Latest / Okay, But... Birds / Okay, but what can we learn from a drawer of birds?

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Okay, but what can we learn from a drawer of birds? · Okay, But... Birds

• 0:00
  The
• 0:00
  statistic
• 0:00
  that
• 0:01
  I
• 0:01
  really
• 0:01
  like
• 0:01
  to
• 0:02
  tell
• 0:02
  people
• 0:02
  is
• 0:03
  that
• 0:04
  less
• 0:04
  than
• 0:04
  1%
• 0:05
  of
• 0:05
  what's
• 0:06
  in
• 0:06
  a
• 0:06
  museum
• 0:07
  is
• 0:07
  actually
• 0:07
  on
• 0:08
  display
• 0:08
  for
• 0:08
  the
• 0:08
  public
• 0:09
  to
• 0:09
  see.
• 0:10
  Which
• 0:10
  really
• 0:10
  makes
• 0:10
  you
• 0:11
  wonder,
• 0:11
  well,
• 0:11
  what's
• 0:11
  going
• 0:11
  on
• 0:11
  with
• 0:12
  the
• 0:12
  other
• 0:12
  99%,
• 0:13
  right?
• 0:38
  The
• 0:38
  museum
• 0:38
  noise
• 0:39
  fades
• 0:39
  and
• 0:39
  you
• 0:39
  are
• 0:39
  somewhere
• 0:40
  else
• 0:40
  entirely.
• 0:41
  The
• 0:41
  floor
• 0:41
  tilts
• 0:42
  slightly
• 0:42
  under
• 0:42
  your
• 0:42
  feet
• 0:43
  and
• 0:43
  the
• 0:43
  air
• 0:43
  feels
• 0:44
  cooler.
• 0:44
  It
• 0:44
  smells
• 0:45
  faintly
• 0:45
  earthy.
• 0:46
  Or
• 0:46
  maybe
• 0:46
  that's
• 0:46
  just
• 0:46
  your
• 0:47
  imagination
• 0:47
  filling
• 0:48
  in
• 0:48
  the
• 0:48
  blanks.
• 0:49
  The
• 0:49
  cave
• 0:49
  mouth
• 0:49
  glows
• 0:50
  dimly
• 0:50
  behind
• 0:50
  you
• 0:51
  ahead,
• 0:51
  its
• 0:51
  shadow
• 0:52
  and
• 0:52
  rock
• 0:52
  and
• 0:52
  the
• 0:53
  suggestion
• 0:53
  of
• 0:53
  depth.
• 0:54
  You
• 0:54
  hear
• 0:54
  dripping
• 0:55
  water,
• 0:55
  then
• 0:56
  the
• 0:56
  high,
• 0:56
  thin
• 0:57
  chatter
• 0:57
  of
• 0:57
  bats.
• 0:58
  You
• 0:58
  look
• 0:58
  up
• 0:59
  and
• 0:59
  your
• 0:59
  eyes
• 0:59
  slowly
• 0:59
  adjust.
• 1:00
  They
• 1:00
  are
• 1:00
  everywhere,
• 1:01
  packed
• 1:01
  along
• 1:01
  the
• 1:02
  ceiling,
• 1:02
  wrapped
• 1:02
  in
• 1:02
  their
• 1:03
  wings,
• 1:03
  clustered
• 1:03
  shoulder
• 1:04
  to
• 1:04
  shoulder.
• 1:05
  Some
• 1:05
  look
• 1:05
  delicate
• 1:06
  and
• 1:06
  small.
• 1:06
  Others
• 1:06
  have
• 1:07
  fox
• 1:07
  like
• 1:07
  faces
• 1:08
  and
• 1:08
  oversized
• 1:08
  eyes
• 1:08
  that
• 1:09
  catch
• 1:09
  the
• 1:09
  low
• 1:09
  light.
• 1:10
  As
• 1:11
  a
• 1:11
  kid,
• 1:11
  it
• 1:11
  feels
• 1:12
  enormous.
• 1:12
  The
• 1:13
  ceiling
• 1:13
  seems
• 1:13
  higher
• 1:13
  than
• 1:13
  it
• 1:14
  probably
• 1:14
  is.
• 1:14
  The
• 1:15
  models
• 1:15
  are
• 1:15
  so
• 1:15
  convincing
• 1:16
  that
• 1:16
  you
• 1:16
  half
• 1:16
  expect
• 1:17
  one
• 1:17
  to
• 1:17
  shift
• 1:17
  its
• 1:17
  weight
• 1:18
  or
• 1:18
  blink.
• 1:19
  You
• 1:19
  move
• 1:19
  slowly,
• 1:20
  scanning
• 1:20
  the
• 1:20
  walls.
• 1:21
  There
• 1:21
  are
• 1:21
  crickets
• 1:22
  in
• 1:22
  the
• 1:22
  cracks,
• 1:22
  strange
• 1:23
  cave
• 1:23
  insects,
• 1:24
  details
• 1:24
  tucked
• 1:25
  into
• 1:25
  corners
• 1:25
  that
• 1:25
  reward
• 1:26
  you
• 1:26
  for
• 1:26
  paying
• 1:26
  attention.
• 1:27
  Then
• 1:27
  comes
• 1:28
  the
• 1:28
  exodus.
• 1:29
  The
• 1:29
  space
• 1:29
  opens
• 1:30
  slightly
• 1:30
  and
• 1:30
  the
• 1:30
  sound
• 1:31
  builds.
• 1:31
  A
• 1:31
  rush
• 1:31
  of
• 1:31
  wings
• 1:32
  fills
• 1:32
  the
• 1:32
  cavern.
• 1:33
  The
• 1:33
  lighting
• 1:33
  shifts
• 1:34
  towards
• 1:34
  dusk
• 1:34
  and
• 1:34
  suddenly
• 1:35
  the
• 1:35
  whole
• 1:35
  colony
• 1:36
  seems
• 1:36
  to
• 1:36
  lift
• 1:36
  off.
• 1:37
  It
• 1:37
  is
• 1:37
  immersive
• 1:38
  in
• 1:38
  a
• 1:38
  way
• 1:38
  that
• 1:38
  feels
• 1:38
  almost
• 1:39
  overwhelming.
• 1:40
  Not
• 1:40
  frightening,
• 1:40
  but
• 1:41
  powerful.
• 1:41
  You
• 1:42
  feel
• 1:42
  small
• 1:42
  standing
• 1:43
  in
• 1:43
  the
• 1:43
  middle
• 1:43
  of
• 1:43
  that
• 1:44
  moment.
• 1:45
  When
• 1:45
  you
• 1:45
  step
• 1:45
  back
• 1:46
  out
• 1:46
  into
• 1:46
  the
• 1:46
  bright
• 1:46
  hallway,
• 1:47
  the
• 1:47
  spell
• 1:47
  breaks
• 1:47
  quickly.
• 1:48
  But
• 1:48
  for
• 1:48
  a
• 1:49
  few
• 1:49
  minutes,
• 1:49
  you
• 1:49
  were
• 1:49
  underground
• 1:50
  in
• 1:50
  Jamaica
• 1:51
  rather
• 1:51
  than
• 1:51
  in
• 1:51
  Toronto,
• 1:52
  inside
• 1:52
  a
• 1:52
  living
• 1:53
  system
• 1:53
  of
• 1:53
  sound
• 1:53
  and
• 1:54
  shadow.
