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Life Among the Butterflies - Vance Randolph · 4 Science Fiction Stories by Mack Reynolds

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  Speaker 1: Chapter one of Life among the Butterflies. This is the
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  Speaker 1: LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.
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  Speaker 1: For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org.
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  Speaker 1: Read by Tatiana Chiicilla. Life among the Butterflies by Vance Randolph,
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  Speaker 1: Chapter one. Books about butterflies. Many ancient and medieval writers
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  Speaker 1: dealt with butterflies, but the first descriptions of American species
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  Speaker 1: are found in the works of Linnaeus, the great Swedish naturalist,
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  Speaker 1: who wrote about seventeen fifty and invented the system upon
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  Speaker 1: which all modern classification is based. Pictures of several American
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  Speaker 1: butterflies were published in seventeen fifty nine by Charles Clerk,
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  Speaker 1: who had studied with Linaeus. Johann Christian Fabricius, a professor
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  Speaker 1: at the University of Kiel, published a few more descriptions
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  Speaker 1: in seventeen ninety six, and Peter Kramer at about the
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  Speaker 1: same time brought out four large volumes on the butterflies
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  Speaker 1: of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Most of these early
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  Speaker 1: books were written in Latin, and are now so rare
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  Speaker 1: and expensive that few American students have ever seen them.
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  Speaker 1: Jacob Eubner published his great volume on Exotic Butterflies in
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  Speaker 1: the early part of the nineteenth century. This work was
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  Speaker 1: written in German and contained more than six hundred colored pleats,
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  Speaker 1: but a good copy now costs about eight hundred dollars
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  Speaker 1: and is of very little use anyway. In seventeen ninety seven,
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  Speaker 1: Sir James Edward Smith brought out his two volume work
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  Speaker 1: on the Natural History of the rarer Lepidopterus Insects of Georgia,
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  Speaker 1: the first books ever devoted exclusively to North American species.
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  Speaker 1: This work is valuable chiefly because it contained some drawings
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  Speaker 1: by John Abbott, an Englishman who had actually lived in
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  Speaker 1: Georgia and studied moths and butterflies at first hand. Some
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  Speaker 1: of Abbot's pictures were later used in another work on
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  Speaker 1: American Lepidoptera by doctor J. A. Boausduval of Paris and
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  Speaker 1: Major J. L. Lecante of New York, who wrote in
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  Speaker 1: French about eighteen thirty three. The books of both Smith
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  Speaker 1: and Boas Duval are now practically unobtainable. In eighteen forty one,
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  Speaker 1: the Biological Survey Commission of Massachusetts published a report on
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  Speaker 1: injurious insects by doctor Thaddeus William Harris, which described many
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  Speaker 1: New England butterflies. It is now out of print, the
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  Speaker 1: last edition appearing in eighteen sixty two. The Reverend John G.
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  Speaker 1: Harris brought together a great deal of information from the
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  Speaker 1: works of other writers, and made a few minor observations
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  Speaker 1: of his own. His compilation was published by the Smithsonian
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  Speaker 1: Institution about eighteen sixty. In eighteen sixty eight, William H. Edwards,
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  Speaker 1: an engineer who lived in Colburg, West Virginia, brought out
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  Speaker 1: the first volume of his famous work, The Butterflies of
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  Speaker 1: North America, probably the best book on the subject ever written.
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  Speaker 1: Edwards laboriously worked out the life histories of many species
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  Speaker 1: and illustrated the work by careful drawings and paintings of
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  Speaker 1: his own. Two more volumes appeared later, the last one
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  Speaker 1: published in eighteen ninety seven. The Butterflies of North America
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  Speaker 1: is a magnificent piece of work, produced under all sorts
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  Speaker 1: of handicaps, and will always be a classic to American
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  Speaker 1: students of the subject. In eighteen eighty six, doctor Samuel
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  Speaker 1: Hubbard Scudder published his Butterflies of New England in three volumes.
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  Speaker 1: This monograph is superbly illustrated, and compares very favorably even
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  Speaker 1: with the epoch making work of Edwards. The works of
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  Speaker 1: Edwards and Scudder are probably the best books on butterflies
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  Speaker 1: ever written in any language, and must always remain as
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  Speaker 1: monuments of American industry and scholar Because of the excessive
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  Speaker 1: cost of reproducing the colored plates, however, they are both
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  Speaker 1: rather expensive. Scudder's work retailed at ninety dollars, while Edward's
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  Speaker 1: three volumes were never sold for less than one hundred
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  Speaker 1: and fifty, and even this price, according to doctor W. J. Holland,
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  Speaker 1: was below the cost of manufacture. The Butterflies of the
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  Speaker 1: Eastern United States by G. H. French, appeared about eighteen
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  Speaker 1: eighty six. It is a good little book and is
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  Speaker 1: still in common use, but the illustrations are few and unsatisfactory.
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  Speaker 1: In eighteen ninety one C. J. Maynard published a manual
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  Speaker 1: of North American butterflies with ten colored plates. The plates
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  Speaker 1: are very poor, indeed, and the text not much better.
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  Speaker 1: In eighteen ninety three, doctor Samuel Hubbard Scudder, the author
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  Speaker 1: of the three great volumes on the New England species,
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  Speaker 1: brought out a little book called the Life of a Butterfly.
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  Speaker 1: It is a brief and popular account of the life
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  Speaker 1: history of a Nosea plexipus, the monarch or milkweed butterfly,
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  Speaker 1: which is common everywhere. Doctor Scudder's Brief Guide to the
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  Speaker 1: Commoner Butterflies of Northern United States and Canada also appeared
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  Speaker 1: in eighteen ninety three, a very useful little book. In
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  Speaker 1: eighteen ninety eight, doctor W. J. Holland, director of the
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  Speaker 1: Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh, published his famous Butterfly Book, in
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  Speaker 1: which he described more than five hundred species, accompanying each
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  Speaker 1: description with the sketch of the life history and habits.
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  Speaker 1: In all cases where these details were known. Magnificent colored
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  Speaker 1: photograph plates are quite equal for all practical purposes to
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  Speaker 1: the hand colored drawings of Edwards and Scudder, and enable
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  Speaker 1: the various tiro to classify any of the common or
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  Speaker 1: butterflies simply by comparing them with the pictures. Besides the
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  Speaker 1: detailed description of each species, there is a great deal
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  Speaker 1: of miscellaneous information to interest the general reader. Because of
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  Speaker 1: the new process of reproducing photographs and colors, the book
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  Speaker 1: sold very cheaply, never more than four or five dollars,
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  Speaker 1: and has done more to arouse a popular interest in
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  Speaker 1: Butterflies than all the other works together. Many of the
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  Speaker 1: elementary books since eighteen ninety eight are indebted to Holland's book,
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  Speaker 1: and the present booklet is no exception. In nineteen o five,
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  Speaker 1: William Greenwood, write of San Francisco, published a book called
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  Speaker 1: West Coast Butterflies. This work is illustrated with colored plays.
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  Speaker 1: It's nearly as good as Holland's and is indispensable to
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  Speaker 1: those interested in California species. George B. Longstaff's Butterfly Hunting
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  Speaker 1: in Many Lands appeared in nineteen twelve. The book itself
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  Speaker 1: is of no great interest to North Americans, as long
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  Speaker 1: Staffs spent only two weeks here and came no farther
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  Speaker 1: south than Montreal. Still, his chapter of bionomic notes deals
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  Speaker 1: with butterflies in general, and is well worth reading. The
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  Speaker 1: best part of the book, however, is the appendix, which
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  Speaker 1: contains E. A. Eliot's translations of Fritz Mueller's famous papers
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  Speaker 1: on scent producing organs and butterflies. The most important of
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  Speaker 1: these had never been published except in some obscure Portuguese journals,
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  Speaker 1: practically inaccessible to the American student. In nineteen sixteen, encouraged
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  Speaker 1: by the success of his Butterfly Book, Doctor Holland prepared
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  Speaker 1: a pocket manual called The Butterfly Guide, with colored figures
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  Speaker 1: representing some two hundred and fifty species. In nineteen seventeen
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  Speaker 1: there appeared Clarence M. Weed's Butterflies Worth Knowing, with thirty
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  Speaker 1: two plates in color. This is one of the best
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  Speaker 1: of the smaller popular books and contains a great deal
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  Speaker 1: of valuabled modern material, but is not to be compared
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  Speaker 1: with Holland's work. No important popular books on butterflies have
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  Speaker 1: appeared in recent years. The best single work for the
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  Speaker 1: general reader is still Holland's Butterfly Book. Those living west
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  Speaker 1: of the Rockies should have rights West Coast butterflies also
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  Speaker 1: end of chapter one chapter two of Life among the Butterflies.
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  Speaker 1: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
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  Speaker 1: the public domain. More information or to volunteer, please visit
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  Speaker 1: LibriVox dot org. Read by Tatian Chichilla. Life among the
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  Speaker 1: Butterflies by Vance Randolph, Chapter two. The butterfly's body. The
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  Speaker 1: body of a butterfly, like that of any other insect,
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  Speaker 1: is divided by constrictions, into three parts, the head, the thorax,
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  Speaker 1: and the abdomen. The head carries the eyes, antennae, and mouthparts.
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  Speaker 1: The thorax bears the legs and wings, and the abdomen
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  Speaker 1: the sexual appendages the head, eyes, and mouth parts. The
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  Speaker 1: head is globularually a little flattened from front to rear.
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  Speaker 1: Two large compound eyes are located at the sides of
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  Speaker 1: the head, and the face or front consists largely of
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  Speaker 1: a plate called the clypeus. Above the clypeus, in between
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  Speaker 1: the eyes are the antennae or fuelers, which are believed
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  Speaker 1: to be the organs of hearing, smell, and touch. Below
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  Speaker 1: the clypeus is the labrium or upper lip, and the
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  Speaker 1: rudimentary mandibles. Just below these are the two maxilae, which
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  Speaker 1: unite to form a tube called the proboscis, used in
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  Speaker 1: sucking a nectar out of flowers. When not in use,
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  Speaker 1: the proboscis is coiled up like a watch spring between
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  Speaker 1: the two three jointed labial palpi. The labium or lower lip,
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  Speaker 1: is very small in butterflies, the thorax, wings, and legs.
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  Speaker 1: The thorax is composed of three segments, the front part
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  Speaker 1: or prothorax, the middle part or mesothorax, and the hind
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  Speaker 1: part or metathorax. The prothorax bears the front legs, the mesothorax,
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  Speaker 1: the second pair of lakes, and the four wings. The
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  Speaker 1: metathorax carries the third pair of lags and the hind wings.
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  Speaker 1: The under side of the thorax is called the pectus
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  Speaker 1: or breast. The large muscles which operate the legs and
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  Speaker 1: wings are contained in the thorax. One pair of spiracles,
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  Speaker 1: or breathing holes, is found in the prothorax. The other
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  Speaker 1: seven pairs are located in the abdominal segments. The butterfly
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  Speaker 1: has four wings, which are the largest and most conspicuous
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  Speaker 1: part of the insect. The wings consist of membranes stretched
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  Speaker 1: over horny tubes called veins. In the newly emerged insect,
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  Speaker 1: the veins contain both blood and air, but the veins
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  Speaker 1: of the adult contain air only. The colors of the
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  Speaker 1: wing are due to minute scales which cover the membranes
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  Speaker 1: in in overlapping fashion, like shingles on a roof. The
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  Speaker 1: scales vary considerably in size and form, as well as
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  Speaker 1: in color, and the males of some species bear specialized
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  Speaker 1: scales known as androconia, which produce odors attractive to the females.
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  Speaker 1: The third of the wing nearest the body is the base.
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  Speaker 1: The middle part of the wing is the median or
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  Speaker 1: discal area. The outer portion is called the limbo area.
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  Speaker 1: The front edge is the coastal margin. The outer edge
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  Speaker 1: is the external margin. The posterior edge is known as
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  Speaker 1: the inner margin. The angle of the outer and inner
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  Speaker 1: margins of the front wings is called the outer angle,
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  Speaker 1: and the corresponding angle of the hind wings is the
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  Speaker 1: inner or anal angle. The outmost tip of the front
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  Speaker 1: wing is called the apex. The forewing has three simple veins,
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  Speaker 1: the coastal, the radial, and the sub median. There are
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  Speaker 1: also two branching veins, the median and the subcoastal. The
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  Speaker 1: median vein has three branches or nervules, while the subcoastal
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  Speaker 1: usually has four or five. The hind wing has five
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  Speaker 1: simple veins, the coastal, subcoastal, upper radial, lower radial, sub median,
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  Speaker 1: and internal. The coastal vein in the hind wing usually
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  Speaker 1: has a short ascending spur called the pre coastal vein,
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  Speaker 1: but it is classed as a simple vein. Nonetheless, the
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  Speaker 1: median vein has three nervules, as in the fore wing,
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  Speaker 1: in both four and hind wings. Between the subcoastal and
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  Speaker 1: median veins, there is an area called the cell, which
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  Speaker 1: is often closed or partially closed on the outer side
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  Speaker 1: by three discocellular veins designated as upper, middle, and lower.
