Latest / Strictly Business / The 5 o' Clock Shadow with Schalk Louw
Transcript
- 0:00You're listening to Strictly Business Podcast with Lindsay Williams.
- 0:05JSC has closed its doors for another day, so it's time for the 5 o'clock shadow.
- 0:08And as always on a Wednesday, I speak to Skulk Lowe, who is a portfolio manager at
- 0:13PSG Wealth Old Oak in
- 0:15Cape Town.
- 0:16What are we going to talk about, Skulk?
- 0:18Last week, I teased you a little bit about the US dollar.
- 0:21And what I wanted to develop on the dollar and foreign exchange theme was how much of
- 0:26a role...
- 0:27what your view of the US dollar is, and therefore, of course, your view on what
- 0:31the RAND does.
- 0:32Does it play a part?
- 0:33Do you say, I like this stock, but unfortunately, if I think the RAND is
- 0:37going to weaken, that is going to be a detractor,
- 0:40a negative for the stock's performance.
- 0:42Do you look at it that way in the background?
- 0:46Yeah, definitely.
- 0:47I mean, naturally.
- 0:48Well, firstly, Highlands and all the listeners.
- 0:52Yeah, I think it's been, it's a great...
- 0:55And I always hate when people answer me with a, that's a great question.
- 1:00So I'm doing the same now, purely because of what happened over the past, let's call
- 1:05it a little bit more than 24 hours.
- 1:08Because yesterday was an interesting one.
- 1:10Because if I told you, if I still tell you, any time of the week that
- 1:17we're looking at a dollar, or let's say a gold
- 1:24price.
- 1:25that kicked up, you would have told me we've most probably, usually you see an
- 1:30inverse movement.
- 1:32Dollar weakness, yeah.
- 1:34Yes, correct.
- 1:36And yesterday we had that.
- 1:38But the thing is, yesterday was sort of a politics versus economics day.
- 1:45Because we sat here two, three weeks ago.
- 1:48You and I said, it seems like the war is actually now.
- 1:53nearing its end.
- 1:54It seems like Trump is now really getting anxious to get this done.
- 1:59You want to start focusing on November and they sitting around a table and they're
- 2:03going to try and create some peace
- 2:06deal.
- 2:07There was a few things that was mentioned already and a few things that was agreed
- 2:11upon, but in essence
- 2:14we then saw the oil price go from over $100 per barrel to just over $70 per
- 2:21barrel and you we were heading towards peace in the Middle East.
- 2:26We also started seeing the Strait of Hormuz opening up, and then it just turned
- 2:32around again.
- 2:33And we now, as we sit here, pretty much we can agree that it's still a full-blooded,
- 2:40no-peace-deal war.
- 2:43These guys are shooting at each other.
- 2:45You know why we did that, Scott, last week?
- 2:47I'm not going to try and let our secrets out of the...
- 2:52a bag.
- 2:53But neither of us believe that.
- 2:55While Trump is in charge, we know that it's not going to happen.
- 2:58And when it takes two months to draw up a one and a half page memorandum of
- 3:03understanding versus any other peace
- 3:05deal, when you read the commentary of people that have been negotiators in this
- 3:10type of deal before with between countries,
- 3:13it takes years.
- 3:14It doesn't take two months and it's not on a page and a half.
- 3:17So, you know, it's a lot of rubbish.
- 3:18If you read William Higgs, the ex-Foreign Secretary.
- 3:22in the United Kingdom for the Conservative Party.
- 3:24If you read his analysis in The Times of the MOU, it was handing
- 3:31Iran everything.
- 3:32It's a total defeat to the United States.
- 3:35But anyway, I didn't believe what I was saying, and I'm sorry if I misled anyone,
- 3:39but we knew it wasn't going to
- 3:42last.
- 3:43We called it the Infinity War, and the Infinity War is still there.
- 3:48I mean, but that's just it.
- 3:51We pretty much went into this week, again, as war in the Middle East.
- 3:58But it's interesting to note that the oil is not back at $100.
- 4:03So market is telling us that they either not focused on it or feel that this is
- 4:08going to be last
- 4:10year.
- 4:10Or they've just got totally oblivious, totally immune against this thing called
- 4:16war in the Middle
- 4:17East.
- 4:18But then yesterday happened.
- 4:19yesterday.
- 4:20We had the inflation figures that came out of the U.S.
