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Why is strange matter so strange? · Daniel and Kelly’s Extraordinary Universe

0:09
Speaker 1: Are you worried that something out there in space might
0:12
Speaker 1: kill us all every day? Man? You mean like aliens.
0:16
Speaker 1: We haven't even started the podcast yet and we're already
0:19
Speaker 1: talking about aliens. Actually, this one time, I was not
0:23
Speaker 1: talking about aliens. There are other things out there in
0:26
Speaker 1: space that can kill us. Yeah, there are other things
0:29
Speaker 1: out there that could end humanity. Oh, I see what
0:32
Speaker 1: you mean, like a killer meteor. I'm thinking about something
0:35
Speaker 1: much much stranger. Him or Hamdack, cartoonists and the creator
0:55
Speaker 1: of PhD comics. Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist,
0:59
Speaker 1: and I'm sometimes described as a strange personality. But well
1:02
Speaker 1: of their podcast, Daniel and Jorge explain this Strange Universe,
1:06
Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio That's right, in which
1:08
Speaker 1: we go out there on mental journeys into the universe
1:11
Speaker 1: and bring home the strange, the bonkers, the crazy, but
1:14
Speaker 1: the real and pipe it directly into your brain. That's right.
1:18
Speaker 1: We'd like to think about and talk about all the
1:20
Speaker 1: amazing things that are out there in space, out there
1:23
Speaker 1: in the far reaches of the universe, and also right
1:26
Speaker 1: here in front of us, in the small things around
1:28
Speaker 1: us that are sort of normal for the universe. But
1:31
Speaker 1: if you, if you as humans sort of think about it,
1:33
Speaker 1: they're kind of strange. We like to peel back the
1:36
Speaker 1: layer of reality that you encounter in your everyday life
1:39
Speaker 1: and reveal to you that the universe is far weirder,
1:42
Speaker 1: far more amazing, far more beautiful, far more nasty, and
1:46
Speaker 1: far more strange than you might have imagined, and potentially
1:50
Speaker 1: far more dangerous than you thought. Definitely more dangerous. There's
1:54
Speaker 1: a lot of stuff out there that could Oh man,
1:58
Speaker 1: what out there can't kill? You? Love the fourth dimension,
2:03
Speaker 1: it's all you need. Um. It's amazing to me how
2:06
Speaker 1: many like new ideas in physics end up being potentially deadly,
2:10
Speaker 1: like oh, it turns out the Higgs Boson field might collapse,
2:13
Speaker 1: ending the universe, or wow, the universe says this massive expansion,
2:17
Speaker 1: which could isolate us from all other sorts of um
2:20
Speaker 1: galaxies out there. It's incredible that none of these new
2:23
Speaker 1: ideas and physics like provide coziness or warmth or like,
2:28
Speaker 1: you know, I think it's strange to know that you're
2:30
Speaker 1: not surprised anymore. I mean, by now you should know
2:32
Speaker 1: that every time you uncover, you lift the rock, there's
2:35
Speaker 1: something there I can kill all of humanity. Maybe maybe
2:40
Speaker 1: you should stop. Maybe maybe it says something about the
2:43
Speaker 1: fragility of our experience that anything that tells us that
2:46
Speaker 1: our situation is not typical or not unique, and that
2:50
Speaker 1: most of the universe is different shows us how most
2:52
Speaker 1: of the universe is inhospitable to human life and coziness.
2:57
Speaker 1: I think it says more about the fragility of physics funding,
3:00
Speaker 1: because if you included in every proposal like, hey, we
3:03
Speaker 1: want to discover this, but we might end up the
3:05
Speaker 1: story humanity, then somehow conveniently that doesn't get mentioned. Or
3:10
Speaker 1: maybe we should use that as clickbit in our physics funding,
3:13
Speaker 1: like or you know, a black hole might eat the
3:17
Speaker 1: Earth and that is the birth of a super villain.
3:19
Speaker 1: Right there, ladies and gentlemen, Daniel has now officially become
3:24
Speaker 1: mad Scientists villain in the bottom. Oh boy, that's you.
3:30
Speaker 1: You've practiced that. I feel that just sort of bubbled
3:33
Speaker 1: up out of me, you know, like the moment of
3:35
Speaker 1: birth of me as a super villain. I'll put my
3:38
Speaker 1: cape on. Wait, villains work cape only with the big lapels.
3:42
Speaker 1: If that's just a giant lapels. All right, I'm turning
3:46
Speaker 1: my collar up and being prepared to plan for the
3:48
Speaker 1: end of humanity. Popping the collar. All right, Well, there
3:50
Speaker 1: are a lot of things out there in the universe
3:52
Speaker 1: and a lot of stuff that we haven't discovered that yet, right,
3:56
Speaker 1: and a lot of that might be weird or it
3:58
Speaker 1: might be kind of dangerous for humanity, for the sort
4:02
Speaker 1: of unstable existence of the universe. Yeah, and this is
4:05
Speaker 1: sort of a different dimension of weirdness. Like we're used
4:08
Speaker 1: to the fact that things out there far away in
4:11
Speaker 1: space might be different. There are stars and black holes
4:14
Speaker 1: and weird stuff out there that doesn't happen here. But
4:17
Speaker 1: there's another kind of direction of weirdness, which is like
4:20
Speaker 1: what can matter do? Like, can matter do things that
4:23
Speaker 1: we're not familiar with? Can inform weird new stable states
4:27
Speaker 1: that we haven't seen yet because we haven't created the conditions.
4:31
Speaker 1: You know, imagine if we lived on a planet, for example,
4:33
Speaker 1: that never had had iron on it because it just
4:36
Speaker 1: wasn't iron from nearby supernovas, and somebody showed up both
4:39
Speaker 1: like iron, Like, whoa, that's interesting, We've never seen that.
4:43
Speaker 1: Like a new kind of matter, Yeah, a new kind
4:46
Speaker 1: of matter. What if you could rearrange the lego pieces
4:49
Speaker 1: of the universe into new amazing kinds of stuff, because
4:52
Speaker 1: it's incredible, like the diversity of different kinds of things
4:55
Speaker 1: you can make with the same lego pieces, right, the
4:58
Speaker 1: same building blocks you can make you know, helium and
5:01
Speaker 1: hydrogen and iron and ice cream and hamsters and all
5:04
Speaker 1: of that stuff. So there must be new weird kinds
5:07
Speaker 1: of stuff out there we haven't discovered. And so that's
5:10
Speaker 1: totally possible, Like it's possible that there's a matter that
5:14
Speaker 1: that can be made that we haven't made here on
5:16
Speaker 1: Earth you've ever seen. Yeah, it's totally possible. And you know,
5:19
Speaker 1: there's sort of two branches there. One it's like, take
5:21
Speaker 1: the matter and annihilated to try to make new fundamental particles.
