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013 - Chapter 13 · Chronicles of America Volume 05 - Pioneers of the Old South

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Speaker 1: Chapter thirteen of Pioneers of the Old South by Mary Johnston.
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Speaker 1: This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Chapter thirteen,
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Speaker 1: Rebellion and Change. Bacon, with an increased army, now rode
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Speaker 1: out once more against the Indians. He made a rendezvous
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Speaker 1: on the Upper York, the Old Pamunkey, and to this
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Speaker 1: center he gathered horsemen, until there, it may have been,
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Speaker 1: with him not far from a thousand mountain men. From
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Speaker 1: here he sent detachments against the red men's villages in
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Speaker 1: all the upper troubled country, and afar into the Sunset Woods,
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Speaker 1: where the Pioneer's cabin had not yet been builded. He
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Speaker 1: acted with vigor. The Indians could not stand against his
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Speaker 1: horsemen and concerted measures, and back they fell before the
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Speaker 1: white men westward again, or if they stayed in the
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Speaker 1: ever dwindling villages, they gave hostages and oaths of peace.
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Speaker 1: Quiet seemed to descend once more upon the border. But
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Speaker 1: if the frontier seemed peaceful, Virginia behind the border was
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Speaker 1: a bubbling cauldron. Bacon had now become a hero of
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Speaker 1: the people, a Siegfried capable of slaying the dragon. Nor
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Speaker 1: were Lawrence and Drummond idle nor others of their way
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Speaker 1: of thinking. The Indian troubles might soon be settled, but
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Speaker 1: why not go further marching against other troubles more subtle
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Speaker 1: and long, continuing and threatening all the future. In the
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Speaker 1: midst of this speculation and promise of change, the governor,
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Speaker 1: feeling the storm, dissolved the assembly, proclaimed Bacon and his
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Speaker 1: adherents rebels and traitors, and made a desperate attempt to
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Speaker 1: raise an army for use against the new fangledness of
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Speaker 1: the time. This last he could not do. Private interests
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Speaker 1: led many planters to side with him, and there was
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Speaker 1: a fair amount of passionate conviction matching his own, that
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Speaker 1: his Majesty, the King, and the forces of law and
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Speaker 1: order were being withstood and without just cause. But the
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Speaker 1: mass of the people cried out to his speeches. Bacon,
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Speaker 1: as the popular leader, had been worn from Jamestown by
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Speaker 1: news of personal danger. So in his turn, Berkeley seems
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Speaker 1: to have believed that his own liberty was threatened. With suddenness,
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Speaker 1: he departed the place, boarded asleep, and was wafted over
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Speaker 1: Chesapeake Bay, thirty miles to Accomac. The news of the
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Speaker 1: governor's flight producing both alarm in one party and enthusiasm
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Speaker 1: in the other tended to precipitate the crisis, though the
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Speaker 1: Indian trouble might by now be called adjusted. Bacon up
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Speaker 1: the York did not disband his men. He turned and
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Speaker 1: with them marched down country, not to Jamestown, but to
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Speaker 1: a hamlet called Middle Plantation, where it later was to
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Speaker 1: grow the town of Williamsburg. Here he camped, and here
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Speaker 1: took counsel with Lawrence and Drummond and others, and here
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Speaker 1: addressed with a curious, lofty eloquence the throng that began
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Speaker 1: to gather. Hence, too, he issued a declaration recounting the
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Speaker 1: misdeeds of those lately in power, protesting against the terms
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Speaker 1: rebel and traitor as applied to himself and his followers,
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Speaker 1: who are only in arms to protect his Majesty's demean
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Speaker 1: and subjects, and calling on those who are well disposed
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Speaker 1: to reform to join him at Middle Plantation, there to
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Speaker 1: consider the state of the country, which had been brought
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Speaker 1: into a bad way by William's doting and irregular actings.
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Speaker 1: Upon his proclamation, many did come to Middle Plantation, great
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Speaker 1: planters and small men, just freed from indentured service, holders
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Speaker 1: of no land and little land and much land, men
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Speaker 1: of all grades of weight and consideration, and all degrees
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Speaker 1: of revolutionary will from Drummond with a reported speech, I
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Speaker 1: am in overshoes, I will be in over boots, and
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Speaker 1: a wife, Sarah, who snapped us stick in two with
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Speaker 1: the cry I care no more for the power of
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Speaker 1: England than for this broken straw to those who would
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Speaker 1: be revolutionary as long as and only when it seems
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Speaker 1: safe to be so. How much of revolution, despite that
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Speaker 1: speech about his Majesty's demeanor subjects was in Bacon's mind,
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Speaker 1: or in Richard Lawrence's mind, and William Drummond's mind, or
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Speaker 1: in the mind of their staunchest supporters may hardly now
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Speaker 1: be resolved, perhaps as much as was in the mind
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Speaker 1: of Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson and George Mason. A century later.