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  Speaker 1: Each of the six legs is divided into five parts.
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  Speaker 1: The section nearest the body is the coxa, which is
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  Speaker 1: attached to the ring like tricander. Next beyond the tricantor
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  Speaker 1: is the femur, then the tibia, and finally the tarsus
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  Speaker 1: or foot bearing the tarsal claws, which are used in
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  Speaker 1: clinging to various objects when the butterflies at rest. In
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  Speaker 1: some species, the fore legs are small and quite useless,
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  Speaker 1: a fact which is used in classification the abdomen. The
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  Speaker 1: abdomen is composed of ten segments. The first seven bare
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  Speaker 1: spiracles or breathing holes, completely hidden by scales, however, and
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  Speaker 1: the last two segments are modified to form the external
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  Speaker 1: sexual appendages. In the male, there is a pair of
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  Speaker 1: claspers for holding the female during copulation. In the female,
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  Speaker 1: there is only a short and simple ovipositor, the digestive
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  Speaker 1: apparatus the alimentary canal. The principal part of the digestive
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  Speaker 1: apparatus is a tube extending through the entire body from
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  Speaker 1: the end of the proboscis to the anal opening. Just
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  Speaker 1: above the proboscis is a bulb, which is enlarged by
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  Speaker 1: the contraction of muscles attached to the hard parts of
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  Speaker 1: the head. When the bulb is expanded, nectar may be
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  Speaker 1: sucked up through the proboscis. Then the valve at the
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  Speaker 1: end of the proboscis is closed and the bulb is
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  Speaker 1: contracted again. By this means, the liquid is forced back
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  Speaker 1: into the esophagus or gullet, and hence into the crop.
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  Speaker 1: Just behind the crop is the stomach, and just behind
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  Speaker 1: the stomach is the small intestine. From the small intestine,
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  Speaker 1: the part of the liquid not absorbed flows into the
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  Speaker 1: large intestine, which is divided into a front part or colon,
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  Speaker 1: and a rear and lower part called the rectum. From
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  Speaker 1: the rectum, the fecal matter passes out of the body
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  Speaker 1: through the anal opening the circulatory system. The circulatory system
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  Speaker 1: consists essentially of a single blood vessel running the entire
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  Speaker 1: length of the body in about the position occupied by
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  Speaker 1: the spinal column. In the higher animals, this tube is
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  Speaker 1: open at the rear and has valves opening inward all
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  Speaker 1: along its sides. In the thorax there is a pulsating
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  Speaker 1: enlargement which serves as a simple heart. The blood is
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  Speaker 1: a colorless liquid which percolates about through the entire body cavity,
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  Speaker 1: not being confined to any particular arteries or veins. It
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  Speaker 1: is ultimately collected into the dorsal blood vessel, and the
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  Speaker 1: pulsating heart keeps it moving so that it absorbs food
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  Speaker 1: from the stomach and intestines and distributes it to the
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  Speaker 1: various parts of the body the respiratory tract. Insects have
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  Speaker 1: no lungs, and their blood does not carry oxygen about.
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  Speaker 1: As in the higher animals. Air is drawn into the
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  Speaker 1: body and brought into direct and immediate contact with the tissues.
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  Speaker 1: In the butterfly, there are eight pairs of spiracles or
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  Speaker 1: breathing holes, seven pairs in the abdomen and one in
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  Speaker 1: the prothorax. These spiracles are connected with large air sacs
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  Speaker 1: reaching from one end of the body to the other,
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  Speaker 1: each air sack being provided with minute branching tubes called trachea,
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  Speaker 1: which carry air directly to the various tissues of the body.
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  Speaker 1: The carbon dioxide produced in the respiratory changes passes out
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  Speaker 1: through the sphericles, the transfer of gases being produced largely
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  Speaker 1: by movements of the abdominal muscles the excretory organs. The
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  Speaker 1: abdomen of the butterfly contains a number of slender Malpigian
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  Speaker 1: tubes in contact with the blood contained in the various cavities.
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  Speaker 1: These tubules extract waste matter from the blood, functioning just
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  Speaker 1: as kidneys do in higher animals. The butterfly has no
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  Speaker 1: bladder or urethra. However, the Malpichian tubes empty into the
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  Speaker 1: small intestine, and the urine passes out of a body
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  Speaker 1: with the fecal matter the nervous system. The nervous system
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  Speaker 1: consists of the brain, the sub esophageal ganglion, and the
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  Speaker 1: ventral nerve cord, together with branches of these structures. The
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  Speaker 1: brain is a large mass of nerve tissue in the
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  Speaker 1: head just above the esophagus. The two optic nerves, which
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  Speaker 1: supply the large compound eyes, make up the principal part
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  Speaker 1: of the brain, being much larger and more complicated than
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  Speaker 1: the cerebrum, which is supposed to be the organ of sensation.
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  Speaker 1: The subaesophageal ganglion is a sort of second brain, lying
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  Speaker 1: just below the esophagus. It gives off nerves which supply
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  Speaker 1: the mouth parts and control the mechanism of feeding. The
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  Speaker 1: ventral nerve cord runs back from the subesophage olganglion and
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  Speaker 1: traverses almost the entire length of the body, being analogous
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  Speaker 1: to the spinal cord of the vertebrates. It bears three
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  Speaker 1: ganglia in the thoracic region, which give off nerves to
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  Speaker 1: the legs, wings, and thoracic muscles. Other ganglia located in
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  Speaker 1: the abdomen have many branching nerves, which are distributed to
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  Speaker 1: the abdominal muscles and the viscera. The reproductive organs, the
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  Speaker 1: ovaries in the female butterfly are sometimes so large as
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  Speaker 1: to crowd the other organs in the abdominal cavity. They
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  Speaker 1: communicate by means of tubes called oviducts, with the copulatory
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  Speaker 1: apparatus at the end of the abdomen. The testes of
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  Speaker 1: the male butterfly are usually combined into a single organ.
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  Speaker 1: They discharge the seminole fluid into the vast deferens, whence
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  Speaker 1: it is conducted to a sort of pouch near the
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  Speaker 1: penultimate segment of the abdomen. In copulation, the the ends
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  Speaker 1: of the male and female abdomen are locked together by
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  Speaker 1: certain clasping appendages, and the seminal fluid of the male
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  Speaker 1: is forced into the body of the female, where it
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  Speaker 1: meets and fertilizes the eggs as they descend from the ovaries.
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  Speaker 1: End of chapter two Chapter three of Life among the
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  Speaker 1: Butterflies by Vance Randolph. This LibriVox recording is in the
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  Speaker 1: public domain read by Tatiana Chigilla, Chapter three Butterfly metamorphosis.
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  Speaker 1: Some insects grasshoppers, for example, pass through an incomplete metamorphosis.
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  Speaker 1: That is, the young grasshopper is very much like its
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  Speaker 1: parents except regards size. This is the same sort of
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  Speaker 1: development found among birds, reptiles, and other vertebrates. The egg
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  Speaker 1: of a butterfly, however, does not hatch into a miniature
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  Speaker 1: replica of its parents, but into an altogether different sort
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  Speaker 1: of creature, which must pass through a complete metamorphosis before
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  Speaker 1: it becomes a butterfly. To put the matter briefly, there
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  Speaker 1: are four distinct stages in the life of a butterfly,
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  Speaker 1: the egg, the caterpillar, the chrysalis, and the imago or
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  Speaker 1: butterfly proper the first stage or egg. Female butterflies are
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  Speaker 1: equipped with organs called ovaries, which produce ova and male
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  Speaker 1: butterflies have testies, which produce sperm. By an act of
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  Speaker 1: called calculation, in which the male and female abdomens are
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  Speaker 1: locked together by appropriate appendages, the sperm of the male
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  Speaker 1: is introduced into the body of the female. A single
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  Speaker 1: spermatozoon fuses with each ovum, and the result is a
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  Speaker 1: fertilized egg. The female deposits the egg upon a green leaf,
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  Speaker 1: and as a rule, each species is limited to one
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  Speaker 1: or two particular kinds of plants. Butterfly eggs are small,
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  Speaker 1: but always large enough to be seen with the naked eye,
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  Speaker 1: and they vary widely in shape and color, as well
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  Speaker 1: as size. The second, or a larval stage. Most butterfly
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  Speaker 1: eggs hatch within a week or two, producing worm like
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  Speaker 1: larvae called caterpillars, which differ in appearance according to the species,
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  Speaker 1: but whose general character is sticks are well known. The
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  Speaker 1: principal business of a caterpillar is to eat. No sooner
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  Speaker 1: has it emerged from the egg than it devours the
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  Speaker 1: eggs shell and then sets to work on the leaves
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  Speaker 1: of the food plant. Its growth is so rapid that
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  Speaker 1: the outer skin must soon be shed, and this shedding
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  Speaker 1: process is known as molting. Most caterpillars molt about four times.
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  Speaker 1: The caterpillar stage usually lasts only a month or so,
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  Speaker 1: but there are a few species which hibernate and spend
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  Speaker 1: the winter as caterpillars. The third or pupil stage, when
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  Speaker 1: the caterpillar is fully grown, it spins a little silken
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  Speaker 1: button on some solid object, hangs itself up by the tail,
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  Speaker 1: and undergoes a final molt when the old skin peels off,
• 17:41
  Speaker 1: this time it reveals not a caterpillar with a bright
• 17:43
  Speaker 1: new skin, but a different sort of creature altogether. This
• 17:47
  Speaker 1: apparently lifeless puba where a chrysalis shows some of the
• 17:50
  Speaker 1: characteristics of a butterfly, but the wings and legs are
• 17:53
  Speaker 1: folded up, the antennae are cemented fast against the body,
• 17:57
  Speaker 1: and the whole structure covered by a horny, tight fitting sheath.
• 18:00
  Speaker 1: This state of affairs usually lasts only three or four weeks,
• 18:04
  Speaker 1: but some butterflies, particularly in temperate climates, pass the winter
• 18:08
  Speaker 1: in the pupil state the fourth stage, or imago. When
• 18:12
  Speaker 1: the chrysalis stage is over, the outer skin bursts open
• 18:15
  Speaker 1: about the head, and the imago, the butterfly proper crawls out.
• 18:20
  Speaker 1: The newly emerged butterfly is a sorry looking specimen. The
• 18:23
  Speaker 1: wings are very small and flaccid, and it can do
• 18:26
  Speaker 1: no more than cling to some convenient support, usually the
• 18:29
  Speaker 1: empty skin of the chrysalis. After a while, however, the
• 18:33
  Speaker 1: body juices flow out into the wings, which expand and harden,
• 18:37
  Speaker 1: and in a few hours, the young butterfly is flitting
• 18:39
  Speaker 1: from flower to flower with its fellows. Ordinarily, the imago
• 18:44
  Speaker 1: does not live long, only a few days. Just as
• 18:47
  Speaker 1: the caterpillar's sole business is to eat, the mature butterfly
• 18:50
  Speaker 1: has only one important function, and that is reproduction. It
• 18:53
  Speaker 1: speedily finds a mate, that's what its wings are for,
• 18:56
  Speaker 1: contributes it quota of ova or sperm to produce another
• 18:59
  Speaker 1: generation of caterpillars, and its ephemeral existence as a butterfly
• 19:03
  Speaker 1: is over. End of chapter three, chapter four of Life
• 19:15
  Speaker 1: among the Butterflies by Vance Randolph. This LibriVox recording is
• 19:19
  Speaker 1: in the public domain. Read by Tatiana Chicilla. Chapter four,
• 19:23
  Speaker 1: The case of the red silver wing. Having dealt briefly
• 19:27
  Speaker 1: with the transformation of butterflies in general, it may be
• 19:29
  Speaker 1: well to examine more closely into those of the single
• 19:32
  Speaker 1: representative species. For this purpose, I have chosen Dione Vinillae,
• 19:37
  Speaker 1: known as the red silver wing, and have described each
• 19:39
  Speaker 1: stage and transition in considerable detail. The following paragraphs are
• 19:44
  Speaker 1: extracts from the daily records of the study I made
• 19:46
  Speaker 1: in southern Kansas, the northern limit of Vinillai's usual range. Oviposition,
• 19:52
  Speaker 1: one of the females, alighting upon the upper side of
• 19:55
  Speaker 1: a leaf within ten inches of my face, suddenly elevated
• 19:58
  Speaker 1: the forward part of the body, brought the wings together, vertically,
• 20:02
  Speaker 1: curved the abdomen slightly forward, and drew its tip slowly
• 20:05
  Speaker 1: across the surface of the leaf for a distance of
• 20:07
  Speaker 1: approximately twelve millimeters, Remaining quiet for an instant. It lifted
• 20:12
  Speaker 1: the abdomen, showing an egg firmly attached to the leaf.
