Latest / FBI Files / A Murder, a Wire, a Zurich Hotel Room: How the FBI Took Down the Chippendales Founder
Transcript
- 0:06Speaker 1: At the height of its popularity, Chippendale's exotic male dance
- 0:09Speaker 1: troupe played to sell out clubs. People across the country
- 0:13Speaker 1: shelled out millions to see them. Then one of the
- 0:16Speaker 1: founding partners was murdered, and New York City police were
- 0:19Speaker 1: left with no leads. When the suspect finally did emerge,
- 0:24Speaker 1: the chase would take the FBI to another club in
- 0:26Speaker 1: the hopes of solving the backstage murder.
- 1:00Speaker 2: In the 1980s, two partners created a nightclub that would
- 1:04Speaker 2: bring them wealth and international fame. The male strip club
- 1:08Speaker 2: phenomenon promised female patrons fun and excitement, but the bright
- 1:13Speaker 2: lights hit a dark side. I'm Jim Kallstrom, former head
- 1:17Speaker 2: of the FBI's New York office. The FBI would launch
- 1:21Speaker 2: a sting operation spanning two continents to bring down a
- 1:24Speaker 2: man who killed for profit.
- 1:33Speaker 1: New York City is famous for its show business tradition.
- 1:39Speaker 1: Within a four block radius of Times Square, hundreds of
- 1:42Speaker 1: offices are rented by producers looking for their next hit.
- 1:49Speaker 1: One such place was on the 15th floor of a
- 1:51Speaker 1: building on West 40th Street. In 1987, it was home
- 1:56Speaker 1: to Unicorn Productions. Nick DiNoia was its founder and president. Curiously,
- 2:07Speaker 1: the five-time Emmy Award-winning children's television producer became best known
- 2:11Speaker 1: as the producer and vice president of Chippendales, the exotic
- 2:15Speaker 1: male dancers. On April 7th, 1987, he was gunned down.
- 2:26Speaker 1: A colleague heard the shot. He found D'Onoia dead on
- 2:35Speaker 1: the floor, and called 911. Emergency vehicles arrived moments later.
- 3:04Speaker 1: NYPD crime technicians gathered evidence. They recovered a shell casing
- 3:12Speaker 1: from a 9mm automatic weapon. Denoya's colleague told homicide detective
- 3:19Speaker 1: Michael Geddes that a strange man had entered the office
- 3:21Speaker 1: just prior to the shooting.
- 3:24Speaker 3: He said maybe about a half hour ago, 45 minutes ago,
- 3:30Speaker 3: somebody came into the office and said to him, are
- 3:32Speaker 3: you Nick? And he said, no, Nick is in the
- 3:34Speaker 3: other office, and he's busy right now.
- 3:39Speaker 1: Without looking up from his work, the associate pointed the
- 3:41Speaker 1: man to Denoya's office. He never saw the stranger's face.
- 3:49Speaker 1: The witness told detectives that moments later, he noticed the
- 3:52Speaker 1: same man in the bathroom.
- 3:56Speaker 3: While he was in the bathroom, he heard this guy
- 3:59Speaker 3: leaving the bathroom. And a couple of seconds later, he
- 4:03Speaker 3: heard the door to his office open up. And then
- 4:09Speaker 3: he heard a gunshot.
- 4:12Speaker 1: The last sound the witness heard was the exit door
- 4:15Speaker 1: to the stairwell swing open, then close. Detective Geddes traced
- 4:21Speaker 1: the killer's path, hoping to find something along the way
- 4:24Speaker 1: that would point to his identity.
- 4:28Speaker 3: I took down that I thought that the shooter might
- 4:31Speaker 3: have taken to see if there was any evidence or anything.
- 4:34Speaker 3: And I ran down the 15 floors, I believe it was.
- 4:37Speaker 3: And when I got down to the end, there was
- 4:39Speaker 3: two exits. One would lead to the lobby area, one
- 4:42Speaker 3: would lead to the freight elevator area. So I exited
- 4:45Speaker 3: out of the freight elevator area, then came back in
- 4:48Speaker 3: and exited out of the lobby area just to get
- 4:50Speaker 3: a feel for the scene.
- 4:55Speaker 1: On the ground floor, detectives investigated the freight area.
- 5:01Speaker 1: They dusted for prints, but were unable to lift any
- 5:03Speaker 1: that were usable. The freight elevator operator had seen a
- 5:09Speaker 1: man run through the door and out to the street.
- 5:14Speaker 1: He recalled that the suspect wore jeans and had dark hair.
- 5:20Speaker 3: He also gave us the exit of how the fellow
- 5:23Speaker 3: came out of the building as he exited the building
- 5:26Speaker 3: on 40th Street, and when he came out, he made
- 5:29Speaker 3: a left towards 8th.
- 5:30Speaker 1: Avenue Upstairs, two city detectives arrived with Nick Denoya's brother
- 5:37Speaker 1: Val from New Jersey to identify the body. The men
- 5:43Speaker 1: had been close. Val was devastated by the sight of
- 5:49Speaker 1: his murdered brother. Afterwards, Val Denoya came to the precinct
- 5:56Speaker 1: to help investigators in any way he could. Nick's brother
- 6:02Speaker 1: wanted the case solved as soon as possible. Detective Geddes
- 6:09Speaker 1: hoped Val knew something that could provide a solid lead.
- 6:13Speaker 3: Being a detective, one of the hardest things to do
- 6:15Speaker 3: is to tell somebody, you know, that, hey, we're not
- 6:17Speaker 3: going to be able to solve this case right away
- 6:19Speaker 3: unless you know something that can help us. And I
- 6:22Speaker 3: explained to him at that time, I said, look, if
- 6:24Speaker 3: it was something that happened here in the New York area...
- 6:27Speaker 3: maybe it was a business relationship here or a relationship,
- 6:31Speaker 3: a love relationship or some kind of emotional type of relationship,
- 6:36Speaker 3: we have a good shot of solving that crime right away.
- 6:41Speaker 1: For Val DeNoia, one name came to mind, his brother's
- 6:44Speaker 1: business partner, Steve Banerjee. Banerjee had known Nick DeNoia since
- 6:52Speaker 1: the early 80s.
- 6:54Speaker 2: He wanted business out there.
