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65 - Montcalm and Wolfe by Francis Parkman, Jr. · Montcalm and Wolfe

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  Speaker 1: Section sixty four of montcarmend Wolfe by Francis Parkman. This
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  Speaker 1: LibriVox recording is in the public domain, Chapter twenty eight,
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  Speaker 1: Part two. He spoke his mind freely, loudly, blamed the retreat,
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  Speaker 1: and urged voud Roy to march back with all speed
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  Speaker 1: to whence he came. The governor, stiff at ordinary times,
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  Speaker 1: but pliant at a crisis, welcomed the firmer mind that
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  Speaker 1: decided for him, consented that the troops should return, and
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  Speaker 1: wrote afterwards in his despatch to the Minister, I was
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  Speaker 1: much charmed to find Monsieur de Levis disposed to march
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  Speaker 1: with the army towards Quebec. Levis, on his part, wrote
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  Speaker 1: a condition in which I found the army bereft of everything.
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  Speaker 1: Did not discourage me, because Monsieur de Vaudroy told me
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  Speaker 1: that Quebec was not taken and that he had left
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  Speaker 1: there a sufficiently numerous garrison. I therefore resolved, in order
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  Speaker 1: to repair the fault that had been committed, to engage
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  Speaker 1: Monsieur de Vaudroy to march the army back to the
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  Speaker 1: relief of the place. I represented to him that this
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  Speaker 1: was the only way to prevent the complete defection of
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  Speaker 1: the Canadians and Indians, that our knowledge of the country
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  Speaker 1: would enable us to approach very near the enemy, whom
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  Speaker 1: he knew to be entrenching themselves on the heights of
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  Speaker 1: Quebec and constructing batteries to breach the walls. That if
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  Speaker 1: we found their army ill posted, we could attack them,
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  Speaker 1: or at any rate, could prolong the siege by throwing
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  Speaker 1: men and supplies into the town, And that if we
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  Speaker 1: could not save it, we could evacuate and burn it,
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  Speaker 1: so that the enemy could not possibly winter there. Levis
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  Speaker 1: quickly made his presence felt in the military chaos about him.
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  Speaker 1: Bigaux bestirred himself with his usual vigor to collect provisions,
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  Speaker 1: and before the next morning all was ready. Bougainville had
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  Speaker 1: taken no part in the retreat, but sturdily held his
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  Speaker 1: ground at cap Rouge while the fugitive mob swept by him.
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  Speaker 1: A hundred of the mounted Canadians who formed part of
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  Speaker 1: his command were now sent to Quebec, each with a
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  Speaker 1: bag of biscuit across his saddle. They were to circle
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  Speaker 1: round to the Beauport side, where there was no enemy,
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  Speaker 1: and whence they could cross the Saint Charles in canoes
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  Speaker 1: to the town. Bougainville followed close with a larger supply.
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  Speaker 1: Voor Droy sent Ramsay a message revoking his order to
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  Speaker 1: surrender if threatened with an assault, telling him to hold
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  Speaker 1: out to the last, and assuring him that the whole
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  Speaker 1: army was coming to his relief. Levis hastened to be gone,
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  Speaker 1: but first he found time to write a few lines
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  Speaker 1: to Bourlamac. We have had a very great loss, for
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  Speaker 1: we have lost Monsieur de Montcalm. I regret him as
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  Speaker 1: my general and my friend. I found our army here.
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  Speaker 1: It is now on the march to retrieve our fortunes.
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  Speaker 1: I can trust you to hold your position, as I
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  Speaker 1: have not Monsieur de Montcalm's talents. I look to you
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  Speaker 1: to second me and advise me put a good face
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  Speaker 1: on it. Hide this business as long as you can.