• 20:15
  Speaker 1: The eggs are laid singly, usually on the upper middle
• 20:17
  Speaker 1: of the leaf. I have never seen more than one
• 20:20
  Speaker 1: upon the same leaf. The egg. The egg measures about
• 20:25
  Speaker 1: one point one two millimeters in height and point seven
• 20:27
  Speaker 1: millimeters in diameter at the widest part barrel shaped with
• 20:31
  Speaker 1: fourteen vertical ribs. A brilliant yellow at first, it assumes
• 20:35
  Speaker 1: after about thirty six hours a reddish brown color. A
• 20:39
  Speaker 1: few hours later, an irregular whitish broken ring not quite
• 20:42
  Speaker 1: circling the egg appears about one third of the distance
• 20:45
  Speaker 1: from the top, when within an hour or so of hatching,
• 20:48
  Speaker 1: the shell becomes very thin and transparent and reflects the
• 20:51
  Speaker 1: light with a sort of frosted glass effect. The large
• 20:54
  Speaker 1: black head of the larva inside gives the upper one
• 20:57
  Speaker 1: third of the egg a black, metallic appearance, while the
• 21:00
  Speaker 1: yellowish body may be seen curled up in the lower part.
• 21:03
  Speaker 1: The incubation period seems to vary greatly with temperature, from
• 21:06
  Speaker 1: forty seven hours to seven days. The emergence of the
• 21:10
  Speaker 1: caterpillar at two fifteen p m, the larva was clearly
• 21:14
  Speaker 1: visible through the shell Slight bodily movements were noted. Then
• 21:18
  Speaker 1: the very large, shining black head was thrust out at
• 21:20
  Speaker 1: a point on one side of the egg, just below
• 21:22
  Speaker 1: the top. The entire structure rocked and swayed slowly back
• 21:26
  Speaker 1: and forth, inclining towards the side from which the head projected.
• 21:30
  Speaker 1: At two nineteen the larva emerged very slowly, head first.
• 21:34
  Speaker 1: The head and the final segment appeared very large. The
• 21:37
  Speaker 1: entire length was about one point five millimeters. The body
• 21:40
  Speaker 1: yellowish red, pro legs and caudal segment lemon yellow, the head,
• 21:44
  Speaker 1: legs and spines black. The latter bear no visible branches
• 21:48
  Speaker 1: and appear as stiff black hairs, each growing out of
• 21:51
  Speaker 1: a slight black protuberance. The beautiful egg shell remains erect,
• 21:55
  Speaker 1: the form being unchanged. There is a ragged hole in it,
• 21:58
  Speaker 1: but it is scarcely noticed and appears hardly large enough
• 22:01
  Speaker 1: for the egress of the caterpillar. The caterpillar, the newly
• 22:06
  Speaker 1: emerged larva does not venture far from the egg shell
• 22:09
  Speaker 1: and does not move about much. For the first five
• 22:11
  Speaker 1: or six hours. It sometimes devours the shell, but this
• 22:14
  Speaker 1: is not usually the case. At the age of six hours,
• 22:17
  Speaker 1: it appears darker and the black spots from which the
• 22:20
  Speaker 1: hair like spines protrude have become more conspicuous. Has not
• 22:24
  Speaker 1: eaten any of the leaf, and has increased in size
• 22:26
  Speaker 1: very little, if at all. At the age of twenty
• 22:29
  Speaker 1: seven hours, the larvae attains a length of two point
• 22:32
  Speaker 1: three millimeters and has eaten several small holes in the
• 22:35
  Speaker 1: center of a large leaf. Gnawing through the leaf to
• 22:37
  Speaker 1: the transparent epidermis on the opposite side, which is left intact.
• 22:41
  Speaker 1: Usually works from the upper side, but by no means Invariably,
• 22:45
  Speaker 1: these smaller larvae seem to always be attached to the
• 22:48
  Speaker 1: leaf with silk, although the threads are very few and fine.
• 22:51
  Speaker 1: More mature larvae feed differently. They grip the petiole with
• 22:54
  Speaker 1: the pro legs and eat from the edge inward and forward,
• 22:57
  Speaker 1: swinging the head toward the mid rib with practically no
• 23:00
  Speaker 1: lateral motion. The caterpillar is cylindrical and bears six rows
• 23:04
  Speaker 1: of black branching spines, twelve in each row. As regards color,
• 23:08
  Speaker 1: there are besides the reddish newly hatched creature described above,
• 23:12
  Speaker 1: two well defined types, the orange drab and the drab orange.
• 23:16
  Speaker 1: In the first, the body appears orange with three narrow
• 23:19
  Speaker 1: drab stripes and a very narrow lateral line just above
• 23:22
  Speaker 1: the pro legs. In the second, the drab markings become
• 23:25
  Speaker 1: very much more prominent, so that the body now appears
• 23:28
  Speaker 1: drab with four narrow orange stripes. The narrow drab dorsal
• 23:31
  Speaker 1: line of the younger caterpillar becomes very conspicuous in the
• 23:34
  Speaker 1: mature larvae, separating the dorsal surface into two distinct orange areas.
• 23:39
  Speaker 1: As the orange drab type seems to embrace all of
• 23:42
  Speaker 1: the smaller larvae, and as those about to pupate belong
• 23:45
  Speaker 1: to the drab orange type, I have assumed that the
• 23:47
  Speaker 1: color change is a matter of maturity. Molting one thirty
• 23:53
  Speaker 1: a m larva, about twenty one millimeters inactive and very dark,
• 23:57
  Speaker 1: extended on lower side of leaf, front of body, high
• 24:00
  Speaker 1: head bent holding with third fourth and anal pro legs.
• 24:04
  Speaker 1: A few silk threads lie flat on leaf near caudal
• 24:07
  Speaker 1: end of body. After some little rippling of muscle no
• 24:10
  Speaker 1: violent motion, the skin of the body separates from that
• 24:13
  Speaker 1: of the head. The former is very tight. Slowly, segment
• 24:17
  Speaker 1: by segment it is skinned backward until finally it is
• 24:20
  Speaker 1: left a crumpled, prickly black ball about four millimeters in diameter,
• 24:25
  Speaker 1: fastened to the leaf by the aforementioned silk. Meanwhile, the
• 24:28
  Speaker 1: head covering, which is all of apiece and bears two
• 24:31
  Speaker 1: large spines, slips forward until it appears to be held
• 24:34
  Speaker 1: in the mandibles as a hat might be held between
• 24:36
  Speaker 1: the teeth. After a moment, it falls to the ground.
• 24:40
  Speaker 1: The caterpillar now appears somewhat short and a trifle thickened.
• 24:43
  Speaker 1: The head, legs and pro legs are yellow, the body orange.
• 24:47
  Speaker 1: The spines are only half size, blunt yellow and semi transparent.
• 24:52
  Speaker 1: The branches appear as black hairs, lying flat along the
• 24:54
  Speaker 1: sides of the spines. Eleven thirty three a M. The
• 24:59
  Speaker 1: spines have now a heined, practically their normal size, springing
• 25:02
  Speaker 1: out with astonishing rapidity. They are still blunt yellow and
• 25:06
  Speaker 1: semi transparent, but the black branches have reached normal size
• 25:09
  Speaker 1: and assumed their proper position. The two head spines, which
• 25:13
  Speaker 1: were curled backward, have taken on the usual angle. The head, body,
• 25:17
  Speaker 1: and pro legs now appear orange rather than yellow, the
• 25:20
  Speaker 1: head being lightest. The drab dorsal stripe has appeared, but
• 25:23
  Speaker 1: is very narrow. The row of depressions, one in the
• 25:26
  Speaker 1: dorsal center of each segment is much more conspicuous than usual.
• 25:30
  Speaker 1: Eleven fifty a M appears quite normal again, except that
• 25:34
  Speaker 1: the spines are not quite as black, showing grayish toward
• 25:36
  Speaker 1: the tips. The black frontal markings appear. Caterpillar rests motionless.
• 25:42
  Speaker 1: Twelve ten p M turns about and begins to devour
• 25:45
  Speaker 1: the cast off skin with the lens. I watched it
• 25:48
  Speaker 1: begin at the tip of one of the big spines
• 25:50
  Speaker 1: and consume it clear to the root, apparently in about
• 25:52
  Speaker 1: three mouthfuls. The head covering is never eaten. Twelve thirty
• 25:56
  Speaker 1: p m skin practically consumed. Larva rests motionless, a few
• 26:01
  Speaker 1: of the surplus spines resting beneath the head and thorax pupation.
• 26:07
  Speaker 1: Ten AM caterpillar thirty seven millimeters long leaves food plant
• 26:11
  Speaker 1: and begins to wander restlessly. About one PM extended motionless,
• 26:16
  Speaker 1: clinging to underside a window frame. Two thirty PM, same position.
• 26:21
  Speaker 1: Three thirty PM begins to lay a sparse, ragged network
• 26:24
  Speaker 1: of very fine threads flat to the surface, covering a
• 26:27
  Speaker 1: space of perhaps an inch square. These threads become thinner
• 26:31
  Speaker 1: toward the periphery of the net, where they are hardly
• 26:33
  Speaker 1: visible without a lens. Four PM spins a little white
• 26:37
  Speaker 1: silk button in the center of the network. The head
• 26:40
  Speaker 1: moves slowly out horizontally in all directions from the button,
• 26:43
  Speaker 1: about one half inch, swinging always back to the center.
• 26:46
  Speaker 1: The body is fully extended, the abdomen being away from
• 26:49
  Speaker 1: the button. Four thirty PM interrupted the button, making to
• 26:53
  Speaker 1: raise high the caudal third of the body, spreading the
• 26:56
  Speaker 1: anal appendages apart. Several times. When a pellet of excrement appear,
• 27:00
  Speaker 1: the caterpillar turned about and pulled it out of the
• 27:02
  Speaker 1: anal opening, with the mandibles, holding it thus a moment
• 27:05
  Speaker 1: before allowing it to fall to the floor. Four forty
• 27:08
  Speaker 1: five PM resting body extended, clasping the button with the
• 27:12
  Speaker 1: third pro legs six PM Fastened to the button, the
• 27:17
  Speaker 1: body is extended horizontally, clinging to the under surface of
• 27:19
  Speaker 1: the window frame, with the pro legs head drawn back,
• 27:22
  Speaker 1: legs not touching the surface. Eight PM. Hanging from the button,
• 27:27
  Speaker 1: the body is thickened to trifle and shortened to thirty
• 27:30
  Speaker 1: one millimeters. Color much later, hangs motionless except for very
• 27:34
  Speaker 1: slight movements of the legs and pro legs. Nine AM
• 27:37
  Speaker 1: no change. Ten am. The brilliant colors have practically disappeared,
• 27:42
  Speaker 1: leaving the body a pearl gray color, against which the
• 27:45
  Speaker 1: black spines show up with startling distinctness. Movements slight and infrequent.
• 27:49
  Speaker 1: The dorsal thorax is now the lightest part of the body.
• 27:52
  Speaker 1: Eleven a m begins to wriggle a little eleven ten am.
• 27:57
  Speaker 1: I note that the spines appear closer together at the
• 27:59
  Speaker 1: caudal end the body. Then see that the skin has
• 28:01
  Speaker 1: split down the back, and that the light colored head
• 28:04
  Speaker 1: of the chrysalis is protruding by a series of vigorous wrigglings.
• 28:07
  Speaker 1: The skin is slowly forced up to where the tip
• 28:09
  Speaker 1: of the abdomen is attached to the button. Then comes
• 28:12
  Speaker 1: the violent struggle, which finally loosens the skin, which hangs
• 28:15
  Speaker 1: for a moment against the ventral abdomen, then falls to
• 28:18
  Speaker 1: the floor. The entire molt is complete in less than
• 28:20
  Speaker 1: five minutes the chrysalis. When the chrysalis first appears, it
• 28:26
  Speaker 1: is nearly cylindrical, no dorsal depression, no ventral bulge. The
• 28:30
  Speaker 1: head is bent forward and the whole thing has a compact,
• 28:32
  Speaker 1: slug like appearance. An hour or so later, the head
• 28:35
  Speaker 1: is no longer bent and bears two double projections set
• 28:38
  Speaker 1: wide apart. The wing cases are bulging and prominent on
• 28:42
  Speaker 1: the dorsal side. Opposite the middle of the wing covers
• 28:45
  Speaker 1: is a U shaped depression. There are projections on the third, fifth, sixth,
• 28:49
  Speaker 1: and seventh abdominal segments. Those on the third being the largest.
• 28:54
  Speaker 1: At first, the head, thorax, and wing covers are translucent
• 28:57
  Speaker 1: and nearly white. The abdomen is a little darker and
• 29:00
  Speaker 1: bears a ventral bluish stripe On the fourth, fifth, and
• 29:02
  Speaker 1: sixth segments. The four pairs of dorsal protuberances are amber colored.