- 6:56Speaker 1: Val told the detective that his brother met him in
- 6:58Speaker 1: Los Angeles. Nick DeNoia had traveled to L.A. hoping to
- 7:04Speaker 1: build upon the success he enjoyed in New York. The
- 7:10Speaker 1: five-time Emmy award-winning producer fielded many offers, but one man
- 7:14Speaker 1: in particular was relentless in his pursuit. Steve Banerjee, the
- 7:21Speaker 1: East Indian immigrant and entrepreneur who had dreamt up Chippendale's
- 7:24Speaker 1: male exotic dance review. wanted De Noia to fashion a
- 7:27Speaker 1: more refined act. Though ladies-only nights in L.A. were extremely popular,
- 7:35Speaker 1: Banerjee wanted a dance troupe worthy enough to draw audiences
- 7:38Speaker 1: in New York and Las Vegas. He believed that Nick
- 7:43Speaker 1: De Noia was the man who could make that dream
- 7:46Speaker 1: come true. Val De Noia said that his brother was
- 7:52Speaker 1: reluctant at first, feeling the act was too sleazy. When
- 7:57Speaker 1: Banerjee promised him all touring rights and 50% of its proceeds,
- 8:02Speaker 1: DeNoia accepted the offer. Nick polished the routine and booked
- 8:08Speaker 1: the troupe at Club Magique in New York. The newly
- 8:13Speaker 1: styled Chippendales' dances became an instant hit. But shortly after
- 8:20Speaker 1: his success, Val told the detective that Nick's relationship with
- 8:23Speaker 1: Banerjee had soured. Banerjee demanded a larger percentage of the
- 8:29Speaker 1: touring profits, but Nick refused to give in.
- 8:34Speaker 3: They were always constantly arguing, and they were arguing about
- 8:38Speaker 3: different ends of the business, and, you know, it's just
- 8:40Speaker 3: like regular business partners, you know, but they were having trouble.
- 8:44Speaker 3: And De Noia was starting to take his troop out,
- 8:47Speaker 3: and he was going to form a new business.
- 8:51Speaker 1: In the weeks prior to his death, Nick was negotiating
- 8:54Speaker 1: touring deals for a troop he designed to compete directly
- 8:57Speaker 1: with Chippendales. Stealing market share from Chippendales could cost Banerjee millions.
- 9:07Speaker 1: Val offered the detectives his brother's financial records. NYPD set
- 9:14Speaker 1: up surveillance at Nick DeNoia's funeral since detectives suspected he'd
- 9:17Speaker 1: been murdered by someone he knew. Nick's brother would help
- 9:22Speaker 1: identify as many mourners as possible. Nick's partner, Steve Banerjee,
- 9:29Speaker 1: was among those who paid their respects. The following day,
- 9:35Speaker 1: investigators phoned Banerjee in California to inquire about his relationship
- 9:39Speaker 1: with his late partner. For Detective Geddes, the interview had
- 9:45Speaker 1: a subtler agenda than fact finding.
- 9:49Speaker 3: We were trying to get what we call a negative interview.
- 9:52Speaker 3: where if he says, no, I had nothing to do
- 9:54Speaker 3: with it, we were great friends and things like that,
- 9:56Speaker 3: just to try to disprove things that were starting to
- 9:59Speaker 3: be said. So if later on it was involved with him,
- 10:02Speaker 3: we could just tie it all together.
- 10:04Speaker 1: You know, like I said to you, it's... Banerjee never
- 10:06Speaker 1: contradicted what police already knew. He acknowledged that he and
- 10:12Speaker 1: DeNoia did not get along. and admitted that he was
- 10:14Speaker 1: upset that his partner had formed a new dance troupe.
- 10:19Speaker 1: Banerjee added that on April 7th, the day of the murder,
- 10:23Speaker 1: he had been in Los Angeles the entire day. That
- 10:28Speaker 1: did not rule out the possibility that a hitman had
- 10:31Speaker 1: been hired. But detectives had nothing to prove it. The
- 10:38Speaker 1: DeNoya family offered a substantial reward for anyone who came
- 10:42Speaker 1: forward with information Police received several calls, but none panned out.
- 10:49Speaker 3: We always felt this fellow, Steve Banerjee, had something to
- 10:53Speaker 3: do with it, but nobody could really give us any
- 10:55Speaker 3: concrete evidence or even steer us in the direction of
- 10:58Speaker 3: where we could tie anybody into what happened.
- 11:03Speaker 1: Lacking any other leads, the freight elevator operator from Denoya's
- 11:06Speaker 1: building provided his description of the man he saw run
- 11:10Speaker 1: from the stairwell. Do you know what that was? Though
- 11:14Speaker 1: he had seen him only briefly, police hoped it would
- 11:16Speaker 1: be enough to prompt someone else's memory. Pretty much. Police
- 11:22Speaker 1: canvassed the lobby of Denoya's office building well into the evening.
- 11:29Speaker 1: They asked everyone who worked there if they recognized the sketch.
- 11:36Speaker 1: None did. The killer had apparently vanished in the middle
- 11:41Speaker 1: of a workday. amongst millions of New York City commuters.
- 11:47Speaker 3: Well, basically the investigation just, you know, it kind of
- 11:50Speaker 3: hit a brick wall. And we really weren't going anywhere
- 11:53Speaker 3: with it. We had a sketch that was out there.
- 11:56Speaker 3: There was a reward that was out there. There was a,
- 11:59Speaker 3: we even put it on television, trying to get some assistance,
- 12:02Speaker 3: figuring if, you know, the person that did this was
- 12:04Speaker 3: from another state that somebody would give us the information.
- 12:07Speaker 3: But we constantly hit that brick wall and it wasn't
- 12:09Speaker 3: going anywhere.
- 12:12Speaker 1: No new leads surfaced. To New York City police, it
- 12:19Speaker 1: looked as if the killer had gotten away with murder.
- 12:28Speaker 1: Four years had passed since Chippendale's choreographer, Nick DeNoya, had
- 12:32Speaker 1: been murdered in his Manhattan office. The case remained unsolved. Then,
- 12:39Speaker 1: in July 1991, Over 2,500 miles away, Special Agent Dan
- 12:45Speaker 1: West at the FBI's Las Vegas field office received a call.
- 12:50Speaker 1: It was from a man who claimed he had been
- 12:52Speaker 1: hired to kill two people for $ 25, 000.
- 12:54Speaker 4: I immediately wasn't sure whether or not he was just
- 13:01Speaker 4: a prank call. It's not unusual for the FBI, especially
- 13:04Speaker 4: in Las Vegas, on a weekend to receive prank calls.