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  Speaker 1: I am mounting my horse this moment, right me all
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  Speaker 1: the news. The army marched that morning, the eighteenth. In
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  Speaker 1: the evening it reached Saint Augustine, and here it was
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  Speaker 1: stopped by the chilling news that Quebec had surrendered. Utter
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  Speaker 1: confusion had reigned in the disheartened garrison. Men deserted hourly,
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  Speaker 1: some to the country and some to the English camp,
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  Speaker 1: while Townsend pushed his trenches nearer and nearer to the walls,
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  Speaker 1: in spite of the cannonade with which Piedmont and his
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  Speaker 1: artillery men tried to check them. On the evening of
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  Speaker 1: the seventeenth, the English ships of war moved towards the
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  Speaker 1: lower town, and a column of troops was seen approaching
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  Speaker 1: over the meadows of the Saint Charles as if to
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  Speaker 1: storm the palace gate. The drums beat the alarm, but
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  Speaker 1: the militia refused to fight. Their officers came to Ramsey
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  Speaker 1: in a body, declared that they had no mind to
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  Speaker 1: sustain an assault, that they knew he had orders against it,
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  Speaker 1: that they would carry their guns back to the arsenal,
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  Speaker 1: that they were no longer soldiers but citizens, that if
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  Speaker 1: the army had not abandoned them, they would fight with
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  Speaker 1: as much spirit as ever, but they would not get
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  Speaker 1: themselves killed. To no purpose, The town major Johannes, in
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  Speaker 1: a rage, beat two of them with the flat of
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  Speaker 1: his sword. The white flag was raised, Joannes pulled it down,
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  Speaker 1: thinking or pretending to think, that it was raised without authority,
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  Speaker 1: but Ramsey presently ordered him to go to the English
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  Speaker 1: camp and get what terms he could. He went through,
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  Speaker 1: driving rain to the quarters of Townsend, and, in hope
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  Speaker 1: of the promised succor, spun out the negotiation to the utmost,
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  Speaker 1: pretended that he had no power to yield certain points demanded,
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  Speaker 1: and was at last sent back to confer with Ramsey
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  Speaker 1: under a promise from the English commander that if Quebec
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  Speaker 1: were not given up before eleven o'clock, he would take
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  Speaker 1: it by storm. On this Ramsey signed the articles and
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  Speaker 1: Joannes carried them back within the time prescribed. Scarcely had
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  Speaker 1: he left the town when the Canadian horsemen appeared with
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  Speaker 1: their sacks of biscuit and a renewed assurance that help
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  Speaker 1: was near. But it was too late. Ramsey had surrendered
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  Speaker 1: and would not break his word. He dreaded an assault
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  Speaker 1: which he knew he could not withstand, and he but
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  Speaker 1: half believed in the promised succor. How could I trust it?
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  Speaker 1: He asks? The army had not dared to face the
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  Speaker 1: enemy before he had fortified himself, and could I hope
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  Speaker 1: that it would come to attack him in an entrenched
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  Speaker 1: camp defended by a formidable artillery. Whatever may be thought
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  Speaker 1: of his conduct. It was to Vordroy, and not to him,
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  Speaker 1: that the loss of Quebec was due. The conditions granted
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  Speaker 1: were favorable for Townsend, knew the danger of his position
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  Speaker 1: and was glad to have Quebec on any terms. The
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  Speaker 1: troops and sailors of the garrison were to march out
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  Speaker 1: of the place with the honors of war, and to
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  Speaker 1: be carried to France. The inhabitants were to have protection
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  Speaker 1: in person and property, and free exercise of religion. In
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  Speaker 1: the after noon, a company of artillery men with a
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  Speaker 1: field piece entered the town and marched to the place
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  Speaker 1: of Arms, followed by a body of infantry. Detachments took
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  Speaker 1: post at all the gates. The British flag was raised
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  Speaker 1: on the heights near the top of Mountain Street, and
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  Speaker 1: the capital of New France passed into the hands of
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  Speaker 1: its hereditary foes. The question remained should they keep or
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  Speaker 1: destroy it? It was resolved to keep it at every risk.
