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What are Tardigrades? · Daniel and Kelly’s Extraordinary Universe

• 0:08
  Speaker 1: Okay, or Hey, how long do you think life on
• 0:11
  Speaker 1: Earth will last? I mean human life or just life
• 0:15
  Speaker 1: in general on Earth. So let's assume the humanity somehow
• 0:18
  Speaker 1: manages to off itself. What do you think is going
• 0:20
  Speaker 1: to survive? I'm not sure we can. We have to
• 0:23
  Speaker 1: assume that it's looking pretty probable these days. Probably some
• 0:29
  Speaker 1: of the stuff in the back of my fridge that
• 0:30
  Speaker 1: looks pretty pretty hardy. It's been there for thousands and
• 0:33
  Speaker 1: millions of years. Well, my wife would like that answer,
• 0:36
  Speaker 1: since she's a microbiologist. They are a tough bunch microbes.
• 0:39
  Speaker 1: But let's think bigger. What about multicellular life. You think
• 0:42
  Speaker 1: anything like that could survive like an actual like animal organism. Yeah, um, don't.
• 0:48
  Speaker 1: They say cockroaches can survive in nuclear explosion, But I'm
• 0:53
  Speaker 1: not sure that's true. I'm not sure that's true either.
• 0:55
  Speaker 1: I think it's just good pr by the cockroach lobby.
• 0:57
  Speaker 1: But there is something on Earth that is eve and
• 1:00
  Speaker 1: tougher than the conquerae. I hear it's cuter too. That's
• 1:03
  Speaker 1: not a very high barred pass. I am Orge, I'm
• 1:22
  Speaker 1: a cartoonism the creator of PhD Comics. Hi, I'm Daniel,
• 1:26
  Speaker 1: I'm a particle physicist, and welcome to our podcast, Daniel
• 1:29
  Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of I Heart
• 1:32
  Speaker 1: Radio in which we go all around the universe and
• 1:35
  Speaker 1: find interesting, weird, crazy, little creepy crawley stuff to talk
• 1:39
  Speaker 1: to you about and explain it to you in a
• 1:41
  Speaker 1: way that hopefully you find entertaining. Cute little creatures and
• 1:44
  Speaker 1: also horrifyingly scary looking creatures sometimes they're even the same organism.
• 1:49
  Speaker 1: That's true, you know, Um, there are lots of things
• 1:51
  Speaker 1: which look scary when they're big, and that are just
• 1:54
  Speaker 1: cute and cuddly when they're small. Like if you walk
• 1:57
  Speaker 1: next to a mountain lion, you'd be freaked out. Everybody's
• 2:00
  Speaker 1: house cat is basically a miniaturized mountain lion. It's all
• 2:04
  Speaker 1: about the scale. It's all about the scale. The opposite
• 2:06
  Speaker 1: is true. Also, take anything you find cute a dragonfly,
• 2:10
  Speaker 1: and make it the size of a school bus, and
• 2:12
  Speaker 1: all of a sudden, it's terrifying. It's terrifying. Yeah, so
• 2:17
  Speaker 1: some things are cute when they're tiny and terrifying when
• 2:20
  Speaker 1: they're huge, and one of kind of like children too
• 2:23
  Speaker 1: in corrupt into teenagers. Terrifying cute is a toddlers terrifying
• 2:29
  Speaker 1: as teens exactly, and especially terrifying if you're toddler grows
• 2:32
  Speaker 1: up to be the size of a school bus. So
• 2:33
  Speaker 1: if you never were going to talk about something that's
• 2:35
  Speaker 1: been on the news lately, right, Daniel, it's been apparently
• 2:38
  Speaker 1: it's now been colonizing the moon lately. That's right. This
• 2:42
  Speaker 1: is a fascinating little creature. It's a bit of a
• 2:44
  Speaker 1: departure for us because it's not quite physics, but it
• 2:47
  Speaker 1: appeared in the news recently. And also we had a
• 2:50
  Speaker 1: listener right in and say this is her favorite thing
• 2:53
  Speaker 1: in the whole world, and could we please talk about
• 2:55
  Speaker 1: it on the podcast. Her favorite thing in the world.
• 2:57
  Speaker 1: Is this creature that we're going to talk about, Yes, exactly?
• 2:59
  Speaker 1: Is this that it may now be colonizing the moon? Exactly?
• 3:04
  Speaker 1: So today on the program we'll be talking about cart grade.
• 3:13
  Speaker 1: What is the tart grade and why are they so interesting?
• 3:17
  Speaker 1: And how did they end up on the moon? That's
• 3:18
  Speaker 1: the question we'll be talking about today. Yeah, it turns
• 3:21
  Speaker 1: out there are a crazy little creature that can do
• 3:23
  Speaker 1: things no other creature we know of can do. So
• 3:26
  Speaker 1: it's quite amazing. Yeah, and it's also a little bit
• 3:30
  Speaker 1: cute slash terrifying at the same time. So if you
• 3:33
  Speaker 1: are not driving right now and have a moment, you're
• 3:38
  Speaker 1: welcome to past our podcast right now and just go
• 3:40
  Speaker 1: on the internet and search for images of Tardi grades
• 3:44
  Speaker 1: and what you will find will both make you go
• 3:47
  Speaker 1: all and if you imagine one the size of a
• 3:51
  Speaker 1: school bus. So yeah, tart grades are um these creatures
• 3:55
  Speaker 1: and they look wild right like, if you could look
• 3:57
  Speaker 1: at a picture of them, they look like monstrous from
• 4:00
  Speaker 1: a science fiction movie. They do look like crazy little creatures.
