now in different language, in different notations.
• 1:02:02
  Speaker 1: But he's also discovering string theory. And there are a
• 1:02:04
  Speaker 1: lot of galaxies out there, each one with an individual saying, gee,
• 1:02:09
  Speaker 1: I think I discovered something new about the universe. And
• 1:02:11
  Speaker 1: these laws are universal. The equations that I'm writing down
• 1:02:17
  Speaker 1: right now are identical in different languages. with equations that
• 1:02:22
  Speaker 1: they're writing down billions of light years from us. And
• 1:02:25
  Speaker 1: that gives me a sense of oneness. It gives me
• 1:02:29
  Speaker 1: a sense that, wow, we're part of a fellowship. We're
• 1:02:33
  Speaker 1: part of a camaraderie. We're on the same quest, a
• 1:02:37
  Speaker 1: quest to understand the nature of matter and energy. We're
• 1:02:41
  Speaker 1: on the same boat. Even though we speak different language,
• 1:02:45
  Speaker 1: even though we're on different sides of the universe, we're
• 1:02:47
  Speaker 1: all part of the same club.
• 1:02:49
  Speaker 2: Don't you think it's plausible that we're going to destroy
• 1:02:51
  Speaker 2: ourselves before we ever figure that answer out? Or before
• 1:02:55
  Speaker 2: we get to meet these aliens? Because the technology we've
• 1:02:58
  Speaker 2: been able to create so far, like nuclear weapons and
• 1:03:01
  Speaker 2: even things like AI, you play this forward. You talked
• 1:03:05
  Speaker 2: about probabilities being the most important thing. The probability that
• 1:03:09
  Speaker 2: one of these egomaniacs who has the launch codes for
• 1:03:14
  Speaker 2: a nuclear weapon at some point decides that they're unhappy
• 1:03:17
  Speaker 2: or they feel threatened... is pretty high if you just
• 1:03:20
  Speaker 2: extend time. I mean, the probability goes up theoretically with
• 1:03:23
  Speaker 2: every year that passes that someone is going to make
• 1:03:28
  Speaker 2: a mistake that wipes this out. And the more advanced
• 1:03:30
  Speaker 2: our science gets, presumably, I mean, again, I'm just theorizing,
• 1:03:35
  Speaker 2: the higher the probability that we create something that can
• 1:03:37
  Speaker 2: destroy ourselves.
• 1:03:39
  Speaker 1: Well, I like to look at it slightly differently. I
• 1:03:42
  Speaker 1: say to myself, what is the smallest unit of history?
• 1:03:45
  Speaker 1: And I say it's the decade. Anything smaller than a decade,
• 1:03:51
  Speaker 1: you get random fluctuations, noises, accidents taking place in a decade.
• 1:03:55
  Speaker 1: But if you look at human history, decade by decade
• 1:03:59
  Speaker 1: by decade, you realize that, oh my God, just a
• 1:04:02
  Speaker 1: few decades ago, it was horse and buggy. Before that,
• 1:04:07
  Speaker 1: we just had plows. Before that, we were barbarians. And
• 1:04:12
  Speaker 1: you begin to realize that we've come a long ways.
• 1:04:15
  Speaker 1: Not that we hit the end. But we've come a
• 1:04:18
  Speaker 1: long ways just in the decade-by-decade analysis of the history
• 1:04:22
  Speaker 1: of the human race.
• 1:04:23
  Speaker 2: And we've got closer to being able to destroy ourselves.
• 1:04:25
  Speaker 1: That's true, too, because before we couldn't destroy ourselves. Now,
• 1:04:29
  Speaker 1: for the first time in human history, we have the
• 1:04:31
  Speaker 1: potential of destroying ourselves with designer germs, with nuclear weapons,
• 1:04:37
  Speaker 1: with perhaps artificial intelligence. We didn't have that capability before.
• 1:04:42
  Speaker 1: And it's only been in the last 80 years or
• 1:04:45
  Speaker 1: so as a consequence. So I think that, first of all,
• 1:04:49
  Speaker 1: it means that every decade, tremendous progress is made. There's
• 1:04:52
  Speaker 1: no doubt about that. But second, run a knife's edge.
• 1:04:56
  Speaker 1: You tilt it the wrong way, and there's World War.
• 1:05:00
  Speaker 1: You tilt it the other way, and there's food and
• 1:05:03
  Speaker 1: luxury for everyone. And it's up to us to decide
• 1:05:08
  Speaker 1: which way the knife will go. But my point is,
• 1:05:11
  Speaker 1: decade by decade, we see the enormous progress of that
• 1:05:16
  Speaker 1: we humans have made. The next question is, what about
• 1:05:19
  Speaker 1: the next few decades? That's a big question mark.
• 1:05:23
  Speaker 2: Do you think humanity are going to be able to
• 1:05:24
  Speaker 2: travel out there amongst the stars and become multi-planetary, like
• 1:05:28
  Speaker 2: someone like Elon Musk is planning?
• 1:05:31
  Speaker 1: Well, I think it's for certain that we're going to
• 1:05:33
  Speaker 1: go not just to the moon, but to Mars, and
• 1:05:37
  Speaker 1: maybe even beyond that. Maybe not in our lifetime, but
• 1:05:41
  Speaker 1: in our grandchildren's lifetime, we may break through and visit
• 1:05:47
  Speaker 1: other planets within our solar system. Now, to go beyond
• 1:05:51
  Speaker 1: that would require some sort of warp drive because of
• 1:05:55
  Speaker 1: the fact that the nearest star is probably orbiting Alpha Centauri,
• 1:06:01
  Speaker 1: which is four and a half light years away from
• 1:06:05
  Speaker 1: the planet Earth. So you realize it would take hundreds
• 1:06:08
  Speaker 1: if not thousands of years to begin the colonization of
• 1:06:11
  Speaker 1: the nearby star systems.
• 1:06:14
  Speaker 2: There should be a button just down below here. And
• 1:06:17
  Speaker 2: if it says subscribe, you're already subscribed. If it says subscriber,
• 1:06:21
  Speaker 2: that means you're not yet. And if you're not subscribed,
• 1:06:23
  Speaker 2: please could you do us a favor and hit that button?
• 1:06:25
  Speaker 2: It helps the show more than you know. And according
• 1:06:27
  Speaker 2: to the algorithm, you're someone that watches our show, but
• 1:06:29
  Speaker 2: you haven't yet hit that button. Thank you so much.
• 1:06:32
  Speaker 2: If you could answer any one mystery of the universe,
• 1:06:37
  Speaker 2: you know, I just, I have it down here, the answer.
• 1:06:40
  Speaker 2: What would you seek to answer?
• 1:06:42
  Speaker 1: Well, it's what I'm seeking for my entire life. And
• 1:06:45
  Speaker 1: that is we want that one equation, which is the
• 1:06:48
  Speaker 1: secret of the universe. We have the electromagnetic force equation
• 1:06:53
  Speaker 1: that's like half an inch long. We have the equation
• 1:06:57
  Speaker 1: for gravity that's also about half an inch long. So
• 1:07:01
  Speaker 1: why not the theory of everything, maybe an inch long?