- 13:07Speaker 4: A lot of alcohol flowing. So I asked him to
- 13:10Speaker 4: give me specific details of the alleged planned murder.
- 13:16Speaker 1: The caller said that a man named Ray Colon had
- 13:19Speaker 1: hired him to kill two managers of a male exotic
- 13:22Speaker 1: dance troupe touring England. They were competitors of the Chippendales dancers.
- 13:30Speaker 1: The source said he did not know why Colon wanted
- 13:32Speaker 1: the men dead, but for some reason the would-be hitman
- 13:36Speaker 1: had decided not to go through with it.
- 13:40Speaker 4: I'm not sure if the source backed out because of
- 13:43Speaker 4: Good Samaritan reasons or because he chickened out. He flew
- 13:48Speaker 4: to England and then flew back to the United States
- 13:50Speaker 4: almost immediately. I think he flew into Los Angeles and
- 13:53Speaker 4: then drove to Las Vegas, basically to hide out.
- 13:58Speaker 1: The agent told the source to meet him at the
- 14:00Speaker 1: office at 5 o'clock the next morning. He needed to
- 14:05Speaker 1: somehow confirm the caller's story.
- 14:08Speaker 4: Two dancers. He also said that he had worked with
- 14:11Speaker 4: the DEA in prior investigations as an informant, and he
- 14:15Speaker 4: provided me with the name of a DEA agent in
- 14:18Speaker 4: Houston who could vouch for him.
- 14:22Speaker 1: The DEA agent confirmed that he had previously worked with
- 14:25Speaker 1: the source and insisted that the man was to be trusted.
- 14:32Speaker 1: After the FBI arranged protection for the intended victims in England,
- 14:36Speaker 1: the informant described the murder plan. Preparations were made a
- 14:42Speaker 1: few days earlier at the Los Angeles home of his
- 14:44Speaker 1: former landlord, Ray Colon, the man who had hired him.
- 14:52Speaker 1: Colon led the would-be hitmen to his garage, where they
- 14:54Speaker 1: met Colon's brother-in-law, who had recently returned from scouting the
- 14:58Speaker 1: victims in England. He told the informant that he could
- 15:03Speaker 1: find his targets in the town of Blackpool on July 20th,
- 15:07Speaker 1: when the exotic dancers were scheduled to perform there. Because
- 15:13Speaker 1: of England's strict gun laws, smuggling a gun in was
- 15:16Speaker 1: out of the question. Instead, Pallone instructed the hitman to
- 15:22Speaker 1: kill his victims by fatal injection. He mixed a dose
- 15:28Speaker 1: of cyanide powder into a small vial. They figured it
- 15:33Speaker 1: could be smuggled past customs in a bottle of eye drops.
- 15:36Speaker 4: Many, many times.
- 15:40Speaker 1: The agent needed something more solid than the statement of
- 15:42Speaker 1: one and informant to bring in Ray Colon. He consented
- 15:48Speaker 1: to get Colon on tape. The reformed hitman would call
- 15:55Speaker 1: Colon and pretend that he was still in England.
- 15:59Speaker 4: What we were trying to get from the telephone conversations
- 16:02Speaker 4: was strong evidence that Colon was a part of the
- 16:06Speaker 4: plan to kill the two intended victims, if not the
- 16:08Speaker 4: organizer of the plan. We had the information from the source,
- 16:11Speaker 4: but we had to verify that through the tape conversations.
- 16:21Speaker 1: Hello?
- 16:22Speaker 3: Ray?
- 16:22Speaker 1: Yeah.
- 16:23Speaker 4: Barry, buddy.
- 16:24Speaker 3: Are you sure that damn stuff is going to work?
- 16:26Speaker 5: It's pretty rad, buddy.
- 16:27Speaker 1: Yeah, it'll work.
- 16:29Speaker 3: Man, I don't want to.
- 16:30Speaker 1: And if you want to add something to it.
- 16:32Speaker 2: How long is it going to take before they croak
- 16:34Speaker 2: and hit down?
- 16:36Speaker 3: Was that an immediate if not sooner?
- 16:38Speaker 5: Yeah, right.
- 16:39Speaker 3: It's probably pulled.
- 16:41Speaker 1: You can even put a little, if you want, a
- 16:43Speaker 1: little drain on there if you want.
- 16:45Speaker 2: Well, it's going to kill him right away then, huh?
- 16:47Speaker 1: Okay.
- 16:51Speaker 4: It was evident from the beginning that Ray Cologne was
- 16:54Speaker 4: not only a participant in this murder-for-hire scheme, but that
- 16:59Speaker 4: he was actually the director of it. Cologne provided... numerous
- 17:04Speaker 4: suggestions to the source on how to best affect the
- 17:07Speaker 4: death of these two intended victims.
- 17:11Speaker 1: What wasn't evident from the recordings was a motive for
- 17:14Speaker 1: killing two managers of an exotic male dance troupe.
- 17:19Speaker 4: Do you know who hired Colon?
- 17:21Speaker 1: During the conversations, Colon had made reference to a third
- 17:24Speaker 1: man who was providing money for the double murder. But
- 17:29Speaker 1: the informant told Agent West that he did not know
- 17:32Speaker 1: the man's name Two days later, on Wednesday, July 25th, 1991,
- 17:41Speaker 1: a federal judge in California was convinced that the FBI
- 17:45Speaker 1: had enough probable cause to search Colon's Los Angeles home.
- 17:51Speaker 1: Colon was surprised by the warrant. It limited the agent's
- 17:58Speaker 1: search to cyanide, travel records to England, and correspondence that
- 18:02Speaker 1: could link Colon and his brother-in-law to the intended murder.
- 18:08Speaker 1: In the bedroom, they found flyers for the male exotic
- 18:10Speaker 1: dance tour in England. They also found two handguns in
- 18:18Speaker 1: a drawer. Records indicated they had been legally purchased by
- 18:23Speaker 1: Ray Cologne. And since the warrant didn't specify weapons, the
- 18:28Speaker 1: guns were not seized. In the garage, agents did find
- 18:34Speaker 1: something the warrant had specified. A bag filled with cyanide.
- 18:45Speaker 1: It corroborated their informant's story. Then, one agent found something
- 18:52Speaker 1: that would break the case wide open.