• 4:03
  Speaker 1: And you know, usually at this point in the podcast,
• 4:06
  Speaker 1: we go in and we ask people on the street
• 4:07
  Speaker 1: what they know about the subject. But today we're doing
• 4:10
  Speaker 1: something a little bit different. Today instead of starting with
• 4:13
  Speaker 1: asking people on the street what they think at hard
• 4:15
  Speaker 1: to Grade is, We're going to try a news segment
• 4:17
  Speaker 1: today called Ask the Wrong Expert, which we bring somebody
• 4:23
  Speaker 1: on is a world class expert on one topic and
• 4:26
  Speaker 1: ask him about something completely different that's right. And I
• 4:29
  Speaker 1: feel like this is only fair since I'm always springing
• 4:32
  Speaker 1: questions on random people at you see Irvine, they're not experts,
• 4:35
  Speaker 1: and what I'm asking them about and we hear them
• 4:37
  Speaker 1: speculate and sometimes struggle and guests. So I thought it
• 4:40
  Speaker 1: might be fun to also hear what happens when you
• 4:42
  Speaker 1: ask an expert, a scientist about something they don't know
• 4:45
  Speaker 1: anything about. And so to the on the program, we
• 4:47
  Speaker 1: have our good friend Brian Keating. Welcome Brian, right, guys,
• 4:51
  Speaker 1: great to be with you again virtually through the ether. Alright. So,
• 4:54
  Speaker 1: Brian is a professor of astrophysics at you see San
• 4:56
  Speaker 1: Diego's Department of Physics. He has over a hundred scientific
• 4:59
  Speaker 1: public asian and holds two US patents. Tell it, Brian,
• 5:02
  Speaker 1: what do you what kind of what are you an
• 5:04
  Speaker 1: expert in? My specialty is experimental cosmology, So I build
• 5:10
  Speaker 1: new universes, and no I don't do that. I build
• 5:13
  Speaker 1: telescopes that can see invisible radiation known as the cosmic
• 5:17
  Speaker 1: microwave background radiation. And my number one project now is
• 5:21
  Speaker 1: going to be one of the world's highest altitude observatories
• 5:25
  Speaker 1: on Earth, called the Simon's Observatory. I'm the director of it,
• 5:28
  Speaker 1: and it's a collaboration of about two hundred and sixties
• 5:30
  Speaker 1: scientists on all seven continents on planet Earth. Brian, you're
• 5:35
  Speaker 1: also the author of a book called losing the Noble Prize.
• 5:39
  Speaker 1: That Buck was published in eighteen and the Pipe paperback edition,
• 5:43
  Speaker 1: the new and improved paperback edition is about to come
• 5:46
  Speaker 1: out any day now. It's a really fun book for
• 5:48
  Speaker 1: those of you who haven't checked it out. It chronicles
• 5:51
  Speaker 1: Brian's adventures and misadventures in physics um, which I think
• 5:56
  Speaker 1: is really fascinating. I think it's really brave of you
• 5:58
  Speaker 1: to talk all about how your experiment thought they saw
• 6:01
  Speaker 1: something and then turns out they didn't. This two part
• 6:04
  Speaker 1: memoir really a part of it's a story about what
• 6:07
  Speaker 1: it's like to actually do experimental science. You know, a
• 6:09
  Speaker 1: lot of our colleagues, you know, Daniel, you excluded, but
• 6:13
  Speaker 1: a lot of our colleagues brainiac scientists as they are,
• 6:15
  Speaker 1: are theoreticians, which means that they deal at the esoterica
• 6:19
  Speaker 1: between their ears and and perhaps to be discovered centuries
• 6:23
  Speaker 1: long after they're gone. Uh. And these include you know,
• 6:26
  Speaker 1: wonderful writers Stephen Hawking, Brian Green, Lisa Randall, etcetera, etcetera.
• 6:31
  Speaker 1: And they're wonderful, as they say, and they inspire us.
• 6:34
  Speaker 1: But an experimentalist, in some sense has a unique vantage
• 6:38
  Speaker 1: point on the process of how science is done. So
• 6:40
  Speaker 1: I want to chronicle what it's like to do experimental
• 6:43
  Speaker 1: science at the world's extremes and what it's how it
• 6:46
  Speaker 1: took me from a small telescope as a twelve year
• 6:49
  Speaker 1: old kid all the way to the bottom of the
• 6:51
  Speaker 1: Earth at the South Pole, Antarctica, where I've been several
• 6:55
  Speaker 1: times and done research along with the team that thought
• 6:57
  Speaker 1: we had glimpsed the afterglow of what's called inflation. I
• 7:01
  Speaker 1: know you guys have done some some podcast episodes on that.
• 7:04
  Speaker 1: I won't get into too much detail, but suffice it
• 7:06
  Speaker 1: to say, inflation is the epoch theorized by theorists, our
• 7:09
  Speaker 1: friends Alan Gooth and others, to have produced the the
• 7:14
  Speaker 1: bang in the Big Bang, the what caused the expansion
• 7:16
  Speaker 1: of the universe to accelerate incredibly rapidly at extremely early times.
• 7:21
  Speaker 1: And when we made this announcement on St. Patrick's Day,
• 7:24
  Speaker 1: the world was really uh in awe that we had discovered,
• 7:27
  Speaker 1: as they say, the aftershocks of of the Big Bang itself,
• 7:30
  Speaker 1: so to speak. This set the world's attention and media
• 7:34
  Speaker 1: on fire, with millions and millions of people around the
• 7:36
  Speaker 1: world excited about these discoveries, and as I recount in
• 7:40
  Speaker 1: the book the extraordinary experience that it was like to
• 7:42
  Speaker 1: be once be the leader of this team and then
• 7:45
  Speaker 1: go to being kind of on the outskirts of it,
• 7:47
  Speaker 1: just as we were being positioned to potentially be the
• 7:50
  Speaker 1: recipients of the Nobel Prize for the magnitude of this discovery.
• 7:53
  Speaker 1: So it's a memoir of that process. And then along
• 7:56
  Speaker 1: the way, immediately after the Dnument, as they say, of
• 8:00
  Speaker 1: that episode, I was asked by the Swedish Royal Academy
• 8:03
  Speaker 1: of Sciences to nominate the winners of the Nobel Prize
• 8:06
  Speaker 1: that I potentially could have been eligible for. So it
• 8:08
  Speaker 1: would be kind of like, you know, somebody coming up
• 8:10
  Speaker 1: to you and saying, you know, guys, you guys have
• 8:12
  Speaker 1: a great podcast, but can you introduce me to Neil
• 8:15
  Speaker 1: de grasse Tyson because I'd really rather be on that show.
• 8:19
  Speaker 1: Uh So it's kind of humiliating in a sense, and
• 8:21
  Speaker 1: because I had aspired to win a Nobel Prize for
• 8:23
  Speaker 1: a long time and it really impelled me to look
• 8:26
  Speaker 1: at the Nobel Prize and what it did to me
• 8:27
  Speaker 1: personally and perhaps other scientists around the world too, So
• 8:31
  Speaker 1: it was sort of cathartic in a way. And many
• 8:33
  Speaker 1: scientists have written to say that they agree with the
• 8:37
  Speaker 1: kind of um conjectures and proposals that I put forth
• 8:41
  Speaker 1: to reform what's arguably not just science is highest honor,
• 8:44
  Speaker 1: but humanity's highest honor. There's really, you know, nowhere to
• 8:48
  Speaker 1: go from there but down in terms of accolades that
• 8:50
  Speaker 1: a human being can receive. So it's a it's a
• 8:53
  Speaker 1: memoir coupled with a little polemic, you know, dash side
• 8:56
  Speaker 1: order of polemicism on the side, and received any feedback.