- 4:24And yesterday morning, we know that the wars escalated and things were really
- 4:28uncomfortable.
- 4:28I went into yesterday morning thinking, we in for a really, really red type of day.
- 4:36Yes.
- 4:37And yes, the whole world.
- 4:38When we saw the East, Japan, China, Korea, all these
- 4:45countries went in and they were negative.
- 4:49Europe and South Africa and these countries opened up and they were all red,
- 4:53really red for the day.
- 4:54But then we saw the inflation data came out 3.5%,
- 5:02last 4.2%, 4.3% and expected 3.8%.
- 5:06So that was a massive beat, so to speak.
- 5:10And it's just suddenly as if the market realized, wait a minute, this is
- 5:14interesting because month on month, we saw a
- 5:17retracement.
- 5:18We sort of saw a deflationary environment.
- 5:21And the market just realized, you saw the CME Fed tool, the probability on rate
- 5:27hikes,
- 5:28went from 46% now hike in July to, well, it
- 5:35was single figures.
- 5:36I want to say it was 8% probability.
- 5:39of a hike now in July.
- 5:41So the market just now say, well, if inflation is not a problem, in actual
- 5:47fact, we're
- 5:48starting seeing a bit of a deflationary environment, Walsh, as hawkish as he
- 5:52sounded last night, will most probably
- 5:54not be pressured to hike rates as we would have thought he would have done,
- 6:02even not hike rates.
- 6:04And that just suddenly put the dollar on a slippery side.
- 6:08sloped downwards.
- 6:09And when that happened, we saw gold pop again.
- 6:13And markets ran.
- 6:15I mean, I think the Nasdaq on one stage were close to 2% positive last night.
- 6:21So this is an interesting one for me because it tells me the market was way
- 6:26more focused on the
- 6:27economic side of the US than really the political, the war side happening in the
- 6:33Middle East.
- 6:34So just fun, very interesting.
- 6:36No, it is.
- 6:37And the dollar, of course, is the most important financial instrument when it
- 6:41comes to asset management.
- 6:43It doesn't matter whether it's gold or bonds or fixed income or an emerging
- 6:47market,
- 6:50equity market, for example.
- 6:51So terribly, terribly important.
- 6:54This is the question now.
- 6:55And you've got to be succinct on this one, Skunk, because I'm in countdown to England
- 7:00versus Argentina mode, of course.
- 7:03Here we go again.
- 7:06I'll tell you later.
- 7:10So where's the dollar going?
- 7:11I've spoken to a couple of very, very well-respected analysts last year, and
- 7:17they said that the
- 7:18dollar is in a cyclical downturn.
- 7:24There's going to be a weaker dollar, and when there's a weaker dollar, it runs for
- 7:29years.
- 7:29And here we are.
- 7:30with the dollar, I think over the last 52 weeks, up something like four and a half
- 7:35to 5% on the basis of the
- 7:37dollar index.
- 7:38Where do you think it's going?
- 7:39And how is it influencing your future strategy when it comes to equities?
- 7:43I'm not gonna I'm not gonna put a number on it, because then then I'm going to sort
- 7:49of have to either look
- 7:50at technical analysis or thumb suck some some number.
- 7:54I can just tell you that I still firmly believe we'll see a weaker dollar.
- 7:58Okay.
- 8:00a weaker dollar going forward.
- 8:01I think this 100 on the Dixie currently is vulnerable.
- 8:07And I think if we break it to double figures again, I would not be surprised if
- 8:12we merely, merely go and test
- 8:14that 90 levels again.
- 8:16Not because of technical levels.
- 8:18It's just purely fundamentals.
- 8:19We know, you know, even without Trump, Trump is there.
- 8:24He's currently the president of the country.
- 8:27He's there.
- 8:28He's there.
- 8:29So we know that his playbook is, I want to try and stimulate the economy.
- 8:36I want to see interest rates going as low as possible, because he feels that the US
- 8:43should have
- 8:44the lowest interest rates in the world.
- 8:47And naturally, that will put pressure on the dollar.
- 8:52He's often said, well, he's not too worried about the dollar.
- 8:56In actual fact, he said a weaker dollar.
- 9:01would benefit the US.
- 9:03And for that reason, I think that the dollar will see weaker levels, hence the
- 9:09fact, while
- 9:10I still believe that I wouldn't be touching my gold anytime soon.