- 18:57Speaker 4: During the course of the search warrant, we found Colon's
- 19:01Speaker 4: address book. Special Agent Andy Stefanik from the Los Angeles
- 19:06Speaker 4: office was going through that book, and he noticed the
- 19:09Speaker 4: name of Steve Banerjee.
- 19:12Speaker 1: Agent West also discovered that Steve Banerjee, the well-known Los
- 19:16Speaker 1: Angeles owner of Chippendale's nightclub, had called Colon recently.
- 19:22Speaker 4: The toll record showed several conversations, several calls going back
- 19:25Speaker 4: and forth between Banerjee and Colon. In addition, that same day,
- 19:31Speaker 4: we received the results of interviews from the British police
- 19:35Speaker 4: on the intended victims and both indicated that Steve Banerjee
- 19:39Speaker 4: was the only person they could possibly think of who
- 19:41Speaker 4: would have a motive to kill them or would even
- 19:43Speaker 4: want to kill them.
- 19:45Speaker 1: The two managers of the rival male dance troupe believed
- 19:48Speaker 1: that Banerjee wanted them dead. to stop them from competing
- 19:51Speaker 1: with Chippendales. This was the same motive that New York
- 19:57Speaker 1: authorities suspected was behind the murder of Banerjee's former business partner,
- 20:01Speaker 1: Nick Denoyan. Agents called New York City homicide detective Michael
- 20:08Speaker 1: Geddes to find out more about the five-year-old Denoya murder.
- 20:13Speaker 3: All of a sudden, I got a phone call from
- 20:17Speaker 3: the FBI. I really got excited at that point because
- 20:20Speaker 3: it was already maybe five years, five and a half
- 20:23Speaker 3: years or so. So it looked like we might have
- 20:26Speaker 3: the opportunity to give the family their final piece.
- 20:32Speaker 1: But neither the NYPD nor the FBI had direct evidence
- 20:36Speaker 1: against Steve Banerjee. And agents were still unsure if Colon
- 20:42Speaker 1: would be able to assist the murder investigation.
- 20:47Speaker 4: We at that time did not know whether or not
- 20:50Speaker 4: Colon was involved in the Nick Denoya murder. The composite
- 20:55Speaker 4: picture resembled Colon, but it certainly wasn't a match.
- 21:01Speaker 1: Despite their uncertainty about Colon's role in Denoya's murder, they
- 21:05Speaker 1: had strong evidence against him for conspiracy to commit murder.
- 21:11Speaker 1: Faced with stiff jail time, the FBI believed he would talk.
- 21:17Speaker 4: Colon knew that he had to take a hit. There
- 21:18Speaker 4: was no question about that. He was caught red-handed in
- 21:21Speaker 4: the planning of the murder of two individuals. So he
- 21:25Speaker 4: had to accept the fact that he was going to
- 21:27Speaker 4: go down for some time himself, but that it was
- 21:30Speaker 4: going to be a lot less... time in jail if
- 21:32Speaker 4: he worked with us.
- 21:36Speaker 1: On August 2nd, 1991, agents arrested Colon and his brother-in-law
- 21:41Speaker 1: for conspiracy to commit murder. Colon's arrest would increase the
- 21:46Speaker 1: pressure to tell the FBI what he knew about Steve
- 21:49Speaker 1: Banerjee and the murder of Banerjee's partner, Nick DeNoia. What
- 21:56Speaker 1: the FBI didn't count on was that Colon's arrest would
- 21:59Speaker 1: make Chippendale's owner Steve Banerjee far more elusive. In August 1991,
- 22:09Speaker 1: the FBI arrested Ray Colon and his brother-in-law in Los
- 22:13Speaker 1: Angeles for conspiracy to commit murder. Their two targets, who
- 22:19Speaker 1: escaped unharmed, were managers of a male exotic dance troupe
- 22:23Speaker 1: touring England. Agents believed that a third man, Steve Banerjee,
- 22:30Speaker 1: creator of Chippendales, had hired them to kill the men.
- 22:36Speaker 1: Special Agent Dan West needed more than a hunch to
- 22:39Speaker 1: arrest Banerjee. He hoped that Ray Colon would provide something
- 22:44Speaker 1: more solid.
- 22:46Speaker 4: He knew that his best chances of getting the best
- 22:50Speaker 4: deal were to cooperate with the FBI. He had indicated
- 22:56Speaker 4: to us that we only had a small chance fraction
- 23:00Speaker 4: of the story. He took a sheet of paper and
- 23:02Speaker 4: he said, right now you have this and I can
- 23:05Speaker 4: give you the whole page.
- 23:08Speaker 1: As agents had suspected, Colon admitted that Steve Banerjee was
- 23:12Speaker 1: the man who had hired him to carry out the murders.
- 23:17Speaker 1: He also told agents that the wealthy Chippendales club owner
- 23:21Speaker 1: had ordered the murder of his partner, Nick DeNoia, in
- 23:24Speaker 1: New York five years before. For consideration of a lighter sentence,
- 23:31Speaker 1: Colon signed a proffer agreeing to help the FBI gather
- 23:35Speaker 1: enough evidence to arrest Banerjee. Special Agent Scott Gariola from
- 23:42Speaker 1: the FBI's Los Angeles field office learned that Colon's association
- 23:46Speaker 1: with Banerjee had begun by chance over a decade earlier.
- 23:51Speaker 5: Colon had lived and managed an apartment building on the
- 23:54Speaker 5: same street where Chippendale's Los Angeles club was. And by
- 23:58Speaker 5: being so close in proximity, he would frequent the bar
- 24:01Speaker 5: and over the course of time became close friends with Banerjee.