• 29:08
  Speaker 1: An hour later, the head and thorax darken somewhat, and opaque,
• 29:11
  Speaker 1: whitish veins appear in the wing covers. Distinct black lines
• 29:14
  Speaker 1: mark the outer borders of the fore wings, and a
• 29:17
  Speaker 1: black V shaped mark shows the position of the larger
• 29:19
  Speaker 1: of the three discal spots. Another hour and the translucent
• 29:23
  Speaker 1: appearance is gone. The abdomen and dorsal thorax become much darker,
• 29:27
  Speaker 1: the wing covers grayish tan, while the bluish ventral stripe
• 29:30
  Speaker 1: turns gray or white. From this time forward, the chrysalis
• 29:34
  Speaker 1: does not change appreciably in form or color, though the
• 29:36
  Speaker 1: latter varies greatly until about twenty four hours before the
• 29:39
  Speaker 1: emergence of the butterfly, when the entire body becomes very dark.
• 29:44
  Speaker 1: The average length of the chrysalis is twenty eight millimeters,
• 29:47
  Speaker 1: and the white ventral stripe is usually the most conspicuous marking.
• 29:50
  Speaker 1: After the butterfly has emerged, the color variations of the
• 29:53
  Speaker 1: chrysalis still persist in the empty shells, some being much
• 29:56
  Speaker 1: darker than others. Not infrequently the casts skin of the
• 30:00
  Speaker 1: larva is found attached to the anal portion of the chrysalis.
• 30:03
  Speaker 1: This skin is black, excepting the head, which is gray,
• 30:06
  Speaker 1: and the black branching spines loom large because of the
• 30:09
  Speaker 1: contraction of the empty skin. Sometimes the chrysallids turn bright yellow.
• 30:13
  Speaker 1: These are usually infested by parasites. I have opened many
• 30:16
  Speaker 1: of these pewpe but have never found the parasitic larva itself.
• 30:20
  Speaker 1: The pupae and adults I have often taken, the latter
• 30:23
  Speaker 1: being a small two point three millimeter green hymenopterous insect
• 30:27
  Speaker 1: which I have not yet as had the opportunity to classify.
• 30:30
  Speaker 1: Some ten or a dozen of these insects emerge from
• 30:32
  Speaker 1: a small round hole, usually in the wing cover in
• 30:35
  Speaker 1: early August pupil movements. The chrysalis seems unable to bend
• 30:41
  Speaker 1: the body toward the back or toward the wing covers sidewise. However,
• 30:45
  Speaker 1: it can turn until the body is extended nearly parallel
• 30:47
  Speaker 1: to the horizontal surface. From which it is suspended. Six chrysalids,
• 30:51
  Speaker 1: which hung in a north window in September nineteen nineteen,
• 30:54
  Speaker 1: and which I observed for fourteen days, were noted to
• 30:57
  Speaker 1: be invariably and unanimously pointed inwards toward the warm room,
• 31:01
  Speaker 1: that is, every morning during the warmer part of the day.
• 31:04
  Speaker 1: There was no uniformity in position six specimens fourteen days.
• 31:08
  Speaker 1: It appears to be more, perhaps than mere coincidence. The
• 31:12
  Speaker 1: pupil sensibility to light and temperature stimuli should be worth investigation.
• 31:17
  Speaker 1: The appearance of the butterfly two or three weeks after pupation.
• 31:22
  Speaker 1: The period varies with the temperature, from eight days in
• 31:24
  Speaker 1: August to twenty seven in November. The chrysalis turns nearly
• 31:27
  Speaker 1: black and a diagonal fissure appears on either side, extending
• 31:31
  Speaker 1: from the back of the head down along the antenna
• 31:33
  Speaker 1: cases nearly to the middle ventrum. About twelve hours later,
• 31:37
  Speaker 1: after some little wriggling, the ventral triangle formed by the
• 31:40
  Speaker 1: covering of the head, antennae and mouth parts falls open
• 31:43
  Speaker 1: trapdoor fashion, the antennae covers serving as hinges and the
• 31:47
  Speaker 1: flexing point being about one third of the distance up.
• 31:50
  Speaker 1: The wing covers from the abdomen. There is also a
• 31:53
  Speaker 1: dorsal cleavage following the medial dorsum to the first abdominal segment.
• 31:57
  Speaker 1: Then the outline of the wing covers to a point
• 31:59
  Speaker 1: half way to the end of the antenna covers. The
• 32:01
  Speaker 1: crumpled winged imago wriggles out and mounts the empty shell,
• 32:05
  Speaker 1: to which it clings by the four hinder limbs, turning
• 32:08
  Speaker 1: the entire body back and forth as if mounted on
• 32:10
  Speaker 1: a pivot. In each of these turns, the body describes
• 32:13
  Speaker 1: an arc of nearly ninety degrees. The body being held stiff,
• 32:17
  Speaker 1: The angle of the body is about forty five degrees
• 32:19
  Speaker 1: from the vertical, the head being uppermost. The proboscis is
• 32:23
  Speaker 1: usually partially unrolled. In five or six hours, the soft,
• 32:26
  Speaker 1: wrinkled wings spread and harden, and the insect is able
• 32:29
  Speaker 1: to fly. A thin, transparent liquid and sometimes a thick,
• 32:33
  Speaker 1: reddish substance are avoided by the newly emerged butterfly. End
• 32:38
  Speaker 1: of chapter four Chapter five of Life among the Butterflies
• 32:47
  Speaker 1: by Vance Randolph. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain.
• 32:51
  Speaker 1: Read by Tatiana Chicilla. Chapter five The classification of butterflies
• 32:57
  Speaker 1: in every science, it is necessary to manipulate a large
• 32:59
  Speaker 1: number of related facts, and this cannot be done unless
• 33:02
  Speaker 1: the data are arranged in some systematic and orderly fashion.
• 33:06
  Speaker 1: In order to make use of the facts about butterflies,
• 33:09
  Speaker 1: one must know something of the relation of one butterfly
• 33:12
  Speaker 1: to another, and the relations of butterflies in general to
• 33:15
  Speaker 1: the rest of the animal kingdom. Sub kingdoms, classes, orders,
• 33:20
  Speaker 1: and suborders. Members of the animal kingdom which have no
• 33:24
  Speaker 1: spinal column but only an external skeleton composed of horny rings,
• 33:28
  Speaker 1: are assigned to the sub kingdom Arthropoda. Arthropods which have
• 33:33
  Speaker 1: six legs are grouped together in the class Insecta. Insects
• 33:37
  Speaker 1: with scales on their wings are assigned to the order
• 33:39
  Speaker 1: called Lepidoptera. This order is divided into two suborders, the
• 33:45
  Speaker 1: rope Elocera, or butterflies, and the Heterocera or moths. Butterflies
• 33:51
  Speaker 1: fly in the daytime and have slender antennae with clublike
• 33:54
  Speaker 1: knobs at the ends. Moths are usually nocturnal or crepuscular,
• 33:59
  Speaker 1: and there antennae are not not knobbed, but are thread like,
• 34:01
  Speaker 1: feather like, or hooked at the extremity. The four families
• 34:07
  Speaker 1: the suborder Robolocera is divided into four families, the Nymphalidae,
• 34:13
  Speaker 1: the Lychhinidaie, the Papilionidye, and the Hesperiety. The Nymphalidae, or
• 34:21
  Speaker 1: four footed butterflies, make up the largest family. The first
• 34:25
  Speaker 1: pair of legs are much smaller than the others and
• 34:27
  Speaker 1: are quite useless for walking. Most of the Nymphalidae are
• 34:31
  Speaker 1: large or medium sized butterflies. The caterpillars are usually provided
• 34:35
  Speaker 1: with spines or fleshy protuberances, and the chrysalids are always
• 34:39
  Speaker 1: suspended by the tail. The ly Shinidai or gossamer wings
• 34:44
  Speaker 1: are the bright little butterflies known as blues, hair streaks,
• 34:47
  Speaker 1: and coppers. The males do not use the first pair
• 34:51
  Speaker 1: of legs in walking, but the females do. The caterpillars
• 34:54
  Speaker 1: are small and usually slug shaped, and the chrysalids are
• 34:58
  Speaker 1: held closely attached to some object by a girdle of silk.
• 35:02
  Speaker 1: The Papilionidae is the family of the swallow tails and
• 35:06
  Speaker 1: allied forms. Both sexes use all six feet in walking.
• 35:10
  Speaker 1: The butterflies are usually large or medium sized. Many of
• 35:13
  Speaker 1: the caterpillars produce disagreeable odors. The chrysalids are suspended by
• 35:17
  Speaker 1: the tail and provided with a girdle of silk, but
• 35:20
  Speaker 1: not drawn up to the surface to which they are attached,
• 35:22
  Speaker 1: as in the case of the Lycinidae. The Hesperides, or skippers,
• 35:28
  Speaker 1: are small butterflies with thick, moth like bodies and a
• 35:31
  Speaker 1: peculiar manner of flight. Both sexes have six walking feet.
• 35:35
  Speaker 1: The caterpillars are smooth and thin necked, with large globular heads.
• 35:40
  Speaker 1: The chrysalids are usually enclosed in a flimsy cocoon of
• 35:43
  Speaker 1: leaves fastened together with a few silk threads. Subfamilies, genera,
• 35:48
  Speaker 1: and species. Each one of these four families is divided
• 35:53
  Speaker 1: into several subfamilies, Each subfamily is divided into several genera,
• 35:58
  Speaker 1: and each genus is divided into several species, all of
• 36:01
  Speaker 1: these divisions being based on an increasing anatomical similarity. Thus,
• 36:06
  Speaker 1: the common milkweed butterfly belongs to the class Insecta, the
• 36:10
  Speaker 1: order Lepidoptera, the suborder Robolocera, the family Nymphalidae, the subfamily Euploenae,
• 36:18
  Speaker 1: the genus A Nosea, and the species plexipus. The value
• 36:23
  Speaker 1: of scientific nomenclature, one may well ask why we do
• 36:27
  Speaker 1: not simply say milkweed butterfly and have done with it.
• 36:30
  Speaker 1: But this term refers nearly to the fact that the
• 36:33
  Speaker 1: caterpillar feeds upon a certain plant, while ansea plexipus places
• 36:38
  Speaker 1: the specimen definitely in the scientific scheme of things and
• 36:41
  Speaker 1: designates important structural distinctions which have nothing to do with milkweeds.
• 36:46
  Speaker 1: The average American is prone to call any insect a
• 36:48
  Speaker 1: bug or moth miller, or some such unenlightening name, so
• 36:52
  Speaker 1: that many butterflies have no common English name at all,
• 36:55
  Speaker 1: while others have many different names, which vary widely in
• 36:58
  Speaker 1: different parts of the country. Besides, the Greek and Latin
• 37:02
  Speaker 1: names are understood by scientists in all countries and are
• 37:05
  Speaker 1: less liable to corruption than terms taken from modern languages.
• 37:10
  Speaker 1: There are difficulties enough in the scientific nomenclature without complicating
• 37:14
  Speaker 1: matters by the introduction of popular names. It is a
• 37:17
  Speaker 1: fixed rule in science that the first man to discover
• 37:20
  Speaker 1: and describe a new species has the right to name it,
• 37:23
  Speaker 1: and that whatever name he chooses shall be used by
• 37:25
  Speaker 1: everybody forever. But scientists are only human after all, and
• 37:29
  Speaker 1: are always anxious to discover new species and name them
• 37:32
  Speaker 1: after their friends or sweethearts. It often happens that a
• 37:36
  Speaker 1: single species is described independently by several authors, each of
• 37:40
  Speaker 1: which applies a name of his own devising. In this case,
• 37:43
  Speaker 1: the first is the real name, and the others are
• 37:45
  Speaker 1: called synonyms. In writing about butterflies, it is not customary
• 37:49
  Speaker 1: to spell out the generic name. One does not write
• 37:52
  Speaker 1: Diani Vanilla, but merely d Vinilla. It is usual also
• 37:57
  Speaker 1: to add the name of the man who first named
• 37:59
  Speaker 1: the species, so that the name becomes Di Vanillae Linnaeus
• 38:03
  Speaker 1: or Di Vanillae Lynn. In conversation, one may omit the
• 38:07
  Speaker 1: name of the genus altogether and refer to the butterfly
• 38:10
  Speaker 1: simply as Vanillae. It is well to remember that scientific
• 38:14
  Speaker 1: Latin in this country is pronounced in the insular fashion.