- 9:14I'm still very happy sitting with gold exposure in my portfolio.
- 9:18I would not be selling it for that very reason.
- 9:21It seems like there's a lot of big buyers around the $39,000, $50,000 to $4,000
- 9:25area.
- 9:26the $4,000 to $4,050 per ounce area as well with gold, every time it gets there,
- 9:31it looks as though it's going to break and the gold
- 9:33bears get all excited.
- 9:34And then suddenly the next day, 1.5%, 2% pop to the upside.
- 9:38I think there's a big accumulation there.
- 9:40And given the World Gold Council report of a couple of weeks ago, it's central banks
- 9:44that are mopping it up, I think.
- 9:47China.
- 9:48I mean, China is a massive, massive buyer of gold.
- 9:52I mean, so...
- 9:53Yeah, while central banks is buying, you clearly have support.
- 9:58And yeah, so what would I do to protect my clients currently?
- 10:06I think one reason would be to have some gold.
- 10:12If you do think, and I think yesterday's playbook was an interesting one because
- 10:19you saw markets immediately reacted quite positive when they sort of realized that
- 10:25inflation might not
- 10:26be a problem for the years and that interest rate might not go up.
- 10:31It might stay at these levels and then we'll eventually see some pressure on it
- 10:38to come down.
- 10:40Yeah, that usually is a positive environment for equities in general.
- 10:45But I don't think all equities is created equal anymore.
- 10:49I mean, when I look at some of these movements, the likes of the Micron, going
- 10:56from last year
- 10:57$110, suddenly going to $1,200 literally in
- 11:03a year, that is telling me things is heated.
- 11:09be very, very careful in that type of environment.
- 11:11Yes, there's shortages.
- 11:12Yes, we know that.
- 11:14There's massive shortages.
- 11:15We saw ASML come out with their results today.
- 11:19And wow, what a beat.
- 11:21I mean, they had a phenomenal, phenomenal set of results.
- 11:27And we know that's AI.
- 11:29I mean, when you beat that, when net sales came out 9.3 billion
- 11:36euros, expected 8.8 billion net profit 2.9 billion euros expected 2.6
- 11:43um the stock is up already 115 this year and and when you listen to the ceo
- 11:50um after the results is his outlook i mean i know you like your outlooks
- 11:57and and results as well um outlook i mean you can't read that
- 12:03outlook and tell me you're not not bullish as well i mean It's a favorite company of
- 12:09one of our friends that you
- 12:10appear on television with often, and it is an incredible company.
- 12:15It is a company that I hold as well, so I like it.
- 12:18And I got in at very, very early levels.
- 12:21I mean, when it wasn't trading at elevated levels, that's the thing.
- 12:26And I think to people listening to this podcast, you know, thinking, wow, I need
- 12:30to run out and buy some ASMLs.
- 12:32Just go and look at the valuations currently.
- 12:35It's not.
- 12:36I mean, we're looking at a company that's roughly trading at a forward P of 50
- 12:42times,
- 12:4350, 5-0.
- 12:44But I mean, when one of your key customers, namely Taiwan Semiconductors,
- 12:51reported a 68% jump in their June sales, then you know, yeah,
- 12:58then there will definitely be some advantages for the likes of ASML as well.
- 13:04So.
- 13:05Yeah, it's an environment where the heated can become even more heated.
- 13:10But it's always that worry when the music stops and eventually it will.
- 13:16Yes, and when the music stops, that's when
- 13:21the really savvy investors behave with experience.
- 13:25And you're one of those people.
- 13:26So some people will panic and they'll say, well, this is going down.
- 13:29So therefore, I've got to sell that as well.
- 13:32Other people will see opportunities.
- 13:33But that's a whole other discussion.
- 13:35And Skulk, if I told you, you having come out of a self-induced coma for the last
- 13:41six months, if I said
- 13:44the United States president has just told Congress that the United States is
- 13:48officially at war with Iran,
- 13:52there's a war between Ukraine and Russia that hasn't gone away since you've been in
- 13:56the coma.
- 13:57And inflation is starting to tick up a little bit.
- 14:01Even though U.S.
- 14:02wholesale prices came down by 0.3% because of the oil price coming down, there are
- 14:07still big pockets of
- 14:09inflation, and the bond market has been going up in terms of yields over the last
- 14:15three, four months.