• 1:07:04
  Speaker 1: We're not there yet. But I think it does exist.
• 1:07:08
  Speaker 1: And if we were to find it, that would give
• 1:07:11
  Speaker 1: us an understanding of the entire universe. And I think
• 1:07:13
  Speaker 1: we're very close.
• 1:07:14
  Speaker 2: You think we're close?
• 1:07:15
  Speaker 1: I think we're close.
• 1:07:17
  Speaker 2: What makes you think we're close?
• 1:07:19
  Speaker 1: Because so far, the theories that we do have, almost
• 1:07:22
  Speaker 1: like magic, you look at the history of the equations
• 1:07:25
  Speaker 1: of physics, and you realize they get simpler and simpler
• 1:07:29
  Speaker 1: and simpler with time. You can write down Newton's equation,
• 1:07:33
  Speaker 1: Maxwell's equations, the equation for the nuclear force, on one
• 1:07:36
  Speaker 1: sheet of paper. One sheet of paper. The force that
• 1:07:40
  Speaker 1: governs gravity... We don't have that yet, but we have
• 1:07:44
  Speaker 1: the other forces and the equations are very simple. And
• 1:07:47
  Speaker 1: that's why I think that the final equation will also
• 1:07:50
  Speaker 1: be simple.
• 1:07:51
  Speaker 2: One of the things that sometimes inspires me is that
• 1:07:54
  Speaker 2: when you look at nature or when you look at
• 1:07:56
  Speaker 2: something like the human brain, you see the same patterns
• 1:07:59
  Speaker 2: as you see when you look up out at the stars.
• 1:08:01
  Speaker 2: And I'm so fascinated by the nature of the human
• 1:08:04
  Speaker 2: brain because it seems to be so, so powerful. And
• 1:08:07
  Speaker 2: it also seems to have... patterns we see in the
• 1:08:11
  Speaker 2: wider universe. Do you ever think about this, about the
• 1:08:14
  Speaker 2: brain and how astonishing it is as a thing?
• 1:08:17
  Speaker 1: Well, when I look at the animals, that makes me
• 1:08:20
  Speaker 1: triply impressed. The fact that animals cannot share in that,
• 1:08:25
  Speaker 1: that we see a universe that the animals cannot see.
• 1:08:28
  Speaker 1: We see patterns. We see meaning. We give rhyme and
• 1:08:32
  Speaker 1: reason to what we see. With animals, it's just, where's
• 1:08:36
  Speaker 1: my dinner?
• 1:08:37
  Speaker 2: Do you think the brain is as fascinating as the
• 1:08:39
  Speaker 2: universe is fascinating?
• 1:08:41
  Speaker 1: I think the universe is more fascinating. No matter how
• 1:08:44
  Speaker 1: fast we are with physics and the mathematics of physics,
• 1:08:48
  Speaker 1: pure mathematics is still more profound.
• 1:08:53
  Speaker 2: You wrote this book called The Physics of the Future,
• 1:08:55
  Speaker 2: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives
• 1:08:59
  Speaker 2: by the Year 2020. 2100. If I was alive in 2100,
• 1:09:04
  Speaker 2: based on everything you know about physics, what am I
• 1:09:06
  Speaker 2: likely to see, experience? How is life likely to be
• 1:09:09
  Speaker 2: different in that future?
• 1:09:11
  Speaker 1: Well, I think we'll probably be on the moon, maybe
• 1:09:13
  Speaker 1: onto Mars, and perhaps even dream about setting the first
• 1:09:16
  Speaker 1: space probes even beyond that. We're talking about being able
• 1:09:21
  Speaker 1: to use artificial intelligence to send probes out there. Of course,
• 1:09:26
  Speaker 1: we're not going to go to the stars. That's a
• 1:09:30
  Speaker 1: few hundred years into the future. But I think that
• 1:09:33
  Speaker 1: we will begin to understand the solar system within this century.
• 1:09:38
  Speaker 1: And this also means that we'll have artificial intelligence, a
• 1:09:42
  Speaker 1: cure for cancer, and maybe one will aid the other.
• 1:09:46
  Speaker 1: Maybe artificial intelligence will help us to cure cancer and
• 1:09:50
  Speaker 1: many diseases. And longevity perhaps will begin the process of
• 1:09:55
  Speaker 1: solving the immortality crisis.
• 1:09:57
  Speaker 2: Do you think we will be able to live forever
• 1:09:59
  Speaker 2: in the near future?
• 1:10:00
  Speaker 1: I think there's a possibility that we may have an
• 1:10:02
  Speaker 1: indefinite lifespan. I think that's a possibility.
• 1:10:05
  Speaker 2: And you think it's possible within the laws of, I guess,
• 1:10:09
  Speaker 2: physics and biology?
• 1:10:11
  Speaker 1: Yes. At the end of our chromosomes, every cell, there's
• 1:10:15
  Speaker 1: something called the telomeres. And the telomeres are like a clock.
• 1:10:19
  Speaker 1: They get shorter every time a cell reproduces. And when
• 1:10:23
  Speaker 1: the telomere gets so short, it frays, falls apart, and
• 1:10:27
  Speaker 1: you die. So we have a time limit. We've also
• 1:10:31
  Speaker 1: discovered telomerase, a chemical that stops the clock. This was
• 1:10:36
  Speaker 1: incredible when it was first announced, that if there's a
• 1:10:39
  Speaker 1: clock in our body called the telomeres that tracks how
• 1:10:43
  Speaker 1: long we're going to live, and there's something called telomerase
• 1:10:46
  Speaker 1: which stops the clock, then can we live forever? Well,
• 1:10:51
  Speaker 1: that was the good news. Then the bad news was
• 1:10:54
  Speaker 1: we found out that most to our shock, cancer also
• 1:10:59
  Speaker 1: uses telomeres and telomerase to live forever. Why does cancer
• 1:11:04
  Speaker 1: kill you? Because they are immortal. In principle, they could
• 1:11:08
  Speaker 1: live forever. And so it means that the secret of
• 1:11:13
  Speaker 1: immortality is tantalizing close. We do know that there are
• 1:11:17
  Speaker 1: cells that make immortality possible, but there's a price to pay.
• 1:11:21
  Speaker 1: The price to pay is you don't want cancers to
• 1:11:24
  Speaker 1: also follow you. So here's the trick of the game.
• 1:11:28
  Speaker 1: We have a whole bunch of top people in the
• 1:11:31
  Speaker 1: sciences and medicine looking for ways to extend the human
• 1:11:35
  Speaker 1: lifespan with the telomeres without wakening up the cancers that
• 1:11:41
  Speaker 1: make cancer possible.
• 1:11:43
  Speaker 2: One of the things you wrote a book about two
• 1:11:45
  Speaker 2: years ago, three years ago now, in 2023, and that's
• 1:11:48
  Speaker 2: when it was published, is this thing here.