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  Speaker 1: The Marines, the grenadiers from Leuisbourg, and some of the
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  Speaker 1: rangers were to re embark in the fleet, while the
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  Speaker 1: ten battalions with the artillery and one company of rangers
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  Speaker 1: were to remain behind. Bide the Canadian winter and defend
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  Speaker 1: the ruins of Quebec against the efforts of Levis Monkton,
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  Speaker 1: The oldest brigadier, was disabled by his wound and could
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  Speaker 1: not stay while townshend returned home to parade his laurels
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  Speaker 1: and claim more than his share of the honors of victory.
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  Speaker 1: The command therefore rested with murray. The troops were not idle,
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  Speaker 1: leveling their own field works, repairing the defenses of the town,
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  Speaker 1: storing provisions sent ashore from the fleet, making fashines, and
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  Speaker 1: cutting firewood busied them through the autumn days, bright with
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  Speaker 1: sunshine or dark and chill, with premonition of the bitter
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  Speaker 1: months to come. Admiral Saunders put off his departure longer
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  Speaker 1: than he had once thought possible, and it was past
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  Speaker 1: the middle of October when he fired a parting salute
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  Speaker 1: and sailed down the river with his fleet in It
• 9:57
  Speaker 1: was the ship Royal William, carrying the embalmed remains of
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  Speaker 1: Wolfe Montcalm, lay in his soldier's grave before the humble
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  Speaker 1: altar of the Ursulines, never more to see the home
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  Speaker 1: for which he yearned, the wife, mother, and children whom
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  Speaker 1: he loved. The olive trees and chestnut groves of his
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  Speaker 1: beloved Candiac. He slept in peace among triumphant enemies who
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  Speaker 1: respected his memory, though they hardly knew his resting place.
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  Speaker 1: It was left for a fellow countryman, a colleague, and
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  Speaker 1: a brother in arms, to belittle his achievements and blacken
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  Speaker 1: his name. The jealous spite of vou Droy pursued him
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  Speaker 1: even in death, leaving Levis to command at Jacques Cartier,
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  Speaker 1: whither the army had again withdrawn. The governor retired to Montreal.
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  Speaker 1: Whence he wrote a series of despatches to justify himself
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  Speaker 1: at the expense of others, and above all of the
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  Speaker 1: slain general, against whom his accusations were never so bitter
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  Speaker 1: as now, when the lips were cold that could have
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  Speaker 1: answered them. First he threw on Ramsay all the blame
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  Speaker 1: of the surrender of Quebec. Then he addressed himself to
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  Speaker 1: the chief task, the defamation of his unconscious rival. The
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  Speaker 1: letter that you wrote in cipher on the tenth of
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  Speaker 1: February to Monsieur the Marquis of Montcalm and me in
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  Speaker 1: common flattered his self love to such a degree that,
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  Speaker 1: far from seeking conciliation, he did nothing but try to
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  Speaker 1: persuade the public that his authority surpassed mine. From the
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  Speaker 1: moment of Monsieur de Montcalm's arrival in this colony down
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  Speaker 1: to that of his death, he did not cease to
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  Speaker 1: sacrifice everything to his boundless ambition. He sowed dissension among
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  Speaker 1: the troops, tolerated the most indecent talk against the government,
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  Speaker 1: attached himself to the most disreputable persons, used means to
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  Speaker 1: corrupt the most virtuous, and when he could not succeed,
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  Speaker 1: became their cruel enemy. He wanted to be governor general.
