Integrated large language models and digital twin-based decision support in closed-loop supply chain operations: green steel transition case study — Le et al. (2026)
The green steel transition requires corporates to operate closed-loop supply chains (CLSCs) that involve operational decisions under heterogeneous data. Although decision models have shifted CLSC operations towards advanced analytics and optimisation, challenges remain in automatically interpreting natural-language requests, enabling data-driven reasoning, and communicating out-comes for actionable decision-making. Motivated by recent progress in large language models (LLMs), we propose an intelligent digital twin-based decision-support method (LMiDTSC) to auto-matically interpret, reason…
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