• 1:11:53
  Speaker 1: That's right.
• 1:11:54
  Speaker 2: What is this?
• 1:11:56
  Speaker 1: This is the future. This is a quantum computer. It's
• 1:12:01
  Speaker 1: a computer that computes not on transistors, which is old-fashioned.
• 1:12:05
  Speaker 1: It computes on atoms. Think about that. The ultimate object
• 1:12:11
  Speaker 1: beyond the transistors that you can compute with is the atom.
• 1:12:15
  Speaker 1: And how do transistors work? Transistors can be up or down,
• 1:12:20
  Speaker 1: up or down. It's called digital.
• 1:12:21
  Speaker 2: Can you demonstrate that on there? And this is your other.
• 1:12:24
  Speaker 1: Yeah, so think of this as a cell. And the
• 1:12:27
  Speaker 1: cell could either be switched on or switched off. If
• 1:12:30
  Speaker 1: you take a computer and open it up, what do
• 1:12:32
  Speaker 1: you find? Switches like this. They're called transistors. Transistors that
• 1:12:36
  Speaker 1: tell you whether it's on or off. Now, that's digital.
• 1:12:41
  Speaker 1: This is the revolution of today. This is the revolution
• 1:12:45
  Speaker 1: of tomorrow. Not just up or down, of in between.
• 1:12:50
  Speaker 1: How many states are there between zero and one? In principle,
• 1:12:55
  Speaker 1: an infinite number of states between zero and one. So
• 1:12:59
  Speaker 1: this is the basis of a digital computer. This is
• 1:13:03
  Speaker 1: the basis of a quantum computer. Quantum computers are so
• 1:13:07
  Speaker 1: powerful that even the CIA is worried that one day,
• 1:13:11
  Speaker 1: perhaps in the future, They'll be so powerful, they'll be
• 1:13:15
  Speaker 1: able to break into any known digital code. So even
• 1:13:19
  Speaker 1: the CIA is worried about the fact that these could
• 1:13:22
  Speaker 1: become so powerful that they'll allow you to break into
• 1:13:26
  Speaker 1: any known computer. So these are called quantum computers. Why
• 1:13:31
  Speaker 1: are they powerful? Because they compute not on transistors, they
• 1:13:35
  Speaker 1: compute on atoms. And you can't get much smaller than
• 1:13:38
  Speaker 1: an atom and have stable matter. But that's what quantum
• 1:13:41
  Speaker 1: computers can do. And they exist. This is not science fiction.
• 1:13:45
  Speaker 1: They already exist.
• 1:13:46
  Speaker 2: So just to simplify this in a way that I
• 1:13:48
  Speaker 2: can understand it, normal computers are very, very simple like
• 1:13:51
  Speaker 2: this switch. They kind of exist in a linear direction.
• 1:13:55
  Speaker 1: Up or down, on or off.
• 1:13:56
  Speaker 2: Kind of binary yes or no.
• 1:13:58
  Speaker 1: That's right.
• 1:13:58
  Speaker 2: Whereas a quantum computer is more like this, where it
• 1:14:01
  Speaker 2: can process information in so many different directions. at the
• 1:14:05
  Speaker 2: same time, so that it's going to be way more powerful.
• 1:14:08
  Speaker 1: Way more powerful than up and down.
• 1:14:10
  Speaker 2: And I was looking recently and Google did an announcement,
• 1:14:16
  Speaker 2: actually this year, where they basically set a deadline for
• 1:14:19
  Speaker 2: the cybersecurity world. And they started to warn governments and
• 1:14:22
  Speaker 2: banks and other tech giants that because they have a
• 1:14:25
  Speaker 2: quantum computer now that is very, very powerful, they're worried
• 1:14:29
  Speaker 2: that it will be able to crack a lot of
• 1:14:30
  Speaker 2: the digital world that we all rely on, including banks,
• 1:14:33
  Speaker 2: even Bitcoins. which was quite interesting. And they've set 2029
• 1:14:39
  Speaker 2: as the deadline for everybody to get their shit together.
• 1:14:43
  Speaker 2: This is a massive threat to things like Bitcoin, which
• 1:14:45
  Speaker 2: is Bitcoin is essentially secured by a equation that they
• 1:14:50
  Speaker 2: believe quantum computers are going to be able to very
• 1:14:53
  Speaker 2: easily crack. And if they do that, then everyone's Bitcoin,
• 1:14:56
  Speaker 2: for example, is at jeopardy. But beyond Bitcoin, what does
• 1:15:01
  Speaker 2: the world look like in a world where we have
• 1:15:02
  Speaker 2: these incredible computers?
• 1:15:05
  Speaker 1: Well, first of all, who's doing this work? And it
• 1:15:08
  Speaker 1: turns out the CIA is following this work very carefully
• 1:15:13
  Speaker 1: because with this, you'd be able to crack any code.
• 1:15:16
  Speaker 1: Why is it that a thief cannot steal your bank
• 1:15:19
  Speaker 1: account today? It's because that thief does not have your
• 1:15:22
  Speaker 1: digital code. If a thief has your digital code, there
• 1:15:26
  Speaker 1: goes your life savings out the window. Capitalism would vanish.
• 1:15:30
  Speaker 1: Society would come to a halt. There'd be civil war.
• 1:15:34
  Speaker 1: It'd be all sorts of chaos taking place. But codes
• 1:15:38
  Speaker 1: are there not to be broken. To break a code,
• 1:15:42
  Speaker 1: you have to have another code. And so the CIA
• 1:15:45
  Speaker 1: and other organizations create these very complicated codes that you
• 1:15:50
  Speaker 1: have to master. Quantum computers can do it. But we're
• 1:15:55
  Speaker 1: not there yet. But it's coming. I don't know when.
• 1:15:59
  Speaker 1: Some people say in a few decades. Some people say sooner.
• 1:16:02
  Speaker 1: I don't know. I just know that the world is
• 1:16:05
  Speaker 1: gambling and that we'll find a way to stop quantum
• 1:16:10
  Speaker 1: computers from breaking into digital computers.
• 1:16:14
  Speaker 2: You've been working on physics for the last, what we said,
• 1:16:18
  Speaker 2: 71 years. As a kid, I was reading about how
• 1:16:23
  Speaker 2: you started making your own atom smasher, I guess you'd
• 1:16:27
  Speaker 2: call it, a particle collider machine.
• 1:16:29
  Speaker 1: That's right. When I was in high school, That's.
• 1:16:32
  Speaker 2: A very strange thing for a high school kid to
• 1:16:34
  Speaker 2: be doing.
• 1:16:35
  Speaker 1: Well, I was fascinated by the work of Einstein and
• 1:16:38
  Speaker 1: the work of people working on subatomic particles. And I
• 1:16:42
  Speaker 1: got interested in antimatter. Antimatter. Antimatter is the opposite of matter.
• 1:16:47
  Speaker 1: When I combine matter and antimatter, I get a bomb.