• 1:55
  As
• 1:55
  a
• 1:55
  kid,
• 1:55
  it
• 1:55
  feels
• 1:55
  like
• 1:55
  you
• 1:56
  discovered
• 1:56
  something
• 1:56
  secret.
• 1:57
  And
• 1:57
  that
• 1:57
  feeling
• 1:57
  sticks.
• 1:58
  The
• 1:58
  Batcave.
• 1:59
  If
• 2:00
  you've
• 2:00
  ever
• 2:00
  visited
• 2:00
  the
• 2:00
  Royal
• 2:01
  Ontario
• 2:01
  Museum,
• 2:02
  you
• 2:02
  know
• 2:02
  what
• 2:02
  I'm
• 2:02
  talking
• 2:02
  about.
• 2:03
  Not
• 2:03
  Batman's
• 2:04
  secret
• 2:04
  lair,
• 2:04
  but
• 2:04
  perhaps
• 2:05
  one
• 2:05
  of
• 2:05
  the
• 2:05
  most
• 2:05
  impactful
• 2:06
  museum
• 2:06
  exhibits
• 2:07
  in
• 2:07
  North
• 2:07
  America.
• 2:08
  As
• 2:08
  a
• 2:08
  kid
• 2:09
  on
• 2:09
  a
• 2:09
  trip
• 2:09
  with
• 2:09
  my
• 2:09
  school,
• 2:09
  I
• 2:10
  remember
• 2:10
  the
• 2:10
  first
• 2:10
  time
• 2:11
  I
• 2:11
  walked
• 2:11
  through
• 2:11
  the
• 2:11
  Batcave.
• 2:12
  It
• 2:12
  was
• 2:13
  transformative.
• 2:14
  And
• 2:15
  here's
• 2:15
  the
• 2:15
  thing.
• 2:16
  Museum
• 2:16
  exhibits
• 2:17
  like
• 2:17
  the
• 2:17
  Bat
• 2:17
  Cave,
• 2:17
  the
• 2:18
  halls
• 2:18
  of
• 2:18
  dioramas
• 2:19
  of
• 2:19
  big
• 2:19
  mammals
• 2:19
  from
• 2:20
  Africa,
• 2:20
  polar
• 2:20
  bears
• 2:21
  from
• 2:21
  the
• 2:21
  Arctic,
• 2:21
  or
• 2:22
  Emperor
• 2:22
  penguins
• 2:22
  from
• 2:23
  Antarctica,
• 2:23
  that
• 2:24
  inspired
• 2:24
  many
• 2:24
  of
• 2:24
  us
• 2:25
  to
• 2:25
  care
• 2:25
  about
• 2:25
  the
• 2:25
  natural
• 2:25
  world.
• 2:26
  That's
• 2:27
  just
• 2:27
  1%
• 2:27
  of
• 2:28
  the
• 2:28
  specimens
• 2:28
  and
• 2:28
  artifacts
• 2:29
  that
• 2:29
  most
• 2:29
  museums
• 2:30
  have.
• 2:30
  And
• 2:30
  we
• 2:31
  learn
• 2:31
  so
• 2:31
  much
• 2:31
  from
• 2:31
  these
• 2:32
  specimens.
• 2:32
  Which
• 2:33
  brings
• 2:33
  us
• 2:33
  to
• 2:33
  the
• 2:33
  topic
• 2:34
  of
• 2:34
  today's
• 2:34
  episode.
• 2:35
  Okay,
• 2:35
  but
• 2:35
  what
• 2:36
  can
• 2:36
  we
• 2:36
  learn
• 2:36
  from
• 2:36
  a
• 2:36
  drawer
• 2:37
  of
• 2:37
  birds
• 2:37
  to
• 2:38
  get
• 2:38
  to
• 2:38
  the
• 2:38
  bottom
• 2:38
  of
• 2:38
  the
• 2:38
  valley
• 2:39
  of
• 2:39
  museums
• 2:39
  and
• 2:39
  their
• 2:40
  amazing
• 2:40
  specimen
• 2:40
  collections?
• 2:41
  We'll
• 2:41
  talk
• 2:41
  to
• 2:41
  Dr.
• 2:42
  Sush
• 2:42
  Moretti,
• 2:43
  the
• 2:43
  Breckenridge
• 2:43
  chair
• 2:44
  of
• 2:44
  Ornithology
• 2:44
  at
• 2:44
  the
• 2:45
  Bell
• 2:45
  Museum
• 2:45
  and
• 2:46
  associate
• 2:46
  professor
• 2:47
  in
• 2:47
  fisheries,
• 2:47
  wildlife,
• 2:48
  and
• 2:48
  Conservation
• 2:48
  biology
• 2:49
  at
• 2:49
  the
• 2:49
  University
• 2:49
  of
• 2:49
  Minnesota.
• 2:50
  And
• 2:50
  here's
• 2:51
  where
• 2:51
  it
• 2:51
  gets
• 2:51
  extremely
• 2:52
  birdy,
• 2:52
  extremely
• 2:53
  fast.
• 2:54
  Because
• 2:54
  a
• 2:54
  drawer
• 2:54
  of
• 2:55
  birds
• 2:55
  isn't
• 2:55
  just
• 2:55
  storage.
• 2:56
  It's
• 2:56
  a
• 2:56
  time
• 2:57
  machine
• 2:57
  with
• 2:57
  feathers.
• 2:58
  It's
• 2:58
  a
• 2:58
  record
• 2:59
  of
• 2:59
  what
• 2:59
  birds
• 2:59
  were,
• 3:00
  not
• 3:00
  just
• 3:00
  what
• 3:00
  we
• 3:01
  think
• 3:01
  they
• 3:01
  are
• 3:01
  now.
• 3:02
  A
• 3:02
  bird
• 3:02
  in
• 3:02
  the
• 3:02
  wild
• 3:03
  can
• 3:03
  surprise
• 3:03
  you
• 3:03
  for
• 3:04
  a
• 3:04
  second.
• 3:04
  A
• 3:05
  bird
• 3:05
  in
• 3:05
  a
• 3:05
  drawer
• 3:06
  can
• 3:06
  surprise
• 3:06
  you
• 3:06
  across
• 3:07
  150
• 3:08
  years.
• 3:09
  In
• 3:09
  this
• 3:09
  episode,
• 3:10
  Sushma
• 3:10
  walks
• 3:10
  us
• 3:10
  through
• 3:11
  the
• 3:11
  kinds
• 3:11
  of
• 3:11
  questions
• 3:11
  you
• 3:12
  can
• 3:12
  only
• 3:12
  answer
• 3:13
  with
• 3:13
  museum
• 3:14
  the
• 3:14
  receipts,
• 3:15
  the
• 3:15
  behind
• 3:16
  the
• 3:16
  scenes
• 3:16
  surprises,
• 3:17
  the
• 3:17
  way
• 3:18
  museum
• 3:18
  work
• 3:18
  can
• 3:18
  reshuffle
• 3:19
  what
• 3:19
  we
• 3:19
  thought
• 3:19
  we
• 3:19
  knew
• 3:20
  about
• 3:20
  bird
• 3:20
  family
• 3:20
  trees
• 3:21
  and
• 3:21
  hidden
• 3:21
  diversity.
• 3:22
  So
• 3:23
  if
• 3:23
  you've
• 3:23
  ever
• 3:23
  wondered
• 3:24
  whether
• 3:24
  museums
• 3:24
  are
• 3:25
  just
• 3:25
  dusty
• 3:25
  buildings
• 3:25
  with
• 3:26
  dioramas,
• 3:26
  just
• 3:27
  you
• 3:27
  wait.