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Speaker 1: The governor was in acomach, breathing fire and slaughter, though
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Speaker 1: as yet without brand or sword with which to put
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Speaker 1: his ardent desires into execution. But he and the constituted
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Speaker 1: order were not without friends and supporters. He had, as
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Speaker 1: his opponents saw a number of wicked and pernicious counselors
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Speaker 1: aids in assistance against the commonality in these are cruel commotions. Moreover,
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Speaker 1: and a great moreover, is that it was everywhere brooded
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Speaker 1: that he had sent to England to the King for
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Speaker 1: two thousand red coats. Perhaps the King, perhaps England, will
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Speaker 1: take his view, and, not consulting the good of Virginia,
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Speaker 1: send the red coats. What then Bacon, as a measure
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Speaker 1: of opposition, proposed a test or recognition to be signed
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Speaker 1: by those here at Middle Plantation who earnestly do wish
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Speaker 1: the good of Virginia. It was a bold test. Not
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Speaker 1: only should they covenant to give no aid to the
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Speaker 1: willoam Governor against this new general and army, but if
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Speaker 1: ships should bring the red coach, they were to withstand them.
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Speaker 1: There is little wonder that this bugbear did marvelously startle
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Speaker 1: that body of Virginia horsemen, those progressive gentlemen, planters and others.
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Speaker 1: Yet in the end, after violent contentions, the Assembly at
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Speaker 1: Middle Plantation drew up and signed a remarkable paper, the
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Speaker 1: Oath at Middle Plantation. Historically, it is linked on the
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Speaker 1: one hand with that thrusting out of his government of
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Speaker 1: Sir John Harvey in Charles the first time and on
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Speaker 1: the other with virgin Udian proceedings one hundred years later
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Speaker 1: under the Third George. If his Majesty had been, as
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Speaker 1: it was rumored, wrongly informed that Virginia was in rebellion,
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Speaker 1: if acting upon that misinformation, he sent troops against his
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Speaker 1: loyal Virginians, who were armed only against an evil governor
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Speaker 1: and intolerable woes, then the same good loyalists would oppose
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Speaker 1: and suppress all forces whatsoever of that nature until such
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Speaker 1: time as the King be fully informed of the state
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Speaker 1: of the case. What was to happen if the King,
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Speaker 1: being informed, still supported Berkeley and sent other redcoats was
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Speaker 1: not taken into consideration. This paper being drawn was the
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Speaker 1: more quickly signed because there arrived in the midst of
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Speaker 1: the debate of fresh Indian alarm attack threatened a fort
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Speaker 1: upon the York. Whence the governor had seen fit to
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Speaker 1: remove arms and ammunition. The news came most opportunely for Bacon.
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Speaker 1: There were no more discourses. The major portion of the
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Speaker 1: large assemblage signed. The old government in Virginia was thus denied,
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Speaker 1: but it was held that government there must be, and
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Speaker 1: that the people of Virginia, through representatives, must arrange for it.
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Speaker 1: Writs of election, made as usual in the King's name
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Speaker 1: and signed by Bacon and by those members of the
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Speaker 1: Council who were of the revote, went forth to all counties.
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Speaker 1: The assembly thus provided, was to meet at Jamestown in September.
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Speaker 1: So much business done off roade Bacon and his men
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Speaker 1: to put down this latest rising of the Indians. Not
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Speaker 1: only these, but red men in a new quarter tribe
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Speaker 1: south of the James kept them employed for weeks to come.
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Speaker 1: Nor were they unmindful of that proud old man, Sir
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Speaker 1: William barklay over on the Eastern Shore, a well peopled
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Speaker 1: region where traveling by boat and by sandy road was
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Speaker 1: sufficiently easy. Bacon, Lawrence, and Drummond finally decided to take
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Speaker 1: Sir William captive and to bring him back to Jamestown.