5:25
Speaker 1: That's the kind of thing I work on by smashing
5:27
Speaker 1: particles together at the LHC. But a whole other question
5:30
Speaker 1: is like, don't smash the particles, just rearrange them trying
5:33
Speaker 1: to build up new stuff, you know, trying to put
5:36
Speaker 1: them together into new combinations and see if you can
5:38
Speaker 1: make weird new kinds of matter. And you know that's
5:41
Speaker 1: legos with reality. Yeah, the deepest legos ever, the most
5:47
Speaker 1: universal set of legos ever. Well to be on the podcast,
5:50
Speaker 1: we'll be talking about one such possible kind, possible or
5:54
Speaker 1: real kind of matter out there um that could potentially
5:58
Speaker 1: exist and which could potentially be maybe interesting and or
6:03
Speaker 1: deadly or dangerous to the universe. I think deadly definitely
6:07
Speaker 1: means interesting. You can't be interesting or deadly. Deadly definitely interesting. Unlike. Yeah,
6:13
Speaker 1: I'm totally not interested in dying, so that is not
6:17
Speaker 1: interesting to me. You're not interested in things that might
6:20
Speaker 1: kill you. If I'm like, hey, Jorge, it is a
6:22
Speaker 1: huge boulder about to fall and you fall in your house,
6:23
Speaker 1: you'd be like, not interested. I rather just tell me
6:27
Speaker 1: get out of your house. You know, you don't have
6:29
Speaker 1: to explain to me what's happening, what's coming towards me. Summurise, summurise, summerise, Right, yeah,
6:34
Speaker 1: too long, didn't read Now you're dead? All right. I'll
6:39
Speaker 1: start my emails at the top with get out of
6:41
Speaker 1: your house. Yeah, priority, priority, get out and let me
6:44
Speaker 1: explain to you why that's fair. That's barrels start with
6:49
Speaker 1: a call to action. Yeah, so there's as very interesting
6:54
Speaker 1: kind of matter out there that is theoretical, Daniel, it's
6:56
Speaker 1: for for real, Well, that's the question, you know, we don't. No,
7:00
Speaker 1: it's currently theoretical, but it might be real. It might
7:03
Speaker 1: be out there in the universe right now, waiting to
7:06
Speaker 1: gobble us up and destroy your house. Wow. Well, if
7:09
Speaker 1: it is possible, it is definitely going to be very strange,
7:14
Speaker 1: and so to be. On the podcast, we'll be asking
7:15
Speaker 1: the question what is strange matter? Daniel? This sounds really
7:25
Speaker 1: strange to me. It's maybe the one time physicists have
7:28
Speaker 1: given something an appropriate name, like like, you guys, you
7:33
Speaker 1: guys saw this or thought about it, and you're like, whoa,
7:36
Speaker 1: that's strange. That's basically summarized the history of particle physics
7:40
Speaker 1: between the nineteen and nine sixties. Yeah, why wasn't everything
7:43
Speaker 1: else named strange? Why why is this particular one? I
7:46
Speaker 1: guess we'll get into it. We'll get into it. Yeah,
7:48
Speaker 1: But like, unless you think I'm stranger, you're strange. We're
7:50
Speaker 1: made of normal matter. People discovered new kinds of matter,
7:53
Speaker 1: which to them was strange, So strange sort of means
7:57
Speaker 1: not normal. Yeah, I mean, what does strange mean to you? Horror? Like, Hey,
8:01
Speaker 1: I'm gonna make you some strange ice cream. Expect me
8:04
Speaker 1: like favor ice cream. I feel like I'm not gonna
8:07
Speaker 1: like it. I feel right away that it's gonna be
8:10
Speaker 1: like garlic with cilantro. That's probably fair. And if I
8:14
Speaker 1: offered you a bowl of strange matter, I wouldn't recommend
8:16
Speaker 1: you actually eat it, all right, So, um, but we're wondering,
8:19
Speaker 1: as usual, if this is something that people have heard
8:21
Speaker 1: about or read about maybe or even the thought about
8:24
Speaker 1: possibly existing out there in the in the universe. And so,
8:27
Speaker 1: as usual, Daniel went out there into the streets to
8:29
Speaker 1: ask perfect strangers if they had ever heard of strange
8:33
Speaker 1: matter or it's I guess related cousin strange lets. That's right.
8:38
Speaker 1: And here's what folks around campus had to say when
8:41
Speaker 1: I accosted them with this strange question. No, no, that
8:45
Speaker 1: sounds it sounds cool. What do you think it might
8:47
Speaker 1: be tendom? Guess um, I think of the dark matter
8:50
Speaker 1: when you say that stuff we don't really know much about.
8:53
Speaker 1: Maybe it's not solid liquid or gas. No no, no, no, no,
9:01
Speaker 1: that's guess what I'm matter that doesn't behave like the
9:04
Speaker 1: matter that we already understand. No, no, no, I think
9:08
Speaker 1: strange only like scientific thing that I know about. It
9:12
Speaker 1: isn't a cork, isn't there a strange quirk. All right,
9:16
Speaker 1: I guess that that shouldn't be too strange. And nobody
9:18
Speaker 1: had heard about strange matter. It is strange. But I
9:23
Speaker 1: like how these answers are all like no, no, no,
9:26
Speaker 1: there's not like m let me think about No, there's
9:29
Speaker 1: like no, there's no subtlety here. Didn't tickle anybody's brain
9:33
Speaker 1: or make them think about something else or give them
9:36
Speaker 1: a hint of something. It's like, maybe there hasn't been
9:38
Speaker 1: a lot of clickbait about this, or no nova specials
9:42
Speaker 1: about strange matter. It hasn't really penetrated the culturals. Like guys,
9:46
Speaker 1: nobody's worried about it. So everybody, um, listen to this
9:50
Speaker 1: podcast episode and prepare your strange a matter of proof bunker.
9:53
Speaker 1: Do you think maybe people were suspicious of you, like
9:55
Speaker 1: maybe they thought you were pranking them, like, because it
9:58
Speaker 1: does sound sort of sound like something NG out of
10:00
Speaker 1: I don't know, fifties sci fi like strange Matter. I
10:03
Speaker 1: don't know. I asked them this question just after I
10:06
Speaker 1: asked them the question about which physics adventure they would like,
10:09
Speaker 1: which we did recently on the podcast. So I think
10:12
Speaker 1: you know they were primed to think in a fun
10:14
Speaker 1: way to expand their minds. There was just no reaction there.