• 3:27
  Stay
• 3:28
  tuned.
• 3:34
  Well,
• 3:34
  welcome
• 3:34
  back,
• 3:34
  everyone.
• 3:35
  I'm
• 3:35
  really
• 3:35
  excited
• 3:35
  to
• 3:36
  have
• 3:36
  Sushma
• 3:37
  Reddy
• 3:37
  with
• 3:37
  me
• 3:37
  today.
• 3:37
  Sushmit,
• 3:38
  thanks
• 3:38
  for
• 3:38
  joining.
• 3:39
  Thanks,
• 3:39
  Scott.
• 3:40
  Really
• 3:40
  happy
• 3:40
  to
• 3:41
  be
• 3:41
  here.
• 3:41
  Yeah,
• 3:42
  I'm
• 3:42
  excited
• 3:42
  to
• 3:42
  get
• 3:42
  to
• 3:43
  talk
• 3:43
  about
• 3:43
  museums.
• 3:44
  I
• 3:44
  think
• 3:44
  museums
• 3:45
  are
• 3:45
  what
• 3:45
  inspire
• 3:46
  many
• 3:46
  of
• 3:46
  us
• 3:46
  to
• 3:46
  care
• 3:47
  about
• 3:47
  the
• 3:47
  natural
• 3:47
  world.
• 3:47
  What's
• 3:48
  the
• 3:48
  first
• 3:49
  thing
• 3:49
  you
• 3:49
  would
• 3:49
  tell
• 3:50
  anyone
• 3:51
  in
• 3:51
  the
• 3:51
  world
• 3:51
  about
• 3:51
  the
• 3:52
  importance
• 3:52
  of
• 3:53
  museum
• 3:53
  collections?
• 3:54
  I
• 3:54
  grew
• 3:54
  up
• 3:55
  in
• 3:55
  New
• 3:55
  York
• 3:55
  City,
• 3:56
  and
• 3:57
  museums
• 3:57
  are
• 3:57
  my
• 3:58
  temples.
• 3:58
  Right.
• 3:58
  And
• 3:59
  so
• 3:59
  I
• 3:59
  used
• 3:59
  to
• 3:59
  go
• 3:59
  to
• 3:59
  museums
• 4:00
  as
• 4:00
  a
• 4:00
  kid
• 4:00
  to
• 4:00
  do
• 4:01
  all
• 4:01
  sorts
• 4:01
  of
• 4:01
  things,
• 4:01
  from
• 4:01
  natural
• 4:02
  history
• 4:02
  to
• 4:02
  art
• 4:02
  to
• 4:04
  pretty
• 4:04
  much
• 4:05
  everything
• 4:05
  I
• 4:05
  learned
• 4:05
  from
• 4:06
  a
• 4:06
  museum.
• 4:07
  And
• 4:07
  the
• 4:07
  first
• 4:08
  time
• 4:08
  I
• 4:08
  went
• 4:08
  behind
• 4:09
  the
• 4:09
  scenes
• 4:09
  and
• 4:10
  went
• 4:10
  past
• 4:11
  the
• 4:11
  exhibits
• 4:12
  to
• 4:12
  the
• 4:13
  area
• 4:14
  where
• 4:14
  the
• 4:14
  scientists
• 4:14
  sit,
• 4:15
  it
• 4:15
  just
• 4:15
  blew
• 4:16
  my
• 4:16
  mind.
• 4:16
  There
• 4:17
  was
• 4:17
  just
• 4:17
  so
• 4:17
  much
• 4:17
  more
• 4:18
  of
• 4:18
  a
• 4:18
  museum
• 4:19
  behind
• 4:20
  the
• 4:20
  scenes.
• 4:21
  And
• 4:22
  the
• 4:22
  statistic
• 4:23
  that
• 4:23
  I
• 4:23
  really
• 4:23
  like
• 4:24
  to
• 4:24
  tell
• 4:24
  people
• 4:25
  is
• 4:25
  that
• 4:26
  less
• 4:26
  than
• 4:26
  1%
• 4:27
  of
• 4:28
  what's
• 4:28
  in
• 4:28
  a
• 4:29
  museum
• 4:29
  is
• 4:29
  actually
• 4:30
  on
• 4:30
  display
• 4:30
  for
• 4:31
  the
• 4:31
  public
• 4:31
  to
• 4:31
  see.
• 4:32
  Which
• 4:32
  really
• 4:33
  makes
• 4:33
  you
• 4:33
  wonder,
• 4:33
  well,
• 4:33
  what's
• 4:34
  going
• 4:34
  on
• 4:34
  with
• 4:34
  the
• 4:34
  other
• 4:34
  99%?
• 4:35
  Right.
• 4:36
  And
• 4:37
  so
• 4:37
  that's
• 4:38
  where
• 4:38
  the
• 4:38
  fun
• 4:38
  begins
• 4:39
  for
• 4:39
  me
• 4:39
  as
• 4:40
  a
• 4:40
  scientist
• 4:41
  and
• 4:41
  for
• 4:41
  a
• 4:41
  lot
• 4:41
  of
• 4:42
  researchers.
• 4:42
  Right.
• 4:43
  So
• 4:43
  everything
• 4:44
  we
• 4:44
  know
• 4:44
  about
• 4:44
  biodiversity
• 4:46
  starts
• 4:46
  with
• 4:46
  a
• 4:47
  specimen,
• 4:47
  a
• 4:48
  specimen
• 4:48
  that
• 4:48
  was
• 4:48
  described
• 4:50
  to
• 4:50
  say
• 4:50
  this
• 4:51
  is
• 4:51
  a
• 4:51
  new
• 4:51
  species
• 4:53
  and
• 4:53
  that
• 4:53
  is
• 4:53
  usually
• 4:54
  housed
• 4:54
  in
• 4:54
  a
• 4:54
  museum.
• 4:55
  And
• 4:56
  we
• 4:56
  add
• 4:57
  to
• 4:57
  that
• 4:57
  one
• 4:58
  specimen,
• 4:58
  the
• 4:59
  type
• 4:59
  specimen,
• 5:00
  by
• 5:00
  contributing
• 5:01
  other
• 5:01
  specimens
• 5:02
  that
• 5:02
  tell
• 5:02
  us
• 5:02
  more
• 5:03
  about
• 5:03
  the
• 5:03
  species.
• 5:04
  Every
• 5:04
  specimen
• 5:05
  is
• 5:05
  a
• 5:05
  record
• 5:05
  of
• 5:06
  a
• 5:06
  particular
• 5:06
  species
• 5:07
  at
• 5:07
  a
• 5:07
  particular
• 5:08
  time
• 5:08
  and
• 5:08
  place.
• 5:09
  And
• 5:10
  so
• 5:10
  you
• 5:10
  can
• 5:10
  think
• 5:10
  of
• 5:10
  them
• 5:10
  as
• 5:11
  library
• 5:11
  books.
• 5:11
  You
• 5:12
  can
• 5:12
  think
• 5:12
  of
• 5:12
  them
• 5:12
  as
• 5:13
  records
• 5:14
  of
• 5:14
  information
• 5:15
  of
• 5:15
  the
• 5:15
  natural
• 5:16
  world,
• 5:16
  but
• 5:17
  each
• 5:17
  of
• 5:17
  them
• 5:17
  tell
• 5:18
  a
• 5:18
  story.