• 9:00
  Speaker 1: The Nobel Prize committee themselves they opened your reform proposals.
• 9:03
  Speaker 1: Oh yes, they embrace it wildly. They want to adopt
• 9:06
  Speaker 1: them completely, change it to the Keating prose. You want
• 9:09
  Speaker 1: to give the Nobel Prize in Literature just for the book.
• 9:15
  Speaker 1: So being hausin Felder, I guess I'm sure you guys know.
• 9:18
  Speaker 1: She she wrote a kind of a critical review of
• 9:20
  Speaker 1: my book, but in the end she said, the writing
• 9:22
  Speaker 1: is so good, you know, maybe he'll win. He'll lose
• 9:24
  Speaker 1: the Nobel Prize in Literature next but losing another losing
• 9:30
  Speaker 1: his second Nobel prize exactly, all right, Brian, So you
• 9:33
  Speaker 1: are an expert in astrophysics and the Big Bang and cosmology,
• 9:37
  Speaker 1: and experimental physics. But today we are going to be
• 9:40
  Speaker 1: asking you about today's topic, which is about Tarty grades.
• 9:44
  Speaker 1: Have you heard of Tarty grades before? Yes? I used
• 9:47
  Speaker 1: to receive a lot of negative ones in school for
• 9:49
  Speaker 1: being late. Get it, Get it? That's quite good, Yes,
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  Speaker 1: I I I know about Tartar grades. I don't call
• 9:57
  Speaker 1: them tart gredes. They called them water bears alight and
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  Speaker 1: and I understand there's not only plenty of them on Earth,
• 10:04
  Speaker 1: but there's also a few in the heavens. That's right,
• 10:07
  Speaker 1: they have established. And maybe you are an expert in
• 10:10
  Speaker 1: Tarte grades, then well let's find out. The point of
• 10:12
  Speaker 1: this game asked the wrong expert is to see how
• 10:15
  Speaker 1: scientists think when we take them out of there, you know,
• 10:18
  Speaker 1: the little niche that they've developed an expertise in, and
• 10:20
  Speaker 1: asked them to think carefully about something else. And so
• 10:24
  Speaker 1: that's why, Brian, we wanted to ask you questions about
• 10:26
  Speaker 1: something that wasn't your field. So feel free to answer
• 10:28
  Speaker 1: wildly and share your thoughts. And you haven't had time
• 10:32
  Speaker 1: to look this up in Google or anything right right
• 10:34
  Speaker 1: now aloud, I'm not looking on with right now. I
• 10:38
  Speaker 1: promise you first question is true or false. Tarte grades
• 10:46
  Speaker 1: are sometimes called moss piglets. Moss piglets, I'll say true,
• 10:51
  Speaker 1: all right, true or false. The name Tartar grade means
• 10:55
  Speaker 1: slow moving. That sounds about right. True, alright, true or false.
• 11:00
  Speaker 1: Daniel named one of his children after Tartar grades. No,
• 11:03
  Speaker 1: but I know that you have some rats in the house,
• 11:06
  Speaker 1: so maybe you're named a rat after our tartar grade.
• 11:09
  Speaker 1: You have water bears in your house, has water rats,
• 11:13
  Speaker 1: and I'm sure actually everybody does have water bears in
• 11:15
  Speaker 1: their house there everywhere. Yeah, all right, well you are
• 11:20
  Speaker 1: three for three on that one, Brian, I'm verily impressed.
• 11:24
  Speaker 1: Thank you. I'd like to thank the Academy, the Noble Academy.
• 11:27
  Speaker 1: You're not done yet. We got more. There is a
• 11:30
  Speaker 1: Nobel Prize for podcast guessing. Podcast guessing. Alright. Second question, Brian,
• 11:39
  Speaker 1: is which involves first Tartar grades or dinosaurs. Oh that's
• 11:44
  Speaker 1: a good one. Um, you mean which is old or not?
• 11:47
  Speaker 1: I'm in their presumably co evolved at some points water
• 11:52
  Speaker 1: bear or the dinosaur. I'm gonna say some form of dinosaur,
• 11:56
  Speaker 1: some form of creature would have free dated them. Maybe,
• 12:00
  Speaker 1: So you're going with dinosaurs. I'll go with some form
• 12:02
  Speaker 1: of well, actually you're making hedgehogging. I'm most pickling. Well,
• 12:10
  Speaker 1: I appreciate your change direction. There. You're correct in your
• 12:13
  Speaker 1: final answer, they're not your preliminary one. Tarte grade do
• 12:16
  Speaker 1: outdate the dinosaurs. Wow, they don't look a day over sixty.
• 12:23
  Speaker 1: Al right. Next question, Tarte grades can live almost anywhere.
• 12:27
  Speaker 1: But where did they like to live? A volcanoes be
• 12:32
  Speaker 1: undervending machines? See a two bedroom condo in Hollywood or
• 12:36
  Speaker 1: d any place damp? I'm gonna go with the last one. Date.
• 12:40
  Speaker 1: I think lots of two bedroom condos in Hollywood are
• 12:43
  Speaker 1: probably pretty damp. Also, that's true too, Yeah, maybe, yeah,
• 12:47
  Speaker 1: that's true. They can live wherever they want. Probably they
• 12:49
  Speaker 1: can live in space. They don't need water. So I'm
• 12:51
  Speaker 1: gonna gonna revise my answer. But see them. No, your
• 12:53
  Speaker 1: first answer was right, It's all right, all right. Next
• 12:58
  Speaker 1: question is what's the highest temperature a Tarte grade can tolerate?
• 13:03
  Speaker 1: Is it a hundred degrees fahrenheit? B three hundred degrees
• 13:07
  Speaker 1: fahrenheit see one million degrees fahrenheit or D They haven
• 13:13
  Speaker 1: survived LHC collisions at five point five million degrees. I'm
• 13:17
  Speaker 1: gonna go with b you are a good guess or
• 13:20
  Speaker 1: Brian that you have a very very deep knowledge our
• 13:23
  Speaker 1: fast internet connection. Just kidding, I doubt Are you feeding
• 13:27
  Speaker 1: all these questions into Siri? Is she listening in and answers?