- 24:06Speaker 1: Colon explained that his friend Steve Banerjee had immigrated to
- 24:09Speaker 1: the U.S. from India in the early 70s. In 1973,
- 24:15Speaker 1: the future millionaire opened a gas station north of the
- 24:19Speaker 1: Los Angeles airport. He used the profits to purchase a
- 24:24Speaker 1: failing West Los Angeles bar and by 1976 had turned
- 24:29Speaker 1: it into the nightclub that became famous as Chippendales. By then,
- 24:36Speaker 1: Colon had parlayed his friendship with Banerjee into employment. The
- 24:42Speaker 1: out-of-work musician was happy to perform any job that Banerjee
- 24:45Speaker 1: needed done. One service Colon provided was arson. Banerjee wanted
- 24:55Speaker 1: his competitors eliminated, Colon confided that Banerjee directed him to
- 25:03Speaker 1: burn down nearby competition. A disco in Santa Monica was
- 25:09Speaker 1: the first target in 1979. Five years later, Colon torched
- 25:16Speaker 1: another club. Neither arson attempt had been successful and the
- 25:22Speaker 1: clubs remained open. Banerjee didn't limit his targets to building
- 25:32Speaker 1: According to Colon, Banerjee also ordered him to hire a
- 25:35Speaker 1: hitman to kill his partner, Nick DeNoia. Colon added that
- 25:42Speaker 1: DeNoia had successfully sued Banerjee to prevent him from touring
- 25:46Speaker 1: a second Chippendales dance troupe. The lawsuit, combined with costly
- 25:52Speaker 1: merchandising overruns, forced Banerjee to file for bankruptcy. As instructed,
- 25:59Speaker 1: Colon hired a hitman three months earlier. He claimed he
- 26:05Speaker 1: remembered only the man's first name, which was Louie. On
- 26:11Speaker 1: the day of the murder, Colon and Louie flew in
- 26:14Speaker 1: from L.A., rented a car, and drove into Manhattan. Colon
- 26:19Speaker 1: waited on the street with the engine running until Louie
- 26:22Speaker 1: returned from shooting Denoya. The following night, Colon was back
- 26:29Speaker 1: in Los Angeles. In Chippendale's parking lot, Banerjee paid Colon $ 12, 000 cash,
- 26:37Speaker 1: the balance of the original $ 25, 000 fee. Colon's story was good,
- 26:45Speaker 1: but it was only hearsay from a suspected conspirator. He
- 26:50Speaker 1: might say anything to serve less jail time. Special Agent
- 26:57Speaker 1: Gariola first needed to verify the facts Colon had presented.
- 27:03Speaker 5: At this point, all we had was somebody in prison
- 27:05Speaker 5: telling us, well, it wasn't me, it was somebody else
- 27:07Speaker 5: who was behind it. Your initial plan is to corroborate
- 27:10Speaker 5: as much as possible what he's telling you. And that's
- 27:12Speaker 5: what we did for the first couple of months.
- 27:16Speaker 1: With Colon's credibility secured, the FBI set out to get
- 27:20Speaker 1: Banerjee and the hitman who killed his partner. Agents figured
- 27:26Speaker 1: the only one Banerjee would trust enough to confess to
- 27:29Speaker 1: would be his old friend Ray Colon, but they needed
- 27:31Speaker 1: to get Colon close enough.
- 27:35Speaker 5: We had Colon released out of the jail where he
- 27:38Speaker 5: was being housed under a proposed medical furlough because of
- 27:43Speaker 5: his health problems. And we started sending communications to Banerjee
- 27:47Speaker 5: via letter, messenger-delivered letters, and cryptic phone calls to try
- 27:53Speaker 5: and get Banerjee to respond to him.
- 27:56Speaker 1: Banerjee refused to return calls or letters. He was suspicious
- 28:01Speaker 1: of Colon, despite having paid him over $ 200, 000 at various
- 28:05Speaker 1: drops around the city to keep Colon loyal since his arrest.
- 28:11Speaker 1: The FBI came up with another plan to compel Banerjee
- 28:14Speaker 1: to respond to Colon.
- 28:17Speaker 5: We decided to force the issue and set up a
- 28:19Speaker 5: meeting on our own terms. And we had Colon waiting
- 28:23Speaker 5: across the street from Chippendales one morning.
- 28:27Speaker 1: As agents watched, Colon called to Banerjee when he emerged
- 28:30Speaker 1: from the club The Chippendales owner was curious as to
- 28:35Speaker 1: why Colon was standing outside his establishment. Banerjee spoke to
- 28:41Speaker 1: him in whispers, suspecting he may be wired. Agents had
- 28:47Speaker 1: no way of knowing what Banerjee might be planning.
- 28:51Speaker 5: We took several precautions. If he hired somebody else, Colon,
- 28:56Speaker 5: to kill somebody, why wouldn't he hire somebody to kill Colon?
- 29:00Speaker 1: Hoping to strengthen Banerjee's trust, The released prisoner provided the
- 29:04Speaker 1: address of a bar where the suspected murderer was to
- 29:07Speaker 1: send more money. Banerjee didn't trust Colon, but he couldn't
- 29:13Speaker 1: afford to ignore him. He told Colon to pick up
- 29:18Speaker 1: his payment the next evening. Agents set up surveillance on
- 29:25Speaker 1: the bar. At about 9 o'clock, agents observe Banerjee stopping
- 29:32Speaker 1: in front, checking the address, and then driving away. A
- 29:40Speaker 1: short time later, a messenger delivered a package. Agents retrieved
- 29:48Speaker 1: it from inside.
- 29:51Speaker 5: When we contacted the messenger company, that had sent the package,
- 29:55Speaker 5: the pickup location where the package was received from was
- 29:59Speaker 5: a bakery that was right next door to the building
- 30:02Speaker 5: where the Chippendales dancers were practicing and rehearsing.
- 30:07Speaker 1: Back in the FBI offices, agents opened the package, not
- 30:11Speaker 1: knowing what might be inside. It contained $ 14, 000. I guess
- 30:16Speaker 1: we got them all. The payoff meant that Banerjee would
- 30:21Speaker 1: continue to keep Ray Colon close to him. But agents
- 30:26Speaker 1: didn't know if Banerjee would talk or if the hitman,
- 30:29Speaker 1: known only as Louie, would ever be found. In the
- 30:39Speaker 1: summer of 1992, FBI agents continued to surveil Chippendale's club owner,
- 30:44Speaker 1: Steve Banerjee. He was suspected of ordering the murder of
- 30:49Speaker 1: his partner more than five years earlier. Ray Colon, hired
- 30:56Speaker 1: by Banerjee to arrange the murder, had been arrested and
- 30:59Speaker 1: was cooperating with agents to capture the wealthy club owner.
- 31:06Speaker 1: Wearing a wire, Colon met the East Indian entrepreneur at
- 31:09Speaker 1: a hotel in Santa Monica, hoping to get his confession
- 31:12Speaker 1: on tape. Special Agent Scott Gariola and his team were
- 31:18Speaker 1: stationed nearby.
- 31:23Speaker 5: Banerjee immediately motioned for Colon to join him in the
- 31:27Speaker 5: men's room. When the two of them went into the
- 31:29Speaker 5: men's room and Banerjee told him to be quiet, not
- 31:32Speaker 5: to say a word, he searched Colon about three times,
- 31:36Speaker 5: looking for the wire.