• 5:18
  And
• 5:19
  it's
• 5:19
  really
• 5:19
  remarkable
• 5:20
  to
• 5:20
  think
• 5:20
  about.
• 5:21
  For
• 5:21
  the
• 5:21
  past
• 5:22
  more
• 5:23
  than
• 5:23
  150
• 5:23
  years,
• 5:24
  most
• 5:25
  of
• 5:25
  these
• 5:25
  museums
• 5:26
  have
• 5:26
  had
• 5:26
  specimens
• 5:27
  that
• 5:27
  have
• 5:27
  been
• 5:27
  collected
• 5:27
  over
• 5:28
  time.
• 5:28
  And
• 5:29
  we
• 5:29
  can
• 5:29
  use
• 5:29
  this
• 5:29
  to
• 5:30
  ask
• 5:30
  so
• 5:30
  many
• 5:31
  different
• 5:31
  questions.
• 5:32
  Yeah,
• 5:32
  it's
• 5:33
  incredible.
• 5:33
  And
• 5:33
  that
• 5:34
  1%
• 5:34
  thing,
• 5:35
  I
• 5:35
  remember
• 5:35
  being
• 5:36
  so
• 5:36
  inspired
• 5:36
  by
• 5:37
  the
• 5:37
  hulls,
• 5:37
  the
• 5:37
  dioramas,
• 5:38
  as
• 5:38
  kind
• 5:38
  of
• 5:39
  an
• 5:39
  art
• 5:39
  science
• 5:39
  geek
• 5:40
  I
• 5:40
  would
• 5:40
  look
• 5:40
  at
• 5:41
  and
• 5:41
  things
• 5:41
  like,
• 5:41
  oh,
• 5:42
  I
• 5:42
  want
• 5:42
  to
• 5:42
  be
• 5:42
  able
• 5:42
  to
• 5:42
  generate
• 5:43
  those.
• 5:43
  And
• 5:43
  yeah,
• 5:43
  it
• 5:44
  was
• 5:44
  similar
• 5:44
  for
• 5:45
  me
• 5:45
  that
• 5:45
  I
• 5:45
  was
• 5:45
  much,
• 5:46
  much
• 5:46
  later
• 5:46
  in
• 5:47
  my
• 5:47
  life
• 5:47
  that
• 5:47
  I
• 5:47
  finally
• 5:47
  got
• 5:48
  to
• 5:48
  see
• 5:48
  like
• 5:48
  a
• 5:48
  drawer
• 5:49
  of
• 5:50
  birds,
• 5:50
  Whether
• 5:50
  they
• 5:50
  were
• 5:51
  chickadees
• 5:51
  or
• 5:51
  coatingas.
• 5:52
  And
• 5:53
  yet
• 5:53
  the
• 5:54
  number
• 5:54
  of
• 5:54
  specimens
• 5:55
  and
• 5:55
  the
• 5:55
  amount
• 5:56
  that
• 5:56
  we
• 5:56
  can
• 5:56
  learn
• 5:56
  from
• 5:56
  them
• 5:56
  is
• 5:57
  just
• 5:57
  kind
• 5:58
  of
• 5:58
  mind
• 5:58
  blowing.
• 5:58
  In
• 5:58
  terms
• 5:59
  of
• 5:59
  specimens,
• 5:59
  then
• 6:00
  what
• 6:00
  are
• 6:00
  some
• 6:00
  of
• 6:00
  the
• 6:00
  coolest
• 6:01
  things
• 6:01
  that
• 6:01
  a
• 6:01
  specimen,
• 6:02
  so
• 6:02
  a
• 6:02
  bird
• 6:02
  in
• 6:03
  a
• 6:03
  drawer
• 6:03
  can
• 6:04
  tell
• 6:04
  us
• 6:04
  compared
• 6:04
  to
• 6:05
  a
• 6:05
  living
• 6:05
  bird?
• 6:06
  Like,
• 6:06
  are
• 6:06
  there
• 6:06
  things
• 6:06
  we
• 6:07
  can
• 6:07
  learn
• 6:07
  from
• 6:07
  these
• 6:07
  museum
• 6:08
  specimens
• 6:08
  that
• 6:08
  we
• 6:08
  can't
• 6:09
  actually
• 6:09
  learn
• 6:09
  from
• 6:09
  just
• 6:10
  watching
• 6:11
  birds
• 6:11
  out
• 6:11
  in
• 6:11
  the
• 6:12
  woods?
• 6:13
  Yeah,
• 6:13
  you
• 6:13
  know,
• 6:14
  so
• 6:14
  there's
• 6:14
  that
• 6:14
  old
• 6:15
  adage,
• 6:15
  a
• 6:16
  bird
• 6:16
  in
• 6:16
  the
• 6:16
  hand
• 6:16
  is
• 6:17
  worth
• 6:17
  chewing
• 6:17
  the
• 6:17
  bush.
• 6:18
  Yeah,
• 6:18
  I
• 6:19
  was
• 6:19
  hoping
• 6:19
  you
• 6:19
  were
• 6:19
  gonna
• 6:19
  say
• 6:20
  that.
• 6:20
  Excellent.
• 6:21
  I
• 6:21
  love
• 6:21
  that
• 6:21
  one
• 6:22
  because
• 6:22
  it
• 6:22
  feels
• 6:23
  like
• 6:23
  a
• 6:23
  museum
• 6:23
  curator
• 6:24
  came
• 6:24
  up
• 6:24
  with
• 6:24
  that.
• 6:25
  Yeah,
• 6:25
  it
• 6:25
  does,
• 6:25
  doesn't
• 6:26
  it?
• 6:26
  Being
• 6:26
  able
• 6:27
  to
• 6:27
  hold
• 6:27
  a
• 6:28
  bird.
• 6:28
  Unfortunately,
• 6:29
  they're
• 6:29
  dead.
• 6:29
  But,
• 6:30
  you
• 6:30
  know,
• 6:30
  we
• 6:30
  can
• 6:31
  do
• 6:31
  things
• 6:31
  with
• 6:31
  them.
• 6:31
  We
• 6:32
  can
• 6:33
  manipulate
• 6:33
  them
• 6:33
  in
• 6:34
  different
• 6:34
  ways
• 6:34
  to
• 6:35
  see
• 6:35
  the
• 6:35
  inside,
• 6:36
  the
• 6:36
  outside,
• 6:37
  to
• 6:37
  see
• 6:37
  where
• 6:37
  they've
• 6:38
  been,
• 6:38
  to
• 6:38
  see
• 6:38
  what
• 6:39
  they've
• 6:39
  been
• 6:39
  doing.
• 6:40
  And
• 6:40
  I
• 6:40
  think
• 6:41
  that's
• 6:41
  really
• 6:41
  remarkable.
• 6:42
  You
• 6:42
  know,
• 6:42
  we're
• 6:42
  doing
• 6:42
  things
• 6:43
  with
• 6:43
  specimens
• 6:43
  that
• 6:44
  collected
• 6:45
  150
• 6:46
  years
• 6:46
  ago,
• 6:46
  180
• 6:47
  years
• 6:47
  ago,
• 6:48
  that
• 6:49
  people
• 6:49
  didn't
• 6:50
  even
• 6:50
  imagine
• 6:51
  we
• 6:51
  could
• 6:51
  do.
• 6:52
  Right.