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  Speaker 1: He privately flattered with favors and promises of patronage every
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  Speaker 1: officer of the colony troops who adopted his ideas. He
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  Speaker 1: spared no pains to gain over the people of whatever
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  Speaker 1: calling and persuade them of his attachment, while, either by
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  Speaker 1: himself or means of the troops of the line, he
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  Speaker 1: made them bear the most frightful yoke leeu la plu affrux,
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  Speaker 1: famed honest people, encouraged in subordination, and closed his eyes
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  Speaker 1: to the rapine of his soldiers. This letter was written
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  Speaker 1: to Voudroy's official superior and confidante, the Minister of the
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  Speaker 1: Marine and Colonies. In another letter, written about the same
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  Speaker 1: time to the Minister of War, who held similar relations
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  Speaker 1: to his rival, he declares that he greatly regretted Monsieur
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  Speaker 1: de Montcalm. His charges are strange ones from a man
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  Speaker 1: who was, by turns the patron advocate and tool of
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  Speaker 1: the official villains who cheated the king and plundered the people. Bigaux,
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  Speaker 1: Caday and the rest of the harpies that preyed on
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  Speaker 1: Canada looked to Voudroy for support and found it. It
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  Speaker 1: was but three or four weeks since he had written
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  Speaker 1: to the court in high eulogy of Bigeux and effusive
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  Speaker 1: praise of Caday, coupled with the request that a patent
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  Speaker 1: of nobility should be given to that notorious public thief.
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  Speaker 1: The corruptions which disgraced his government were rife, not only
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  Speaker 1: in the civil administration, but also among the officers of
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  Speaker 1: the colony troops, over whom he had complete control. They
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  Speaker 1: did not, as has been seen already, extend to the
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  Speaker 1: officers of the line, who were outside the circle of peculation.
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  Speaker 1: It was these who were the habitual associates of mont
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  Speaker 1: carm And when voor Droy charges him with attaching himself
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  Speaker 1: to the most disreputable persons and using means to corrupt
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  Speaker 1: the most virtuous. The true interpretation of his words is
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  Speaker 1: that the former were disreputable because they disliked him the governor,
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  Speaker 1: and the latter virtuous because they were his partisans. Voor
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  Speaker 1: Droy continues, thus, I am in despair, monseigneur, to be
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  Speaker 1: under the necessity of painting you such a portrait after
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  Speaker 1: death of Monsieur the Marquis of Montcalm. Though it contains
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  Speaker 1: the exact truth, I would have deferred it if his
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  Speaker 1: personal hatred to me were alone to be considered. But
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  Speaker 1: I feel too deeply the loss of the colony to
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  Speaker 1: hide from you the cause of it. I can assure
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  Speaker 1: you that if I had been the sole master, Quebec
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  Speaker 1: would still belong to the king, and that nothing is
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  Speaker 1: so disadvantageous in a colony as a division of authority
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  Speaker 1: and the mingling of troops of the line with marine
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  Speaker 1: colony troops. Thoroughly knowing Monsieur de mont carm I did
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  Speaker 1: not doubt in the least that unless I condescended to
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  Speaker 1: all his wishes, he would succeed in ruining Canada and
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  Speaker 1: wrecking all my plans. He then charges the dead Man
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  Speaker 1: with losing the Battle of Quebec by attacking before he
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  Speaker 1: the governor, arrived to take command, and this, he says,
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  Speaker 1: was due to Montcalm's absolute determination to exercise independent authority
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  Speaker 1: without caring whether the colony was saved or lost. I
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  Speaker 1: cannot hide from you, Monseigneur, that if he had had
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  Speaker 1: his way in past years, Oswego and Fort George William
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  Speaker 1: Henry would never have been attacked or taken. And he
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  Speaker 1: owed the success at Tykwonderoga to the orders I had
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  Speaker 1: given him. Mount carm on the other hand, declared at
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  Speaker 1: the time that vor Droy had ordered him not to
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  Speaker 1: risk a battle, and that it was only through his
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  Speaker 1: disobedience that Tychonderoga was saved. Ten days later, vor Droy
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  Speaker 1: wrote again, I have already had the honor by my
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  Speaker 1: letter written in Cipher on the thirteenth of last month,
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  Speaker 1: to give you a sketch of the character of Monsieur
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  Speaker 1: the Marquis of mont carm But I have just been
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  Speaker 1: informed of a stroke so black that I think, Monseigneur,
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  Speaker 1: that I should fail in my duty to you if
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  Speaker 1: I did not tell you of it. He goes on
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  Speaker 1: to say that a little before his death, and no doubt,
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  Speaker 1: in fear of the fate that befell him, Mount Calm
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  Speaker 1: placed in the hands of Father Roubau, missionary at Saint Francis,
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  Speaker 1: two packets of papers containing remarks on the administration of
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  Speaker 1: the colony, and especially on the manner in which the
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  Speaker 1: military posts were furnished with supplies. That these observations were
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  Speaker 1: accompanied by certificates, and that they involved charges against him,
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  Speaker 1: the governor of complicity in peculation. Ribau, he continues, was
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  Speaker 1: to send these papers to France. But now, monseigneur, that
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  Speaker 1: you are informed about them, I feel no anxiety, and
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  Speaker 1: I am sure that the King will receive no impression
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  Speaker 1: from them without acquainting himself with their truth or falsity.