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Speaker 1: For this purpose they dispatched a ship across the bay
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Speaker 1: with two hundred and fifty men under the command of
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Speaker 1: Giles Bland, a man of courage and haughty bearing, and
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Speaker 1: no great admirer of Sir William's goodness. The ship proceeded
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Speaker 1: to the Acomach shore, anchored in some bite, and sent
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Speaker 1: ashore men to treat with the governor, but the governor
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Speaker 1: turned the tables on them, he made himself captive. Instead
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Speaker 1: of being made captive, Land and his lieutenants were taken,
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Speaker 1: whereupon their following surrendered into Berkeley's hands. Land's second in
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Speaker 1: command was hanged. Land himself was held in irons. Now
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Speaker 1: Berkeley's star was climbing in Acomac. He gathered so many that,
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Speaker 1: with those who had fled with him and later recruits
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Speaker 1: who crossed the bay, he had perhaps a thousand men.
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Speaker 1: He stowed these upon the ship of the ill fated Land,
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Speaker 1: and upon a number of sloops, with seventeen sail in all.
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Speaker 1: The old governor set his face west and south towards
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Speaker 1: the mouth of the James. In that river. On the
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Speaker 1: seventh of September sixteen seventy six, there appeared this fleet
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Speaker 1: of the King's Governor, set on retaking Virginia. Jamestown had
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Speaker 1: noticed the Bacon faction held the place, with perhaps eight
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Speaker 1: hundred men, Colonel Hansford at their head. Summoned by Barclay
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Speaker 1: to surrender, Hansford refused, but that same night, by advice
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Speaker 1: of Lawrence and Drummond, evacuated the place, drawing his force
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Speaker 1: off toward the York. The next day, emptied of all
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Speaker 1: but a few citizens, Jamestown received the old governor and
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Speaker 1: his army. The tidings found Bacon on the upper York.
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Speaker 1: Acting with his accustomed energy, he sent out far and wide,
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Speaker 1: ringing appeals to the country to rouse itself for him
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Speaker 1: to join him and march to the defeat of the
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Speaker 1: old tyrant. Numbers did come in. He moved with marvelous celerity.
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Speaker 1: When he had for the time and place a large
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Speaker 1: force of rebels, he marched by stream, implantation, tobacco field
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Speaker 1: and forest forged a mill through the early autumn country
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Speaker 1: to Jamestown. Civil war was on. Across the narrow neck
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Speaker 1: of the Jamestown Peninsula had been thrown a sort of
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Speaker 1: fortification with ditch, earthwork and palisade. Before this Bacon now
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Speaker 1: sounded trumpets, no answer coming, but the mouths of cannon
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Speaker 1: appearing at intervals above the breastwork. The rebel general halted,
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Speaker 1: encamped his men, and proceeded to construct siege lines of
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Speaker 1: his own. The work must be done. Exposed to Sir
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Speaker 1: William's iron shot, now comes a strange and discreditable incident.
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Speaker 1: Patriots revolutionists who on the whole would serve human progress.
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Speaker 1: Have yet, as have we, all dark spots and seamy sides.
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Speaker 1: Bacon's parties of workmen were threatened, hindered, driven from their
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Speaker 1: task by Barkley's guns. Bacon had a curious, unadmirable idea.
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Speaker 1: He sent horsemen to neighboring loyalist plantations to gather up
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Speaker 1: and bring to camp. Not the planters, for they are
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Speaker 1: with Berkley and Jamestown, but the planters wives here are
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Speaker 1: Mistress Bacon, wife of the elder Nathaniel Bacon, Mistress Bray,
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Speaker 1: Mistress Ballard, Mistress Page, and others. Protesting these ladies enter
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Speaker 1: Bacon's camp, who sends one as envoy into the town
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Speaker 1: with the message that if Berkley attacks, the whole number
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Speaker 1: of women shall be placed as shield to Bacon's men,
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Speaker 1: who build earthworks. He was as good or as bad
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Speaker 1: as his word. At the first show of action against
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Speaker 1: his workmen. These royalist women were placed in the front
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Speaker 1: and were kept there until Bacon had made his counterline
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Speaker 1: of defense. So Mallam Berkeley had great faults, but at
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Speaker 1: times not always he displayed chivalry. For that day, the
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Speaker 1: ladies white aprons guarded General Bacon and all his works.
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Speaker 1: The next day the defenses completed, this white guard was withdrawn.
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Speaker 1: Barkley waited no longer, but, though now at a disadvantage,
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Speaker 1: opened fire and charged with his men through gate and
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Speaker 1: over earthworks. The battle that followed was short and decisive.