• 38:17
  Speaker 1: That is, the words are pronounced as if they were
• 38:19
  Speaker 1: English varieties. Sometimes the individuals of a species differ in
• 38:26
  Speaker 1: different parts of the country. These different forms are called
• 38:29
  Speaker 1: varieties and are designated by a varietal name added to
• 38:32
  Speaker 1: the generic and specific names. Papilio ternus lynn is a
• 38:37
  Speaker 1: large yellow swallow tail, but in the southern part of
• 38:39
  Speaker 1: its range some of the females are black. The black
• 38:42
  Speaker 1: female was formerly regarded as a distinct species, and Linnaeus
• 38:46
  Speaker 1: named it Papilio glaucus, but when it was reared from
• 38:49
  Speaker 1: eggs laid by a yellow female, it was recognized as
• 38:52
  Speaker 1: a variety and is now known as Papilio ternus Lynn
• 38:56
  Speaker 1: variety glaucus. End of chapter five, Chapter six of Life
• 39:07
  Speaker 1: among the Butterflies by Vance Randolph. This LibriVox recording is
• 39:10
  Speaker 1: in the public domain. Read by Tatiana Chigilla, Chapter six.
• 39:14
  Speaker 1: The four families. As we said in the chapter on classification,
• 39:19
  Speaker 1: American butterflies fall naturally into four great groups called families.
• 39:23
  Speaker 1: The Nymphalidae or four footed family, the Lyshinidai or gossamer
• 39:27
  Speaker 1: winged family, the Papilionidae or swallowtail family, and the Hesperiidae
• 39:33
  Speaker 1: or skipper family the four footed butterflies. The largest family
• 39:38
  Speaker 1: of butterflies in America is the Nymphalidae, and its members
• 39:41
  Speaker 1: are called four footed butterflies because the front legs are
• 39:44
  Speaker 1: so small as to be useless, leaving only four walking feet.
• 39:48
  Speaker 1: Most of the butterflies are large or medium sized. The
• 39:51
  Speaker 1: caterpillars are usually provided with spines or fleshy protuberances, and
• 39:55
  Speaker 1: the chrysalids are always suspended by the tail. The family
• 39:58
  Speaker 1: is divided into five subfamily, the euploina the Heliconiinae, the Nymphalinae,
• 40:04
  Speaker 1: the Setyrrianae, and the Libithianae. The euploina So far as
• 40:11
  Speaker 1: the great majority of readers are concerned, this subfamily includes
• 40:14
  Speaker 1: but one species, a Nosea plexipus, the familiar monarch or
• 40:18
  Speaker 1: milkweed butterfly, which is common every summer in every state
• 40:21
  Speaker 1: in the Union. The main color of the wings is
• 40:23
  Speaker 1: bright reddish brown, but the edges are black, and there
• 40:26
  Speaker 1: are some white spots in the black area, particularly in
• 40:29
  Speaker 1: the fore wings. The pale green eggs are laid upon
• 40:31
  Speaker 1: the milkweed and soon hatch into little black and white caterpillars.
• 40:35
  Speaker 1: The mature caterpillar is greenish yellow with black bands, and
• 40:38
  Speaker 1: each end of the body bears a pair of slender
• 40:40
  Speaker 1: black horns or filaments. The stout chrysalis is green with
• 40:44
  Speaker 1: golden markings. This butterfly has a bitter taste and so
• 40:47
  Speaker 1: is not molested by birds or insectivorous mammals. For this reason,
• 40:51
  Speaker 1: A Noosa plexipus has become very abundant and spread over
• 40:54
  Speaker 1: a vast territory Other butterflies which happen to resemble it
• 40:58
  Speaker 1: share in this protection, even though they have no day
• 41:00
  Speaker 1: agreeable flavor, and this has given rise to the phenomena
• 41:02
  Speaker 1: of mimicry, which is discussed elsewhere in this book. Another
• 41:06
  Speaker 1: interesting thing about the monarch is the fact that it
• 41:09
  Speaker 1: does not hibernate in any stage. The eggs caterpillars and
• 41:12
  Speaker 1: chrysalids die when the cold weather overtakes them, while the
• 41:15
  Speaker 1: adults gather in great swarms and migrate southward, where they
• 41:18
  Speaker 1: breed continuously throughout the winter. With the advent of warm weather,
• 41:22
  Speaker 1: the young southern monarchs come north, deposit their eggs on
• 41:25
  Speaker 1: northern milkweed, and the cycle begins again the Hiliconians. This
• 41:30
  Speaker 1: is a tropical subfamily and has only one representative within
• 41:34
  Speaker 1: the borders of the United States, Jliconius cheritonius. The zebra
• 41:38
  Speaker 1: butterfly is a slender, long winged, black and yellow species
• 41:41
  Speaker 1: common among the roadsides of southern Florida. This butterfly has
• 41:45
  Speaker 1: such an evil taste and odor that no known animal
• 41:47
  Speaker 1: will eat it. The eggs are deposited upon the passion
• 41:50
  Speaker 1: flower vine. The young larva is hairy, but the mature
• 41:53
  Speaker 1: caterpillar is provided with a great number of branching spines.
• 41:57
  Speaker 1: The chrysalis is dark brown and of an odd shape.
• 42:00
  Speaker 1: It makes a peculiar creaking sound by moving its abdomen.
• 42:03
  Speaker 1: Another interesting fact about the zebra butterfly is that the
• 42:06
  Speaker 1: males are attracted to female chrysalids and may be seen
• 42:09
  Speaker 1: hovering about waiting for their mates to emerge the Nymphalinae.
• 42:14
  Speaker 1: This is the largest of all of the subfamilies, numbering
• 42:17
  Speaker 1: more than one hundred and seventy species in the United States.
• 42:19
  Speaker 1: They are mostly large or of medium size, and include
• 42:22
  Speaker 1: many of the commonest and most conspicuous butterflies we have.
• 42:26
  Speaker 1: One of the most interesting members of this group is
• 42:28
  Speaker 1: Dionae vanillae, the red silver spot. The wings are bright
• 42:31
  Speaker 1: red on the upper surface with black veins and markings.
• 42:34
  Speaker 1: The underside shows a spangled effect of brown and silver.
• 42:37
  Speaker 1: The wings are unusually long, and the butterfly has a
• 42:39
  Speaker 1: disagreeable odor, which protects it from its enemies. These and
• 42:43
  Speaker 1: other facts have led some Lepidopterus to class this butterfly
• 42:46
  Speaker 1: with the Hiliconians. The eggs are reddish brown in color
• 42:49
  Speaker 1: and are found on the passion vine. The caterpillar is
• 42:52
  Speaker 1: marked with orange and drab and bare six rows of
• 42:54
  Speaker 1: branching spines. The chrysalis has an unusual form due to
• 42:57
  Speaker 1: a pronounced dorsal depression. It is usually a grayish hand
• 43:00
  Speaker 1: in color. Diana vanillae is found in the whole southern
• 43:04
  Speaker 1: half of the United States, being especially abundant about New
• 43:07
  Speaker 1: Orleans and in southern California. W. H. Edwards took a
• 43:11
  Speaker 1: specimen at Colburg, West Virginia, and it has been reported
• 43:14
  Speaker 1: from as far north as Worcester, Massachusetts. Grapta interrogationists the
• 43:19
  Speaker 1: question mark butterfly is common in all parts of the
• 43:21
  Speaker 1: United States except the Pacific Coast region. The upper sides
• 43:25
  Speaker 1: of both wings are reddish brown, spotted with dark brown,
• 43:28
  Speaker 1: and edged with a faint violet color. The peculiar angular
• 43:31
  Speaker 1: shape of the fore wings and the little tails on
• 43:33
  Speaker 1: the hind wings are the outstanding characteristics of the question
• 43:36
  Speaker 1: mark and its relatives. The underside of the wings shows
• 43:39
  Speaker 1: a mottled light brown, like a dead leaf. On the
• 43:42
  Speaker 1: underside of the hind wing is found the silver mark,
• 43:45
  Speaker 1: resembling a Greek interrogation point, something like the English semi colon,
• 43:48
  Speaker 1: which gave the butterfly its name. The eggs are deposited
• 43:51
  Speaker 1: on elm trees, hop vines, and several kinds of nettles.
• 43:55
  Speaker 1: The caterpillar is reddish in color, covered with branching spines.
• 43:59
  Speaker 1: The chrysalis is brown or greenish with a conspicuous protuberance.
• 44:03
  Speaker 1: In the thoracic region Vanessa, Antiopa, the morning cloak butterfly
• 44:08
  Speaker 1: may be remembered as the first butterfly to be seen
• 44:10
  Speaker 1: in the early spring. The upper surface of the wings
• 44:13
  Speaker 1: is a rich reddish purple, with a yellow border and
• 44:15
  Speaker 1: a row of blue spots just inside it. The underside
• 44:19
  Speaker 1: is gray and blends perfectly with the dead twigs upon
• 44:21
  Speaker 1: which the butterfly is accustomed to perch. The eggs are
• 44:24
  Speaker 1: laid in clusters on the elm, willow, and poplar trees.
• 44:28
  Speaker 1: The dark, spiny caterpillars live in small colonies and spin
• 44:31
  Speaker 1: a sort of web among the leaves of the food plant.
• 44:33
  Speaker 1: The chrysalid is much like that of the question mark butterfly.
• 44:37
  Speaker 1: In the autumn, the morning cloak crawls into a hollow
• 44:39
  Speaker 1: tree or under a bit of loose bark and sleeps
• 44:42
  Speaker 1: all through the winter, often flying in the spring before
• 44:44
  Speaker 1: the snow has melted and long before the first leaves
• 44:47
  Speaker 1: have appeared. Dumonia conia, the peacock butterfly is a medium
• 44:52
  Speaker 1: sized butterfly with an expanse of about two and one
• 44:55
  Speaker 1: fourth inches. The large eye spots on both wings give
• 44:58
  Speaker 1: it a characteristic appearance very different from any other butterfly
• 45:01
  Speaker 1: in this country. It occurs in all parts of the
• 45:03
  Speaker 1: United States, but is somewhat rare in the northern part
• 45:06
  Speaker 1: of its range. The dark green eggs are deposited on
• 45:09
  Speaker 1: various kinds of plantain. The caterpillar is dark and covered
• 45:12
  Speaker 1: with spines. The chrysalis generally light brown and has a
• 45:15
  Speaker 1: conspicuous depression in the ventral thorax. This butterfly is conspicuous
• 45:20
  Speaker 1: for its pugnacity. It will drive away any other species
• 45:23
  Speaker 1: which chances to approach, and even dart at stones or
• 45:26
  Speaker 1: other objects thrown in the air. Basilarca dysippus, the viceroy butterfly,
• 45:32
  Speaker 1: looks very much like Anosia plexipus the monarch, except for
• 45:35
  Speaker 1: a single transverse black band on the hind wings. The
• 45:38
  Speaker 1: eggs are laid upon willow or poplar leaves. The caterpillar
• 45:41
  Speaker 1: has no spines, but there are two club shaped appendages
• 45:44
  Speaker 1: just back of the head. The chrysalis is light gray
• 45:46
  Speaker 1: with brown spots, and has a fin like projection on
• 45:49
  Speaker 1: back of the thorax. The viceroy spends the winter in
• 45:52
  Speaker 1: the larval state. When cold weather sets in, the caterpillar
• 45:55
  Speaker 1: anchors a leaf to the twig by means of silken threads,
• 45:57
  Speaker 1: then rolls himself up in the leaf and sleeps unto
• 46:00
  Speaker 1: the following spring. Chloriubsaltis. The hackberry butterfly is smaller than
• 46:05
  Speaker 1: most of the common four footed butterflies, its expands being
• 46:08
  Speaker 1: less than two inches. The general color of the wings
• 46:11
  Speaker 1: is gray, but the outer part of the fore wings
• 46:13
  Speaker 1: is black with broken rows of white spots. There is
• 46:16
  Speaker 1: a little red tinge about an eye spot on the forewing,
• 46:19
  Speaker 1: and five such spots are located near the outer edge
• 46:21
  Speaker 1: of the hindwing. The female is slightly larger than the
• 46:24
  Speaker 1: male and somewhat less pronounced in color. The eggs are
• 46:27
  Speaker 1: deposited in clusters on the hackberry trees. The caterpillar bears
• 46:31
  Speaker 1: the pair of antler like appendages on its head. The
• 46:34
  Speaker 1: chrysalis is stockily built, with the head deeply notched. The
• 46:37
  Speaker 1: hackberry butterfly is found in all the southern states east
• 46:40
  Speaker 1: of the Rockies, and has been reported as far north
• 46:43
  Speaker 1: as southern Pennsylvania. It is double brooded in the middle West.