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  Speaker 1: Voudroy's anxiety was natural, and so was the action of
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  Speaker 1: Montcalm in making known to the court the outrageous abuses
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  Speaker 1: that threatened the king's service with ruin. His doing so
• 19:02
  Speaker 1: was necessary both for his own justification and for the
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  Speaker 1: public good. And afterwards, when voor Droy and others were
• 19:11
  Speaker 1: brought to trial at Paris, and when one of the
• 19:15
  Speaker 1: councilor for the defense charged the late General with slanderously
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  Speaker 1: accusing his clients. The court ordered the charge to be
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  Speaker 1: struck from the record. The papers, the existence of which,
• 19:31
  Speaker 1: if they did exist, so terrified vour Droy, have thus
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  Speaker 1: far escaped research. But the correspondence of the two rivals
• 19:41
  Speaker 1: with the chiefs of the departments on which they severally
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  Speaker 1: depended is in large measure preserved. And while that of
• 19:49
  Speaker 1: the Governor is filled with defamation of Montcalm and praise
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  Speaker 1: of himself, that of the General is neither egotistic nor abusive.
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  Speaker 1: The faults of mont Calm have sufficiently appeared. They were
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  Speaker 1: those of an impetuous, excitable, and impatient nature, by no
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  Speaker 1: means free from either ambition or vanity, But they were
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  Speaker 1: never inconsistent with the character of a man of honor.
• 20:21
  Speaker 1: His impulsive utterances, reported by retainers and sycophants, kept voor
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  Speaker 1: Droy in a state of chronic rage and void. As
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  Speaker 1: he was of all magnanimity, gnawed with undying jealousy, and
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  Speaker 1: mortally in dread of being compromised by the Knaveries to
• 20:43
  Speaker 1: which he had lent his countenance, he could not contain
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  Speaker 1: himself within the bounds of decency or sense in another letter,
• 20:53
  Speaker 1: he had the baseness to say that Montcalm met his
• 20:57
  Speaker 1: death in trying to escape from the English. Among the
• 21:02
  Speaker 1: governor's chargers are some which cannot be flatly denied. When
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  Speaker 1: he accuses his rival of haste and precipitation in attacking
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  Speaker 1: the English army, he touches a fair subject of criticism.
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  Speaker 1: But as a whole he is as false in his
• 21:22
  Speaker 1: detraction of Montcalm as in his praises of Bigoux and Caday.
• 21:30
  Speaker 1: The letter which Wolfe sent to pit a few days
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  Speaker 1: before his death, written in what may be called spirit
• 21:37
  Speaker 1: of resolute despair and representing success as almost hopeless, filled
• 21:44
  Speaker 1: England with a dejection that found utterance in loud grumblings
• 21:49
  Speaker 1: against the ministry. Horace Walpole wrote the bad news to
• 21:54
  Speaker 1: his friend Man ambassador at Florence. Two days ago came
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  Speaker 1: letters from wolf despairing as much as heroes can despair.