- 14:16So against that backdrop, this is the company.
- 14:19These are the results from this company.
- 14:21Tell me which company it is and explain how on earth this can be.
- 14:26Group sales came in at 6.3 billion euros up.
- 14:3020% constant exchange rates.
- 14:32This is for the last quarter.
- 14:36It says here, strength across all regions led by local demand with double-digit
- 14:41increases in the Americas, Asia
- 14:43Pacific, Japan, and Europe at both constant and actual rates.
- 14:47Return to growth in Middle East and Africa.
- 14:50Sustained growth across all distribution channels led by retail up by 24%.
- 14:56Constant.
- 14:57We give continued investment to support growth against a persistently volatile
- 15:03macroeconomic
- 15:04environment, etc.
- 15:06How can this be?
- 15:07First of all, what is the company?
- 15:09And secondly, how do they do that?
- 15:13You forgot one little thing as well.
- 15:15Because that same company has also accumulated another 400 million
- 15:23euros this quarter, bringing their total cash flow to 9.1 billion euros.
- 15:30That's huge.
- 15:30I'm going to say that again.
- 15:32Cash flow of 9.1 billion.
- 15:35Sure.
- 15:36I mean, that is euros.
- 15:38Yeah, yeah.
- 15:39I know.
- 15:40Not sure I know what you're talking about.
- 15:41I mean, this is a wonderful South African story.
- 15:45It's sort of always been the, I hate calling it the
- 15:51poor man's LVMH or the poor man's Gucci.
- 15:54Not a bit of it.
- 15:55It's sort of always been not the favorite in the world
- 16:01in terms of luxury goods.
- 16:03But boy, oh boy, Richemont now, I think is now firmly.
- 16:08the favorite luxury goods company in the world.
- 16:11And I say that not because I'm pro-Johann Rippert or pro-South African.
- 16:16I'm looking at actual figures.
- 16:18I mean, LDMH, if I can recall, a year or two ago, they were really interested and
- 16:23focused on taking
- 16:25over Richemont and it didn't happen.
- 16:28And now I think the way things are going, I wouldn't be so surprised if Richemont
- 16:34start mopping up
- 16:35some of their own competitors.
- 16:37When you're sitting with...
- 16:38That amount of cash on your balance sheet, effectively, you can start doing it.
- 16:43Well, you can.
- 16:43And also, if you don't start doing it, and you don't start buying back your own stock
- 16:47or paying special dividends here and there, then investors punish you.
- 16:51Yeah.
- 16:52So there is going to be a special dividend.
- 16:55There's an ordinary dividend of 3.3 Swiss
- 17:01franc, and there's going to be another special dividend of one.
- 17:06But that's still something we're going to make.
- 17:09I mean, a total dividend payable is about 2.5 billion Swiss francs.
- 17:15So it's not a massive dent in the cash flow.
- 17:19It's still going to be a massive cash flow.
- 17:20So clearly they've got things planned.
- 17:25What was interesting for me when I looked at the movement today
- 17:32in Richmond, when Richmond's results came out, Naturally, we immediately see the
- 17:37share price blow up.
- 17:39I mean, it was a massive, massive movement originally, sort of tapered down during
- 17:44the course of the day, but still ended
- 17:457.4% up for the day.
- 17:48But I mean, for me, it was interesting when I looked at LDMH, that was up also
- 17:542.2%.
- 17:56Hermes up 2.5%, Kering up close to 4%.
- 18:01I mean, so...
- 18:03These, when I say it was sort of the secondhand luxury goods,
- 18:10and again, it's pun intended, Richemont has now become the leading sort of
- 18:16indicator in luxury
- 18:17goods in the world.
- 18:18I mean, this is phenomenal.
- 18:20It's a great story.
- 18:22You quickly ran over it.
- 18:23But there's no region.
- 18:24I mean, even Africa and the Middle East, we saw it always an area which didn't
- 18:30grow.
- 18:31We didn't see...
- 18:33any growth in those areas, that has grown 3%.
- 18:35Now, I know that's nothing, but when you come out of an environment that's not
- 18:39growing yet, this is showing that they're now growing
- 18:43the African and Middle Eastern markets as well.
- 18:46But I mean, look at this, Japan, 36%.
- 18:48America is, as you mentioned, 27%.