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Speaker 1: Barkley's chance gathered army was no match for Bacon seasoned
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Speaker 1: Indian fighters, and for desperate men who knew that they
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Speaker 1: must win or be hanged for traders. The Governor's force wavered,
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Speaker 1: and an able to stand his ground, turned and fled,
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Speaker 1: leaving behind some dead and wounded than Bacon, who also
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Speaker 1: had cannon opened upon the town and the ships that
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Speaker 1: rode before it. In the night, the King's governor embarked
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Speaker 1: for the second time, and with him in that armada
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Speaker 1: from the eastern shore, the greater part of the force
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Speaker 1: he had gathered. When dawn came, Bacon saw that the
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Speaker 1: ships large and small were gone, sailing back to Accomac.
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Speaker 1: Bacon and his following thus came peaceably into Jamestown, but
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Speaker 1: with the somewhat felt determination to burn the place it
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Speaker 1: should harbor no more rogues. What Bacon launched Frum, Hansford
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Speaker 1: and others really hoped. Whether they forecasted a republican Virginia
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Speaker 1: finally at peace and prosperous. Whether they saw in a
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Speaker 1: vision a new capital, perhaps that middle plantation, perhaps at
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Speaker 1: the falls of the far West, a capital that should
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Speaker 1: be without old tyrannic memories, cannot be said, however it
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Speaker 1: all may be. They put torch to the old capital town,
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Speaker 1: and soon saw it consumed, for it was no great
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Speaker 1: place and not hard to burn. Jamestown had hardly ceased
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Speaker 1: to smoke when news came that loyalists under Colonel Brent
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Speaker 1: were gathering in northern counties. Bacon, now ill but energetic
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Speaker 1: to the end, turned with promptness to meet this new
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Speaker 1: alarm across the York and marched northward through Gloucester County.
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Speaker 1: But the rival forces did not come to a fight.
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Speaker 1: Brent's men deserted by the double handful, they came into
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Speaker 1: Bacon's ranks, resolving with the Persians to go and worship
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Speaker 1: the rising sun or hanging fire. Reluctant to commit themselves
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Speaker 1: either way, they melted from Brent, running homeward by every road. Bacon,
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Speaker 1: with an enlarged, not lessened army, drew back into Gloucester
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Speaker 1: revolutionary fortune shown fair in prospect. Yet it was but
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Speaker 1: the moment of deceptive bloom before decay and fall. At
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Speaker 1: this critical moment, Bacon fell sick and died. Some said
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Speaker 1: that he was poisoned, but that has never been proved.
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Speaker 1: The illness that had attacked him during his siege of Jamestown,
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Speaker 1: and that held on after his victory, seemed to have
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Speaker 1: sufficed for his taking off in Gloucester County. He surrendered
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Speaker 1: up that fort he was no longer able to keep
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Speaker 1: into the hands of that grim and all conquering captain.
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Speaker 1: Death his body was buried, says the old account, but
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Speaker 1: where deposited till the general day not known only to
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Speaker 1: those who are resolutely silent. In that particular. With Bacon's
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Speaker 1: death there filled to pieces all this hopeful or unhopeful movement.
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Speaker 1: Lawrence might have a subtle head, and Drummond the courage
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Speaker 1: to persevere. Hansford, Cheeseman, Bland, and others might have varied abilities,
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Speaker 1: But the passionate and determined Bacon had been the organ
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Speaker 1: of action. Bacon's the eloquence that could bring to the
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Speaker 1: cause men with property to give as well as men
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Speaker 1: with life to lose. It is a question. How soon
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Speaker 1: had Bacon not died, must have failed his attempt at revolution.
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Speaker 1: Desperate because so premature, back came Berkley from Acamac. His
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Speaker 1: turbulent enemy thus removed all who from the first had
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Speaker 1: held with the King's governor now rode emboldened. Many who
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Speaker 1: had shouted more or less loudly for the rising star,
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Speaker 1: now that it was so untimely set made easy obe
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Speaker 1: since to the old sun. A great number who had
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Speaker 1: wavered in the wind, now declared that they had done
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Speaker 1: no such thing, but had always stood steadfast for the
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Speaker 1: ancient powers. The old governor, who might once have been magnanimous,
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Speaker 1: was changed. For the worst he had been withstood, he
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Speaker 1: would punish. He now gave full rein to his passionate temper,
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Speaker 1: his bigotry for the throne, and his feeling of personal wrong.
