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Timbuktu's Forgotten Battle of the Sands
In 1591, the Songhai Empire faced its greatest threat when the Saadi Sultan of Morocco sent a small but technologically advanced army across the Sahara. Led by Judar Pasha and armed with arquebuses and cannons, this force defeated Askia Ishaq II’s vastly larger army at the Battle of Tondibi. This episode explores the military technology that shifted the balance of power in West Africa, the political fractures within the Songhai court that made victory possible for the invaders, and the immediate aftermath that saw Timbuktu occupied rather than destroyed. We look at how the Moroccan troops…
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