• 1:16:50
  Speaker 1: So you have to be very careful that you don't
• 1:16:53
  Speaker 1: marry matter with antimatter. And antimatter behaves the opposite of
• 1:16:57
  Speaker 1: ordinary matter. If ordinary matter goes clockwise in magnetic field,
• 1:17:02
  Speaker 1: antimatter goes counterclockwise in that same magnetic field. And so
• 1:17:07
  Speaker 1: as a science project, I wanted to photograph the tracks
• 1:17:10
  Speaker 1: of antimatter. So I got hundreds of miles of copper wire,
• 1:17:15
  Speaker 1: built a cloud chamber, and I was able to prove
• 1:17:18
  Speaker 1: that I could photograph the tracks of antimatter. And for that,
• 1:17:23
  Speaker 1: I won grand prize at the San Francisco Science Fair.
• 1:17:26
  Speaker 1: And that began my career. Just before I graduated from
• 1:17:30
  Speaker 1: high school, I decided to top that by creating an
• 1:17:34
  Speaker 1: atom smasher, a 2.3 million electron volt betatron particle accelerator.
• 1:17:40
  Speaker 1: It consumes six kilowatts of power. Everything that my mother's
• 1:17:44
  Speaker 1: house had, it would absorb. And that was the goal,
• 1:17:48
  Speaker 1: to build a machine that would create my own beam
• 1:17:51
  Speaker 1: of antimatter. So I got started very early. And I
• 1:17:55
  Speaker 1: said to myself, this is for me. This is what
• 1:17:57
  Speaker 1: I want to do for a living.
• 1:17:59
  Speaker 2: Every time I've tried to improve something in my life,
• 1:18:01
  Speaker 2: like my businesses, my health, my relationships, I've noticed that
• 1:18:04
  Speaker 2: the biggest shifts have come from being better informed. And
• 1:18:07
  Speaker 2: when it comes to our health, most of us know very,
• 1:18:09
  Speaker 2: very little. So when our team was approached about partnering
• 1:18:12
  Speaker 2: with Function Health, it felt very much aligned. Their team
• 1:18:15
  Speaker 2: has developed a way of giving you a full 360
• 1:18:17
  Speaker 2: degree view of your health, many of the things that
• 1:18:19
  Speaker 2: are going on in your body in the form of
• 1:18:21
  Speaker 2: different tests. You do one blood draw and it gives
• 1:18:24
  Speaker 2: you access to over 160 lab results. hormones, heart health, inflammation, stress, toxins,
• 1:18:30
  Speaker 2: the whole picture. I use it and so have many
• 1:18:32
  Speaker 2: of my team members.
• 1:18:34
  Speaker 4: You sign up and you schedule your tests and once
• 1:18:35
  Speaker 4: you're done you get a little report like the one
• 1:18:37
  Speaker 4: I have here. I can see my in-range results, my
• 1:18:40
  Speaker 4: out-of-range results and there's a little AI function too so
• 1:18:43
  Speaker 4: if I have any questions about my out-of-range results I
• 1:18:46
  Speaker 4: can just go in there and ask it any question
• 1:18:48
  Speaker 4: I want and these tests are backed by doctors and
• 1:18:50
  Speaker 4: thousands of hours of research.
• 1:18:51
  Speaker 2: It's $ 365 for a yearly membership. Go to functionhealth.com slash
• 1:18:56
  Speaker 2: DOAC and use the code DOAC25 for $ 25 off your membership.
• 1:19:02
  Speaker 2: I've done almost 700 interviews with some of the most
• 1:19:05
  Speaker 2: interesting people in the world. And one of the things
• 1:19:07
  Speaker 2: you learn, which is unexpected, is that vulnerability is the
• 1:19:10
  Speaker 2: doorway to connection. And after sitting here for two, three
• 1:19:13
  Speaker 2: hours with a guest, I feel a deep sense of
• 1:19:16
  Speaker 2: connection to them. And as they leave, what I get
• 1:19:18
  Speaker 2: them to do is to write a question in the
• 1:19:21
  Speaker 2: diary of a CEO. We've taken all of the questions
• 1:19:24
  Speaker 2: from the diary of a CEO. We have put the
• 1:19:27
  Speaker 2: questions here on this card with the name of the
• 1:19:30
  Speaker 2: person that wrote it. So you can sit at home
• 1:19:32
  Speaker 2: as I do with my fiance and my colleagues at
• 1:19:35
  Speaker 2: work and other people in my life. Whenever we get
• 1:19:37
  Speaker 2: a minute, we play the Diary of a CEO conversation cards.
• 1:19:41
  Speaker 2: And it is incredible what happens. These are great if
• 1:19:44
  Speaker 2: you're in a romantic relationship and you want to connect
• 1:19:46
  Speaker 2: your partner more. These are also great if you're in
• 1:19:48
  Speaker 2: a team and you want to bond your team together.
• 1:19:50
  Speaker 2: And I have to say they're also great for families
• 1:19:52
  Speaker 2: that want to learn more about each other and that
• 1:19:54
  Speaker 2: need a good excuse to spend some time in a
• 1:19:57
  Speaker 2: digital world in the analog environment, connecting human to human.
• 1:20:01
  Speaker 2: It is remarkable what the right question at the right
• 1:20:04
  Speaker 2: time can do. Go to thediary.com and you can get
• 1:20:08
  Speaker 2: these conversation cards right now. Is there anything you discovered
• 1:20:12
  Speaker 2: through your work in physics that changed your day-to-day behavior
• 1:20:17
  Speaker 2: and life? How you treat people, how you show up,
• 1:20:20
  Speaker 2: what you think matters?
• 1:20:21
  Speaker 1: No, but the one thing that did change my attitude
• 1:20:25
  Speaker 1: toward life, other people, was being in the army. Yeah,
• 1:20:29
  Speaker 1: that was a game changer that changed everything I knew,
• 1:20:32
  Speaker 1: which I thought I knew. Before then, I was single-mindedly
• 1:20:36
  Speaker 1: focused on physics, just physics. Do physics well. That was
• 1:20:41
  Speaker 1: my life. But after seeing warfare up close, I began
• 1:20:46
  Speaker 1: to realize there's more to life than warfare.
• 1:20:49
  Speaker 2: I think I asked this in part because last time
• 1:20:51
  Speaker 2: I spoke to a physicist and he talked to me
• 1:20:53
  Speaker 2: about how the nature of reality is not what I
• 1:20:55
  Speaker 2: think it is. and that there's multiple, I guess, dimensions,
• 1:21:00
  Speaker 2: and that I'm only seeing a fraction of what is real,
• 1:21:03
  Speaker 2: which I think all physicists agree upon. It sounds a
• 1:21:05
  Speaker 2: bit like a conspiracy theory or something, but actually, logically,
• 1:21:08
  Speaker 2: it makes a lot of sense to only see what
• 1:21:10
  Speaker 2: you need to see to survive.
• 1:21:12
  Speaker 1: That's right. When you see your conception of the three-dimensional world,
• 1:21:16
  Speaker 1: it's only the tiniest sliver of what actually exists.