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Speaker 1: He began in Virginia's outlaw and arrest rebels, and to
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Speaker 1: doom them to hasty trials and executions. There was no
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Speaker 1: longer a united army to meet, but only groups and
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Speaker 1: individuals striving for safety, in flight or hiding. Hansford was
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Speaker 1: early taken and hanged with two lieutenants of Bacon, Wilfrid
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Speaker 1: and Farlow Cheeseman died in prison. Drummond was taken in
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Speaker 1: the swamps of the Chickahominy and carry before the Governor.
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Speaker 1: Barkley brought his hands together, mister Drummond, you are very welcome.
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Speaker 1: I am more glad to see you than any man
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Speaker 1: in Virginia. Mister Drummond, you shall be hanged in half
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Speaker 1: an hour. Not in half an hour, but on the
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Speaker 1: same day he was hanged imperturbable Scott to the last, Lawrence,
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Speaker 1: held by many to have been more than Bacon, the
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Speaker 1: true author of the attempt, either put an end to
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Speaker 1: himself or escape northward, where he disappears from history. The
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Speaker 1: last account of mister Lawrence was from an uppermost plantation,
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Speaker 1: whence he and four other desperadoes, with horses, pistols, etc.
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Speaker 1: Marched away in a snowle deep They were thought to
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Speaker 1: have cast themselves into a branch of some river, rather
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Speaker 1: than to be treated like Drummond. Thus came to early
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Speaker 1: and untimely end the ring leaders of Bacon's rebellion. In all,
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Speaker 1: by the governor's command, thirty seven men suffered death by hanging.
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Speaker 1: There comes to us down the centuries the comment of
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Speaker 1: that king for whom Berkley was so zealous, a man
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Speaker 1: who fell behind his colonial governor in singleness of interest,
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Speaker 1: but excelled him in good nature. That old fool said,
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Speaker 1: the second Charles has hanged more men in that naked
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Speaker 1: country than I have done for the murder of my father.
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Speaker 1: That letter which Barkley had written some months before to
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Speaker 1: his sovereign about the waters of rebellion, was now seen
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Speaker 1: to have borne fruit. In January, while the governor was
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Speaker 1: yet running down fugitives, confiscating lands and hanging traders, a
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Speaker 1: small fleet from England sailed in, bringing a regiment of
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Speaker 1: red coats, and with them three commissioners, charged with the
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Speaker 1: duty of bringing order out of confusion. The commissioners, bearing
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Speaker 1: the King's proclamation of pardon to all upon submission, were
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Speaker 1: kinder than the irascible and vindictive governor of Virginia, and
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Speaker 1: they succeeded last in restraining his fury. They made their
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Speaker 1: report to England, and after some months obtained a second
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Speaker 1: royal proclamation centering Berkeley's vengeful course so derogatory to our
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Speaker 1: princely clemency, abrogating the assemblies more violent acts, and extending
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Speaker 1: full pardon to all concerned in the late rebellion, saving
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Speaker 1: only the arch rebel Bacon, to whom perhaps it now
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Speaker 1: made little difference if they pardoned him or not. But
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Speaker 1: with this piece of good nature, so characteristic of the
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Speaker 1: Second Charles, there came neither to the King in person,
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Speaker 1: nor to England as a whole, any appreciation of the
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Speaker 1: true ills behind the Virginian revolt, nor any attempt to
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Speaker 1: relieve them. Along with the King's first proclamation came instructions
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Speaker 1: for the governor. You shall be no more obliged to
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Speaker 1: call an assembly once every year, but only once in
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Speaker 1: two years years. Also, whensoever the Assembly is called, fourteen
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Speaker 1: days shall be the time prefixed for their sitting, and
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Speaker 1: no longer. And the narrowed franchise that Bacon's Assembly had
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Speaker 1: widened is narrowed again. You shall take care that the
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Speaker 1: members of the Assembly be elected only by freeholders, as
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Speaker 1: being more agreeable to the custom of England. Nor is
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Speaker 1: the grant to call Pepper and Arlington revoked, Nor wider
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Speaker 1: and deeper are the navigation laws in any wise better
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Speaker 1: No more than before, No more indeed than a century later,
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Speaker 1: is there any conception that the child exists no more
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Speaker 1: for the parent than the parent for the child. Sir
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Speaker 1: William Berkley's loyalty had in the end overshot itself. His
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Speaker 1: zeal fatigued the king, and in sixteen seventy seventy was
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Speaker 1: recalled to England as Governor of Virginia. He had been
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Speaker 1: long popular at first, but in his old age detested.