• 6:52
  Most
• 6:52
  of
• 6:53
  the
• 6:53
  specimens
• 6:53
  that
• 6:53
  are
• 6:53
  in
• 6:54
  museum
• 6:54
  collections
• 6:55
  were
• 6:55
  collected
• 6:56
  before
• 6:56
  we
• 6:56
  even
• 6:56
  knew
• 6:57
  what
• 6:57
  DNA
• 6:57
  molecules
• 6:58
  were.
• 6:59
  And
• 6:59
  now
• 6:59
  we're
• 6:59
  using
• 6:59
  them
• 7:00
  for
• 7:00
  genomics.
• 7:01
  And
• 7:01
  that's
• 7:01
  pretty
• 7:01
  incredible.
• 7:02
  And
• 7:03
  the
• 7:03
  people
• 7:03
  who
• 7:03
  preserved
• 7:04
  it
• 7:04
  were
• 7:05
  preserving
• 7:05
  certain
• 7:06
  features
• 7:07
  that
• 7:07
  they
• 7:07
  thought
• 7:07
  were
• 7:07
  really
• 7:08
  important
• 7:08
  for
• 7:09
  birds
• 7:09
  or
• 7:10
  to
• 7:10
  study
• 7:10
  birds,
• 7:11
  but
• 7:11
  at
• 7:12
  the
• 7:12
  same
• 7:12
  time,
• 7:13
  we
• 7:13
  can
• 7:13
  use
• 7:13
  them
• 7:14
  in
• 7:14
  ways
• 7:15
  that
• 7:15
  they
• 7:15
  couldn't
• 7:16
  even
• 7:16
  imagine.
• 7:17
  But
• 7:17
  what
• 7:17
  I
• 7:17
  find
• 7:18
  really
• 7:18
  fascinating
• 7:19
  is
• 7:19
  all
• 7:20
  of
• 7:20
  the
• 7:20
  uses
• 7:20
  of
• 7:20
  museum
• 7:21
  specimens
• 7:21
  that
• 7:21
  have
• 7:22
  gone
• 7:22
  beyond
• 7:22
  looking
• 7:23
  at
• 7:23
  evolution,
• 7:24
  looking
• 7:25
  at
• 7:26
  birds,
• 7:26
  to
• 7:27
  look
• 7:27
  at
• 7:27
  ecosystems
• 7:28
  and
• 7:29
  how
• 7:29
  that
• 7:29
  has
• 7:29
  changed
• 7:30
  over
• 7:30
  time.
• 7:30
  So
• 7:30
  my
• 7:31
  favorite
• 7:32
  examples
• 7:33
  of
• 7:33
  these,
• 7:34
  what
• 7:34
  I'm
• 7:34
  calling
• 7:34
  novel
• 7:35
  uses
• 7:36
  of
• 7:36
  museum
• 7:36
  specimens,
• 7:37
  or
• 7:37
  how
• 7:38
  we
• 7:38
  can
• 7:38
  use
• 7:38
  it
• 7:38
  to
• 7:38
  actually
• 7:39
  study
• 7:39
  insect
• 7:40
  declines.
• 7:41
  We
• 7:41
  don't
• 7:41
  actually
• 7:41
  know
• 7:42
  a
• 7:42
  lot
• 7:42
  of
• 7:42
  all
• 7:43
  the
• 7:43
  insect
• 7:43
  species
• 7:43
  that
• 7:44
  are
• 7:44
  out
• 7:44
  there,
• 7:44
  but
• 7:44
  we
• 7:45
  know
• 7:45
  that
• 7:45
  they're
• 7:45
  declining.
• 7:45
  And
• 7:46
  one
• 7:46
  of
• 7:46
  the
• 7:46
  ways
• 7:46
  we
• 7:46
  know
• 7:46
  that
• 7:47
  they're
• 7:47
  declining
• 7:47
  is
• 7:47
  actually
• 7:47
  studying
• 7:48
  birds.
• 7:49
  We
• 7:49
  can
• 7:49
  use
• 7:49
  museum
• 7:50
  specimens
• 7:50
  to
• 7:51
  look
• 7:51
  at
• 7:51
  isotopes
• 7:52
  in
• 7:53
  their
• 7:53
  feather
• 7:53
  samples
• 7:54
  and
• 7:54
  see
• 7:54
  how
• 7:54
  that
• 7:54
  has
• 7:54
  changed
• 7:55
  over
• 7:55
  time.
• 7:56
  That's
• 7:56
  a
• 7:56
  really
• 7:57
  strong
• 7:58
  indication
• 7:58
  that
• 7:59
  they're
• 7:59
  eating
• 7:59
  different
• 8:00
  insects
• 8:00
  because
• 8:00
  the
• 8:00
  availability
• 8:01
  of
• 8:01
  the
• 8:02
  diversity
• 8:02
  of
• 8:02
  insects
• 8:02
  has
• 8:03
  gone
• 8:03
  down
• 8:03
  over
• 8:03
  time.
• 8:04
  And
• 8:04
  so
• 8:05
  that's
• 8:05
  something
• 8:05
  that.
• 8:05
  Where
• 8:05
  you
• 8:05
  can
• 8:06
  use
• 8:06
  indirect
• 8:07
  methods
• 8:07
  of
• 8:07
  studying
• 8:09
  environmental
• 8:09
  change
• 8:10
  and
• 8:10
  biodiversity
• 8:11
  change.
• 8:11
  Another
• 8:12
  great
• 8:12
  example.
• 8:13
  And
• 8:13
  I
• 8:13
  was
• 8:13
  in
• 8:14
  Chicago
• 8:14
  when
• 8:15
  they
• 8:15
  started
• 8:15
  this
• 8:15
  project
• 8:16
  to
• 8:17
  look
• 8:17
  at
• 8:18
  soot
• 8:18
  levels.
• 8:20
  Birds
• 8:20
  actually
• 8:21
  trap
• 8:21
  a
• 8:21
  whole
• 8:22
  bunch
• 8:22
  of
• 8:23
  air
• 8:24
  molecules
• 8:24
  and
• 8:24
  things
• 8:25
  that
• 8:25
  are
• 8:25
  in
• 8:25
  the
• 8:25
  air.
• 8:26
  You
• 8:26
  can
• 8:27
  actually
• 8:27
  open
• 8:27
  up
• 8:27
  drawers
• 8:28
  and
• 8:28
  see
• 8:28
  some
• 8:29
  birds
• 8:29
  that
• 8:29
  are
• 8:29
  really
• 8:29
  dirty
• 8:30
  looking.
• 8:31
  And
• 8:31
  it
• 8:31
  turns
• 8:31
  out
• 8:32
  that's
• 8:32
  because
• 8:33
  during
• 8:33
  the
• 8:34
  Industrial
• 8:34
  Revolution,
• 8:34
  they
• 8:35
  were
• 8:35
  picking
• 8:35
  up
• 8:35
  all
• 8:35
  sorts
• 8:36
  of
• 8:36
  soot
• 8:36
  and
• 8:36
  other
• 8:36
  particulates
• 8:37
  in
• 8:37
  the
• 8:37
  air
• 8:38
  and
• 8:38
  it
• 8:38
  just
• 8:38
  got
• 8:39
  trapped
• 8:39
  into
• 8:39
  the
• 8:39
  barbules
• 8:40
  of
• 8:40
  the
• 8:40
  feathers.
• 8:41
  And
• 8:42
  we
• 8:42
  like
• 8:43
  to
• 8:43
  keep
• 8:43
  as
• 8:44
  much
• 8:44
  as
• 8:44
  possible
• 8:44
  when
• 8:45
  we
• 8:45
  preserve
• 8:46
  a
• 8:46
  bird
• 8:47
  for
• 8:48
  collections.