• 1:21:20
  Speaker 2: And when I heard that, it made me open-minded to.
• 1:21:25
  Speaker 2: A lot of the things I thought were conspiracy nonsense.
• 1:21:28
  Speaker 2: It made me open-minded to ghosts. Maybe ghosts are real.
• 1:21:32
  Speaker 1: Well, I wouldn't go that far.
• 1:21:34
  Speaker 2: Well, you know, maybe another dimension where there's spirits that
• 1:21:37
  Speaker 2: can see me, but I can't see them.
• 1:21:40
  Speaker 1: Well, there could be other such dimensions within the realm
• 1:21:44
  Speaker 1: of possibility.
• 1:21:45
  Speaker 2: What do you think happens when we die? Do you
• 1:21:47
  Speaker 2: think that's it? Or do you think there's a possibility
• 1:21:50
  Speaker 2: that there's ghosts and that our soul goes somewhere?
• 1:21:54
  Speaker 1: I don't see it happening. Because your brain, your personality,
• 1:21:58
  Speaker 1: your thoughts are electrical. And when you die, the electricity
• 1:22:02
  Speaker 1: turns off. There's nothing propelling thinking anymore. Thinking requires a
• 1:22:07
  Speaker 1: lot of energy. Even ghosts, if ghosts existed, they would
• 1:22:11
  Speaker 1: still require a lot of energy to keep the thoughts going.
• 1:22:14
  Speaker 1: But that's why I don't believe in ghosts, because I
• 1:22:16
  Speaker 1: don't see an energy source that propels the ghosts.
• 1:22:20
  Speaker 2: People talk a lot about spirituality. They talk about things
• 1:22:24
  Speaker 2: like chakras and a lot of spiritual people talk about vibrations.
• 1:22:28
  Speaker 2: It's a phrase that I often hear in the spiritual communities.
• 1:22:31
  Speaker 2: Do you believe in anything like that in terms of
• 1:22:34
  Speaker 2: humans having energies and being able to feel each other's energies?
• 1:22:39
  Speaker 1: Well, I think that if a person emanates a certain
• 1:22:43
  Speaker 1: aura or a vibe, that doesn't necessarily mean they're radiating something.
• 1:22:47
  Speaker 2: Is there any physics behind that idea?
• 1:22:49
  Speaker 1: I think it's psychological that you are tuned tuned into
• 1:22:54
  Speaker 1: a certain personality, a certain way of movement. I think
• 1:22:58
  Speaker 1: it's psychological rather than physical.
• 1:23:01
  Speaker 2: What is something you believe that you haven't proven?
• 1:23:04
  Speaker 1: Well, there's a lot of things that haven't been proven.
• 1:23:06
  Speaker 1: All I can say is maybe, maybe not, like flying saucers.
• 1:23:10
  Speaker 1: I don't say they don't exist or they exist. I
• 1:23:12
  Speaker 1: say maybe. I just haven't seen concrete evidence for them,
• 1:23:15
  Speaker 1: that's all. So there's a lot of things that I'm
• 1:23:18
  Speaker 1: not going to definitely say no, like ghosts. I don't
• 1:23:21
  Speaker 1: think they are ghosts, but I can't prove it. Maybe
• 1:23:25
  Speaker 1: there is some afterlife of some sort, but it does
• 1:23:27
  Speaker 1: go against what is measurable. We've seen no measurement of
• 1:23:31
  Speaker 1: somebody that has been able to pick up vibrations from
• 1:23:34
  Speaker 1: a ghost.
• 1:23:36
  Speaker 2: How would you like to be remembered? Someday, long after
• 1:23:40
  Speaker 2: you're gone, do you care about being remembered? Do you
• 1:23:43
  Speaker 2: care about legacy?
• 1:23:44
  Speaker 1: Well, I care about leading a good life that I
• 1:23:47
  Speaker 1: feel comfortable with. And if you... If your books and
• 1:23:52
  Speaker 1: your teachings and your lectures, if they live on beyond you,
• 1:23:56
  Speaker 1: that's a bonus. It means that you had an impact.
• 1:23:59
  Speaker 1: It means you touched people. You touch people's lives with ideas.
• 1:24:03
  Speaker 1: And when I go down the street, quite a few
• 1:24:06
  Speaker 1: people come up to me and they say, I saw
• 1:24:08
  Speaker 1: you on this show. I saw you on that show.
• 1:24:11
  Speaker 1: And that gives me a nice feeling. Of course, after
• 1:24:14
  Speaker 1: I'm gone, there's nothing to feel. But when you're still alive,
• 1:24:18
  Speaker 1: it gives you a nice feeling. Know that you've had
• 1:24:19
  Speaker 1: an impact. knowing that you've changed somebody's life. Several people
• 1:24:24
  Speaker 1: have come up to me and said, I became a
• 1:24:26
  Speaker 1: physicist because of you. So that's a nice way to
• 1:24:32
  Speaker 1: view reality, that you touch people.
• 1:24:36
  Speaker 2: Is there anything that you used to think was a
• 1:24:38
  Speaker 2: conspiracy theory that you now know to be true?
• 1:24:42
  Speaker 1: Well, I like to debunk. So as soon as someone
• 1:24:44
  Speaker 1: says something outlandish, I say to myself, sure, sure.
• 1:24:49
  Speaker 2: But that's what I mean. You're a debunker. So at
• 1:24:52
  Speaker 2: some stage in your life, you must have had the
• 1:24:54
  Speaker 2: experience of thinking something can't be true and being proven wrong.
• 1:24:58
  Speaker 1: Usually when I make predictions, they come out to be true.
• 1:25:02
  Speaker 1: Maybe the timeline is a little bit exaggerated, but they
• 1:25:06
  Speaker 1: turn out to be true. So I haven't made any
• 1:25:08
  Speaker 1: predictions or observations that were later shown to be false.
• 1:25:12
  Speaker 2: What predictions are you making now then about the nature
• 1:25:14
  Speaker 2: of reality in the future?
• 1:25:16
  Speaker 1: Well, I talk about the nature of string theory in
• 1:25:18
  Speaker 1: the future, whether or not we really will have a
• 1:25:20
  Speaker 1: theory of everything. Flying saucers, I talk about the fact
• 1:25:24
  Speaker 1: that even though we have no evidence today, you know,
• 1:25:27
  Speaker 1: there's a mountain of these things being declassified now. Maybe
• 1:25:30
  Speaker 1: we'll pick up shreds of evidence.
• 1:25:32
  Speaker 2: Did you look at the declassified information that Trump released
• 1:25:35
  Speaker 2: on UFOs?
• 1:25:35
  Speaker 1: Yeah, I've looked at the whole batch, 160 or so sightings.
• 1:25:40
  Speaker 2: Was there anything in there that was compelling to you?
• 1:25:42
  Speaker 1: No, just lights dancing in the sky without any commentary,
• 1:25:45
  Speaker 1: so you don't know what they are. But they could
• 1:25:48
  Speaker 1: be extraterrestrial. But you see, these things are two-dimensional. They're
• 1:25:53
  Speaker 1: taken by a camera, which flattens the image. Therefore, to
• 1:25:58
  Speaker 1: judge distance is very tricky.