- 31:39Speaker 1: Agents worried about what the suspected murderer might do to
- 31:42Speaker 1: Colon if he found the wire.
- 31:43Speaker 3: All right.
- 31:46Speaker 1: Colon's life depended on the FBI's skills at concealment.
- 31:53Speaker 4: All right, okay.
- 31:55Speaker 1: Banerjee never found the wire, but it was clear that
- 31:58Speaker 1: he did not completely trust his longtime friend, Ray Colon.
- 32:05Speaker 1: Out in the lobby, Banerjee insisted they communicate through notes
- 32:08Speaker 1: instead of speaking. Agents recorded only scribbles and whispers. Banerjee
- 32:20Speaker 1: wanted to know how much Colon had told the FBI
- 32:23Speaker 1: and what they knew about, quote, the deed. Colon knew
- 32:29Speaker 1: the deed referred to the murder of Banerjee's partner. The
- 32:34Speaker 1: former musician denied that he had said anything to federal agents.
- 32:40Speaker 5: Once again, we were unsuccessful in getting an audible recording
- 32:44Speaker 5: due to the fact that Banerjee basically whispered throughout the
- 32:47Speaker 5: whole thing and wrote notes, and when Cologne would raise
- 32:49Speaker 5: his voice and try and talk, Banerjee would shush him, basically,
- 32:53Speaker 5: by putting his finger to his mouth and saying, no,
- 32:54Speaker 5: we can't talk.
- 32:58Speaker 1: Banerjee gathered the notes and returned to the restaurant, this
- 33:02Speaker 1: time alone. Despite his doubts about Cologne's loyalty, Banerjee handed
- 33:10Speaker 1: him another payment, this time in plain view of agents.
- 33:17Speaker 1: The package held $ 30, 000, more than twice as much as
- 33:21Speaker 1: the first. Unfortunately for investigators, there was nothing illegal about
- 33:27Speaker 1: giving Colon cash.
- 33:31Speaker 5: On its face, it's basically a loan for attorney fees
- 33:33Speaker 5: for Colon.
- 33:35Speaker 1: Without the.
- 33:37Speaker 5: Story on tape of how Cologne and Banerjee were partners
- 33:40Speaker 5: in these crimes, the money basically was not going to
- 33:42Speaker 5: be able to do anything for the case.
- 33:47Speaker 1: After Banerjee's Mercedes was out of sight, agents hoped to
- 33:50Speaker 1: retrieve at least a portion of the notes from the meeting.
- 33:58Speaker 1: In the men's room under the toilet, one agent discovered
- 34:01Speaker 1: a scrap of paper. It seemed that Banerjee had flushed
- 34:05Speaker 1: the rest. Though it held only a small pen mark,
- 34:11Speaker 1: it would help corroborate Colon's story when it came time
- 34:13Speaker 1: to testify at trial. Colon did not remember the full
- 34:20Speaker 1: name of the hitman he had hired in 1987, but
- 34:23Speaker 1: he did recall that his first name was Louie, and
- 34:25Speaker 1: he lived somewhere in East Los Angeles.
- 34:30Speaker 5: Colon didn't have a last name for him, didn't have
- 34:31Speaker 5: an address. We took him out a couple of times,
- 34:34Speaker 5: had him drive us around the area, and he pointed
- 34:37Speaker 5: out a house that he thought Louis had lived in.
- 34:46Speaker 1: Cologne's memory proved correct. The woman who answered the door
- 34:50Speaker 1: was Louis' mother. Since she did not know Cologne, she
- 34:55Speaker 1: refused to tell him where her son was. Cologne told
- 35:00Speaker 1: her that he wanted to provide work for him and
- 35:02Speaker 1: handed her his card. In a few days, Cologne received
- 35:08Speaker 1: a call.
- 35:11Speaker 5: Unfortunately, what we came across was Louie's brother, Andy, and
- 35:16Speaker 5: we had to establish a relationship with Andy to try
- 35:18Speaker 5: and find out where Louie was. So we had Colon
- 35:22Speaker 5: talking to Andy about various things. He needed to hire
- 35:25Speaker 5: Louie back for a job, the same job he had
- 35:28Speaker 5: completed a few years prior.
- 35:32Speaker 1: After about a month, Andy finally told Colon that he
- 35:35Speaker 1: could find his brother, Roberto Rivera Lopez, in Los Angeles'
- 35:39Speaker 1: county prison. Rivera, whose nickname was Louie, was serving time
- 35:47Speaker 1: for possession of narcotics and would be out of jail
- 35:50Speaker 1: in a few months. As a heroin junkie, he would
- 35:55Speaker 1: need fast cash after his release and wanted to know
- 35:58Speaker 1: more about Colon's offer.
- 36:02Speaker 5: Colon laid the groundwork once again for this new job
- 36:05Speaker 5: that he wanted Rivera to help him with. And the
- 36:09Speaker 5: plan that we had set in motion was that there
- 36:11Speaker 5: was a witness to the homicide in 1987 and that
- 36:15Speaker 5: Louie needed to go back and take care of that witness.
- 36:20Speaker 1: Near the end of 1992, Colon met with the hitman
- 36:24Speaker 1: for the first time in five years. With their conversation
- 36:29Speaker 1: being monitored, the FBI informant slowly drew Louie Rivera in,
- 36:34Speaker 1: detailing a new murder plot. If the FBI ever hoped
- 36:40Speaker 1: to get the hitman confessing on tape, it had to
- 36:43Speaker 1: be now.
- 36:46Speaker 5: His release date on the charge he was incarcerated for was,
- 36:48Speaker 5: I believe, January 17th of 93. We were running up
- 36:52Speaker 5: against the clock, and one of our concerns was that,
- 36:56Speaker 5: you know, we had laid the groundwork for Colon and Rivera,
- 37:02Speaker 5: that when Rivera got out, he was supposed to contact
- 37:06Speaker 5: Colon to go and kill this witness.
- 37:11Speaker 1: Agent's worries were laid to rest. On Christmas Eve, 1992,
- 37:18Speaker 1: Rivera described his role in the murder of Nick Denoya.
- 37:26Speaker 1: At 3.30 p.m. on April 7th, 1987, Louis arrived on
- 37:30Speaker 1: the 15th floor of Denoya's building disguised as a messenger.