10:17
Speaker 1: There's just there's wrung Nobell. This is like if I
10:19
Speaker 1: picked two random words, you know, have you heard of
10:23
Speaker 1: dragon souffla, and they'd be like, what, No, I don't
10:26
Speaker 1: know what that is and I don't even want to know, Teach,
10:29
Speaker 1: I don't even wanted to know. It's excellent with garlic
10:32
Speaker 1: ice cream, by the way, dragon soufla the scoop of
10:34
Speaker 1: garlic ice cream on the side, I feel like this
10:36
Speaker 1: is really close to stranger things, Like really stranger things
10:39
Speaker 1: are made would be made out of strange matter. I
10:41
Speaker 1: don't know what the upside down is made of, but yeah,
10:44
Speaker 1: but actually maybe the upside down is where every up
10:46
Speaker 1: cork is a down cork and every down cork is
10:48
Speaker 1: an upcourt. Oh wow, Daniel, you totally call them. Yeah,
10:54
Speaker 1: that that's would be why it's called the upside down.
10:56
Speaker 1: I know exactly. It's actually a physics reason for something,
10:59
Speaker 1: all right, So let's get into this strange topic and Daniels,
11:03
Speaker 1: so they explained to us what is strange matter? Right,
11:07
Speaker 1: So we have a few different concepts. We want to
11:09
Speaker 1: tease a part on the show. I want to strange matter,
11:12
Speaker 1: and then later we'll talk about strange lits and strange stars.
11:16
Speaker 1: But when particle physicists talk about strange matter, what they
11:19
Speaker 1: mean is any matter containing this one particular cork, which
11:23
Speaker 1: is called a strange cork. Now, you and I don't
11:26
Speaker 1: have any strange quirks in us, or at least not
11:29
Speaker 1: any real strange quirks. Like you and I are made
11:32
Speaker 1: of protons and neutrons and electrons. And remember that inside
11:35
Speaker 1: the protons and neutrons we have two kinds of quirks,
11:38
Speaker 1: up quirks and down corks. This would be matter made
11:41
Speaker 1: out of like protons and neutrons, but in which the
11:43
Speaker 1: courts inside of him are all this kind of cork,
11:46
Speaker 1: which is a strange cork. That's right. We now know
11:49
Speaker 1: that in the universe there are six kinds of corks
11:52
Speaker 1: up down charms, strange top bottom, and protons and neutrons
11:56
Speaker 1: are made out of three upquirks and down quirks mixed
11:59
Speaker 1: together there. And you can put these lego pieces together
12:02
Speaker 1: to make lots of different kind of particles. You can
12:04
Speaker 1: put the up quorks together to make pions. You can
12:07
Speaker 1: do all sorts of crazy stuff. But if you add
12:09
Speaker 1: a strange cork. If you used the strange cork lego,
12:12
Speaker 1: then we call it strange matter. Oh, I see, And
12:14
Speaker 1: why was that cork called strange? Was it like the
12:17
Speaker 1: strange cousin that nobody could figure out or what was it?
12:21
Speaker 1: Is there something particularly strange about this as opposed to
12:24
Speaker 1: like a charm cork or a top cork. Yeah, well,
12:27
Speaker 1: it comes from the early history of particle physics. We
12:30
Speaker 1: first were trying to figure out, like, what are all
12:32
Speaker 1: the kind of particles that are out there? We knew
12:34
Speaker 1: protons and neutrons and electrons, and then people started building
12:37
Speaker 1: particle colliders, and in particle colliders they would smash stuff
12:40
Speaker 1: together and they could get more energy. And the thing
12:43
Speaker 1: about the strange cork is that it's heavier than these
12:45
Speaker 1: other corks. It's more massive, so cost more energy to make.
12:49
Speaker 1: So this is the first time they could ever make it,
12:51
Speaker 1: and they made these particles that had strange quirks in them,
12:53
Speaker 1: though at the time they didn't know they were strange quirks.
12:56
Speaker 1: And these particles were a little weird. There were chaons
12:59
Speaker 1: and sigma particles, and they had sort of strange behaviors
13:03
Speaker 1: compared to protons and neutrons, and specifically the thing that
13:06
Speaker 1: was strange about these particles is that they lived longer
13:10
Speaker 1: than anyone expected for such heavy particles. Remember, usually heavy
13:14
Speaker 1: particles decay down very quickly to lighter particles. These new
13:19
Speaker 1: particles strangely stuck around a bit longer than anyone expected
13:24
Speaker 1: before decaying. Oh wait, so they made stuff that made
13:28
Speaker 1: out of strange matter. Like they made strange matter and
13:31
Speaker 1: they're like, well, what this is weird? Yeah, they we
13:34
Speaker 1: do this all the time at particle colliders. It's not
13:36
Speaker 1: that unusual now. I mean, it's still strange in its behavior.
13:39
Speaker 1: But like, we smash particles together and we get kaons out.
13:43
Speaker 1: Kon is a combination of an upcork and a strange cork,
13:46
Speaker 1: or a down cork and a strange cork. Wait, what
13:48
Speaker 1: do you mean, Like if they pair together, they form
13:50
Speaker 1: a special particle. Yeah. Like we talked in our podcast
13:53
Speaker 1: about how quirks can never be by themselves, and so
13:56
Speaker 1: they either have to be like with an antiquork, or
13:59
Speaker 1: you need triple see neither pairs of corks or triplets.
14:02
Speaker 1: If you get like an up and a strange to
14:04
Speaker 1: pair together, you call that a kon. If you get
14:07
Speaker 1: like two ups and a strange together, that's a sigma particle.
14:11
Speaker 1: If you mix up the kinds of the basic particles,
14:14
Speaker 1: and so that's possible. You can mix like a two
14:15
Speaker 1: up corks and a strange cork and they'll be happy together.
14:19
Speaker 1: They will be happy together, but not for very long.
14:21
Speaker 1: These particles are all unstable because they have this strange
14:24
Speaker 1: cork in them, and the strange cork is heavy and
14:26
Speaker 1: it decays, so sometimes it will decay to a down cork.
14:30
Speaker 1: And so these particles are energy or something and spit
14:34
Speaker 1: out some energy precisely um. And so these particles are
14:37
Speaker 1: very short lived. They're very strange. They have weird behaviors.