• 1:26:01
  Speaker 2: Do you believe that you're looking at extraterrestrial objects? life
• 1:26:07
  Speaker 2: forms when you watch these videos of UFOs?
• 1:26:08
  Speaker 1: I'm open to the idea. I don't think there's any
• 1:26:10
  Speaker 1: smoking gun yet, but I'm open to the idea that
• 1:26:13
  Speaker 1: these are extraterrestrial.
• 1:26:14
  Speaker 2: You see some of them going up and then down
• 1:26:16
  Speaker 2: and then into the ocean and coming back up again.
• 1:26:18
  Speaker 2: When you watch that, do you think these are aliens
• 1:26:21
  Speaker 2: or do you just think it's people that have misunderstood
• 1:26:22
  Speaker 2: what they're looking at?
• 1:26:24
  Speaker 1: I leave open the probability that it could be one
• 1:26:26
  Speaker 1: or the other. There's no aha moment where I say
• 1:26:30
  Speaker 1: that it's nothing but reflection of It's nothing but an
• 1:26:33
  Speaker 1: optical illusion. There's no aha moment.
• 1:26:36
  Speaker 2: If you had to bet everything you love and cherish
• 1:26:40
  Speaker 2: on either side of the fence, that non-human life had
• 1:26:44
  Speaker 2: made contact with the Earth at some point in some
• 1:26:46
  Speaker 2: form or not, which side would you place everything you
• 1:26:51
  Speaker 2: love and care about on? Yes, aliens have made contact
• 1:26:54
  Speaker 2: with this Earth in some form or no?
• 1:26:55
  Speaker 1: Well, I would have to say, I don't know. If you,
• 1:26:59
  Speaker 1: but if you had to, you.
• 1:27:01
  Speaker 2: Know, if everything on the, was on the line, one
• 1:27:04
  Speaker 2: would have to move yet to yes or no. And
• 1:27:07
  Speaker 2: I would personally, I would personally probably say probably no.
• 1:27:14
  Speaker 2: If you made me bet everything.
• 1:27:16
  Speaker 1: I'd say maybe yes.
• 1:27:17
  Speaker 2: You'd say yes.
• 1:27:18
  Speaker 1: But no, no, no, no. Maybe yes. Very important, the
• 1:27:20
  Speaker 1: word maybe. I'm a scientist. And somebody's going to use
• 1:27:23
  Speaker 1: that against me by saying, you said on television that
• 1:27:26
  Speaker 1: this and this is true. No, I said maybe. That
• 1:27:30
  Speaker 1: doesn't mean it actually is true. It just means I
• 1:27:33
  Speaker 1: opened the possibility that it's true.
• 1:27:35
  Speaker 2: But if you were held at gunpoint, doctor, and at
• 1:27:37
  Speaker 2: gunpoint they said, right, you've got to say yes or no.
• 1:27:41
  Speaker 2: And if you're right or wrong, that determines your fate.
• 1:27:48
  Speaker 1: I would have to say maybe. I know what you're
• 1:27:51
  Speaker 1: getting at. You want to like, you know, corner the fox, right?
• 1:27:54
  Speaker 2: Yeah, to some degree. Yeah, I'm trying to corner the fox.
• 1:27:57
  Speaker 2: But I'm doing it to understand where your intuition or
• 1:28:03
  Speaker 2: your bias lands.
• 1:28:04
  Speaker 1: Because I see there's not enough conclusive evidence. There's no
• 1:28:07
  Speaker 1: aha moment. I do see a lot of maybes.
• 1:28:10
  Speaker 2: A lot of maybes. Yeah, I think, I mean, I
• 1:28:15
  Speaker 2: think that's probably the intellectually honest answer is maybe. But
• 1:28:19
  Speaker 2: if I was forced to fall on one side of
• 1:28:21
  Speaker 2: the fence, I'd probably say no, because I don't have
• 1:28:27
  Speaker 2: enough conviction to say yes. I see no evidence to
• 1:28:30
  Speaker 2: say yes, other than some sightings of some things. But
• 1:28:34
  Speaker 2: I'm open-minded. Maybe it'll change. um doctor we have a
• 1:28:38
  Speaker 2: closing tradition on this podcast where the last guest leaves
• 1:28:40
  Speaker 2: a question for the next guest not knowing who they're
• 1:28:42
  Speaker 2: leaving it for and the question left for you in
• 1:28:45
  Speaker 2: my diary is what is the best strategy to deal
• 1:28:51
  Speaker 2: with failure.
• 1:28:54
  Speaker 1: I think the best strategy to deal with failure is
• 1:28:58
  Speaker 1: try it again I think on the first try, you're
• 1:29:01
  Speaker 1: bound to make mistakes because it's a learning curve. And
• 1:29:04
  Speaker 1: that learning curve is instructive. It teaches you. It teaches
• 1:29:09
  Speaker 1: you to try it again, but make a slight change.
• 1:29:12
  Speaker 1: Make a slight change and hope that change is in
• 1:29:14
  Speaker 1: the right direction. If not, make another change and see
• 1:29:18
  Speaker 1: whether that puts you in the right direction.
• 1:29:20
  Speaker 2: If you could go back to when you were that
• 1:29:22
  Speaker 2: seven-year-old kid that was just getting into physics.
• 1:29:24
  Speaker 1: Yeah, eight-year-old.
• 1:29:25
  Speaker 3: Eight-year-old.
• 1:29:26
  Speaker 2: And give him... Any advice that would best serve him
• 1:29:29
  Speaker 2: for the next 70 years? What advice would you have
• 1:29:32
  Speaker 2: given him?
• 1:29:34
  Speaker 1: I'd say carry on. I've made a lot of decisions
• 1:29:37
  Speaker 1: that I feel good about. Decisions that made me a
• 1:29:41
  Speaker 1: better person. For example, when I went into the army,
• 1:29:45
  Speaker 1: at that point, I thought, what could be worse than
• 1:29:47
  Speaker 1: facing death on the battlefield to die on some unnamed
• 1:29:51
  Speaker 1: hill in some unnamed land? And then I began to realize, well, yeah,
• 1:29:55
  Speaker 1: that's a possibility. but there's another possibility that you may survive,
• 1:29:59
  Speaker 1: that you may learn from that experience. If you're not
• 1:30:03
  Speaker 1: here to learn, okay, so be it. But if you
• 1:30:06
  Speaker 1: are here to learn, you gain wisdom by being in
• 1:30:10
  Speaker 1: the military. And that I think is a positive thing.
• 1:30:14
  Speaker 2: We were talking about UFOs and alien life at the
• 1:30:17
  Speaker 2: start of this conversation. And one of the questions that's
• 1:30:20
  Speaker 2: adjacent to it is if alien life were to come
• 1:30:23
  Speaker 2: here at some point, do you think they would have
• 1:30:26
  Speaker 2: empathy for us? Or do you think that's potentially a
• 1:30:29
  Speaker 2: human trait? Do you think they, you know, because in
• 1:30:31
  Speaker 2: the movies they attack us.