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  Speaker 1: Quebec is well victualled. Amherst is not arrived, and fifteen
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  Speaker 1: thousand men are encamped to defend it. We have lost
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  Speaker 1: many men by the enemy, and some by our friends.
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  Speaker 1: That is we now call our nine thousand only seven thousand.
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  Speaker 1: How this little army will get away from a much
• 22:32
  Speaker 1: larger and in this season, in that country. I don't guess, yes,
• 22:39
  Speaker 1: I do. Hardly were these lines written. When tidings came
• 22:44
  Speaker 1: that Montcalm was defeated, Quebec taken and wolf killed, A
• 22:51
  Speaker 1: flood of mixed emotions swept over England. Even Walpole grew
• 22:56
  Speaker 1: half serious as he sent a packeted newspaper to his
• 23:00
  Speaker 1: friend the ambassador. You may now give yourself what airs
• 23:05
  Speaker 1: you please. An ambassador is the only man in the
• 23:09
  Speaker 1: world whom bullying becomes. All precedents are on your side. Persians, Greeks,
• 23:17
  Speaker 1: Romans always insulted their neighbors when they took Quebec. Think
• 23:23
  Speaker 1: how pert the French would have been on such an occasion.
• 23:28
  Speaker 1: What a scene an army in the night dragging itself
• 23:32
  Speaker 1: up a precipice by stumps of trees to assault a
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  Speaker 1: town and attack an enemy strongly entrenched and double in numbers.
• 23:42
  Speaker 1: The king is overwhelmed with addresses on our victories. We
• 23:47
  Speaker 1: will have enough to paper his palace. When in soberer
• 23:53
  Speaker 1: mood he wrote the annals of his time and turned
• 23:58
  Speaker 1: not for the better, from the epistolary style to the historical.
• 24:03
  Speaker 1: He thus described the impression made on the English public
• 24:07
  Speaker 1: by the touching and inspiring story of Wolfe's heroism and death.
• 24:13
  Speaker 1: The incidents of dramatic fiction could not be conducted with
• 24:17
  Speaker 1: more address to lead an audience from despondency to sudden
• 24:22
  Speaker 1: exaltation than accident prepared to excite the passions of a
• 24:27
  Speaker 1: whole people. They despaired, they triumphed, and they wept, for
• 24:33
  Speaker 1: wolf had fallen in the hour of victory. Joy, curiosity,
• 24:39
  Speaker 1: astonishment was painted on every countenance. The more they inquired,
• 24:45
  Speaker 1: the more their admiration rose. Not an incident, but was
• 24:50
  Speaker 1: heroic and affecting. England blazed with bonfires. In one spot alone,
• 24:58
  Speaker 1: all was dark and silent, for here a widowed mother
• 25:02
  Speaker 1: mourned for a loving and devoted son, and the people
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  Speaker 1: forebore to profane her grief with the clamor of their rejoicings.
• 25:13
  Speaker 1: New England had still more cause of joy than old,
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  Speaker 1: and she filled the land with jubilation. The pulpits resounded
• 25:22
  Speaker 1: with sermons of thanksgiving, some of which were worthy of
• 25:26
  Speaker 1: the occasion that called them forth. Among the rest, Jonathan Mayhew,
• 25:32
  Speaker 1: a young but justly celebrated Minister of Boston, pictured with
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  Speaker 1: enthusiasm the future greatness of the British American colonies, with
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  Speaker 1: the continent thrown open before them, and foretold that with
• 25:48
  Speaker 1: the continued blessing of Heaven, they will become in another
• 25:52
  Speaker 1: century or two a mighty empire, adding in cautious parentheses,
• 25:59
  Speaker 1: I do not mean and independent one. He read Wolfe's
• 26:04
  Speaker 1: victory aright and divined its far reaching consequence end of
• 26:11
  Speaker 1: Section sixty four.