• 13:31
  Speaker 1: All right? Last question, which the two scenarios is more
• 13:34
  Speaker 1: likely in your opinion? A A robot revolution in which
• 13:38
  Speaker 1: we all become slaves to artificial intelligence or B Tarte
• 13:42
  Speaker 1: Grades building a civilization on the moon and becoming our
• 13:45
  Speaker 1: lunar overlords. Well, we know that they're living there now.
• 13:49
  Speaker 1: They got their courtesy of an Israeli spacecraft. I'll say A.
• 13:54
  Speaker 1: It is more likely because these these little Carte grades
• 13:56
  Speaker 1: are you know we're going to keep them at bay
• 13:58
  Speaker 1: on the moon. All right, Well, it's it's good to
• 14:00
  Speaker 1: know that you worry more about AI revolution than the
• 14:03
  Speaker 1: coming of our lunar apocalypse. I want to see that
• 14:06
  Speaker 1: movie where we become slaves to the artificial intelligence robots,
• 14:10
  Speaker 1: but then the Tarting Grades come down from the moon
• 14:12
  Speaker 1: to save us. Just a great giant battle between water
• 14:16
  Speaker 1: bears and robots, even some dinosaurs you get throw in.
• 14:20
  Speaker 1: This is giving me an idea for a new book.
• 14:22
  Speaker 1: It's start a grade hypothesis. That's a literature Nobel prize
• 14:25
  Speaker 1: right there. That's right, yeah, team up with Michael Bay.
• 14:27
  Speaker 1: I'm sure there'll be a big hit. That's right. I'll
• 14:29
  Speaker 1: share you share the opening credits with each other. All right,
• 14:32
  Speaker 1: thank you very much for playing our silly game and
• 14:35
  Speaker 1: doing so well. We need to come up with some
• 14:37
  Speaker 1: sort of prize. How about ten Tarte grades. Are you
• 14:39
  Speaker 1: going to record his answering machine, Daniel or maybe? All right, Well,
• 14:45
  Speaker 1: thanks very much for being a guest on the podcast,
• 14:47
  Speaker 1: and folks, check out Brian's book. Tell us again, Brian,
• 14:50
  Speaker 1: what it's called. It's called Losing the Nobel Prize and
• 14:53
  Speaker 1: it is available in paperback as we speak, hopefully, all right,
• 14:58
  Speaker 1: so check that out and you can lose your own
• 15:00
  Speaker 1: Nobel prize. Alright, So Brian did pretty well on our quiz.
• 15:03
  Speaker 1: I was impressed with how well he was able to
• 15:05
  Speaker 1: answer questions about something he does not have a PhD in.
• 15:08
  Speaker 1: And so we'll get into what a tardy grade is,
• 15:11
  Speaker 1: where can it survive and where can you find them?
• 15:14
  Speaker 1: But first let's take a quick break. All right, we're
• 15:29
  Speaker 1: talking about Tardi grades. What are they? What are they
• 15:32
  Speaker 1: so funny looking? Are they so cute and scary at
• 15:36
  Speaker 1: the same time. They are crazy little creatures. And so
• 15:39
  Speaker 1: for those of you who don't have a Google image
• 15:41
  Speaker 1: in front of you, let's try to sketch it out
• 15:43
  Speaker 1: for you in your mind. Oh man, let's let's try
• 15:46
  Speaker 1: to paint the nightmare. Yeah, exactly. And remember they're tiny, alright.
• 15:50
  Speaker 1: So first of all, these things are tiny. They range
• 15:53
  Speaker 1: from point three to one point two millimeters, so they're
• 15:56
  Speaker 1: absolutely microscopic. But they do look a little bit like bears,
• 16:00
  Speaker 1: I mean, except that they have eight legs. Yeah. I
• 16:03
  Speaker 1: think if anyone's not not seen him of these before,
• 16:05
  Speaker 1: I would describe them as like little plush teddy bear
• 16:10
  Speaker 1: animals with like giant claws and horrifying mouth with teeth.
• 16:16
  Speaker 1: That's kind of The face is horrifying, right, You've got
• 16:20
  Speaker 1: the legs, so they've got eight legs, four on each side,
• 16:22
  Speaker 1: with little claws in them, and there's sort of poofy
• 16:24
  Speaker 1: like a pillow, you say. But the mouth, the face,
• 16:27
  Speaker 1: that's the part that's terrifying because there's no discernible eyes.
• 16:30
  Speaker 1: It's just like list sucking thing in the front, relying
• 16:33
  Speaker 1: with teeth all around. Right, Yeah, have you are you
• 16:35
  Speaker 1: a watcher of Stranger Things. I am. Yeah, I'm a
• 16:37
  Speaker 1: huge fan. Yeah. I think that these things might have
• 16:40
  Speaker 1: been the inspiration for the demigorg or whatever that thing
• 16:43
  Speaker 1: is that comes out of the upside down, because it
• 16:46
  Speaker 1: also has this eyeless face that's featuring just a big mouth, yeah,
• 16:50
  Speaker 1: line with a bunch of teeth. Yeah, exactly. So I
• 16:53
  Speaker 1: think this thing would be really terrifying. If it was
• 16:55
  Speaker 1: the size of a school bus or you know, even
• 16:57
  Speaker 1: like a red wagon, it would be pretty scary. But
• 17:00
  Speaker 1: the fact that it's microscopic means that you know, it
• 17:02
  Speaker 1: can't really do you any harm. But still it's it's
• 17:04
  Speaker 1: pretty scary. And even though I know that there are
• 17:06
  Speaker 1: only like a millimeter or less than a millimeter in length,
• 17:11
  Speaker 1: it's scary to think that those things are out there.