• 8:49
  And
• 8:49
  it
• 8:49
  turns
• 8:49
  out
• 8:50
  we
• 8:50
  can
• 8:50
  actually
• 8:51
  measure
• 8:51
  the
• 8:51
  amount
• 8:52
  of
• 8:52
  soot
• 8:53
  and
• 8:53
  correlate
• 8:54
  it
• 8:54
  to
• 8:55
  what
• 8:55
  the
• 8:56
  air
• 8:56
  quality
• 8:57
  was
• 8:57
  like
• 8:57
  at
• 8:58
  the
• 8:58
  time.
• 8:59
  You
• 8:59
  can
• 8:59
  actually
• 8:59
  see
• 9:00
  that
• 9:00
  these
• 9:00
  same
• 9:00
  species
• 9:01
  start
• 9:01
  getting
• 9:02
  cleaner
• 9:03
  once
• 9:03
  the
• 9:03
  Clean
• 9:03
  Air
• 9:04
  Bill
• 9:04
  got
• 9:05
  passed.
• 9:05
  Yeah.
• 9:06
  The
• 9:06
  Clean
• 9:06
  Air
• 9:06
  act
• 9:07
  was
• 9:07
  effective
• 9:07
  too.
• 9:08
  I
• 9:08
  never
• 9:08
  thought
• 9:08
  that
• 9:08
  we
• 9:09
  could
• 9:09
  look
• 9:09
  at
• 9:09
  bird
• 9:09
  specimens
• 9:10
  and
• 9:10
  get
• 9:10
  a.
• 9:10
  Get
• 9:10
  a
• 9:11
  record
• 9:11
  of
• 9:11
  environmental
• 9:12
  air
• 9:12
  pollutants
• 9:13
  and
• 9:13
  contamination.
• 9:13
  And
• 9:14
  then
• 9:14
  also
• 9:14
  we
• 9:14
  can
• 9:15
  legislate
• 9:15
  to
• 9:16
  have
• 9:16
  cleaner
• 9:16
  air
• 9:16
  and
• 9:17
  see
• 9:17
  that
• 9:18
  reflected
• 9:18
  in
• 9:18
  the
• 9:18
  physical
• 9:19
  object,
• 9:19
  like
• 9:20
  in
• 9:20
  these
• 9:20
  birds
• 9:20
  bodies.
• 9:21
  It's
• 9:21
  just.
• 9:21
  Yeah.
• 9:22
  An
• 9:22
  unexpected
• 9:22
  thing
• 9:22
  no
• 9:23
  one
• 9:23
  was
• 9:23
  thinking
• 9:23
  when
• 9:23
  they
• 9:23
  were
• 9:24
  collecting
• 9:24
  birds
• 9:24
  a
• 9:25
  hundred
• 9:25
  years
• 9:25
  ago.
• 9:25
  Like,
• 9:25
  this
• 9:25
  will
• 9:26
  be
• 9:26
  good
• 9:26
  to
• 9:26
  understand
• 9:27
  pollution.
• 9:28
  Like.
• 9:28
  Yeah,
• 9:29
  yeah.
• 9:29
  And
• 9:30
  another
• 9:30
  great
• 9:30
  example
• 9:31
  is
• 9:32
  bald
• 9:33
  eagles
• 9:33
  and
• 9:33
  ddt.
• 9:34
  Right.
• 9:35
  Which
• 9:35
  is
• 9:36
  really
• 9:37
  kind
• 9:37
  of
• 9:38
  the
• 9:39
  beginning
• 9:39
  of
• 9:40
  the
• 9:40
  environmental
• 9:41
  movement
• 9:41
  and
• 9:41
  awareness
• 9:42
  of
• 9:42
  how
• 9:43
  human
• 9:43
  impacts
• 9:44
  on
• 9:44
  the
• 9:44
  environment
• 9:44
  were
• 9:44
  affecting
• 9:45
  biodiversity.
• 9:46
  And
• 9:47
  that
• 9:47
  was
• 9:47
  really
• 9:47
  also
• 9:48
  a
• 9:48
  great
• 9:48
  example
• 9:49
  of
• 9:49
  why
• 9:49
  museums
• 9:50
  are
• 9:50
  important.
• 9:51
  The
• 9:51
  reason
• 9:51
  we
• 9:52
  realized
• 9:52
  that
• 9:53
  bald
• 9:53
  eagle
• 9:54
  eggshells
• 9:55
  were
• 9:55
  getting
• 9:55
  thinner
• 9:55
  was
• 9:56
  because
• 9:56
  we
• 9:56
  had
• 9:57
  eggshells
• 9:57
  from
• 9:57
  before
• 9:58
  DDT
• 9:58
  was
• 9:59
  being
• 9:59
  used.
• 9:59
  And
• 10:00
  we
• 10:00
  could
• 10:00
  measure
• 10:00
  this
• 10:01
  and
• 10:01
  go
• 10:01
  back
• 10:01
  and
• 10:01
  say,
• 10:01
  look,
• 10:02
  they're,
• 10:02
  you
• 10:02
  know,
• 10:03
  less
• 10:03
  than
• 10:03
  half
• 10:04
  the
• 10:04
  thickness
• 10:04
  they're
• 10:05
  supposed
• 10:05
  to
• 10:05
  be,
• 10:05
  which
• 10:05
  is
• 10:05
  why
• 10:05
  they're
• 10:06
  being
• 10:06
  crushed.
• 10:07
  Yeah.
• 10:07
  And
• 10:08
  you
• 10:09
  know,
• 10:09
  and
• 10:09
  now
• 10:09
  we
• 10:09
  have
• 10:10
  bald
• 10:10
  eagles
• 10:11
  that
• 10:11
  are
• 10:11
  no
• 10:11
  longer
• 10:12
  endangered,
• 10:13
  no
• 10:13
  longer
• 10:13
  in
• 10:13
  the
• 10:13
  Endangered
• 10:14
  Species
• 10:14
  act,
• 10:14
  and
• 10:15
  they're
• 10:15
  thriving.
• 10:17
  Yeah,
• 10:17
  I
• 10:17
  see
• 10:17
  them
• 10:17
  almost
• 10:17
  every
• 10:18
  day
• 10:18
  on
• 10:18
  my
• 10:18
  way
• 10:18
  to
• 10:18
  work.
• 10:18
  I
• 10:19
  actually
• 10:19
  didn't
• 10:19
  put
• 10:19
  together
• 10:20
  until
• 10:20
  just
• 10:20
  now
• 10:21
  that
• 10:21
  it
• 10:21
  was
• 10:21
  because
• 10:21
  we
• 10:22
  could
• 10:22
  compare
• 10:23
  DDT
• 10:24
  impacted
• 10:24
  eggs
• 10:24
  to
• 10:24
  museum
• 10:25
  specimens.
• 10:25
  That's
• 10:26
  cool.
• 10:26
  I
• 10:26
  had
• 10:26
  no
• 10:26
  idea.
• 10:27
  But
• 10:27
  of
• 10:27
  course,
• 10:27
  like,
• 10:28
  that
• 10:28
  makes
• 10:28
  total
• 10:28
  sense
• 10:29
  now
• 10:29
  that
• 10:29
  you
• 10:29
  say
• 10:29
  it.