14:40
Speaker 1: They some of them switch back and forth from one
14:42
Speaker 1: kind to another. But they're all very unstable. But we
14:45
Speaker 1: make this all the time. Every collision we make at
14:47
Speaker 1: the Large Hadron Collider, every twenty five nano seconds, we're
14:50
Speaker 1: producing some strange quirks and so therefore some strange matter,
14:54
Speaker 1: but it never lasts for very long. These particles are normal,
14:57
Speaker 1: no longer strange. They just have the name strange from
14:59
Speaker 1: kind of back when you didn't you couldn't figure figure
15:02
Speaker 1: them out. Yeah, and it was really kind of an
15:04
Speaker 1: exciting time and particle physics. Sometimes I wonder if they
15:07
Speaker 1: were having more fun back then than here, because back
15:10
Speaker 1: then they were every time they do you want to
15:12
Speaker 1: make physics great again, Daniel, Yes, I want to make
15:14
Speaker 1: physics great again. Now, every time they turned on the
15:16
Speaker 1: collider they discovered a new particle because they were able
15:20
Speaker 1: to get these little quirks to fit together in a
15:23
Speaker 1: new way. Because you've got three different quirks now up
15:25
Speaker 1: down in strange they didn't have the energy to make
15:27
Speaker 1: any of the other heavier ones. There's a lot of
15:30
Speaker 1: different combinations, and so there's a lot of particles to discover,
15:33
Speaker 1: and they didn't have any idea what was going on.
15:35
Speaker 1: So every time he turned it on, you're like, oh
15:36
Speaker 1: my gosh, here's another particle. Oh, here's another particle. And
15:39
Speaker 1: then and they called it the Era of the Particle
15:42
Speaker 1: Zoo because they were just like, every time you turn
15:44
Speaker 1: this thing on, new particles popped out. And then finally somebody,
15:47
Speaker 1: it took like twenty years. Finally somebody in the sixties
15:50
Speaker 1: was like, you know what, this would all make sense
15:52
Speaker 1: if you had three basic particles and all this spectrum
15:57
Speaker 1: of particles. All this zoo of particles were just rearrangements
16:00
Speaker 1: of those three and he was able to explain all
16:03
Speaker 1: of those in terms of these basic idea. These quarks
16:06
Speaker 1: up and down in the strange and that's like and
16:09
Speaker 1: the charm one to write, not the charm yet we
16:12
Speaker 1: hadn't seen the charm, so we only ever made particles
16:15
Speaker 1: with the up, down and strange. And that's like a
16:17
Speaker 1: real moment of insight. Oh I see. But um, so
16:21
Speaker 1: they discovered all three quarks at the same time, like up,
16:24
Speaker 1: down and strange at the same time. Where did they
16:25
Speaker 1: know about the up and down? And then they discovered
16:27
Speaker 1: the strange. They didn't know about the up and down,
16:30
Speaker 1: like as a real thing. It was sort of like
16:32
Speaker 1: developing as an idea. And then somebody said, you know,
16:35
Speaker 1: if you have these three particles inside, then it explains
16:39
Speaker 1: all of this that's happening. There are a lot of
16:41
Speaker 1: different ways to try to explain. It's like everybody's looking
16:43
Speaker 1: at this huge list of particles, and remember the game
16:46
Speaker 1: and particle physics is simplified is describe everything we see
16:50
Speaker 1: in the universe in terms of the smallest set of
16:52
Speaker 1: building blocks. Were always trying to peel back one layer
16:55
Speaker 1: of reality. So this is a huge success is to say, oh,
16:58
Speaker 1: I have some new idea for an even smaller particle
17:01
Speaker 1: that explains all the weirdness we're seeing. I guess my
17:04
Speaker 1: question is why wasn't why we're in the up and
17:06
Speaker 1: downs called weird and bizarre? Well, because they're part of
17:09
Speaker 1: me and you. They're normal, they're every day, they're they're
17:11
Speaker 1: all around us. Right. Oh, they saw that that regular
17:15
Speaker 1: matter that we're familiar with is made out of just
17:18
Speaker 1: ups and downs, these other versions of normal matter, which
17:22
Speaker 1: which which is strange? And they found that the what
17:25
Speaker 1: that the common ingredient was this strange cork. Yeah, And
17:30
Speaker 1: there's this property called strangeness, which is turns out to
17:34
Speaker 1: be just like related to how many strange corks you
17:37
Speaker 1: have in you. Strangeness, yeah, is related to how many
17:42
Speaker 1: strange corks are in a particle. And some forces conserve
17:46
Speaker 1: strangeness and some forces don't conserve strangeness. And so it
17:50
Speaker 1: was a real puzzle for a while, but it was
17:51
Speaker 1: all put together just by understanding that there are three
17:54
Speaker 1: kinds of quirks and you can put them together in
17:56
Speaker 1: lots of different ways to make this incredible variety of particles.
18:00
Speaker 1: Then strange matter is just anything that has a strange
18:02
Speaker 1: quirk in it, or that is made entirely out of
18:05
Speaker 1: strange court. That's right. It's anything that has at least
18:10
Speaker 1: one strange cork in it. And you can make matter
18:13
Speaker 1: out of just strange quirks. In fact, the guy who
18:15
Speaker 1: proposed this, the guy who had this idea um you know,
18:18
Speaker 1: of quirks, he stood up at a conference and he
18:21
Speaker 1: proposed this and he predicted, He said, if my idea
18:24
Speaker 1: is correct, then there should also be this particle that's
18:26
Speaker 1: pure strange quirks. And he predicted how you would find
18:29
Speaker 1: it and how heavy it would be before he was seen,
18:32
Speaker 1: and he was right. So that's pretty awesome, he called
18:34
Speaker 1: his shot. Yeah, so that's strange matter. And so I
18:37
Speaker 1: have a lot of opinions about the way you guys
18:39
Speaker 1: name things as usual, but nice. We'll get into what
18:43
Speaker 1: happens to this kind of matter and whether or not
18:45
Speaker 1: it actually is something we should worry about destroying the
18:48
Speaker 1: universe or not. But first let's take a quick break,
19:04
Speaker 1: all right. I know, so strange matter you're telling me,
19:06
Speaker 1: is just any kind of matter that is that has
19:09
Speaker 1: a little bit of or is made with this particular
19:13
Speaker 1: core called the strange cork. And so that's that's what
19:16
Speaker 1: makes it strange. Like, if you had this court, then
19:19
Speaker 1: you are you automatically strangely? Do you behave strangely or did?
19:23
Speaker 1: That's just the name you get, that's just the name
19:26
Speaker 1: you get. And whether you consider these particles to be
19:29
Speaker 1: behaving strangely just depends really on your perspective. It's totally subjective.