• 17:13
  Speaker 1: It could be on me, inside of me. Maybe, I
• 17:15
  Speaker 1: don't know. They're almost certainly some on you. I mean,
• 17:18
  Speaker 1: these things are found everywhere. There are in sand dunes,
• 17:22
  Speaker 1: there in soil, They're in leaf litter, they're in water,
• 17:24
  Speaker 1: especially like any sort of damp place at all, you'll
• 17:27
  Speaker 1: find them. And if you scoop up, like you know,
• 17:30
  Speaker 1: a leader of sort of gunky water near the edge
• 17:33
  Speaker 1: of a pond. You probably get about twenty five thousand
• 17:37
  Speaker 1: of them in a leader like any old pond all
• 17:40
  Speaker 1: over the world, from the tops of mountains to you know,
• 17:43
  Speaker 1: wet goopie places to basically everywhere. These things have adapted
• 17:48
  Speaker 1: to live in almost every environment on Earth. And just
• 17:51
  Speaker 1: to be clear, are they insects? Are they bugs? Are
• 17:54
  Speaker 1: they like bacteria? What? What? What are they? What are
• 17:57
  Speaker 1: they officially classify under? Well, they are not back to
• 18:00
  Speaker 1: rear right there, multicellular. There actually are an animal. They're
• 18:03
  Speaker 1: officially categorized as an micro animal. But they're in the
• 18:06
  Speaker 1: Kingdom and Animalia. They're not an insect, they're not bacteria,
• 18:10
  Speaker 1: they're not a microbe. But they are just a tiny, tiny,
• 18:12
  Speaker 1: tiny little animal. And genetically people think that they evolved
• 18:16
  Speaker 1: to be tiny from something larger. Oh no, kidding, they
• 18:20
  Speaker 1: started out bigger. Yeah, that's that's not scary at all, exactly.
• 18:23
  Speaker 1: It's an example of miniaturization. And you know, I love
• 18:25
  Speaker 1: when this thing, when this happens in evolution, when things
• 18:28
  Speaker 1: like change dramatically in scale, you know, like horses used
• 18:31
  Speaker 1: to be much smaller, and whales evolved from something much smaller,
• 18:34
  Speaker 1: and these tartar grades evolved from something larger, like we
• 18:37
  Speaker 1: don't know exactly how much larger that there are some
• 18:40
  Speaker 1: fossilized versions, but it's a bit of speculation. But imagine, like,
• 18:43
  Speaker 1: you know, there could have been like a time when
• 18:44
  Speaker 1: they were big tarte grades roaming the Earth. Yeah, like
• 18:47
  Speaker 1: a hand sized tarte grade or maybe even bigger. But yeah,
• 18:50
  Speaker 1: these are one of the tiniest little animals on Earth.
• 18:53
  Speaker 1: And they've been on the news lately because apparently they've
• 18:56
  Speaker 1: made it all the way to the Moon. Somehow. There
• 18:58
  Speaker 1: is now life on the Moon. There is now life
• 19:00
  Speaker 1: on the Moon. Yes, this is really landed. They sent
• 19:03
  Speaker 1: up to the moon UM had this project on it
• 19:05
  Speaker 1: to sort of record human and Earth DNA, and they said,
• 19:09
  Speaker 1: you know, if something goes wrong on the Earth, it
• 19:12
  Speaker 1: might be good to have sort of like a backup
• 19:14
  Speaker 1: copy of people and all sorts of other stuff somewhere
• 19:17
  Speaker 1: else that's protected. So they were flying to the Moon
• 19:20
  Speaker 1: and they thought, oh, let's put some you know, human
• 19:22
  Speaker 1: DNA UM to bring up to the Moon and while
• 19:24
  Speaker 1: we're at it, we'll bring some tart grades. What could
• 19:28
  Speaker 1: go wrong and go wrong And then of course it
• 19:30
  Speaker 1: crash landed right, and a lot of it was vaporized,
• 19:33
  Speaker 1: and people think that nothing survived except maybe the tart
• 19:37
  Speaker 1: degrades because they are really tough little critters. They are
• 19:40
  Speaker 1: really really hard to kill. Yeah, so that's kind of
• 19:43
  Speaker 1: what they're known for, rights is their hardiness and their
• 19:46
  Speaker 1: ability to survive even the craziest of environments. Yeah, they
• 19:50
  Speaker 1: are really hard to kill, and people have found them
• 19:53
  Speaker 1: in all sorts of places on Earth, Like they found
• 19:55
  Speaker 1: them in hot springs, they find them in the Himalayas,
• 19:58
  Speaker 1: they found them on the bottom of the the ocean,
• 20:00
  Speaker 1: they find them in layers of solid ice, and they've
• 20:03
  Speaker 1: done all sorts of crazy experiments on them just to
• 20:05
  Speaker 1: sort of test how far they can push the survival
• 20:08
  Speaker 1: of a tartar grade. Wow. So what are some of
• 20:10
  Speaker 1: the most extreme conditions that we know that they can survive. Well,
• 20:13
  Speaker 1: one thing they've done is just like dose them with radiation,
• 20:17
  Speaker 1: because you know, radiation is one thing that kills people,
• 20:19
  Speaker 1: and it kills people when you're an outer space, so
• 20:21
  Speaker 1: when you're in the surface of the Earth, and so
• 20:23
  Speaker 1: what they've done is just like stick them in the microwave.
• 20:26
  Speaker 1: See what happens with some grapes, which is more exciting. Yeah,
• 20:30
  Speaker 1: exactly know, they just like blasted them with gamma rays,
• 20:32
  Speaker 1: you know. And it turns out that tarte grades can
• 20:35
  Speaker 1: survive radiation doses that would kill humans and even more like,
• 20:40
  Speaker 1: they can survive radiation doses that are hundreds of times
• 20:44
  Speaker 1: the radiation dose that would be deadly to a human being. Wow.
• 20:47
  Speaker 1: But my question is how can they do that? How
• 20:50
  Speaker 1: can they survive all of that radiation? Is are they
• 20:53
  Speaker 1: just made out of like tougher materials or the the
• 20:58
  Speaker 1: DNA is more I don't know, more like redundant or
• 21:02
  Speaker 1: what's what's your secret? There are some organisms that are
• 21:04
  Speaker 1: called extremal files that are adapted to live in crazy
• 21:07
  Speaker 1: environments like high radiation, etcetera. And some of those bacteria,
• 21:11
  Speaker 1: for example, they have extra copies of their DNA and
• 21:14
  Speaker 1: just in case one of them gets blasted, they can
• 21:16
  Speaker 1: recopy them, right, And so that's adapting for living in
• 21:20
  Speaker 1: those environments. Tarte grades aren't like that. They're not adapted
• 21:23
  Speaker 1: to live in these environments. They just sort of can
• 21:25
  Speaker 1: survive because they're extra tough and one and the way
• 21:29
  Speaker 1: they do is they have this special protein inside their
• 21:31
  Speaker 1: body um that protects them. And these proteins can turn
• 21:36
  Speaker 1: into glass and help them survive when it gets really
• 21:38
  Speaker 1: really dry, or when there's a lot of radiation, or
• 21:42
  Speaker 1: basically when anything happens. Yeah, exactly, but it's arm inside.
• 21:47
  Speaker 1: It's not like a shell. It's something inside the body.