• 1:30:32
  Speaker 1: Well, if I were to shoot in the dark, I'd say,
• 1:30:35
  Speaker 1: first of all, they're robotic. They're not organic at all. Really?
• 1:30:39
  Speaker 1: Because they exhibit maneuvers that would crush the bones of
• 1:30:43
  Speaker 1: any living creature that we know of. These flying saucers
• 1:30:47
  Speaker 1: can zigzag. They can dive from 70,000 feet all the
• 1:30:50
  Speaker 1: way down. They can dive underwater. These require skills and
• 1:30:56
  Speaker 1: tensions and vibrations that would crack any known US device
• 1:31:02
  Speaker 1: in half. And there they are, executing these things. Either
• 1:31:05
  Speaker 1: they're fake or they're extraterrestrial. So I think that they
• 1:31:10
  Speaker 1: have a technology that we can only dream of.
• 1:31:13
  Speaker 2: So when we're looking at these UAP images and videos,
• 1:31:16
  Speaker 2: if they are to be real, then you're saying there's
• 1:31:18
  Speaker 2: no life in them at all. It's actually just... Machine intelligence?
• 1:31:23
  Speaker 1: That's right. In fact, that's probably one reason why they
• 1:31:25
  Speaker 1: don't come out and greet us, like in the movies.
• 1:31:28
  Speaker 1: In the movies, they always come out and say, hello,
• 1:31:30
  Speaker 1: Earth man. No, I personally think they're robotic.
• 1:31:34
  Speaker 2: This question of empathy, do you posit that they might
• 1:31:36
  Speaker 2: be empathetic? Do you posit they would want to destroy us?
• 1:31:39
  Speaker 2: I mean, what would.
• 1:31:40
  Speaker 1: Will they destroy us or will they want to? The answer,
• 1:31:43
  Speaker 1: I think, is no, because they could have done it
• 1:31:45
  Speaker 1: years ago. You realize that if you go back, even
• 1:31:48
  Speaker 1: the Bible makes reference to a UFO. If you take
• 1:31:52
  Speaker 1: a look at Ezekiel, Ezekiel saw the wheel in the sky.
• 1:31:57
  Speaker 1: And some people say there was no wheel, that was
• 1:32:00
  Speaker 1: a UFO. So who knows for sure, but if the
• 1:32:04
  Speaker 1: aliens really wanted to destroy us, they could have done
• 1:32:08
  Speaker 1: it years ago. They don't have to wait. But if
• 1:32:11
  Speaker 1: you go to a zoo, even if the zoo is
• 1:32:14
  Speaker 1: lifelike to the point where the animals themselves don't even
• 1:32:18
  Speaker 1: know they're in a zoo, it's peaceful. that you can
• 1:32:21
  Speaker 1: observe them without necessarily revealing your presence. And in that sense,
• 1:32:28
  Speaker 1: it could be like living in a zoo. Not that
• 1:32:30
  Speaker 1: they want to gawk at us and laugh at us,
• 1:32:32
  Speaker 1: but just observe us.
• 1:32:34
  Speaker 2: So you think that they won't want to destroy us,
• 1:32:37
  Speaker 2: which is comforting to hear.
• 1:32:39
  Speaker 1: I think if they had the chance to destroy us
• 1:32:41
  Speaker 1: and they wanted to, they could have done it decades ago.
• 1:32:45
  Speaker 1: But here we are.
• 1:32:47
  Speaker 2: It's an interesting idea. When you talked about this extraterrestrial
• 1:32:52
  Speaker 2: life potentially being robotic, it kind of makes sense to
• 1:32:55
  Speaker 2: me because we're on a course to create humanoid robots
• 1:32:59
  Speaker 2: and robots that can... I was actually watching this morning,
• 1:33:03
  Speaker 2: there's a video that one of these humanoid robot companies
• 1:33:05
  Speaker 2: is streaming, and it's they're streaming a humanoid robot working
• 1:33:09
  Speaker 2: on a production line for four hours straight so everybody
• 1:33:11
  Speaker 2: can watch. And all it's doing is sorting packages out,
• 1:33:14
  Speaker 2: but it's been going for four days straight. And if
• 1:33:16
  Speaker 2: you play this forward, you go... This robot can go
• 1:33:19
  Speaker 2: walk across the office and it can charge itself back
• 1:33:21
  Speaker 2: up once it runs out of battery. And then they
• 1:33:24
  Speaker 2: show it going back to work again. When I say platform,
• 1:33:27
  Speaker 2: I mean, imagine this technology continues to improve on the
• 1:33:29
  Speaker 2: trajectory it's on. The battery technology gets better. The intelligence
• 1:33:32
  Speaker 2: gets better. And then theoretically, this robot will be able
• 1:33:36
  Speaker 2: to build a spaceship, theoretically, and travel into the universe, theoretically,
• 1:33:41
  Speaker 2: at some point. If you imagine any rate of improvement.
• 1:33:44
  Speaker 2: So it's theoretical that, okay, humans might not be able
• 1:33:48
  Speaker 2: to survive the crushing forces of that speed, but a
• 1:33:50
  Speaker 2: robot could.
• 1:33:52
  Speaker 1: My personal attitude is that we should eventually merge with them.
• 1:33:55
  Speaker 2: Merge with the robots.
• 1:33:56
  Speaker 1: That's right. That's my personal feeling because people talk about
• 1:34:00
  Speaker 1: whether they're good, whether they're bad, so on and so forth. Well,
• 1:34:04
  Speaker 1: the bottom line is they're going to become more powerful
• 1:34:06
  Speaker 1: and not now, but who knows, maybe in the next century.
• 1:34:10
  Speaker 1: They'll begin to make reasonable choices. They'll reason. They'll plot
• 1:34:15
  Speaker 1: future histories. And at that point, they could be potentially dangerous.
• 1:34:20
  Speaker 1: So what do we do? Either we become super powerful
• 1:34:24
  Speaker 1: and meet the challenge, or we merge with them.
• 1:34:27
  Speaker 2: When you say merge with them, what do you mean?
• 1:34:31
  Speaker 1: Become like that. Become part robotic herself. Become superhuman.
• 1:34:34
  Speaker 2: As in, when we're born as kids, maybe we have
• 1:34:37
  Speaker 2: an implant and it turns us into a robot?
• 1:34:40
  Speaker 1: Yeah, in other words, we are still looking the same,
• 1:34:44
  Speaker 1: except we have superhuman abilities. And our brain is connected
• 1:34:48
  Speaker 1: either directly or by remote control to a central nervous
• 1:34:51
  Speaker 1: system that does the calculations and performs these calculations much
• 1:34:56
  Speaker 1: better than we can. And we become superhuman.
• 1:35:01
  Speaker 2: This is the video I'm talking about. This is actually
• 1:35:03
  Speaker 2: a live video. So this is live as we're watching.