19:33
Speaker 1: But at the time when these particles were found, they
19:35
Speaker 1: did things other particles weren't doing. You know, they had
19:37
Speaker 1: weird decay patterns, they would turn into each other, they
19:40
Speaker 1: would slash back and forth from one particle to another. Uh,
19:44
Speaker 1: they were a little weird. Some of these particles, for example,
19:46
Speaker 1: violate some conservation laws that we hadn't seen other particles violate,
19:50
Speaker 1: like CP violation, charts parody violation was seen in the
19:54
Speaker 1: Chaon system. And so these particles are a little strange. Yeah,
19:59
Speaker 1: they're strange from normal matter, which is us, yes, which
20:02
Speaker 1: and we are made of just up and down corks
20:04
Speaker 1: or vanilla and chocolate corks. But you know what we
20:07
Speaker 1: don't know is what else can this strange cork do?
20:11
Speaker 1: Can it can it create other weirder kinds of matter
20:15
Speaker 1: that we haven't seen here on Earth? We haven't even
20:17
Speaker 1: created in particle colliders that could do bizarre stuff we
20:20
Speaker 1: haven't anticipated. Oh you mean, like can we if you
20:24
Speaker 1: were to sort of be more creative with this strange cork,
20:27
Speaker 1: what else could you make with it? Yeah? Or if
20:29
Speaker 1: you had really weird conditions like the center of a
20:31
Speaker 1: neutron star or you know, the Big Bang or very
20:35
Speaker 1: high energy particle collisions, could you make new kinds of
20:38
Speaker 1: matter with strange quirks that we haven't seen before that
20:41
Speaker 1: have completely different properties? And that's what people talk about
20:45
Speaker 1: when they talk about strange lits. It sounds sort of cute, right, like, um,
20:49
Speaker 1: you know something you would name for your pet or
20:51
Speaker 1: something like, you know, strange lito or something strange geno
20:55
Speaker 1: or something, but it's actually quite potentially potentially quite scary
20:58
Speaker 1: and dangerous. It's cute and years great. A lot of
21:02
Speaker 1: things fall in that category. It's like the Bundy from
21:06
Speaker 1: my depathon. But so that's what um, So, that's what
21:08
Speaker 1: a strange lit is. It's a kind of strange matter.
21:11
Speaker 1: It's a kind of strange matter in a particular configuration.
21:14
Speaker 1: That we haven't seen before. Oh so I see, so
21:17
Speaker 1: it's hypothetical. So far, it's hypothetical. Nobody's ever seen strange
21:21
Speaker 1: lists before. Strange matter we create all the time in
21:24
Speaker 1: particle collisions. Strange lists are a hypothetical new combination of
21:29
Speaker 1: quarks that we've never observed but could potentially end us.
21:33
Speaker 1: And it comes from this sort of idea of maybe
21:35
Speaker 1: forming an entirely new kind of matter. We're talking earlier
21:39
Speaker 1: about how quirks are usually bound into triplets, you know,
21:43
Speaker 1: like up up down or up down down. That's what
21:46
Speaker 1: gives you protons and neutrons, or sometimes into pairs. But
21:49
Speaker 1: the idea is that maybe quarks, if you squeeze them enough,
21:52
Speaker 1: if you compress them enough, like in the center of
21:55
Speaker 1: really danse stars, they might form some new kind of
21:58
Speaker 1: matter where it's not just pair or triplets, but like
22:01
Speaker 1: you know, thirty or fifty or a hundred or a
22:04
Speaker 1: million quarks could form some sort of like mega particle
22:07
Speaker 1: and it all behaves is one or does it just
22:10
Speaker 1: behave like a big blob? It behaves like one big blob,
22:13
Speaker 1: but it's like in one big bound state. So this
22:15
Speaker 1: is what they call quark matter. Oh, I see you
22:18
Speaker 1: mean like it's stable, like it doesn't just break apart
22:20
Speaker 1: right away, like it stays in that blob. Nobody really knows,
22:24
Speaker 1: and it's really hard to calculate these things, and it's
22:26
Speaker 1: completely hypothetical, and they don't think it's stable unless here's
22:30
Speaker 1: the key, unless you add strange quirks to it. So
22:33
Speaker 1: you make a big blob of cork matter, and if
22:36
Speaker 1: you have some strange quirks in it, it could end
22:38
Speaker 1: up in this configuration that is actually very stable. So
22:42
Speaker 1: it could be like an enormous blob like essentially a
22:44
Speaker 1: single particle like the size of a star um that's
22:48
Speaker 1: totally stable. So you call it a particle because it's
22:51
Speaker 1: quarks bound together. Yeah, and you know, proton is three
22:55
Speaker 1: quarks bound together, and a kon is two quarks bound together.
22:58
Speaker 1: And so if instead of just having a pile of neutrons,
23:01
Speaker 1: if you squeeze them enough so they become like one
23:04
Speaker 1: big particle, so that the bonds between the corks are
23:07
Speaker 1: sort of equivalent anywhere across the particle, then you think
23:10
Speaker 1: of it like, you know, I think of it like
23:12
Speaker 1: one big particle at least. And you're saying that the
23:14
Speaker 1: secret ingredient would need to be strange particles at quarks.
23:17
Speaker 1: Like without the strange quarks, you couldn't have this heaven. Yeah,
23:21
Speaker 1: you need the strange quirks to make this sort of
23:22
Speaker 1: theoretical matter happen. And so that's what strangelets are. They're
23:26
Speaker 1: this weird new combination of up quarks, down corks and
23:30
Speaker 1: strange quirks in this way that's not like bound inside
23:34
Speaker 1: one little particle, but potentially can grow. Right It's not
23:38
Speaker 1: just three quirks. It could be five, it could be
23:39
Speaker 1: a hundred, it could be ten million corks. It could
23:42
Speaker 1: be tended the ten. It's like a special recipe because
23:47
Speaker 1: you told me, you said earlier, the sigma particles are
23:50
Speaker 1: also up down and strange, but there's like a like
23:53
Speaker 1: a near recipe for the sigma particle. Exactly Sigma particles,
23:57
Speaker 1: one kind of sigma particle is up down stream. But
24:00
Speaker 1: this would be a new configuration of them that that
24:02
Speaker 1: doesn't decay right away. Yeah, it wouldn't just be three.
24:05
Speaker 1: You could be three or six or a billion, and
24:07
Speaker 1: it doesn't decay right away. And it's it's the kind
24:10
Speaker 1: of thing and you can only make it in very
24:12
Speaker 1: high energy, high density configurations like the inside of a
24:16
Speaker 1: neutron star or you know, particle collisions. And again it's theoretical.
24:20
Speaker 1: Nobody knows if you could actually make this stuff, but
24:23
Speaker 1: the numbers, the calculations we do suggest that it might
24:26
Speaker 1: be possible. Okay, so um, so it's a hypothetical type
24:29
Speaker 1: of matter which might be super stable, very stable, and
24:33
Speaker 1: maybe even contagious. Yeah, that's the amazing thing is number one.