• 10:29
  But
• 10:30
  I'm
• 10:30
  like,
• 10:30
  why
• 10:30
  didn't
• 10:30
  you
• 10:30
  ever
• 10:30
  think
• 10:31
  of
• 10:31
  that
• 10:31
  before,
• 10:32
  huh?
• 10:33
  Very
• 10:33
  cool.
• 10:34
  So
• 10:34
  there's
• 10:34
  all
• 10:34
  these
• 10:34
  amazing
• 10:35
  things
• 10:35
  that
• 10:35
  we
• 10:36
  can
• 10:36
  learn
• 10:36
  from
• 10:36
  museum
• 10:37
  specimens
• 10:37
  about
• 10:38
  ecological
• 10:38
  change,
• 10:39
  environmental
• 10:39
  change.
• 10:39
  Your
• 10:40
  research
• 10:40
  tackles,
• 10:41
  like
• 10:41
  these
• 10:41
  big
• 10:42
  bird
• 10:42
  family
• 10:42
  tree
• 10:43
  questions,
• 10:44
  including
• 10:44
  really
• 10:44
  deep
• 10:45
  relationships,
• 10:45
  specifically
• 10:46
  between
• 10:46
  old
• 10:46
  world
• 10:47
  tropic
• 10:47
  birds.
• 10:48
  Just
• 10:48
  talk
• 10:48
  to
• 10:48
  us
• 10:48
  a
• 10:49
  little
• 10:49
  bit
• 10:49
  about
• 10:49
  how
• 10:49
  you
• 10:49
  got
• 10:50
  into
• 10:50
  that
• 10:50
  and
• 10:50
  what
• 10:50
  you're,
• 10:51
  what
• 10:51
  you're
• 10:51
  finding
• 10:51
  and
• 10:52
  what
• 10:52
  you're
• 10:52
  most
• 10:52
  excited
• 10:52
  about.
• 10:54
  Yeah,
• 10:54
  that's
• 10:54
  great.
• 10:55
  You
• 10:55
  know,
• 10:55
  when
• 10:55
  looking
• 10:56
  at
• 10:56
  the,
• 10:56
  the
• 10:56
  bird
• 10:57
  evolutionary
• 10:57
  tree,
• 10:58
  this
• 10:58
  was
• 10:59
  a
• 10:59
  long
• 11:00
  standing
• 11:00
  mystery
• 11:01
  in,
• 11:02
  in
• 11:02
  birds
• 11:03
  for
• 11:03
  a
• 11:03
  long
• 11:03
  time,
• 11:04
  Right.
• 11:04
  How
• 11:04
  did
• 11:04
  all
• 11:04
  the
• 11:05
  modern
• 11:05
  groups
• 11:05
  of
• 11:05
  birds
• 11:06
  evolve?
• 11:07
  Because
• 11:07
  if
• 11:07
  you
• 11:07
  look
• 11:07
  at
• 11:08
  the
• 11:08
  birds
• 11:08
  that
• 11:08
  we're
• 11:08
  familiar
• 11:09
  with,
• 11:09
  they
• 11:09
  look
• 11:10
  quite
• 11:10
  different
• 11:10
  and
• 11:10
  distinct
• 11:11
  from
• 11:11
  each
• 11:11
  other.
• 11:11
  Right.
• 11:11
  Like
• 11:11
  owls
• 11:12
  all
• 11:12
  look
• 11:12
  like
• 11:12
  owls.
• 11:13
  And
• 11:13
  there's
• 11:13
  nothing
• 11:13
  that
• 11:14
  is
• 11:14
  kind
• 11:14
  of
• 11:14
  in
• 11:14
  between
• 11:14
  an
• 11:15
  owl
• 11:15
  and
• 11:15
  a
• 11:15
  parrot
• 11:16
  or
• 11:17
  a
• 11:17
  songbird
• 11:18
  or
• 11:18
  so.
• 11:18
  We
• 11:19
  didn't
• 11:19
  really
• 11:19
  have
• 11:19
  a
• 11:19
  good
• 11:19
  sense
• 11:20
  of
• 11:20
  how
• 11:21
  most
• 11:21
  birds
• 11:21
  were
• 11:22
  related
• 11:22
  to
• 11:22
  each
• 11:22
  other.
• 11:23
  And
• 11:24
  using
• 11:24
  morphology,
• 11:26
  it
• 11:26
  didn't
• 11:26
  really
• 11:27
  help
• 11:28
  because
• 11:28
  there
• 11:28
  turns
• 11:29
  out
• 11:29
  there
• 11:29
  are
• 11:29
  multiple
• 11:30
  times
• 11:30
  in
• 11:30
  birds
• 11:30
  where
• 11:31
  we
• 11:31
  have
• 11:31
  similar
• 11:31
  features
• 11:32
  evolving.
• 11:33
  We
• 11:33
  call
• 11:33
  it
• 11:33
  convergent
• 11:34
  evolution.
• 11:35
  That
• 11:35
  can
• 11:35
  be
• 11:35
  confusing
• 11:36
  when
• 11:36
  you
• 11:36
  were
• 11:36
  trying
• 11:36
  to
• 11:37
  figure
• 11:37
  out
• 11:39
  what
• 11:39
  features
• 11:40
  were
• 11:40
  in
• 11:40
  common
• 11:40
  as
• 11:41
  they
• 11:41
  evolved
• 11:42
  into
• 11:42
  these
• 11:42
  different
• 11:42
  groups.
• 11:43
  One
• 11:43
  of
• 11:44
  the
• 11:44
  reasons
• 11:44
  why
• 11:44
  it's
• 11:44
  so
• 11:44
  difficult
• 11:45
  is
• 11:45
  because
• 11:46
  dinosaurs,
• 11:47
  non
• 11:47
  avian
• 11:47
  dinosaurs,
• 11:48
  go
• 11:49
  extinct
• 11:49
  about
• 11:49
  66
• 11:50
  million
• 11:50
  years
• 11:50
  ago.
• 11:51
  And
• 11:52
  as
• 11:52
  soon
• 11:53
  as
• 11:54
  that
• 11:54
  asteroid
• 11:55
  impact
• 11:56
  extinction
• 11:57
  event
• 11:57
  happens,
• 11:58
  you
• 11:58
  suddenly
• 11:59
  have,
• 11:59
  within
• 11:59
  a
• 12:00
  very
• 12:00
  short
• 12:00
  period
• 12:00
  of
• 12:01
  time,
• 12:01
  all
• 12:02
  the
• 12:02
  modern
• 12:02
  forms
• 12:03
  of
• 12:03
  birds
• 12:03
  that
• 12:03
  we
• 12:03
  see
• 12:04
  today
• 12:04
  appear.
• 12:05
  So
• 12:05
  there
• 12:05
  isn't
• 12:05
  this
• 12:06
  long
• 12:06
  transition
• 12:06
  where
• 12:06
  we
• 12:07
  see
• 12:07
  birds
• 12:08
  that
• 12:08
  are
• 12:08
  in
• 12:08
  between.
• 12:09
  And
• 12:09
  so
• 12:09
  we
• 12:09
  don't
• 12:10
  have
• 12:10
  good
• 12:10
  evidence
• 12:11
  from
• 12:11
  the
• 12:11
  fossil
• 12:11
  record,
• 12:12
  from
• 12:12
  morphology.