• 1:35:06
  Speaker 2: What they've got is they've got a human being here
• 1:35:09
  Speaker 2: who's sorting the packages. And they've got the humanoid robot here.
• 1:35:15
  Speaker 2: And they're just counting how many packages each of them
• 1:35:18
  Speaker 2: can sort. And this robot has been doing this for
• 1:35:21
  Speaker 2: four days straight. Anyway, you play this forward and it
• 1:35:27
  Speaker 2: asks a big question about the future of humanity. when
• 1:35:30
  Speaker 2: there's humanoid robots.
• 1:35:31
  Speaker 1: Well, I think menial jobs will go out the window
• 1:35:35
  Speaker 1: like this. Jobs that are repetitive, jobs that just require
• 1:35:39
  Speaker 1: your arms and legs, those jobs will be gradually phased out.
• 1:35:43
  Speaker 1: And new jobs will open up. New jobs that require thinking,
• 1:35:48
  Speaker 1: human relations, organizing, directing other people. Robots can't do any
• 1:35:53
  Speaker 1: of that stuff. Robots simply do what they're told to do, repetitively, okay?
• 1:35:59
  Speaker 1: We make decisions. We know how to interface with other things.
• 1:36:04
  Speaker 1: We plot, we plan. Robots can't do that. Now that
• 1:36:07
  Speaker 1: doesn't mean they can't eventually, but it just means that
• 1:36:10
  Speaker 1: the next step beyond this will be robots that can
• 1:36:13
  Speaker 1: do a little bit of mental work. And it means
• 1:36:16
  Speaker 1: that we have to retrain the workforce so that they
• 1:36:19
  Speaker 1: can become masters of the robots. In other words, we
• 1:36:24
  Speaker 1: are masters of tools, hammers, saws, whatever. We're the master
• 1:36:28
  Speaker 1: of them. They're not the master of us, okay? We
• 1:36:31
  Speaker 1: tell the hammer and the chisel what to do because
• 1:36:34
  Speaker 1: we lord over them.
• 1:36:36
  Speaker 2: Have you used AI agents before?
• 1:36:38
  Speaker 1: I've used AI before, but not necessarily. Which agent are
• 1:36:41
  Speaker 1: you talking about?
• 1:36:42
  Speaker 2: So I've got like on my phone, I can say,
• 1:36:44
  Speaker 2: I need a new umbrella for my patio outside my house.
• 1:36:47
  Speaker 1: Yeah.
• 1:36:48
  Speaker 2: And it'll go on the internet. It'll look at the prices.
• 1:36:49
  Speaker 2: It'll look at everything.
• 1:36:50
  Speaker 4: Yeah.
• 1:36:50
  Speaker 1: Well, I can just type on the computer screen a
• 1:36:53
  Speaker 1: question and the computer will come up with an answer.
• 1:36:57
  Speaker 2: But you were talking about planning there. So I was
• 1:36:59
  Speaker 2: saying that the agent basically makes a plan and then
• 1:37:02
  Speaker 2: it spends a couple of, it could spend an hour
• 1:37:04
  Speaker 2: executing that plan.
• 1:37:05
  Speaker 1: Oh, you mean not just coming up with the plan,
• 1:37:07
  Speaker 1: but actually executing the plan.
• 1:37:08
  Speaker 2: Yes, yeah, yeah, yeah. It can do both. But I'm
• 1:37:10
  Speaker 2: just saying, you were talking about how humans have this
• 1:37:14
  Speaker 2: ability to make decisions. I'm saying that the AI agent
• 1:37:17
  Speaker 2: is making decisions like a human would.
• 1:37:19
  Speaker 1: No, you tell it what to do. The computer is
• 1:37:21
  Speaker 1: probably programmed to look for a reference, like an encyclopedia,
• 1:37:26
  Speaker 1: a handbook, the internet. In other words, if you say,
• 1:37:29
  Speaker 1: I want to know the best car, it'll carry that out.
• 1:37:33
  Speaker 1: By looking at the internet, going through different cars, it
• 1:37:36
  Speaker 1: doesn't need you to tell that. But if you were
• 1:37:39
  Speaker 1: to ask something more complicated, go to the supermarket and
• 1:37:42
  Speaker 1: buy me some eggs. No robot can do that.
• 1:37:45
  Speaker 2: Have you been to L.A.? Because if you're in L.A.,
• 1:37:47
  Speaker 2: there's all these robots strolling around the streets delivering food.
• 1:37:51
  Speaker 2: They deliver food in L.A.
• 1:37:52
  Speaker 1: Oh, yeah, but that's just crawling on a sidewalk.
• 1:37:55
  Speaker 2: That's what humans do.
• 1:37:56
  Speaker 1: I thought you meant driving a car. driving a car
• 1:37:59
  Speaker 1: and going up the stairs and whatever. That's just going
• 1:38:02
  Speaker 1: on a sidewalk.
• 1:38:03
  Speaker 2: Which is what a human does.
• 1:38:06
  Speaker 1: Yeah, but humans can do a lot more.
• 1:38:07
  Speaker 2: Okay. Thank you so much, Doctor. I appreciate your time today.
• 1:38:11
  Speaker 2: And I've learned so much about all of these fascinating things.
• 1:38:14
  Speaker 2: And as always, when I listen to your content, I
• 1:38:15
  Speaker 2: find myself more curious about the nature of reality. And
• 1:38:19
  Speaker 2: I've realized how little we know, which makes me and
• 1:38:22
  Speaker 2: I guess thousands of other people that have followed your work.
• 1:38:24
  Speaker 2: I was going through your videos earlier on and so
• 1:38:25
  Speaker 2: many of the top comments are, people saying that you're
• 1:38:29
  Speaker 2: the reason they worked harder in their physics classes oh
• 1:38:32
  Speaker 2: really yeah i was on a couple of the podcasts
• 1:38:35
  Speaker 2: that you've been on and so many of the top
• 1:38:36
  Speaker 2: comments say exactly that they say you're the reason i
• 1:38:37
  Speaker 2: worked harder you're the person that made me more curious
• 1:38:40
  Speaker 2: and i just think that's such a wonderful thing because
• 1:38:42
  Speaker 2: as you said at the start physics is the basis
• 1:38:44
  Speaker 2: of everything yeah and uh The more we understand, the
• 1:38:48
  Speaker 2: better the lives we could live.
• 1:38:49
  Speaker 1: Right.
• 1:38:51
  Speaker 2: Thank you so much. Okay.
• 1:38:53
  Speaker 1: Well, thank you.
• 1:38:54
  Speaker 2: YouTube have this new crazy algorithm where they know exactly
• 1:38:57
  Speaker 2: what video you would like to watch next based on
• 1:39:00
  Speaker 2: AI and all of your viewing behavior. And the algorithm
• 1:39:03
  Speaker 2: says that this video is the perfect video for you.
• 1:39:07
  Speaker 2: It's different for everybody looking right now. Check this video out.
• 1:39:10
  Speaker 2: I bet you, you might love it.