24:37
Speaker 1: It's super stable. And the reason for that is sort
24:40
Speaker 1: of interesting. It's like you could combine just up quirks
24:44
Speaker 1: and down quirks this way, squeeze them together to make
24:46
Speaker 1: something really dense, but it wouldn't be very stable. And
24:49
Speaker 1: if you add strange quirks, it becomes stable for this
24:52
Speaker 1: weird reason because the particles don't like to sort of
24:56
Speaker 1: share spots. Like you know how electrons when you have
24:59
Speaker 1: them are atom they fill up different orbitals. You add
25:03
Speaker 1: another electron, they don't just sit on top of each other.
25:05
Speaker 1: That's because they're fermions and they don't like to be
25:08
Speaker 1: in the same quantum state. There are rules that say
25:11
Speaker 1: that you to two of these can be at the
25:13
Speaker 1: same spot. Yeah, so you can't add another electron in
25:16
Speaker 1: the same spot, but you could add another different kind
25:19
Speaker 1: of particle, like you could have a muon orbiting your proton,
25:23
Speaker 1: and it's okay if it's in the same energy levels
25:25
Speaker 1: the electron, because they're not the same kind of particle.
25:28
Speaker 1: And so what why why are these strange lots so interesting?
25:30
Speaker 1: Are they just because there's theoretical and they could be
25:33
Speaker 1: they could exist? Well, I mean everybody's interested in like
25:36
Speaker 1: new kinds of matter. I mean, who doesn't like sit
25:38
Speaker 1: around on a Saturday afternoon one or new kinds of matter? Right,
25:42
Speaker 1: I mean everybody does that, right? Um. No, Theoretically they're interesting,
25:46
Speaker 1: like could you make this new hyper stable kind of matter?
25:49
Speaker 1: And in this case, the matter is extra stable because
25:51
Speaker 1: the strange quirks can fill in the sort of lower
25:54
Speaker 1: energy levels that the up corks and down corks can't
25:57
Speaker 1: because they're a different kind of particle. And it's fascinating
26:00
Speaker 1: because it could grow, like if they encounter a new
26:04
Speaker 1: kind of matter, it could spread this sort of strange littleness.
26:08
Speaker 1: What what do you mean, like how could it? It
26:11
Speaker 1: would turn like I'm made out of up and down.
26:13
Speaker 1: Course you're saying if I touch one of these blobs
26:16
Speaker 1: of strange lead matter. It would somehow turn some of
26:19
Speaker 1: my up and ups and down corks into strange corks,
26:22
Speaker 1: and you become bizarro Jorge or you know, strange strange
26:25
Speaker 1: warhe Yeah, then the comberbat horn more strange? Is that
26:32
Speaker 1: your voice? Yeah? So you know the only thing that
26:37
Speaker 1: prevents you from being a strange lid is that you
26:40
Speaker 1: don't have strange quirks in you. Um, but any of
26:43
Speaker 1: the down quirks in your body could get converted to
26:45
Speaker 1: strange quirks. They just need some energy. They could get upgraded.
26:48
Speaker 1: They could get yeah, literally upgraded to strange quirks. And
26:51
Speaker 1: that might happen if I touched some of this strange
26:54
Speaker 1: lad matter. Yeah, and nobody knows. Again, does strange that
26:57
Speaker 1: matter exists and if so, what properties as a have?
27:00
Speaker 1: But in some versions of this theory, then yeah, it
27:04
Speaker 1: adds to itself. When it encounters other kinds of matter,
27:07
Speaker 1: it converts that matter into strange lit matter like collapses
27:10
Speaker 1: it because strange that matter is more stable than other
27:14
Speaker 1: kinds of matter. So you can imagine sort of like
27:17
Speaker 1: our normal kind of matter just sort of like waiting
27:20
Speaker 1: to turn into strangelets. And as soon as you get
27:23
Speaker 1: one nearby, like crystallizes, Like if you put a drop
27:26
Speaker 1: of sugar into sugar water, it'll form a huge crystal
27:31
Speaker 1: around it. It's like a seed that spreads its pattern.
27:35
Speaker 1: And what would happen to me if I touched this
27:37
Speaker 1: strangelet matter? Would I just automatically sort of get blobified
27:40
Speaker 1: and then absorbed into the bigger blob or would it
27:43
Speaker 1: still be me except I would be sort of strange
27:46
Speaker 1: and have superpowers. I'm usually the one has unanswerable philosophical questions.
27:51
Speaker 1: But would you still be you? Well, you become very
27:54
Speaker 1: dense because strange matter is extraordinarily dense. It's much denser
27:58
Speaker 1: than like the content of a neutron star. So the
28:02
Speaker 1: original Jorge particles would be, you know, condensed to something
28:05
Speaker 1: like the size of a tiny little drop. And whether
28:09
Speaker 1: you would still feel like you, I don't know. You
28:12
Speaker 1: might feel more like Benedict commer Batch. I suppose more
28:16
Speaker 1: like Paul run and Admin. It sounds like you get smaller, Yeah,
28:21
Speaker 1: you would get smaller. Maybe that's what the pim particle is, Daniel.
28:25
Speaker 1: Maybe it's a strange particle. Yeah, that makes everything contest
28:29
Speaker 1: all right, Well, now you need to write to Marvel
28:31
Speaker 1: and get credit for that one. So we're even then
28:33
Speaker 1: I'll take half of those profits. We are just rolling
28:36
Speaker 1: the movies advice here. So you're saying that you could
28:40
Speaker 1: maybe create protons and neutrons out of this strange matter
28:42
Speaker 1: and then you could still have atoms and stuff. We
28:45
Speaker 1: don't think you would have like atoms inside of it.
28:47
Speaker 1: There's no like division between the particles. You don't get
28:49
Speaker 1: protons and neutrons. It's like this, just the morgue. Yeah,
28:55
Speaker 1: I think it probably would be the end of Jorge exactly.
28:57
Speaker 1: So I wouldn't recommend it. Now, you tell me. All right,
29:01
Speaker 1: let's get into whether or not this is real and
29:03
Speaker 1: whether it can happen, and whether we should be worried
29:06
Speaker 1: about this coming here and absorbing us and obliterating us
29:10
Speaker 1: and turning us into a strange live matter. But first
29:14
Speaker 1: let's take another quick break. All right, Daniel, it is
29:29
Speaker 1: strange matter. Well, we know a strange matter is real,
29:32
Speaker 1: But are these strange lids that might absorb things and
29:35
Speaker 1: destroy everything? Is that real? Should we be worried about it? Well,
29:39
Speaker 1: we don't know if it's real. We can't say that
29:41
Speaker 1: it's not. We've never seen it before. But it's sort
29:44
Speaker 1: of theoretically makes some sense, so it's worth taking seriously.