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Speaker 1: He had great personal courage, fidelity, and generosity for those
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Speaker 1: things that ran with the current of a deep and
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Speaker 1: narrow soul. He passed from the New World stage a
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Speaker 1: marked and tragic figure. Behind him is vengeances, displeased even
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Speaker 1: loyalist Virginia, willing on the whole to let bygones be
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Speaker 1: bygones among neighbours and kindred. It is said that when
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Speaker 1: his ship went down the river, bondfires were lighted and
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Speaker 1: cannon and muskets fired for joy, And so beyond the
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Speaker 1: eastward horizon fades. The old reactionary Herbert Jeffries and then
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Speaker 1: Sir Henry Chitchley followed Berkley as governors of Virginia. They
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Speaker 1: are succeeded by Lord Culpeper, and he by Lord Howard
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Speaker 1: of Effingham, King Charles Dies and James. The second rules
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Speaker 1: in England Calpeper and Effingham played the governor merely for
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Speaker 1: what they can get for themselves. Out of Virginia. The
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Speaker 1: price of tobacco goes down down the crops are too large.
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Speaker 1: The old poor remedies of letting much acreage go unplanted,
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Speaker 1: or destroying and burning where the measure of production is exceeded,
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Speaker 1: and of petitions to the king are all resorted to,
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Speaker 1: but they procure little relief Virginia. Kenneedy called prosperous England.
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Speaker 1: Hears that the people are still disaffected and unquiet, and
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Speaker 1: England stolidly wonders why during the reign of the Second Charles,
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Speaker 1: Maryland had suffered from political unrest somewhat less than Virginia.
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Speaker 1: The autocracy of Maryland was more benevolent and more temperate
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Speaker 1: than that of her southern neighbour. The name of Calvert
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Speaker 1: is a better symbol of wisdom than the name of Berkeley.
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Speaker 1: Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, dying in sixteen seventy five,
23:29
Speaker 1: as a fair niche in the temple of human enlightenment.
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Speaker 1: His son Charles succeeded, third Lord Baltimore and Lord Proprietary
23:36
Speaker 1: of Maryland. Well intentioned, this Calvert lacks something of the
23:40
Speaker 1: ability of either his father or his grandfather. Though he
23:43
Speaker 1: lived in Maryland while his father had lived in England.
23:46
Speaker 1: His government was not as wise as his father's had been.
23:51
Speaker 1: But in Maryland, even before the death of Cecil Calvert,
23:54
Speaker 1: inherent evils were beginning to form of themselves of visible body.
23:58
Speaker 1: In Maryland, as in Virginia, they're set in after the
24:01
Speaker 1: restoration a period of reaction of Calli's rule in the
24:05
Speaker 1: interests of an oligarchy. In sixteen sixty nine, a packed
24:09
Speaker 1: council and an aristocratic Assembly procured a restriction of the franchise,
24:15
Speaker 1: similar to that introduced into Virginia. As in Virginia, an
24:19
Speaker 1: assembly deemed of the right political hue was kept in
24:22
Speaker 1: being by the device of a jourman from year to year.
24:26
Speaker 1: In Maryland, as in Virginia, public officials were guilty of
24:29
Speaker 1: corruption and graft. In sixteen seventy six, there seems to
24:32
Speaker 1: have lacked for revolt in Maryland, only the immediate provocative
24:37
Speaker 1: of acute Indian troubles, and such leaders as Bacon, Lawrence,
24:40
Speaker 1: and Drummond. The new Lord Baltimore being for the time
24:43
Speaker 1: in England, his deputy writes him that never were any
24:46
Speaker 1: more replete with malignancy and frenzy than our people were
24:51
Speaker 1: about August last, and they wanted but a monstrous head
24:54
Speaker 1: to their monstrous body. Two leaders indeed appeared, Davis and
24:59
Speaker 1: Pai by name, but having neither the standing or the
25:02
Speaker 1: strength of the Virginia Rebels, they were finally taken and
25:06
Speaker 1: hanged what supporters they had dispersed, and the specter of
25:09
Speaker 1: armed insurrection passed away. The third Lord Baltimore, like his father,
25:14
Speaker 1: found difficulty in preserving the integrity of his domain. His
25:18
Speaker 1: father had been involved in a long wrangle over the
25:21
Speaker 1: alleged invasion of Maryland by the Dutch. Since then Netherlands
25:25
Speaker 1: had passed into English hands. Now there occurred another encroachment
25:29
Speaker 1: on the territory of Maryland. This time the invader was
25:32
Speaker 1: an Englishman named William Penn. Just as the idea of
25:36
Speaker 1: a new world freedom for Catholics had appealed to the
25:39
Speaker 1: First Lord Baltimore, so now to William Penn, the Quaker
25:43
Speaker 1: came the thought of freedom. There for the society of Friends.