- 37:33Speaker 1: The place was empty except for one man in the
- 37:39Speaker 1: outer office. Moments later, when the office worker entered the
- 37:49Speaker 1: men's room, Louie exited to kill DeNoia, figuring there'd be
- 37:53Speaker 1: no other witnesses to the crime. He found the producer
- 38:00Speaker 1: at his desk, pulled out a 9mm semi-automatic, and fired
- 38:04Speaker 1: from three feet away. The FBI had it all on tape.
- 38:13Speaker 1: Ray Colon had fulfilled half of his agreement with the
- 38:16Speaker 1: FBI to receive sentencing consideration on his charge of conspiracy
- 38:20Speaker 1: to commit murder. The other half hinged on his ability
- 38:26Speaker 1: to secure a taped confession from the man who had
- 38:29Speaker 1: ordered Denoyer's murder, his longtime friend Steve Banerjee. So far,
- 38:36Speaker 1: more than a year after his arrest, Colon had been
- 38:40Speaker 1: unable to do that. By January 1993, the FBI's cooperating witness,
- 38:50Speaker 1: Ray Colon, had been unable to convince murder suspect Steve
- 38:54Speaker 1: Banerjee to discuss aloud the crimes they had planned together.
- 39:01Speaker 1: They had met several times, but Banerjee had been too
- 39:04Speaker 1: paranoid or too clever to be recorded. At one meeting,
- 39:11Speaker 1: Banerjee suggested he'd help Colon hide out overseas. Special Agent
- 39:18Speaker 1: Scott Gariola and his team used Banerjee's suggestion to form
- 39:22Speaker 1: a new plan. Perhaps Banerjee could be lured overseas to
- 39:28Speaker 1: talk to Colon on foreign soil.
- 39:32Speaker 5: I don't think it was too difficult on Banerjee's part
- 39:35Speaker 5: to accept the fact that Colon was going to go overseas.
- 39:38Speaker 5: I mean, he wanted to be rid of Colon. He
- 39:40Speaker 5: knew Colon was the only person that could tie him
- 39:43Speaker 5: into these various crimes dating back to 1979.
- 39:49Speaker 1: Since Colon was still on Banerjee's payroll, agents believed it
- 39:53Speaker 1: was likely that he would visit Colon in person to
- 39:56Speaker 1: be certain that Colon had what he needed for an
- 39:58Speaker 1: extended stay. Banerjee wanted Colon out of his life permanently.
- 40:09Speaker 1: The FBI selected Rome as their destination since Italy's laws
- 40:13Speaker 1: and police force are well adapted to surveillance investigations. Agents
- 40:20Speaker 1: made extensive preparations before they arrived.
- 40:25Speaker 5: We acquired a phony United States passport for Colon, an
- 40:30Speaker 5: alias name which you would expect someone who's on the run,
- 40:33Speaker 5: a fugitive in another country, to have some kind of
- 40:35Speaker 5: phony documentation. So we acquired that. We also entered Colon
- 40:39Speaker 5: into the nationwide crime computer as a fugitive. So in
- 40:43Speaker 5: the event Banerjee had some kind of private investigator or
- 40:46Speaker 5: someone check the computer, it would show that there was
- 40:50Speaker 5: a warrant out for Colon's arrest because he was now
- 40:52Speaker 5: a fugitive.
- 40:54Speaker 1: With the cooperation of the Italian authorities, the FBI secured
- 40:58Speaker 1: an apartment for Colon in Rome that was wired for recording.
- 41:04Speaker 1: When everyone was assembled, Colon placed a call to Banerjee
- 41:07Speaker 1: in California. the East Indian murder suspect understood that Colon
- 41:13Speaker 1: would use the code name Mr. Underwood when he called.
- 41:20Speaker 3: Yeah.
- 41:21Speaker 1: Hey, this is Mr. Underwood. How are you doing, Steve?
- 41:25Speaker 3: Fine.
- 41:26Speaker 1: So when can you come and discuss the particulars?
- 41:29Speaker 3: I cannot go to Italy, but I can go to Switzerland.
- 41:31Speaker 3: Can you come and see me? No, that's impossible. Why
- 41:34Speaker 3: can't you go to Italy? I don't know.
- 41:38Speaker 4: Huh?
- 41:38Speaker 1: I don't know.
- 41:43Speaker 5: There was a problem with Banerjee coming to Rome since
- 41:45Speaker 5: he was not a United States citizen. He claimed he
- 41:47Speaker 5: was not able to obtain a visa in time to
- 41:50Speaker 5: enter Italy, and he wanted initially to meet us up
- 41:54Speaker 5: by the Italian-Swiss border.
- 41:58Speaker 1: Banerjee finally agreed to meet Colon in Zurich, Switzerland. The
- 42:04Speaker 1: FBI had only a short time to make the new arrangements.
- 42:10Speaker 5: It was quite a challenge. to get everything accomplished. Basically,
- 42:16Speaker 5: this was a Friday, I believe, and it was basically
- 42:18Speaker 5: one day since no one worked on a weekend back
- 42:20Speaker 5: in the States. We had to get everything, all the
- 42:22Speaker 5: necessary approvals for the travel, the country clearance. We had
- 42:26Speaker 5: to get the U.S. Attorney's Office to contact, through a
- 42:29Speaker 5: mutual legal assistance treaty, contact their counterparts in Switzerland to
- 42:33Speaker 5: get the authority, the legal authority, to do the consensual recordings.
- 42:37Speaker 5: It was quite arduous, to say the least.
- 42:40Speaker 1: We will take Despite the brief turnaround time, the FBI
- 42:44Speaker 1: and Swiss authorities would be ready. The plan was to
- 42:50Speaker 1: wire Colon for a meeting in the hotel lobby. Afterwards,
- 42:55Speaker 1: the informant would suggest continuing the meeting in his hotel room,
- 42:59Speaker 1: which would be equipped with audio and video devices planted
- 43:02Speaker 1: by a special unit of the Swiss police. Two adjoining
- 43:10Speaker 1: rooms were booked in a downtown Zurich hotel. One room
- 43:17Speaker 1: they wired for picture and sound. The room next door
- 43:23Speaker 1: would hold the monitoring equipment. Agents hoped that this time
- 43:30Speaker 1: their efforts would finally be rewarded with Banerjee's confession on tape.