• 46:46
  Speaker 1: The last caterpillars hibernate and do not reach maturity until
• 46:49
  Speaker 1: the next year. The Satyrnae, the members of this subfamily,
• 46:55
  Speaker 1: are medium sized, obscurely colored forest loving butterflies, conspicuous because
• 46:59
  Speaker 1: of their peculiar manner of flopping about in the grass
• 47:02
  Speaker 1: and lower her bage. Setyrius alpe, the woodnimph butterfly, is
• 47:06
  Speaker 1: a medium sized grayish brown species with a broad yellow
• 47:09
  Speaker 1: band across the fore wing. This yellow area contains two
• 47:12
  Speaker 1: eye spots, dark with blue centers, and in the male
• 47:15
  Speaker 1: there is a smaller eye spot on the hind wing. Also,
• 47:18
  Speaker 1: there is a good deal of regional variation in this species.
• 47:21
  Speaker 1: Specimens from the Northwest are often small and dark with
• 47:24
  Speaker 1: a reddish tinge on the lower side of the wings,
• 47:26
  Speaker 1: while in those from northern New England and eastern Canada
• 47:29
  Speaker 1: the yellow band is very dim and the eye spots
• 47:32
  Speaker 1: are only vaguely indicated. The eggs are barrel shaped and
• 47:35
  Speaker 1: are laid upon various kinds of grasses. The caterpillar has
• 47:39
  Speaker 1: two slender, diverging anal horns. The chrysalis is green with
• 47:42
  Speaker 1: a prominent tubercle on the thorax. The wood nymph is
• 47:46
  Speaker 1: not a strong flier, but flits about in a furtive
• 47:48
  Speaker 1: moth like fashion. If pursued, it will often close the
• 47:51
  Speaker 1: wings and fall like a leaf into the grass. These
• 47:53
  Speaker 1: butterflies are usually single brooded and past the winter in
• 47:56
  Speaker 1: the larval state. The Libithianae. The butterflies of this subfamily
• 48:01
  Speaker 1: are easily recognized by the very long projecting palbi, which
• 48:05
  Speaker 1: have the appearance of a beak or snout. Libithia bachmani,
• 48:08
  Speaker 1: the common snout butterfly is a small, reddish brown species
• 48:12
  Speaker 1: with three or four white spots near the tip of
• 48:15
  Speaker 1: the forewing. The eggs are found upon hackberry leaves. The
• 48:18
  Speaker 1: caterpillar has a small head and two or three enlarge
• 48:21
  Speaker 1: thoracic segments. The chrysalis has a sharply pointed head and
• 48:24
  Speaker 1: a conical abdomen. This species probably spends the winter in
• 48:27
  Speaker 1: the chrysalis condition. The gossiper wing butterflies, the Lycinidie is
• 48:33
  Speaker 1: the family of delicate little butterflies known as blues coppers
• 48:36
  Speaker 1: and hair streaks. Metallic blue, red, and gray are the
• 48:39
  Speaker 1: predominating colors, and the hair streaks usually have an orange
• 48:43
  Speaker 1: spot on the hind wings. The males of this family
• 48:45
  Speaker 1: do not use the first pair of legs in walking,
• 48:48
  Speaker 1: but the females walk with all six feet. The caterpillars
• 48:51
  Speaker 1: are small and usually slug shaped, and the crystalids are
• 48:54
  Speaker 1: held closely to some supporting object by a girdle of silk.
• 48:58
  Speaker 1: The lycininie Lyschina pseudargiolus is the common little blue butterfly,
• 49:03
  Speaker 1: found in every part of the United States except the
• 49:05
  Speaker 1: far West. It is extremely subject to seasonal and geographic variations,
• 49:10
  Speaker 1: seven or eight distinct varieties having been described. The wings
• 49:13
  Speaker 1: of some specimens are almost black, others are a very
• 49:16
  Speaker 1: pale blue, while still others combine the blue ground color
• 49:19
  Speaker 1: with a broad black border. The eggs are laid upon
• 49:22
  Speaker 1: a great variety of plants. The caterpillars are very small
• 49:25
  Speaker 1: and slug shaped, and usually feed upon flowers instead of leaves.
• 49:28
  Speaker 1: The caterpillar produces a sweet liquid which attracts ants, and
• 49:32
  Speaker 1: it is said that these ants protect the caterpillar from
• 49:34
  Speaker 1: minute parasitic flies, which would otherwise destroy it. Fenesca Tarquinus.
• 49:39
  Speaker 1: The wanderer is perhaps the most interesting of the so
• 49:42
  Speaker 1: called copper butterflies. The wanderer's wings are orange brown spotted
• 49:46
  Speaker 1: with black on the upper side. It is found all
• 49:48
  Speaker 1: over the eastern half of the United States, extending well
• 49:51
  Speaker 1: into the Mississippi Valley. The butterfly is remarkable in that
• 49:54
  Speaker 1: it does not frequent flowers, but flits about colonies of
• 49:57
  Speaker 1: plant lice and lives upon the sweet excrement of the insects.
• 50:01
  Speaker 1: The eggs are laid among the plant lice also, and
• 50:03
  Speaker 1: the caterpillar is carnivorous, the only caterpillar in North America
• 50:06
  Speaker 1: which feeds upon plant lice instead of plants. The chrysalis
• 50:10
  Speaker 1: is small, brown in color and bears a striking resemblance
• 50:13
  Speaker 1: to the face of a miniature monkey. Thecylamylinus, the common
• 50:17
  Speaker 1: hair streak is a dark bluish gray with a deep
• 50:20
  Speaker 1: orange spot just in front of two tiny tails on
• 50:23
  Speaker 1: the hind wing. It is found all over temperate North America.
• 50:26
  Speaker 1: The turbine shaped eggs are usually deposited on the hop vine.
• 50:29
  Speaker 1: The caterpillar is a slug like creature with a small
• 50:31
  Speaker 1: head which can be extended to a remarkable extent. The
• 50:35
  Speaker 1: brown chrysalis lies close to the surface to which it
• 50:37
  Speaker 1: is attached, being fastened both at the tail and by
• 50:39
  Speaker 1: a slight silken girdle about the middle. The swallowtails and
• 50:43
  Speaker 1: their allies, the family Papillionidae includes many of the commonest
• 50:48
  Speaker 1: and showiest of our butterflies. The adults of both sexes
• 50:51
  Speaker 1: have six ambulatory feet. The caterpillars are elongate. The chrysalids
• 50:55
  Speaker 1: are attached at the tail and held in place by
• 50:57
  Speaker 1: a silken girdle, but never fastened close to the supporting
• 51:00
  Speaker 1: surface as a lechinids are. The Papilionidae is divided into
• 51:04
  Speaker 1: two subfamilies, the Purinae and the papillionina The Purinae this
• 51:09
  Speaker 1: is the subfamily of the small and medium sized butterflies,
• 51:12
  Speaker 1: white and yellow in color, so common about pastures and roadsides,
• 51:16
  Speaker 1: Puris wrappae. The cabbage butterfly is one of the most
• 51:19
  Speaker 1: familiar species. It is a white butterfly with one or
• 51:22
  Speaker 1: two black spots and tips on the fore wings. The
• 51:25
  Speaker 1: pale yellow eggs are deposited on cabbage plants. The smooth
• 51:28
  Speaker 1: green caterpillar eats an enormous amount of sauer kraut material
• 51:31
  Speaker 1: and turns into a gray or brownish chrysalis. This butterfly
• 51:35
  Speaker 1: was originally a European species, imported through some accident. It
• 51:38
  Speaker 1: appeared in Quebec about eighteen sixty. As early as eighteen
• 51:42
  Speaker 1: sixty eight, it was common about New York, and by
• 51:44
  Speaker 1: eighteen eighty one had spread to all of the Eastern States.
• 51:47
  Speaker 1: In eighteen eighty six it was reported from Denver and
• 51:50
  Speaker 1: has since taken possession of cabbage fields in every part
• 51:52
  Speaker 1: of the country. Colius philidice, the common yellow, is the
• 51:57
  Speaker 1: butterfly seen swarming about roadside mud puddles and all August
• 52:00
  Speaker 1: in September. The wings are lemon color with black borders,
• 52:03
  Speaker 1: and in the female the borders are usually broken by
• 52:05
  Speaker 1: several small yellow spots. The yellow or reddish eggs are
• 52:09
  Speaker 1: laid upon various kinds of clover. The slender green caterpillar
• 52:12
  Speaker 1: is exactly the color of the leaves. The chrysalis is
• 52:14
  Speaker 1: usually pale green. Also, this butterfly is found from New
• 52:17
  Speaker 1: England to Florida and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.
• 52:21
  Speaker 1: Tereus lisa is another yellow butterfly, much smaller than Colius philodice,
• 52:25
  Speaker 1: rarely expanding more than an inch and a quarter. The
• 52:28
  Speaker 1: wings are lemon yellow with black borders, subject to many
• 52:31
  Speaker 1: minor variations. The caterpillar feeds on clover, but the early
• 52:34
  Speaker 1: stages of this species have never been thoroughly studied, despite
• 52:37
  Speaker 1: the fact that the butterfly is common from New England
• 52:40
  Speaker 1: States to the Rockies. Tereus mexicana the Mexican yellow is
• 52:44
  Speaker 1: larger than Tereus Lisa and somewhat paler in color. The
• 52:47
  Speaker 1: black borders or the forewings, are very wide and indented,
• 52:50
  Speaker 1: and the hindwings are pointed. Very little is known of
• 52:53
  Speaker 1: its early stages. It is common in Texas, Arizona, and
• 52:56
  Speaker 1: southern California, and often strays much farther north. I have
• 53:00
  Speaker 1: myself taken a number of specimens in Kansas, the Papillionina.
• 53:05
  Speaker 1: This is the subfamily of the true swallow tails, the
• 53:08
  Speaker 1: largest and most distinctive of American butterflies. The hind wings
• 53:11
  Speaker 1: are prolonged into two tail like projections and are characterized
• 53:15
  Speaker 1: by the absence of the internal vein. The caterpillars are
• 53:18
  Speaker 1: all provided with peculiar, vast shaped scent organs called osmateria.
• 53:22
  Speaker 1: These organs are thrust out just back of the head
• 53:24
  Speaker 1: when the insect is disturbed, and give off an offensive
• 53:26
  Speaker 1: odor supposed to discomfit birds and other enemies. Papilliotroilus, the
• 53:31
  Speaker 1: green clouded swallowtail, is velvety black with a row of
• 53:35
  Speaker 1: yellow spots along the margin of the fore wings. The
• 53:37
  Speaker 1: marginal spots on the hind wing are pale green, and
• 53:40
  Speaker 1: the whole outer half of the hind wing is clouded
• 53:42
  Speaker 1: with the same greenish tinge. The female deposits her eggs
• 53:45
  Speaker 1: on sassafras and spice bush leaves. The caterpillar is lead
• 53:49
  Speaker 1: colored or greenish, with a swollen thorax bearing two large
• 53:52
  Speaker 1: eye spots, and lives in a nest made of a
• 53:54
  Speaker 1: folded leaf. Papilliotroilus is common throughout the Atlantic States and
• 53:58
  Speaker 1: in the Mississippi Valley. Papilio turnus, the tiger swallowtail, is
• 54:02
  Speaker 1: the magnificent yellow and black species found in practically every
• 54:05
  Speaker 1: part of the United States. In the northern portion of
• 54:08
  Speaker 1: its range, the male and female appear very much alike,
• 54:10
  Speaker 1: but in the south there are two distinct types of females.
• 54:13
  Speaker 1: One female is black and yellow, like its northern sisters.
• 54:16
  Speaker 1: The other is black and blue with no yellow at all.
• 54:18
  Speaker 1: Except a few small crescents in the outer border of
• 54:21
  Speaker 1: the hind wing. The black female was for a long
• 54:23
  Speaker 1: while considered a distinct species and called Papillio glaucus. Later, however,
• 54:29
  Speaker 1: it was discovered that some of the eggs laid by
• 54:31
  Speaker 1: the yellow turnus produced the black Glaucus females, and that conversely,
• 54:35
  Speaker 1: the eggs of Glaucus often produced the ordinary yellow and
• 54:38
  Speaker 1: black tiger swallowtail. The smooth, bluish green eggs are usually
• 54:42
  Speaker 1: found on the wild cherry leaves. The caterpillar is green,
• 54:45
  Speaker 1: with a large thoracic segments bearing two large eye spots,
• 54:49
  Speaker 1: like those of Pepilliotoilis Papilio ajax. The zebra swallowtail is
• 54:54
  Speaker 1: another striking member of this magnificent subfamily. The combination of
• 54:57
  Speaker 1: green and black stripes, the blue and red crescent, and
• 55:00
  Speaker 1: the long tails on the hind wings distinguish Ajax immediately
• 55:03
  Speaker 1: from any of its splendid fellows. There are at least
• 55:06
  Speaker 1: three slightly different seasonal varieties of this butterfly, due probably
• 55:10
  Speaker 1: to differences in the temperature to which the chrysalids are exposed.