29:48
Speaker 1: I'm not suggesting you, like change the way you live
29:51
Speaker 1: your life, but it could be that there are a
29:54
Speaker 1: lot of these strangers out there and we just haven't
29:56
Speaker 1: seen them yet. Oh I see, you can't disprove it,
29:59
Speaker 1: so therefore you've got to consider it like aliens. It's
30:02
Speaker 1: just like aliens are like me being mistaken by Benedict
30:06
Speaker 1: comber Back. It could happen. It could happen, and there
30:09
Speaker 1: are a lot of times in physics that were in
30:11
Speaker 1: this scenario where we haven't really looked, so we don't
30:14
Speaker 1: know if it's there. And then the more we look,
30:16
Speaker 1: the more we can say, if it's there, it's rare.
30:19
Speaker 1: And then once we've looked, like really exhaustively, we can say, well,
30:23
Speaker 1: either it doesn't exist or it's super duper rare. And
30:26
Speaker 1: we're in that situation with a lot of particles like
30:28
Speaker 1: magnetic monopoles that we talked about on the project, but
30:31
Speaker 1: in this case we've only sort of recently begun to
30:33
Speaker 1: figure out, like how to look for strangelets. It doesn't
30:37
Speaker 1: happen in normal occurrences. It sounds like it's it sounds
30:39
Speaker 1: like it only happens in the core of like super
30:42
Speaker 1: dance stars or high energy collisions, and and it like it.
30:47
Speaker 1: Even if you created some here on Earth, it might
30:49
Speaker 1: be difficult to sustain, right, because we're not inside of
30:51
Speaker 1: an nuentrance star. You don't need to be inside a
30:53
Speaker 1: dense environment to sustain it, just to create it. Just
30:57
Speaker 1: like you can make heavy metals and the inside of
30:59
Speaker 1: the Sun, and then when they blow up, there's still
31:02
Speaker 1: those heavy metals, right, iron lanes here on Earth. It
31:04
Speaker 1: doesn't just fall apart into protons and neutrons. Right. It's stable.
31:09
Speaker 1: And that's the thing with this stuff is that it's
31:11
Speaker 1: it's there. Once you make it, it's there, and anything
31:14
Speaker 1: it touches it will grow and add onto it because
31:16
Speaker 1: it's more stable than this other kind of matter. So
31:19
Speaker 1: like collapses normal matter into strange lit matter. Oh, it's
31:23
Speaker 1: more stable than regular matter. It's more stable. It's like
31:26
Speaker 1: a lower estate. So what you're saying that if you
31:29
Speaker 1: create something the large hadron collider and it touches the
31:33
Speaker 1: walls of the collider, it can just grow and grow
31:35
Speaker 1: and swallow up the whole earth. That's exactly what I'm
31:39
Speaker 1: saying and is that Daniel interesting or qute to you?
31:44
Speaker 1: Does that sound like a like a fun, fuzzy outcome
31:47
Speaker 1: for the huge human race. I think it would be
31:49
Speaker 1: pretty spectacular but pretty cool to see on screen. It's
31:54
Speaker 1: not something we are worried about. Me. We took it seriously,
31:56
Speaker 1: We thought about it, we did the calculations, and just
31:59
Speaker 1: like whether the LHC will create black holes, we're not
32:02
Speaker 1: worried about it because the same kind of collisions are
32:04
Speaker 1: happening all the time right now in the atmosphere, really
32:07
Speaker 1: high energy particles smashing into other particles from cosmic rays.
32:11
Speaker 1: So we think if that was likely to happen um at,
32:14
Speaker 1: the LHC would have already happened in the atmosphere, and
32:17
Speaker 1: we don't see that. So we don't think the LFC
32:20
Speaker 1: is powerful enough to create strangelets if they do exist.
32:23
Speaker 1: You don't think. We don't think, but you know, keep
32:26
Speaker 1: your ears open. But you're saying, but a scenario might
32:30
Speaker 1: be that you do create these things and it does
32:32
Speaker 1: sort of like spread and swallow up and suddenly the
32:35
Speaker 1: whole earth is just a giant ball of strange cords,
32:41
Speaker 1: you know, floating around like a blob, not even that
32:43
Speaker 1: giant because it would collapse into a very very dense matter,
32:46
Speaker 1: so like all the mass of the Earth would get
32:48
Speaker 1: turned into strangelets, would be like the size of a grapefruit.
32:51
Speaker 1: And then it would just sit there in place of
32:53
Speaker 1: the Earth and still go around the Sun and the
32:56
Speaker 1: Moon would still go around this blob, but we wouldn't
33:00
Speaker 1: be would be all sorts, this one little ball of energy. Yeah,
33:04
Speaker 1: we'd be living our strangest life. Um, And that's one scenario.
33:08
Speaker 1: Like if we actually made strange that's on Earth, but
33:11
Speaker 1: not something we're worried about. And you know, we've been
33:13
Speaker 1: turned We turned this thing on years ago. We've been
33:15
Speaker 1: doing collisions every seconds for almost a decade, so not
33:19
Speaker 1: something to worry about. But it's possible that you're still here,
33:23
Speaker 1: don't worry. If you're listening to this podcast, then your
33:26
Speaker 1: final word. But it's possible that there are other scenarios
33:32
Speaker 1: out there in the universe that are capable of making strangelets,
33:35
Speaker 1: like the core of a neutron star. We haven't made
33:38
Speaker 1: it here because maybe we don't have enough energy, but
33:41
Speaker 1: there are places with enough energy to make this strange
33:43
Speaker 1: lit matter. If it's real, if it's actually a thing
33:45
Speaker 1: that can happen in our universe. We think it's possible
33:48
Speaker 1: to make them in the core of neutron stars, where
33:50
Speaker 1: it's very very dense, remember neutron stars, or places where
33:54
Speaker 1: it's had a gravitational collapse, it's stopped burning, is no
33:57
Speaker 1: more m forces or pressure pushing out, so it's like
34:01
Speaker 1: really densely packed, and all the protons and electrons have
34:04
Speaker 1: gotten squeezed together and converted into neutrons. If you push
34:08
Speaker 1: even further, then we think that maybe the core of
34:11
Speaker 1: that could turn into a strangelet which would then spread
34:14
Speaker 1: and take over the entire star. Oh, it would go
34:16
Speaker 1: from like a neutron star to a strangelet star. Yeah,
34:19
Speaker 1: to us, they call it a strange star. And we
34:22
Speaker 1: can look at stars and try to tell if that's happened.