• 21:49
  Speaker 1: Because the thing that happens when you get hit by
• 21:51
  Speaker 1: radiation is that the stuff inside your body gets torn apart. Right,
• 21:56
  Speaker 1: it's the same problem that when you freeze. For example,
• 21:58
  Speaker 1: why can you not freeze the human being and then
• 22:01
  Speaker 1: fall them out? The reason is that when water freezes,
• 22:05
  Speaker 1: it gets bigger, right, Ice is bigger than liquid water,
• 22:08
  Speaker 1: and so each of your cells, for example, is a
• 22:11
  Speaker 1: little bag of water, and when it freezes, it turns
• 22:13
  Speaker 1: into ice, which is bigger than the cell membrane, and
• 22:15
  Speaker 1: it basically bursts the cell. And so wa, wait wait
• 22:19
  Speaker 1: wait you mean Captain America could not have survived being
• 22:22
  Speaker 1: frozen in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, not a documentary Starry
• 22:26
  Speaker 1: to Break Too. But somehow these um little animals they
• 22:32
  Speaker 1: can survive being frozen, and they can survive super high
• 22:37
  Speaker 1: temperatures and pressures and radiation. And you're saying it's all
• 22:40
  Speaker 1: because they something in like the liquid of their cells
• 22:44
  Speaker 1: or something surrounding their cells kind of gives them that protection. Yeah,
• 22:47
  Speaker 1: it's like the liquid that's inside their cells is different
• 22:50
  Speaker 1: from the liquid that's inside our cells. And it's hardier. Um,
• 22:54
  Speaker 1: And that's not heartier, like you make a better soup,
• 22:57
  Speaker 1: though maybe it would. I don't know what tartar grade
• 22:58
  Speaker 1: soup taste like. But it's hardier, like it's more robust.
• 23:01
  Speaker 1: But chances are you are probably eating a couple of
• 23:03
  Speaker 1: Tarte grades when you can drink your soup, right, every
• 23:06
  Speaker 1: soup is targegrade whatever. Um. Yeah, but it's the soup
• 23:13
  Speaker 1: of the inside their cells that's more robust. So for example,
• 23:17
  Speaker 1: when they when they freeze these proteins inside their cells,
• 23:20
  Speaker 1: turned into a kind of glass that protects the cell
• 23:23
  Speaker 1: right from the inside. Like like it crystallizes into something unbreakable. Yeah,
• 23:29
  Speaker 1: it's described as turning into glass. I know the glass
• 23:32
  Speaker 1: is not a crystal, so I'm not sure if crystallizing
• 23:34
  Speaker 1: is exactly correct, but essentially, yeah, it's instead of turning
• 23:37
  Speaker 1: into an ice cube, which is bigger than the drop
• 23:40
  Speaker 1: of water it originated from, it turns into this little
• 23:42
  Speaker 1: bit of glass. And they call this this has this
• 23:45
  Speaker 1: awesome name. They call it cryptobiosis, right man, And so
• 23:50
  Speaker 1: to survive these environments, the tartar grades, you know, these
• 23:53
  Speaker 1: proteins turned into glass and then they can do crazy
• 23:56
  Speaker 1: stuff like they can survive outer space. You can just
• 24:00
  Speaker 1: like throw tarte grades into space, collect them again and
• 24:04
  Speaker 1: add water and they wake up. Put them in the microwave.
• 24:08
  Speaker 1: What we haven't done is put them in the LHC.
• 24:11
  Speaker 1: That was a funny suggestion, but it's not something I'm
• 24:13
  Speaker 1: aware that we've actually done. It's like, well, put put
• 24:16
  Speaker 1: it in the next proposal, Daniel, you could you can
• 24:19
  Speaker 1: make a cryptobiotic breakthrough. I'm going to build a tartar
• 24:22
  Speaker 1: grade collider. I want to see what happens when you
• 24:24
  Speaker 1: accelerate tartar grades to the speed of light and collide
• 24:27
  Speaker 1: them against each other. So it's kind of almost the
• 24:29
  Speaker 1: opposite when they freeze, instead of forming crystals that might
• 24:31
  Speaker 1: break the cells, you're saying that it has some sort
• 24:33
  Speaker 1: of something in there in there inside of their bodies
• 24:36
  Speaker 1: that somehow hold it together, so that you maybe don't
• 24:39
  Speaker 1: get those crystals. That's right. You don't get sort of
• 24:41
  Speaker 1: ice crystals exactly. You get this other stuff which doesn't
• 24:44
  Speaker 1: expand because remember ice is sort of special right, ice
• 24:47
  Speaker 1: is one of the few things that when you freeze it,
• 24:49
  Speaker 1: it gets bigger. It's a special property of water. Most
• 24:52
  Speaker 1: things in the universe when you freeze and they get smaller.
• 24:54
  Speaker 1: And so this has some other stuff inside itsel so
• 24:57
  Speaker 1: that when it freezes, it doesn't get bigger and sort
• 25:00
  Speaker 1: of avoids popping even though we are mostly water. And
• 25:03
  Speaker 1: then how do they survive the high temperatures? Then? Is
• 25:05
  Speaker 1: it just like a thick skin or like a like
• 25:08
  Speaker 1: everything just held together better or what they're just held
• 25:11
  Speaker 1: together better? And so they can survive these high temperatures,
• 25:14
  Speaker 1: they can survive these super low temperatures. They can even
• 25:17
  Speaker 1: be dried out and um, you can you can suck
• 25:21
  Speaker 1: all the water out of these tartar grades and it
• 25:23
  Speaker 1: doesn't again, it doesn't like rearrange what's inside them in
• 25:26
  Speaker 1: a way that breaks them like naturally zips it up.
• 25:30
  Speaker 1: And so they've seen these tartar grades. They can get
• 25:33
  Speaker 1: down to like one percent of the normal moisture they have.
• 25:37
  Speaker 1: You know, it's like beef jerk. It's like tartar grade jerky.
• 25:39
  Speaker 1: And then you add water back and it's just like
• 25:41
  Speaker 1: flips up and goes about his business happily chumping away.