- 43:37Speaker 1: From the time of his arrival at the Zurich airport
- 43:39Speaker 1: Steve Banerjee would be under constant police surveillance. The plan
- 43:46Speaker 1: was for Colon to call Banerjee and arrange a meeting
- 43:49Speaker 1: in another hotel late in the afternoon. As planned, Banerjee
- 44:01Speaker 1: arrived first. Undercover agents and Swiss police were stationed throughout
- 44:06Speaker 1: the hotel dressed as staff. He waited in the bar
- 44:13Speaker 1: where he was expecting Colon's call. On cue, the phone rang.
- 44:30Speaker 1: Colon was on his way. This was the FBI's best
- 44:37Speaker 1: chance to get the recording they had long awaited. To
- 44:43Speaker 1: be sure Banerjee's voice was taped clearly, they hid the
- 44:46Speaker 1: wire inside Colon's outermost layer of clothing, his coat. But
- 44:53Speaker 1: Colon seemed nervous and removed his coat when he arrived.
- 45:00Speaker 1: As a result, investigators could no longer hear the conversation.
- 45:07Speaker 1: Years of pursuit hung in the balance.
- 45:10Speaker 4: Go inside.
- 45:11Speaker 1: It seemed unlikely that Banerjee would agree to meet Colon
- 45:14Speaker 1: again anytime soon.
- 45:18Speaker 5: We had ourselves a major problem. So what I initially
- 45:22Speaker 5: did was, since I was monitoring the conversation from the outside,
- 45:24Speaker 5: I went into the doorway of the restaurant, and hopefully
- 45:30Speaker 5: in Colon's line of eyesight, and I took my jacket
- 45:34Speaker 5: off a couple of times, hoping he would get the
- 45:36Speaker 5: idea to put his jacket on.
- 45:38Speaker 1: Nobody's going to come back yet.
- 45:40Speaker 4: Okay.
- 45:42Speaker 1: But the agent couldn't get Colon's attention. The informant was
- 45:48Speaker 1: apparently too nervous to look anywhere except directly at Banerjee.
- 45:54Speaker 5: The Swiss police, they came to our rescue. They went
- 45:57Speaker 5: in there and they closed the whole restaurant down. They
- 45:59Speaker 5: went in and talked to the owner, the manager of
- 46:01Speaker 5: the restaurant, said, hey, we got a little problem. We
- 46:03Speaker 5: need to shut this restaurant down. Fortunately, there weren't too
- 46:06Speaker 5: many customers in there. and basically closed the restaurant down,
- 46:10Speaker 5: which forced Cologne and Banerjee to leave the restaurant.
- 46:15Speaker 1: After moving to a noisier bar in the hotel, Cologne
- 46:18Speaker 1: suggested they'd be more comfortable relaxing in the room where
- 46:21Speaker 1: Cologne was staying. Cologne arrived first. He was met by
- 46:30Speaker 1: a Swiss technician who attempted to strip the wire from
- 46:33Speaker 1: his jacket before Banerjee arrived. Colon's device was an unnecessary
- 46:39Speaker 1: risk since the room itself was wired.
- 46:44Speaker 5: We didn't know what Banerjee was going to do once
- 46:46Speaker 5: the two of them were in the hotel. They had
- 46:47Speaker 5: gone from a public place to strictly a private place,
- 46:50Speaker 5: and we were a little concerned at this point for
- 46:52Speaker 5: what Banerjee may have up his sleeve.
- 46:56Speaker 1: Undercover agents alerted the surveillance team that Banerjee had arrived
- 46:59Speaker 1: on Colon's floor. The Swiss tech retrieved the wire and
- 47:06Speaker 1: stepped into the adjoining room. Colon barely had time to
- 47:15Speaker 1: pour himself a drink before there was a knock on
- 47:17Speaker 1: the door. The first thing Banerjee did was check Colon
- 47:28Speaker 1: for wires. He found none and began to relax. Cologne
- 47:39Speaker 1: poured him a drink. Then his old friend opened up.
- 47:46Speaker 1: Banerjee felt comfortable enough to talk about murdering his partner.
- 47:53Speaker 1: He mentioned the $ 25, 000 he paid to commission the deed.
- 47:59Speaker 1: He also made comments about the men in England that
- 48:02Speaker 1: he ordered killed He even talked to Colon about the
- 48:07Speaker 1: arsons he had paid for back in 1979. After five
- 48:13Speaker 1: and a half years and 6,000 miles from the crime scene,
- 48:17Speaker 1: the FBI's perseverance had finally paid off. At last, they
- 48:25Speaker 1: had it all on tape, and Colon earned himself an
- 48:28Speaker 1: early parole.
- 48:31Speaker 5: That was the coup de grace right there.
- 48:33Speaker 3: That was it.
- 48:34Speaker 5: We got exactly what we needed. We pretty much corroborated
- 48:37Speaker 5: Colon down to every I, dotted I, and every T
- 48:41Speaker 5: that Colon had told us.
- 48:45Speaker 1: On September 2nd, 1993, outside his Chippendales Club in Los Angeles,
- 48:50Speaker 1: Steve Banerjee was arrested for racketeering and first-degree murder. Facing
- 48:58Speaker 1: life in prison, Banerjee's defense team offered the state's attorneys
- 49:02Speaker 1: terms for an agreement Banerjee would plead guilty to the
- 49:09Speaker 1: charges and forfeit his interest in Chippendales for consideration in sentencing.
- 49:16Speaker 1: New York State accepted, suggesting 26 years in a maximum succession. facility.
- 49:25Speaker 1: But to Banerjee, the punishment was too severe. On the
- 49:28Speaker 1: day of his sentencing in October 1994, he was found
- 49:32Speaker 1: hanged in his cell. Michael Geddes, the New York City
- 49:39Speaker 1: detective who investigated Nick Denoya's murder six years earlier, was
- 49:43Speaker 1: glad to see the case closed.
- 49:47Speaker 3: Ever since Steve Banerjee was arrested and Colon confessed, what
- 49:51Speaker 3: happened is I saw that Val Denoya, the brother, and
- 49:54Speaker 3: his wife actually change. You could see the peace in
- 49:57Speaker 3: their face. You could see the smile coming back into
- 49:59Speaker 3: their life.
- 50:02Speaker 1: Steve Banerjee had immigrated to the United States to fulfill
- 50:05Speaker 1: his dreams of success. Blinded by his pursuit, he confused
- 50:12Speaker 1: power and the accumulation of wealth with the American dream.
- 50:45Speaker 1: Thank you.