34:25
Speaker 1: Like we've seen some neutron stars, and we can look
34:28
Speaker 1: at them and look at the sort of radiation from them,
34:30
Speaker 1: and so far, all the neutron stars we've seen look
34:34
Speaker 1: like they're just normal, vanilla, amazingly crazy weird neutron stars
34:38
Speaker 1: that they haven't converted to strange stars. And you know,
34:41
Speaker 1: this depends on our understanding of how what this would
34:43
Speaker 1: look like from really far away using on the X rays.
34:45
Speaker 1: But so far it seems like it hasn't happened. And
34:48
Speaker 1: you know, if the calculations are correct, then it's the
34:51
Speaker 1: kind of thing that should happen to neutron stars eventually.
34:53
Speaker 1: So if we haven't seen one ever turn into a
34:56
Speaker 1: strange star, then maybe it's not possible. Maybe it's not possible. Yeah,
35:01
Speaker 1: maybe it's just a strange dream. Maybe it's just a
35:04
Speaker 1: strange idea from afternoon physicist who didn't have enough coffee.
35:07
Speaker 1: Or strange lets, Yes, strange lets. Could they be like
35:10
Speaker 1: inside of a black hole or something? Well, actually, that's
35:12
Speaker 1: the only thing you can do to save yourself from strange.
35:15
Speaker 1: That's like if you saw a blob of strange that's
35:17
Speaker 1: heading here, there's almost nothing you can do to like
35:20
Speaker 1: divert it or you know, prevented, because anything that touches
35:23
Speaker 1: it just makes it bigger. Um. But if you could
35:26
Speaker 1: somehow funnel it into a black hole, yeah, then you'd
35:29
Speaker 1: be safe. But then you have to worry about the
35:32
Speaker 1: black hole. Yes, yes, then you have to worry about
35:34
Speaker 1: the black hole. It's like you got a rabbit problem,
35:36
Speaker 1: so you put a bunch of wolves on your property
35:38
Speaker 1: and wolf problem. But hey, I like these long term
35:43
Speaker 1: physics solutions. It's all about putting out one by your
35:48
Speaker 1: long term with another fire. But even if we're not
35:52
Speaker 1: making them inside neutron stars, it might be that they're
35:54
Speaker 1: out there anyway. There could be what we call primordial strangelets.
35:59
Speaker 1: Primordial strange it are things that were made in the
36:01
Speaker 1: Big Bang because the densest, craziest, hottest party in the universe,
36:05
Speaker 1: of course, was the verse very first few moments when
36:08
Speaker 1: things were really hot and crazy, and it could be
36:11
Speaker 1: that a few strangets were made back then and they're
36:13
Speaker 1: still floating around. Emily might not see them. We wouldn't
36:16
Speaker 1: see them. They don't like glow or anything. But one
36:18
Speaker 1: of them could just like bump into the Earth and
36:20
Speaker 1: then the whole earth becomes a strangelet. The whole Earth
36:24
Speaker 1: becomes a strangelet. And of course that hasn't happened yet,
36:27
Speaker 1: and we've never seen a planet disappear, and we've been
36:29
Speaker 1: watching for a while, and you know, so that tells
36:32
Speaker 1: you something about how unlikely it is. But we just
36:35
Speaker 1: don't know. And there's some people do calculations and they
36:37
Speaker 1: suggest that there are more strangelets out there than stars
36:42
Speaker 1: in the universe. But you know, I don't know, that's
36:45
Speaker 1: like physicists having way too many cups of coffee and
36:48
Speaker 1: they're like, dude, even that's strange for us. But you know,
36:53
Speaker 1: it's important to sort of stretch your mental muscles to
36:56
Speaker 1: think about all the ways that the universe could be
36:59
Speaker 1: toticipate these things, and to think about how to protect yourself,
37:02
Speaker 1: you know, fund this proposal to build a shield against
37:06
Speaker 1: strange matter, or we might all die. Well. I think
37:08
Speaker 1: it's pretty interesting still to just think about the idea
37:11
Speaker 1: that that there are kinds of matter that we haven't
37:15
Speaker 1: touched upon, you know, like there are maybe there are
37:18
Speaker 1: strange ways to arrange the legos of the universe, and
37:20
Speaker 1: ways that are sort of like cool and interesting and
37:23
Speaker 1: might be maybe even solve all all of our problems.
37:26
Speaker 1: There definitely are. And you know, another direction of this
37:29
Speaker 1: research is just to make new elements, you know, use
37:32
Speaker 1: up quirks and down corks and combine protons and neutrons
37:35
Speaker 1: and a way to make heavier and heavier elements. And
37:37
Speaker 1: I having kept up with it, but you know, they're
37:39
Speaker 1: up into the teens or maybe evento the hundred twenties
37:42
Speaker 1: and the periodic table, and so there's a lot of
37:45
Speaker 1: really fascinating ways to combine things together to make new
37:48
Speaker 1: kinds of goo. There's a lot of different directions to go,
37:51
Speaker 1: and we've only explored, you know, a little bit. And
37:55
Speaker 1: so it's another one of these angles where you realize
37:57
Speaker 1: that we have a tiny little slice of the past
38:00
Speaker 1: will experiences that humans can have in this universe. There's
38:03
Speaker 1: all sorts of different kind of stuff out there waiting
38:05
Speaker 1: for us to discover it or for us to invent right, yeah,
38:09
Speaker 1: and then for it to destroy us hopefully not all right, Well,
38:13
Speaker 1: I hope you enjoyed this strange trip down into the
38:18
Speaker 1: little legos of the universe and think to think about
38:21
Speaker 1: all different ways in which normal and strange that you
38:25
Speaker 1: can assemble the universe together. And remember that this is
38:27
Speaker 1: mostly a mental exercise. We're wondering how can matter fit together,
38:31
Speaker 1: what kind of things can be in the universe, And
38:35
Speaker 1: for us, it's just interesting and fascinating to think about
38:38
Speaker 1: all the ways that this can happen. It's not something
38:40
Speaker 1: we worry about. I do not think you need to
38:43
Speaker 1: worry about strange that's destroying your house, But Yeah, So
38:46
Speaker 1: next time we'll get into charm matter, Daniel or we will.
38:49
Speaker 1: Actually we're gonna do an episode about how the charm
38:51
Speaker 1: cork was discovered. That pretty crazy story. All right, Well,
38:55
Speaker 1: thanks for joining us. We hope you enjoyed that. See
38:58
Speaker 1: you next time. Yea, before you still have a question
39:07
Speaker 1: after listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line.
39:11
Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us
39:13
Speaker 1: on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's
39:17
Speaker 1: one word, or email us at Feedback at Daniel and
39:20
Speaker 1: Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel
39:24
Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of I
39:27
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39:30
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39:34
Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows. Yeah,