• 25:44
  Speaker 1: Do you think it remember, like, do you think it's
• 25:46
  Speaker 1: still thinking when it's dehydrated. I think we need to
• 25:49
  Speaker 1: have one on the podcast so we can ask these
• 25:51
  Speaker 1: kind of questions. Yeah, what is it like to be
• 25:54
  Speaker 1: for them to evolve the moon? And then we'll ask
• 25:56
  Speaker 1: him a question? So they can survive in you're saying
• 25:59
  Speaker 1: volcano even like hot springs kind of up in the mountains,
• 26:03
  Speaker 1: the bottom of the sea. Yeah, they can survive four
• 26:06
  Speaker 1: d twenty degrees kelvin. What Yeah, it's pretty crazy, down
• 26:11
  Speaker 1: to one degree kelvin all the way up to four
• 26:13
  Speaker 1: hundred and twenty degrees kelvin. It's really hard to kill
• 26:16
  Speaker 1: these things. What is four degrees kelling relatives little to
• 26:19
  Speaker 1: like water boiling or a fire. Kelvin is about a
• 26:23
  Speaker 1: hundred and fifty degrees celsius, which is higher than the
• 26:26
  Speaker 1: boiling point of water. So you can make targar grade
• 26:29
  Speaker 1: soup and the tartar grades will still be happily swimming
• 26:32
  Speaker 1: around inside, swimming around drinking. You're drinking with their horrifying mouth,
• 26:39
  Speaker 1: that's right. So when you eat tartar grade soup, are
• 26:41
  Speaker 1: you eating the tartar grades or are they eating you?
• 26:44
  Speaker 1: All right? And so they somehow ended up in space
• 26:46
  Speaker 1: because the Israelis put him there as an experiment to
• 26:48
  Speaker 1: see if they would survive the moon trip or or
• 26:51
  Speaker 1: in the moon. Is that kind of So they were
• 26:53
  Speaker 1: kind of thinking about landing these things on the moon
• 26:55
  Speaker 1: or not. They intended to land these things on the moon,
• 26:57
  Speaker 1: that was the idea, right, But they had them so
• 27:00
  Speaker 1: have contained in a special little device, and they were
• 27:03
  Speaker 1: of course in their crypto biotic state. Um. But when
• 27:07
  Speaker 1: it crash landed, you know, all that whole thing got
• 27:09
  Speaker 1: ruptured and they got you know, tossed out and they're
• 27:11
  Speaker 1: tumbling along on the surface of the Moon now, and
• 27:14
  Speaker 1: so you know, if the right drop of water hits them,
• 27:16
  Speaker 1: then they could wake up. And you might think, well,
• 27:19
  Speaker 1: there's no chance you're gonna get water on the Moon, right,
• 27:22
  Speaker 1: But that's not that unlikely because the surface of the
• 27:24
  Speaker 1: Moon is pelted constantly by a rubble from outer space
• 27:27
  Speaker 1: and some of that is ice, right, A huge back
• 27:30
  Speaker 1: into the stuff that's out there in the Solar System
• 27:31
  Speaker 1: is ice. So you have this momentary impact of basically
• 27:35
  Speaker 1: high speed ice on the surface of the Moon. If
• 27:38
  Speaker 1: it just happens to hit a tartar grade, it could
• 27:40
  Speaker 1: melt turn into water. Wake up that tarte grade. Hello,
• 27:44
  Speaker 1: you're on the moon. What what's going on? Where am I? What?
• 27:49
  Speaker 1: I'm on the moon? Last thing I knew I was
• 27:51
  Speaker 1: in Israel. Yeah, because when they go into this cryptobiotic state,
• 27:55
  Speaker 1: they're not dead right there, and they're not totally paused.
• 27:59
  Speaker 1: Their metabolism actually still going, but it goes down to
• 28:02
  Speaker 1: point oh one percent of its normal metabolism, so it's
• 28:06
  Speaker 1: like one in a thousand. So it's like your body
• 28:08
  Speaker 1: is running at one one thousands of its normal speed.
• 28:12
  Speaker 1: It's amazing. I don't know what that's like that, but
• 28:14
  Speaker 1: I'd love to know. All right, let's get into what
• 28:15
  Speaker 1: it means we have tart grades on the moon. But
• 28:17
  Speaker 1: first let's take a quick break. All right, we're talking
• 28:33
  Speaker 1: about Carti grades on the moon, and so there are
• 28:35
  Speaker 1: now tarty grades on the moon, kind of on purpose,
• 28:38
  Speaker 1: but kind of by accident. Also, right, I mean we
• 28:40
  Speaker 1: meant to send them to the moon, but they got out.
• 28:43
  Speaker 1: That's right, Like in a bad science fiction movie. Nobody
• 28:47
  Speaker 1: can imagine this stuff, and if they did, nobody would
• 28:49
  Speaker 1: believe it. Right, But it is our life, This is
• 28:52
  Speaker 1: our universe. There are tart grades on the Moon. We
• 28:55
  Speaker 1: don't know if they're walking around, We don't know if
• 28:56
  Speaker 1: they're munching on on stuff, but they are there, and
• 29:00
  Speaker 1: can they survive? Is there stuff for them to eat? What?
• 29:02
  Speaker 1: What did Tardi grades eat? Yeah, that's a great question.
• 29:05
  Speaker 1: Tarte grade they eat plants, and they eat little bacteria
• 29:08
  Speaker 1: because remember they're super tiny, and sometimes they also eat
• 29:11
  Speaker 1: tartar grades. So many, there's only one tart grade on
• 29:14
  Speaker 1: the move right now. It's one big tartar grade now
• 29:17
  Speaker 1: and it's hungry. It ain't all the other ones. It's
• 29:21
  Speaker 1: a grumpy tartar grade and it's looking to come back
• 29:23
  Speaker 1: to Earth for lunch. All right, Well, good job humans,
• 29:27
  Speaker 1: you've now colonized the moon, that's right, or our little allies, hopefully,
• 29:32
  Speaker 1: our friendly little allies have colonized the Moon. And you know,
• 29:35
  Speaker 1: it's funny to joke about, like, um, Tartar grades on
• 29:38
  Speaker 1: the Moon surviving some sort of global apocalypse or catastrophe
• 29:42
  Speaker 1: the humans bring on. But you know, Tartar grades have
• 29:45
  Speaker 1: already survived a lot of global catastrophes. Yeah, that's right,
• 29:49
  Speaker 1: they've been around. I mean we said it before. They're
• 29:51
  Speaker 1: they've been around longer than the dinosaurs, which means they've
• 29:55
  Speaker 1: they've seen it all. They've seen it all, they've seen
• 29:58
  Speaker 1: everything else come and go their board. Right, they're not
• 30:01
  Speaker 1: interested in climate change and nuclear apocalypse. To them, that's
• 30:05
  Speaker 1: no big deal. They've seen craziest stuff. You know, in
• 30:07
  Speaker 1: the history of our planet, we've had five of these
• 30:10
  Speaker 1: things we call mass extinctions, where something happens that changes
• 30:14
  Speaker 1: the climate or the environment and a lot of species die.