25:46
Speaker 1: The Second Charles owed an old debt to Penn's father.
25:51
Speaker 1: He paid it in sixteen eighty one by giving to
25:54
Speaker 1: the son whom he liked, a province in America. Little
25:57
Speaker 1: by little, in order to gain for Penn access to
25:59
Speaker 1: them the sea. The terms of his grant were widened
26:02
Speaker 1: until it included, beside the huge Pennsylvanian region, the tract
26:06
Speaker 1: that is now Delaware, which was then claimed by Baltimore.
26:10
Speaker 1: Maryland protested against the grant to Penn, as Virginia had
26:13
Speaker 1: protested against the grant to Baltimore, and equally in Vain.
26:17
Speaker 1: England was early set upon the road to many colonies
26:20
Speaker 1: in America, destined later to become many states. One by one,
26:24
Speaker 1: they were carved out of the first Great Unity. In
26:28
Speaker 1: sixteen eighty five, the tolerant Charles the Second died. James
26:32
Speaker 1: the Second, a Catholic, ruled England for about three years
26:35
Speaker 1: and then fled. Before the Revolution of sixteen eighty eight,
26:38
Speaker 1: we Eve and mary sovereigns of Protestant England, came to
26:41
Speaker 1: the throne. We have seen that the proprietary of Maryland
26:45
Speaker 1: and his numerous kinsmen and personal adherents were Catholics, approximately
26:50
Speaker 1: when in eight of other Marylanders were fellows in that faith.
26:53
Speaker 1: Another eighth of the people held with the Church of England.
26:56
Speaker 1: The rest the mass of the folk were dissenters from
26:59
Speaker 1: that church, and now all the Protestant elements together the
27:02
Speaker 1: Quakers excepted, solidified into political and religious opposition to the
27:07
Speaker 1: Proprietary's rule. Upon the accession of women, Mary despatched orders
27:13
Speaker 1: to the Maryland Council to proclaim them king and Queen,
27:16
Speaker 1: but his messenger died at sea, and there was delay
27:18
Speaker 1: in sending another. In Maryland, the Council would not proclaim
27:22
Speaker 1: the new sovereigns without instructions, and it was even rumoured
27:25
Speaker 1: that Catholic Maryland meant to withstand the new order. In effect,
27:29
Speaker 1: the old days were over. The Protestants, churchmen and dissenters
27:33
Speaker 1: alike proceeded to organize under a new leader, one John Cood.
27:37
Speaker 1: They formed an Association in Arms for the Defense of
27:40
Speaker 1: the Protestant religion and for asserting the right of King
27:44
Speaker 1: William and Queen Mary to the province of Maryland and
27:47
Speaker 1: all the English Dominions. Now followed a confused time of
27:50
Speaker 1: accusations and counter accusations, with assertions that Maryland Catholics were
27:56
Speaker 1: conspiring with the Indians to perpetrate a new Saint Bartha
28:00
Speaker 1: ALOMEWX massacre of Protestants and hot counter assertions that this
28:05
Speaker 1: is a sleeveless fear and imagination fomented by the artifice
28:09
Speaker 1: of some ill minded persons in the Inn. Coud assembled
28:13
Speaker 1: a force of something less than one thousand men and
28:16
Speaker 1: marched against Saint Mary's. The councilor which had gathered there, surrendered,
28:20
Speaker 1: and the Association for the Defense found itself in power.
28:24
Speaker 1: It proceeded to call a convention and to memorialize the
28:27
Speaker 1: King and Queen who had ended approved its course. Maryland
28:31
Speaker 1: passed under the immediate government of the Crown. Lord Baltimore
28:34
Speaker 1: might still receive quit rents and customs, but his governmental
28:38
Speaker 1: rights were absorbed into the monarchy. Sir Lionel Copley came
28:42
Speaker 1: out as royal Governor, and a new order began in Maryland.