- 18:51And when you look at the areas within the Middle East, that's where it got
- 18:56interesting for me because
- 18:58China and Hong Kong, It's now growing at solid double-digit figures.
- 19:05Does this tell you something about society?
- 19:07I don't want to get too cosmic about this, but it shows you there's a luxury goods
- 19:11company doing well, there's an AI company
- 19:14doing well, but when you go to Main Street, people are not doing well.
- 19:18So there's this growing gap between economies or sort of domestic
- 19:25internal economies.
- 19:26And when I say economies, I mean socioeconomics, what people can buy, what
- 19:30people can't buy, what people at the top are buying, and what
- 19:33people at the bottom are struggling to buy.
- 19:36I think there's a growing gap between the wealthy and the poor.
- 19:40Yeah, well, I think so as well.
- 19:43I always say the rich are getting richer and the poor are poorer.
- 19:48But yeah, it is really interesting.
- 19:51It's a nice example that you use, and one that you and I have been talking about.
- 19:57Since COVID, when we came out of COVID, it wasn't the shop rights
- 20:05and the food retailers and food producers, the basics
- 20:12that actually popped.
- 20:13It was the luxury goods.
- 20:14That was the first companies that popped, you know, coming out of a...
- 20:19really critical locked up environment like covid um okay we'll talk about that uh at
- 20:26greater length on a special show or something or a special feature within our
- 20:30podcast we can't do it now um
- 20:33because i've got to give you the markets and the dollar rand is 1633 that's a 0.2
- 20:38percent fall for the u.s dollar
- 20:40the euro rand is 16 sorry 1868 British pound against the Rand is 22.02.
- 20:46Euro dollar is 1.1435.
- 20:49British pound against the US dollar, incidentally, 1.3520.
- 20:53We've got the gold price.
- 20:54It's 4,047 I've got here.
- 20:58That's barely changed on the day.
- 21:00The platinum price is barely changed on the day as well.
- 21:03It's 16.46.
- 21:05And palladium is exactly 1,300, which is down 0.6%.
- 21:10The oil price has turned tail a little bit.
- 21:13It's at a couple of...
- 21:14really, really good or, as we should say, bad days because Brent crude is $83.48,
- 21:21down 1.5% now.
- 21:23West Texas, $78.39, down 1.2%.
- 21:26The copper price is flat at $6.32 per pound.
- 21:33Now then, the bond markets have reacted to that US wholesale prices number because
- 21:37the US yield has fallen
- 21:40by three and a half basis points on the 10-year.
- 21:42to 4.55%.
- 21:44The South African 10-year bond yield has come in at, I think I've got 8.55%, but my
- 21:50screen has just let me down.
- 21:51S&P 500 futures, 75.94.
- 21:54That's the September futures flat on the day.
- 21:57Looking a bit vulnerable, actually.
- 21:58Not anything vulnerable about Bitcoin over the last week or so, because it's gone
- 22:02from just above 58,000 to just above
- 22:0565,000 now.
- 22:07And here's something from Warren Buffett.
- 22:10Warren Buffett...
- 22:11on the market today says the following it's tough to find values when everybody
- 22:15is preferring gambling hey
- 22:18skulk that resonates with you doesn't it nice one yeah yeah yeah very very nice one
- 22:23very very nice one
- 22:25okay um what have you got on the ups and downs on the jse please i don't think we
- 22:30need to focus okay well let's let's let's
- 22:32let's start on the ups today because we've been waiting for this one for a long, long
- 22:36time.
- 22:38So it's easy to pick the biggest winner for today.
- 22:42And that's an easy one.
- 22:45That is, let me refresh my screen.
- 22:49That is naturally Richemont.
- 22:51Richemont up 7.4%.
- 22:53And then in second and in third position, we had Naspers Brozes.
- 22:58I saw that.
- 23:00Yes.
- 23:01Yeah, yeah.
- 23:01What's that all about?
- 23:02At freaking last.
- 23:03No, China, China.
- 23:05China.
- 23:06Definitely recovery this morning and things were looking much better.
- 23:10And yeah, NASPA has just followed suit from the Chinese stock.
- 23:14NASPA is up 4.9% for today and ProSys up 4.6%.
- 23:19And then fourth and second is Clix, 3.4% and Sappy, 2.9%.
- 23:25Both companies have been under the pump a little bit over the past few weeks.
- 23:29Then the losers, I mean, you can just take the winners and just...