• 55:13
  Speaker 1: The butterfly may often be seen hovering about pawpaw bushes
• 55:17
  Speaker 1: upon which the eggs are deposited. The mature caterpillar is
• 55:20
  Speaker 1: p green with bands of yellow and black. The chrysalis
• 55:22
  Speaker 1: is green or brownish, and the last crop of chrysalids
• 55:25
  Speaker 1: does not produce butterflies until the following spring. This butterfly
• 55:29
  Speaker 1: ranges from New England south to the Florida Keys, and
• 55:31
  Speaker 1: west to the foothills of the Rockies. Papillio crespontes. The
• 55:35
  Speaker 1: giant swallowtail is the largest butterfly in this country, measuring
• 55:39
  Speaker 1: nearly six inches from tip to tip. The color is
• 55:41
  Speaker 1: dark brown with bands and blotches of bright yellow, and
• 55:44
  Speaker 1: there is a red and blue spot on the inner
• 55:46
  Speaker 1: margin of the hind wings. The underside of both wings
• 55:49
  Speaker 1: is yellow with narrow, dark brown bands. This butterfly is
• 55:52
  Speaker 1: very common in Florida, where the caterpillars, the natives call
• 55:55
  Speaker 1: them orange dogs, do a great deal of damage to
• 55:58
  Speaker 1: the orange and lemon trees each mill. Butterflies known to
• 56:01
  Speaker 1: lay a great number of eggs, and it has been
• 56:03
  Speaker 1: suggested that the ravages of the orange dog may be
• 56:05
  Speaker 1: checked by shooting the butterflies on the wing with miniature shotguns.
• 56:09
  Speaker 1: In recent years, the species has extended its range northward
• 56:12
  Speaker 1: and has become quite common in the Middle West. A
• 56:14
  Speaker 1: number of specimens have been taken in New England and
• 56:16
  Speaker 1: even in Canada in the northern part of its territory.
• 56:19
  Speaker 1: There are no citrus trees, but the caterpillar feeds well
• 56:22
  Speaker 1: enough upon prickly ash and several kinds of popplers. The
• 56:26
  Speaker 1: skippers the Hesperia day or skipper family includes all the
• 56:30
  Speaker 1: large bodied, small winged mothlike butterflies called skippers because of
• 56:34
  Speaker 1: their jerky, erratic manner of flight. They are mostly small,
• 56:37
  Speaker 1: dull colored butterflies with short, hooked antennae. The caterpillars are
• 56:41
  Speaker 1: recognized by their large heads and small necks, and usually
• 56:44
  Speaker 1: live in nests made of leaves fastened together with silk.
• 56:47
  Speaker 1: The chrysalids are rounded and moth like, and, unlike all
• 56:50
  Speaker 1: the other families, are usually enclosed in a loose cocoon
• 56:53
  Speaker 1: of silk. The classification of skippers is a complicated business.
• 56:57
  Speaker 1: The Hesperia day is the only family in which the
• 56:59
  Speaker 1: Begins will find it difficult to identify his specimens at
• 57:03
  Speaker 1: Bergyrius Tityrus. The silver spotted skipper is the largest member
• 57:07
  Speaker 1: of the family, with an expanse of about one in
• 57:09
  Speaker 1: three fourths inches. The general color is dark brown with
• 57:12
  Speaker 1: yellowish spots. The common name is derived from the silver
• 57:15
  Speaker 1: area on the lower surface of the hind wing, which
• 57:17
  Speaker 1: shows when the insect is at rest. The caterpillar is
• 57:20
  Speaker 1: yellowish green with a dark brown head. It feeds upon
• 57:23
  Speaker 1: the leaves of the locust and other laguminous trees. When
• 57:26
  Speaker 1: the caterpillar is mature, it leaves its hammock in the
• 57:28
  Speaker 1: locust tree and builds a light silken cocoon upon or
• 57:31
  Speaker 1: near the ground. The silver spotted skipper is found in
• 57:34
  Speaker 1: nearly every part of the United States at a loopides huron.
• 57:38
  Speaker 1: The Sachum skipper is a little golden brown species with
• 57:41
  Speaker 1: an expanse of little more than an inch. The male
• 57:44
  Speaker 1: has a darker area in the center of the front wing,
• 57:46
  Speaker 1: while in the female the fore wing is marked by
• 57:48
  Speaker 1: several small white spots. When at rest, this skipper and
• 57:51
  Speaker 1: its near relatives usually elevate the fore wings and depress
• 57:54
  Speaker 1: the hind wings, an attitude characteristic of this group. The
• 57:58
  Speaker 1: dark cylindrical caterpillar feeds upon various grasses. The chrysalis is slender,
• 58:03
  Speaker 1: with a little swelling upon the thorax and The tongue
• 58:05
  Speaker 1: sheath is free, as in the pupe of moss. The
• 58:08
  Speaker 1: sachum is known from New York to Florida and as
• 58:10
  Speaker 1: far west as eastern Colorado in silocks of Phoneumator. The
• 58:15
  Speaker 1: least skipper is the smallest butterfly within our borders, measuring
• 58:19
  Speaker 1: often less than three fourths of an inch from tip
• 58:21
  Speaker 1: to tip. The slender body and hookless antennae distinguish it
• 58:24
  Speaker 1: from all other skippers. The general color is bright reddish brown,
• 58:28
  Speaker 1: the hind wings being particularly brilliant and surrounded by a
• 58:31
  Speaker 1: darker border. Its flight is weak and wavering, and it
• 58:34
  Speaker 1: rests often among grasses at the edge of creeks or swamps.
• 58:37
  Speaker 1: The yellow eggs are laid on grasses. The tiny yellow
• 58:40
  Speaker 1: caterpillar has a black head and body covered with bristles,
• 58:43
  Speaker 1: and lives in a rolled up blade of grass. The
• 58:46
  Speaker 1: chrysalis is reddish with small black dots. The least skipper
• 58:49
  Speaker 1: is widely distributed everywhere east of the Rocky Mountains. End
• 58:53
  Speaker 1: of chapter six, chapter seven of Life among the Butterflies
• 59:02
  Speaker 1: by Vance Randolph. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain.
• 59:06
  Speaker 1: Read by Tatiana Chicilla. Chapter seven Enemies and protection. Butterflies
• 59:12
  Speaker 1: have many enemies. Even the eggs of butterflies are often
• 59:16
  Speaker 1: discovered by tiny, fore winged parasites, which pierce the egg
• 59:20
  Speaker 1: shell and deposit their own microscopic eggs. Inside these eggs
• 59:24
  Speaker 1: produce little grubs which devour the contents of the butterfli's
• 59:27
  Speaker 1: egg so that the latter develops into a caterpillar. The
• 59:31
  Speaker 1: chief enemies of the butterfly tribe, however, are the insectivorous birds,
• 59:35
  Speaker 1: whose summer food often consists largely of caterpillars. Caterpillars are
• 59:39
  Speaker 1: also attacked by wasp like parasites, which deposit their eggs
• 59:43
  Speaker 1: in the victim's skin. When the eggs hatch, the parasitic
• 59:46
  Speaker 1: grubs feed upon the flesh of their unwilling host, who
• 59:49
  Speaker 1: usually dies about the time the guests are ready to
• 59:52
  Speaker 1: pupe eat. One often sees dead or dyeing caterpillars covered
• 59:55
  Speaker 1: with the white cocoons of these hymenopterous parasites. Certain larger wasps, too,
• 1:00:01
  Speaker 1: use caterpillars as food for their young. These insects paralyze
• 1:00:04
  Speaker 1: their prey by stinging it, lay their eggs on the
• 1:00:07
  Speaker 1: helpless body, and seal it up in a hollow reed
• 1:00:09
  Speaker 1: or in a nest of mud. When the wasp blar
• 1:00:12
  Speaker 1: of the hatches, it finds plenty of living food at hand.
• 1:00:15
  Speaker 1: Chrysalids are also eaten by birds and by various carnivorous insects,
• 1:00:20
  Speaker 1: and are frequently killed by parasitic wasps and flies. Many
• 1:00:23
  Speaker 1: An amateur butterfly hunter has been puzzled to see that
• 1:00:26
  Speaker 1: some of his chrysalids produce not beautiful butterflies, but a
• 1:00:30
  Speaker 1: lot of insignificant little wasps. Adult butterflies are not much
• 1:00:34
  Speaker 1: troubled by parasitic insects, but they are eaten by many birds,
• 1:00:38
  Speaker 1: particularly those of the fly catcher type, by lizards, and
• 1:00:41
  Speaker 1: by the larger dragonflies. Spiders kill a few. The great
• 1:00:45
  Speaker 1: gray robber flies carry off a butterfly now and then,
• 1:00:48
  Speaker 1: and frogs and toads take them whenever possible. They are
• 1:00:52
  Speaker 1: not much attacked by the mammals, but I have seen
• 1:00:54
  Speaker 1: a chipmunk devour a large papillio ternus with every symptom
• 1:00:57
  Speaker 1: of satisfaction. Long age of struggle with these enemies have
• 1:01:01
  Speaker 1: developed certain protective devices, not through any supernatural intervention or
• 1:01:06
  Speaker 1: any conscious activity on the part of the butterflies, but
• 1:01:09
  Speaker 1: simply by the mechanical process called natural selection. There is
• 1:01:13
  Speaker 1: a certain degree of variation among all animals, and some
• 1:01:16
  Speaker 1: of these variations are transmitted to succeeding generations. Now, if
• 1:01:21
  Speaker 1: certain butterflies happen to vary in such a way that
• 1:01:23
  Speaker 1: they are protected against their enemies, they survive at the
• 1:01:26
  Speaker 1: expense of their less fortunate fellows, and such of their
• 1:01:29
  Speaker 1: offspring as inherit the protective variation also survive until at last,
• 1:01:33
  Speaker 1: by a gradual process of elimination, the entire species is protected.
• 1:01:39
  Speaker 1: Protective coloration. One of the commonest of the protective devices
• 1:01:43
  Speaker 1: is called protective coloration. It may be noted that many
• 1:01:47
  Speaker 1: caterpillars are green, a color which blends well with that
• 1:01:50
  Speaker 1: of the leaves upon which they feed, and so protects
• 1:01:52
  Speaker 1: them in a measure from the prying eyes of their enemies.
• 1:01:55
  Speaker 1: Such chrysollids, as are attached to green leaves or twigs
• 1:01:59
  Speaker 1: are often green. All but most caterpillars leave the foliage
• 1:02:02
  Speaker 1: to pubate, and the chrysalids are neutral gray or brown,
• 1:02:05
  Speaker 1: so as to be inconspicuous against a background of bark
• 1:02:08
  Speaker 1: or dead wood. Many butterflies pass the winter in the
• 1:02:11
  Speaker 1: chrysalis state, and these cold weather chrysalids are never green,
• 1:02:15
  Speaker 1: but usually some dull color which harmonizes with the winter landscape.
• 1:02:19
  Speaker 1: Another thing to be noted, particularly in caterpillars, is the
• 1:02:22
  Speaker 1: operation of the so called law of counter shading, which
• 1:02:26
  Speaker 1: means simply that the part of the body which gets
• 1:02:28
  Speaker 1: the most light is usually darkest in color. Some caterpillars
• 1:02:32
  Speaker 1: habitually feed with their feet downward, and their backs are
• 1:02:35
  Speaker 1: darker than their bellies. Others are accustomed to feed in
• 1:02:38
  Speaker 1: the opposite position, and the shading tones are reversed. One
• 1:02:42
  Speaker 1: has only to look at a few living specimens in
• 1:02:44
  Speaker 1: their native haunts to see the value of this arrangement.
• 1:02:47
  Speaker 1: In adult butterflies, it may be observed that it is
• 1:02:50
  Speaker 1: the upper side of the wings which shows the bright colors,
• 1:02:52
  Speaker 1: while the lower side is much less conspicuous. The flying
• 1:02:56
  Speaker 1: butterfly is not in much danger anyway, and a display
• 1:02:59
  Speaker 1: of color can do no great damage, but it might
• 1:03:01
  Speaker 1: be fatal to the same insect at rest. At rest, however,
• 1:03:06
  Speaker 1: the wings are usually brought together vertically, so that the
• 1:03:09
  Speaker 1: highly colored upper side is quite concealed and only the
• 1:03:11
  Speaker 1: dull under surface exposed to view. In some butterflies, Vanessa antioba,
• 1:03:16
  Speaker 1: for example, the lower surface so nearly resembles the bark
• 1:03:20
  Speaker 1: upon which the insect is accustomed to rest that it
• 1:03:23
  Speaker 1: can hardly be distinguished even when one knows exactly where
• 1:03:26
  Speaker 1: to look for it. Some of these protected butterflies illustrate
• 1:03:29
  Speaker 1: a minor protective phenomenon known as dazzling or eclipsing coloration.