28:47
Speaker 1: The heyday of Catholic freedom was passed. England would have
28:50
Speaker 1: a Protestant America. Episcopalians were greatly in the minority, but
28:54
Speaker 1: their church now became dominant over both Catholic and dissenter,
28:58
Speaker 1: and where the freethinker raised his head, he was smitten down.
29:01
Speaker 1: Catholic and Dissenter and all alike were taxed to keep
29:04
Speaker 1: stable the established church. The old tolerance such as it
29:08
Speaker 1: was was over Maryland paced even with the rest of
29:11
Speaker 1: the world. Presently, the old capital of Saint Mary's was abandoned.
29:15
Speaker 1: The government removed to the banks of the Severn to Providence.
29:18
Speaker 1: Soon when Anne should be queen, to be renamed Annapolis
29:23
Speaker 1: in vain, the inhabitants of Saint Mary's remonstrated the center
29:27
Speaker 1: of political gravity in Maryland had shifted. The Third Lord
29:32
Speaker 1: Baltimore died in seventeen fifteen. His son, Benedict, fourth Lord,
29:37
Speaker 1: turned from the Catholic Church and became a member of
29:39
Speaker 1: the Church of England. Dying presently, he left a young son, Charles,
29:43
Speaker 1: fifth Lord Baltimore, to be brought up in the fold
29:47
Speaker 1: of the established Church. Reconciled now to the dominant creed
29:51
Speaker 1: with the Maryland, where Catholics were heavily penalized, Baltimore resumed
29:55
Speaker 1: the government under the favor of the Crown, but it
29:57
Speaker 1: was a government with a difference. In Maryland everywhere the
30:00
Speaker 1: people were beginning to hold the reins, not again the
30:03
Speaker 1: old Lord and the old underling. For years to come,
30:06
Speaker 1: the lords would say that they governed, but strong life
30:08
Speaker 1: arose beneath around and above their governing. Maryland had by
30:14
Speaker 1: seventeen fifteen within her bounds more than forty thousand white
30:18
Speaker 1: men and nearly ten thousand black men. She still planted
30:22
Speaker 1: and shipped tobacco, but presently found how well she might
30:25
Speaker 1: raise wheat, and that it, too, was valuable to send
30:28
Speaker 1: away in exchange for all kinds of manufactured things. Thus
30:32
Speaker 1: Maryland began to be a land of wheat, still more
30:35
Speaker 1: than a land of tobacco. For the rest, conditions of
30:39
Speaker 1: life in Maryland paralleled pretty closely those in Virginia. Maryland
30:44
Speaker 1: was almost wholly rural. Her plantations and farms were reached
30:47
Speaker 1: with difficulty by roads hardly more than bridle paths, or
30:51
Speaker 1: with ease by sailboat and rowboat along the innumerable waterways.
30:56
Speaker 1: Though here in their manners large, easy going, paid priarchal
31:00
Speaker 1: places with vague feudal ways and customs were to be found.
31:03
Speaker 1: The moderate size plantation was the rule. Here stood in sight,
31:08
Speaker 1: usually a blue water. The planter's dwelling of bricker wood
31:11
Speaker 1: around it grew up the typical outhouses, household offices, and storerooms.
31:16
Speaker 1: Farther away, yet clustered the cabin quarters alike of slaves
31:20
Speaker 1: and indemptured labor, then stretched the fields of corn and wheat,
31:24
Speaker 1: the fields of tobacco here at river or bayside, where
31:28
Speaker 1: the home wharf or landing. Here the tobacco was rolled
31:31
Speaker 1: in casks. Here rattled the anchor of the ship that
31:34
Speaker 1: was to take it to England and bring in return
31:37
Speaker 1: one thousand and one manufactured articles. There were no factories
31:41
Speaker 1: in Maryland or Virginia. Yet artisans were found among the
31:44
Speaker 1: plantation laborers, carpenters, coopers, sawyers, blacksmiths, tanners, couriers, shoemakers, spinners, weavers,
31:51
Speaker 1: and knitters throughout the colonies. As in every new country,
31:55
Speaker 1: men and women, besides being agriculturists, produced homemade much that men,
32:00
Speaker 1: women and children needed, but many other articles. In all
32:04
Speaker 1: luxuries came in the ships from overseas, and the harvest
32:07
Speaker 1: of the fields paid the account. End of Chapter thirteen.