- 23:35Yeah, read them out as losers today because on the downside, we had Valterra
- 23:40down 4.7%,
- 23:42Cup 4.6%, with Pan African Resources down 4.2%, Anglo Gold
- 23:493.8%.
- 23:50And yeah, let's add another precious metals in there, Impala Platinum also down
- 23:543.1% for today.
- 23:57Okay.
- 23:58And the indices, it's lovely to see the industrials probably doing well because of
- 24:03Richemont, but how did all the
- 24:04indices fare against each other?
- 24:07Yeah, you're 100% right.
- 24:08But let's start at the top.
- 24:10The JSU Allshare closed the day at 110,289 points.
- 24:15That is down 26 basis points.
- 24:18Resources gave back all they took yesterday, down 2.8%.
- 24:23And as you mentioned, industrials had a fabulous day between Richemont, Naspers
- 24:27and Process.
- 24:28That was up 2% for today.
- 24:30Financials down 26 basis points, while the SA Property Index, that was down.
- 24:35um also 14 basis point when i look at the value traded wasn't it wasn't too active
- 24:40day but i mean we'll
- 24:42take the 21.25 billion value traded for today very nice indeed skunk thanks very
- 24:48much for that i have to tell you
- 24:49um after last week's show where we ended me going to do some plane spotting in the
- 24:54nato base and you
- 24:56going off to annoy the ground annoy the groundsman whatever the golf course it is
- 25:01by hacking the thing to
- 25:02pieces So this week I am going into now almost like a trance-like
- 25:09state.
- 25:10I went to bed this afternoon for a nap because I sort of went back to my
- 25:15childhood.
- 25:16On Christmas Eve I would go to bed early so that Christmas Day would come sooner.
- 25:20So I did the same thing today because England versus Argentina is on at 9
- 25:24o'clock Central European and South African time.
- 25:27The World Cup semi-final, which is a big deal.
- 25:29It doesn't matter if you don't like football.
- 25:31It's a big deal.
- 25:32There's off-the-pitch and on-the-pitch rivalries, which are unparalleled in
- 25:36football.
- 25:37And it's the only game at the World Cup where these fans will be segregated.
- 25:41In other words, fans are going to be funneled in to the Argentinian side, and
- 25:46the England fans will be
- 25:47funneled into another because they are fearing trouble.
- 25:50There's a huge police presence.
- 25:52And on the pitch, it's going to be spectacular.
- 25:54But what I do is I go into this sort of trance-like state where...
- 25:59On my phone I've got the countdown to the match, I've got this how many seconds
- 26:05there are to the game and that sort of thing
- 26:07but you know like if you've ever seen one of those martial arts films the old ones
- 26:11from the 1970s which are quite fun
- 26:13where you see the guy go into this state of mind where he can chop a pile of bricks
- 26:19in half that's what I do.
- 26:20I'm like karate man but it's football watching man otherwise i have to block
- 26:27everything out of my
- 26:27mind I'm just focused on this thing.
- 26:29If anyone says anything to me, I wouldn't hear anyone for two hours.
- 26:33I can just see you with remote control, pointing it towards the TV and just going
- 26:36like, switch on, switch off,
- 26:39switch on, switch off.
- 26:43I'm all over the place.
- 26:44Skunk, thank you very much for your time this evening.
- 26:47As always, a great analysis of the US dollar in particular and those results
- 26:51from Richemont, which to me were the highlight of the
- 26:53day.
- 26:54But we didn't even speak about the US banks and the reporting season in the
- 26:57United States.
- 26:58We'll do that next week once that theme has developed.
- 27:00Scott Glow is a portfolio manager at PSG Wealth at Old Oak in Cape Town, and that
- 27:04was a five o'clock shadow.
- 27:06The views and opinions expressed in these podcasts are those of Lindsay Williams and
- 27:10various contributors and do not reflect the policy,
- 27:13position or opinion of any other agency, organisation, employer or company
- 27:18associated with
- 27:19StrictlyBusinessPodcast.com.
- 27:22Assumptions made on the analyses are not reflective of the position of any other
- 27:26entity.
- 27:27other than the speaker or the author.
- 27:29And since we are critically thinking human beings, these views are always subject to
- 27:34change, revision and
- 27:35rethinking at any time.
- 27:37Please do not hold us to them in perpetuity.