• 30:18
  Speaker 1: And we've had five of those so far. And tarte
• 30:21
  Speaker 1: grades um predate even the first one. They evolved before
• 30:25
  Speaker 1: the first mass extinction, and they're still here, which means
• 30:28
  Speaker 1: they've survived all five of them. Right, that's a little
• 30:31
  Speaker 1: suspicious if you ask me, if you think about it,
• 30:33
  Speaker 1: isn't it you think that makes them suspect number one?
• 30:37
  Speaker 1: I mean, there isn't any other suspect. I think it's
• 30:40
  Speaker 1: pretty awesome. I'm amazed. I love these little creatures. I mean,
• 30:43
  Speaker 1: I don't want to see one the size of a
• 30:45
  Speaker 1: school bus walking into my backyard. And they are a
• 30:48
  Speaker 1: little creepy, but they're also sort of awesome. Like what
• 30:51
  Speaker 1: evolutionary path led to them? Could we survive this way? Like?
• 30:54
  Speaker 1: Could we copy this technology somehow to become more radioactive,
• 30:59
  Speaker 1: more protective from radiation. It just it seems so awesome
• 31:02
  Speaker 1: when when evolution finds a little niche to reveal secrets
• 31:05
  Speaker 1: to you. And it's amazing to think about what we
• 31:08
  Speaker 1: must look like to them. You know, imagine being such
• 31:11
  Speaker 1: a hardy being and seeing all these other animals around
• 31:15
  Speaker 1: you that are really, if you think think about it,
• 31:18
  Speaker 1: compared to them, were super fragile and really vulnerable. That's right,
• 31:23
  Speaker 1: where these huge squishy meat bags. Right, all you have
• 31:26
  Speaker 1: to do is pocus and boom it's over. Yeah, just
• 31:29
  Speaker 1: a little pooke. These are crazy little creatures. There's also
• 31:32
  Speaker 1: a lot of really other fun little facts you can
• 31:34
  Speaker 1: learn about them, Like they actually molt like snakes. Do
• 31:38
  Speaker 1: you know they shed their skin? What? Yeah, they really
• 31:41
  Speaker 1: are tiny little creatures. I mean they're the size of microbes,
• 31:44
  Speaker 1: but they really are animals. It's sort of like ant man,
• 31:47
  Speaker 1: you know, like actually getting shrunk down to the microscopic
• 31:51
  Speaker 1: world and living among these creatures. Like they have organs
• 31:54
  Speaker 1: inside and everything. Oh yeah, no, they poop and everything,
• 31:56
  Speaker 1: Like they eat, they poop. They are little creatures. Yeah, absolutely,
• 32:00
  Speaker 1: there's tardy poop. They might be tarted podcasts for all
• 32:04
  Speaker 1: we know. So they molt like snakes. Yeah, they molt
• 32:07
  Speaker 1: like snakes, and there's lots of versions of them. There's
• 32:10
  Speaker 1: one that I find particularly hilarious that doesn't poop except
• 32:14
  Speaker 1: when it molts. It's like it holds it in for
• 32:17
  Speaker 1: months and then it gets rid of its skin and
• 32:19
  Speaker 1: just leaves it all behind. So I'm not sure we
• 32:23
  Speaker 1: really want to adopt like all of the culture of
• 32:25
  Speaker 1: these tartar grades. You know, there's some things we do
• 32:28
  Speaker 1: want to pick and choose. It's like a buffet. Well,
• 32:30
  Speaker 1: I don't know. You know, if you only have to
• 32:32
  Speaker 1: go to the bathroom once every couple of months, that
• 32:35
  Speaker 1: would save you a lot of time and conserve water
• 32:38
  Speaker 1: which might be in low supply in the future. Yeah,
• 32:41
  Speaker 1: that's true. If you're holding that all in, you might
• 32:43
  Speaker 1: also want to leave that skin behind because it seems
• 32:45
  Speaker 1: kind of soiled. All right. So those are Tardi grades,
• 32:48
  Speaker 1: little tiny, actual animals, not insects, not bugs, not bacteria,
• 32:53
  Speaker 1: but actual little animals that will probably outlive all of us,
• 32:58
  Speaker 1: almost certainly outlive all of us. And you know, each
• 33:00
  Speaker 1: individual Tartar grade doesn't actually live that long. They only
• 33:03
  Speaker 1: live for like three months, maybe up to two years.
• 33:06
  Speaker 1: But the course, yeah, they reproduce. I mean unless they
• 33:09
  Speaker 1: get frozen in space or something. Yeah, that's right. Yeah,
• 33:11
  Speaker 1: then they can live longer, but sort of like a
• 33:13
  Speaker 1: live time unfrozen time is is not that long. Um,
• 33:18
  Speaker 1: So it's not like they are like thousand year old
• 33:20
  Speaker 1: tartar grades combing the earth, you know, with ancient wisdom
• 33:23
  Speaker 1: in them or anything. Oh man, they're busy. They're busy,
• 33:27
  Speaker 1: getting busy. They are there, male tarte grades, their female
• 33:31
  Speaker 1: tartar grades as a whole society. You know, they probably
• 33:33
  Speaker 1: have dating apps. They've been around a lot longer than us,
• 33:36
  Speaker 1: so they've got this thing w Yeah, to survive at
• 33:40
  Speaker 1: that scale and that they must be pretty busy reproducing, right,
• 33:45
  Speaker 1: And they're definitely more tartar grades are unearthed than people.
• 33:48
  Speaker 1: All right, I'm just gonna go have some nightmares right now.
• 33:50
  Speaker 1: And just like your housecat would be terrifying if it
• 33:55
  Speaker 1: was larger, these things are tiny and so you don't
• 33:57
  Speaker 1: have to worry about them. Well, thanks to jays l
• 34:00
  Speaker 1: Her writing in and asking us to talk about teger grades.
• 34:02
  Speaker 1: There are a really fun subject. Hope you enjoyed it,
• 34:04
  Speaker 1: And when next time you look up at the moon,
• 34:06
  Speaker 1: you can know that we have some neighbors out there
• 34:09
  Speaker 1: and wave to the moon and be friendly because we
• 34:12
  Speaker 1: don't know what their intentions are. You ape you enjoyed that,
• 34:15
  Speaker 1: See you next time. If you still have a question
• 34:24
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  Speaker 1: Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening and remember that Daniel
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  Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of I
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