• 1:03:34
  Speaker 1: Many observers believe that the sudden change from the bright
• 1:03:36
  Speaker 1: colors of the flying butterfly to the neutral tints of
• 1:03:39
  Speaker 1: the same specimen at rest is more confusing to a
• 1:03:42
  Speaker 1: pursuer than the total absence of brilliant colors. This dazzling
• 1:03:46
  Speaker 1: and eclipsing effect is particularly noticeable in the various species
• 1:03:50
  Speaker 1: of Grapta and Vanessa. Another thing to be remarked is
• 1:03:54
  Speaker 1: the fact that many butterflies protectively colored, such as those
• 1:03:57
  Speaker 1: mentioned above, usually a light on some object similar in
• 1:04:00
  Speaker 1: color to the lower side of their own wings. These
• 1:04:03
  Speaker 1: butterflies are accustomed to rest upon the trunks of trees,
• 1:04:06
  Speaker 1: an almost invariably select one with dark colored bark, avoiding
• 1:04:10
  Speaker 1: green or light colored trees such as birches and sycamores.
• 1:04:14
  Speaker 1: It is not claimed the individual butterfly, after examining the
• 1:04:17
  Speaker 1: colors of its wings cast about for a perch to match.
• 1:04:21
  Speaker 1: But it is quite conceivable that those which were attracted
• 1:04:23
  Speaker 1: to light colored bark have been gradually weeded out of
• 1:04:26
  Speaker 1: the species offensive odours and tastes. Besides the method of
• 1:04:32
  Speaker 1: protective coloration, some caterpillars are protected against birds by sharp
• 1:04:36
  Speaker 1: spines or hairs, others by peculiar markings and attitudes said
• 1:04:40
  Speaker 1: to approximate the appearance of serpents or other dangerous objects.
• 1:04:45
  Speaker 1: Many butterflies, it has been observed, are protected by still
• 1:04:48
  Speaker 1: other methods. The common monarch and NOSEA plexipus, the zebra
• 1:04:52
  Speaker 1: butterfly Heliconious keratonius, and the red silver wing Dione vanillae
• 1:04:58
  Speaker 1: are very conspicuous butterfl TWI. Yet they flutter leisurely about
• 1:05:02
  Speaker 1: unmolested by birds and other enemies. This protection is due
• 1:05:05
  Speaker 1: to what Alfred Russell Wallace called a strong, pungent, semi
• 1:05:09
  Speaker 1: aromatic odor, which seems to pervade all the juices of
• 1:05:12
  Speaker 1: their system. It has long been known that certain butterflies
• 1:05:16
  Speaker 1: produced disagreeable odors, but Fritz Mueller, working in Brazil as
• 1:05:20
  Speaker 1: early as eighteen seventy six, was the first to give
• 1:05:23
  Speaker 1: the matter any very serious attention. Since Mueller's time, extensive
• 1:05:27
  Speaker 1: studies have been made by Colonel Longstaff and doctor Dixie,
• 1:05:30
  Speaker 1: two English entomologists, but very little has been done in
• 1:05:34
  Speaker 1: North America. It is certainly true, however, that the three
• 1:05:37
  Speaker 1: butterflies mentioned above, and doubtless many others, are possessed of
• 1:05:41
  Speaker 1: some taste or odor offensive to their enemies. Dioni vanillae
• 1:05:46
  Speaker 1: is more abundant in South America than in the United States,
• 1:05:49
  Speaker 1: and was one of the species investigated by Mueller, who
• 1:05:52
  Speaker 1: writes the males, when seized open wide the anal valvulae,
• 1:05:56
  Speaker 1: from the inner side of which there appear two glands,
• 1:05:59
  Speaker 1: yielding a strong and nauseous smell. The females, on the contrary,
• 1:06:03
  Speaker 1: emit a similar smell from a yellow gland extruded on
• 1:06:06
  Speaker 1: the dorsum between the last and penultimate segments. Long Staff,
• 1:06:10
  Speaker 1: who studied this butterfly in Jamaica, describes it as a
• 1:06:13
  Speaker 1: beautiful but ill smelling fritillary and says it smells like
• 1:06:16
  Speaker 1: cow dung. Warning coloration, it has been noticed that many
• 1:06:22
  Speaker 1: dangerous and distasteful insects are rendered conspicuous by their brilliant
• 1:06:25
  Speaker 1: colors and Examples of this so called warning coloration are
• 1:06:29
  Speaker 1: not lacking among the butterflies. The swallowtail caterpillars, which produce
• 1:06:33
  Speaker 1: a very disagreeable odour, are usually marked by two great,
• 1:06:37
  Speaker 1: staring eye spots on the back of the thorax. Some
• 1:06:40
  Speaker 1: of the protected butterflies, such as the ill smelling zebra
• 1:06:43
  Speaker 1: and red silver wing, are extraordinarily conspicuous by reason of
• 1:06:46
  Speaker 1: striking color combinations. Many entomologists believe that these peculiar color
• 1:06:51
  Speaker 1: schemes have been developed by protected butterflies as an advertisement
• 1:06:55
  Speaker 1: of their inedible character. This view is not as popular
• 1:06:58
  Speaker 1: as it used to be, but there may be something
• 1:07:00
  Speaker 1: in it. It certainly seems to explain the structure and
• 1:07:02
  Speaker 1: habits of some of the higher animals, the rattlesnake, for example,
• 1:07:06
  Speaker 1: better than any other hypothesis yet advanced protective mimicry. There
• 1:07:12
  Speaker 1: seems to be a tendency among certain insects which are
• 1:07:15
  Speaker 1: edible and unprotected, to bear a superficial resemblance to inedible
• 1:07:19
  Speaker 1: or distasteful species. Thus, certain harmless flies have developed a
• 1:07:23
  Speaker 1: remarkable likeness to wasps and bumblebees, although in structure and
• 1:07:27
  Speaker 1: habits they are really very different. Several diurnal moths, too,
• 1:07:31
  Speaker 1: have transparent wings and yellow bands about the body, which
• 1:07:34
  Speaker 1: give them the appearance of gigantic and singularly ferocious hornets.
• 1:07:38
  Speaker 1: It is certainly a great advantage for a harmless insect
• 1:07:41
  Speaker 1: to resemble some dangerous and inedible species, and the whole
• 1:07:45
  Speaker 1: phenomenon of resemblance has been called protective mimicry. The best
• 1:07:49
  Speaker 1: example of mimicry and American butterflies is the case of
• 1:07:51
  Speaker 1: the monarch a Nosea plexipus and the viceroy Basilarchia dycipus.
• 1:07:57
  Speaker 1: The monarch belongs to the subfamily u Place, all the
• 1:08:01
  Speaker 1: members of which are provided with secretions which render them
• 1:08:03
  Speaker 1: distasteful to birds and predaceous insects. The monarch advertises its
• 1:08:08
  Speaker 1: inedibility by its bright brown and black wings and its
• 1:08:11
  Speaker 1: leisurely manner of flight. The viceroy belongs to an altogether
• 1:08:15
  Speaker 1: different group, the members of which are readily eaten by birds,
• 1:08:18
  Speaker 1: and which do not resemble the monarch in either form, colouration,
• 1:08:22
  Speaker 1: or manner of flight. The viceroy, however, has gradually developed
• 1:08:26
  Speaker 1: so remarkable a resemblance to the monarch that it is
• 1:08:29
  Speaker 1: difficult to distinguish them at a little distance. Although the
• 1:08:32
  Speaker 1: Viceroy is much the smaller of the two and has
• 1:08:35
  Speaker 1: a transverse black band on the hind wing that is
• 1:08:38
  Speaker 1: lacking in the monarch. There is no doubt that the
• 1:08:41
  Speaker 1: Viceroy benefits by this resemblance, as birds, doubtless mistaking it
• 1:08:45
  Speaker 1: for the inedible monarch, appear to give it a wide berth.
• 1:08:49
  Speaker 1: This novel situation is supposed to have come about as follows.
• 1:08:53
  Speaker 1: In the remote past, the Viceroy was a blue and
• 1:08:55
  Speaker 1: black butterfly, like its relatives, but because of the abiding
• 1:08:58
  Speaker 1: principle of variation, the individuals of the species were not
• 1:09:02
  Speaker 1: exactly alike. Some specimens were lighter than others. For some
• 1:09:06
  Speaker 1: reason or other, these lighter colored butterflies had a slight
• 1:09:09
  Speaker 1: advantage in the struggle for existence, and so in time
• 1:09:12
  Speaker 1: the entire species was of this type, the darker specimens
• 1:09:15
  Speaker 1: having been exterminated. Finally, some individuals chanced to bear a
• 1:09:19
  Speaker 1: slight resemblance to distasteful butterflies of the monarch type, so
• 1:09:23
  Speaker 1: that birds avoided them but continued to feed upon their
• 1:09:26
  Speaker 1: less fortunate relatives. Thus, through a long process of natural selection,
• 1:09:30
  Speaker 1: the Viceroy has come to resemble the monarch heliotropism and list.
• 1:09:36
  Speaker 1: It was long ago observed that plants respond definitely and
• 1:09:39
  Speaker 1: mechanically to the direction of rays of light. The leaves
• 1:09:42
  Speaker 1: and flowers of many plants always turned toward the sun,
• 1:09:45
  Speaker 1: and even follow its daily course, so that the flower
• 1:09:48
  Speaker 1: which turned to the east in the morning faces due
• 1:09:50
  Speaker 1: west at sunset. Similar phenomena are now known to occur
• 1:09:54
  Speaker 1: in animals. Among butterflies, a good example is that of
• 1:09:57
  Speaker 1: the morning cloak Vanessa antioba. This butterfly, when it alights
• 1:10:02
  Speaker 1: in the sunlight almost invariably turns about until its body
• 1:10:05
  Speaker 1: lies parallel with the rays of light and its head
• 1:10:08
  Speaker 1: points directly away from the sun. This phenomenon is known
• 1:10:11
  Speaker 1: as negative heliotropism, and a number of plausible explanations of
• 1:10:15
  Speaker 1: it have been advanced. Probably, it is merely another method
• 1:10:18
  Speaker 1: of blending in with the background, akin to protective coloration.
• 1:10:22
  Speaker 1: When the morning cloak alights upon the ground or upon
• 1:10:24
  Speaker 1: a log, it closes its wings and becomes well nigh
• 1:10:27
  Speaker 1: and distinguishable from its surroundings because the underside of the
• 1:10:31
  Speaker 1: wings are protectively colored. Now, if the body lies at
• 1:10:34
  Speaker 1: right angles to the sun's rays, the wings cast a
• 1:10:37
  Speaker 1: large shadow. Much more conspicuous than the butterfly itself, and
• 1:10:40
  Speaker 1: hence attracting unfriendly eyes to the butterfly. If, however, the
• 1:10:44
  Speaker 1: body is in line with the rays of light and
• 1:10:46
  Speaker 1: the wings brought together vertically, the shadow is insignificant. One
• 1:10:50
  Speaker 1: has only to pin a few dead butterflies on a smooth,
• 1:10:53
  Speaker 1: neutral background in full sunlight to see the force of
• 1:10:55
  Speaker 1: this theory. It is very probable, then, that negative heliotropism
• 1:11:00
  Speaker 1: is simply a method of reducing the too conspicuous shadow
• 1:11:02
  Speaker 1: to its lowest terms. Other butterflies reduce the shadow by
• 1:11:06
  Speaker 1: what is known as list, leaning far over to one side,
• 1:11:09
  Speaker 1: like a sailboat in a storm, hence the name. The
• 1:11:12
  Speaker 1: best American example of list is found in the behavior
• 1:11:15
  Speaker 1: of the wood nymph butterfly Satyrus alope, which is often
• 1:11:18
  Speaker 1: seen to topple over to one side, presenting the entire
• 1:11:21
  Speaker 1: wing surface to the source of light, lowering the top
• 1:11:24
  Speaker 1: line and thus reducing the shadow. Faning death. Many insects,
• 1:11:29
  Speaker 1: particularly beetles, frequently escape their enemies by fanning death. Whether
• 1:11:34
  Speaker 1: this behavior is an instinctive ruise or a genuine paralysis
• 1:11:37
  Speaker 1: induced by something akin to fright, we do not know,
• 1:11:41
  Speaker 1: but it is doubtless of considerable value to the insect.
• 1:11:44
  Speaker 1: Some butterflies have been known to play possum when in
• 1:11:46
  Speaker 1: a tight place. Vanessa Cardwi, known as the painted Lady,
• 1:11:50
  Speaker 1: sometimes closes its wings, folds its legs close to the body,
• 1:11:54
  Speaker 1: and falls motionless to the ground. Usually it is lost
• 1:11:57
  Speaker 1: in the weeds and grasses, but even if found and
• 1:12:00
  Speaker 1: picked up, it often allows itself to be handled without
• 1:12:02
  Speaker 1: any sign of life. Similar behavior has been reported in
• 1:12:05
  Speaker 1: satyas Alope the Woodnumph Butterfly end of chapter seven, End
• 1:12:12
  Speaker 1: of Life among the Butterflies by Vance Randolph