• 12:13
  And
• 12:14
  even
• 12:14
  with
• 12:14
  DNA,
• 12:15
  which
• 12:15
  is
• 12:15
  where
• 12:15
  I
• 12:15
  came
• 12:16
  in,
• 12:16
  I
• 12:16
  was
• 12:17
  part
• 12:17
  of
• 12:17
  a
• 12:17
  study
• 12:17
  where,
• 12:18
  you
• 12:18
  know,
• 12:19
  amassed
• 12:19
  more
• 12:19
  DNA
• 12:20
  than
• 12:20
  ever
• 12:20
  to
• 12:21
  produce
• 12:21
  this
• 12:22
  phylogeny,
• 12:22
  this
• 12:22
  evolutionary
• 12:23
  tree
• 12:23
  that
• 12:24
  was
• 12:24
  just
• 12:24
  utterly
• 12:25
  surprising
• 12:25
  to
• 12:26
  almost
• 12:26
  everyone.
• 12:26
  Right.
• 12:27
  There
• 12:27
  was
• 12:27
  something
• 12:27
  in
• 12:27
  it
• 12:28
  that
• 12:28
  people
• 12:29
  picked
• 12:29
  on,
• 12:29
  people
• 12:30
  argued
• 12:30
  about.
• 12:31
  And
• 12:31
  it
• 12:31
  turns
• 12:32
  out
• 12:33
  most
• 12:33
  of
• 12:33
  what
• 12:33
  we
• 12:34
  suggested
• 12:36
  was
• 12:36
  actually
• 12:37
  followed
• 12:38
  up
• 12:38
  and
• 12:38
  corroborated
• 12:39
  with
• 12:39
  additional
• 12:40
  genomic
• 12:40
  evidence.
• 12:41
  For
• 12:41
  example,
• 12:42
  you
• 12:42
  know,
• 12:42
  hawks
• 12:43
  and
• 12:43
  falcons
• 12:44
  look
• 12:45
  almost
• 12:45
  identical.
• 12:46
  Yeah.
• 12:47
  And
• 12:47
  for
• 12:47
  a
• 12:47
  while
• 12:47
  they
• 12:47
  were
• 12:47
  placed
• 12:48
  in
• 12:48
  the
• 12:48
  same
• 12:48
  order.
• 12:49
  And
• 12:49
  it
• 12:49
  turns
• 12:50
  out
• 12:50
  they're
• 12:50
  not
• 12:51
  very
• 12:51
  closely
• 12:51
  related.
• 12:52
  In
• 12:52
  fact,
• 12:52
  falcons
• 12:53
  are
• 12:53
  more
• 12:53
  closely
• 12:53
  related
• 12:54
  to
• 12:54
  parrots
• 12:54
  and
• 12:55
  songbirds
• 12:55
  than
• 12:55
  they
• 12:55
  are
• 12:56
  to
• 12:56
  hawks,
• 12:57
  which,
• 12:58
  you
• 12:58
  know,
• 12:58
  and
• 12:58
  it
• 12:58
  turns
• 12:58
  out
• 12:59
  they're
• 12:59
  very
• 12:59
  similar
• 13:00
  looking
• 13:00
  because
• 13:00
  they
• 13:00
  ecologically
• 13:01
  do
• 13:01
  very
• 13:02
  similar
• 13:02
  things.
• 13:04
  Yeah.
• 13:05
  That
• 13:05
  close
• 13:05
  relationship
• 13:06
  between
• 13:06
  parrots
• 13:07
  and
• 13:07
  falcons
• 13:08
  I
• 13:08
  love
• 13:08
  to
• 13:09
  present
• 13:09
  to
• 13:09
  a
• 13:10
  class
• 13:10
  of
• 13:10
  new
• 13:10
  ornithology
• 13:11
  students.
• 13:11
  And
• 13:12
  it
• 13:12
  confuses
• 13:13
  them.
• 13:13
  Right.
• 13:13
  Because
• 13:13
  like
• 13:13
  you
• 13:14
  said,
• 13:14
  hawks
• 13:14
  and
• 13:15
  falcons,
• 13:16
  we
• 13:16
  Think
• 13:16
  of
• 13:16
  this
• 13:16
  united
• 13:17
  group.
• 13:17
  But
• 13:17
  yeah,
• 13:18
  it's
• 13:18
  amazing
• 13:18
  to
• 13:18
  see
• 13:18
  how
• 13:19
  convergent
• 13:19
  evolution
• 13:20
  made
• 13:20
  these
• 13:20
  other
• 13:20
  raptors.
• 13:21
  But
• 13:21
  when
• 13:22
  you
• 13:22
  really
• 13:22
  look
• 13:22
  at
• 13:22
  a
• 13:22
  falcon,
• 13:23
  you
• 13:23
  can
• 13:23
  see,
• 13:24
  I
• 13:24
  mean,
• 13:24
  parrots
• 13:25
  are
• 13:25
  in
• 13:25
  there
• 13:25
  for
• 13:25
  sure.
• 13:28
  Oh,
• 13:28
  that's
• 13:28
  really
• 13:28
  cool.
• 13:29
  No,
• 13:29
  for
• 13:29
  sure.
• 13:29
  And
• 13:30
  I
• 13:30
  think
• 13:30
  what,
• 13:31
  what
• 13:31
  it
• 13:31
  does
• 13:32
  is
• 13:32
  it
• 13:32
  helps
• 13:32
  you
• 13:33
  see
• 13:33
  things
• 13:34
  differently.
• 13:34
  Right.
• 13:35
  Getting
• 13:35
  information
• 13:35
  from
• 13:36
  a
• 13:36
  different
• 13:37
  perspective.
• 13:38
  The
• 13:38
  genes
• 13:39
  help
• 13:39
  us
• 13:39
  go,
• 13:39
  oh,
• 13:40
  yeah,
• 13:40
  maybe
• 13:41
  this
• 13:41
  feature
• 13:41
  that
• 13:41
  we
• 13:42
  thought
• 13:42
  was
• 13:42
  the
• 13:42
  same
• 13:42
  is
• 13:43
  actually
• 13:43
  a
• 13:43
  little
• 13:43
  bit
• 13:43
  different.
• 13:44
  And
• 13:44
  there's.
• 13:45
  And
• 13:45
  you
• 13:45
  can
• 13:45
  break
• 13:45
  it
• 13:45
  up
• 13:46
  into
• 13:46
  multiple
• 13:47
  other
• 13:47
  features.
• 13:49
  Yeah.
• 13:50
  Where
• 13:50
  did
• 13:50
  the
• 13:51
  Watson
• 13:51
  fall
• 13:51
  out
• 13:51
  on
• 13:51
  your
• 13:52
  tree?
• 13:52
  I
• 13:52
  don't
• 13:52
  remember.
• 13:55
  The
• 13:55
  Watson
• 13:56
  is
• 13:56
  like
• 13:56
  the
• 13:56
  biggest
• 13:57
  mystery.
• 13:57
  I
• 13:57
  think
• 13:57
  the
• 13:57
  Huatzin
• 13:58
  is
• 13:58
  a
• 13:58
  cow
• 13:59
  that
• 13:59
  is.
• 14:01
  Well,
• 14:01
  it
• 14:01
  smells
• 14:01
  like
• 14:02
  one,
• 14:02
  it
• 14:02
  eats
• 14:02
  like
• 14:03
  one,
• 14:03
  so
• 14:03
  why
• 14:03
  not?
• 14:03
  Right.
• 14:04
  If
• 14:04
  we
• 14:04
  use
• 14:04
  conversion
• 14:05
  evolution
• 14:05
  of,
• 14:06
  of
• 14:06
  what
• 14:06
  you
• 14:06
  digested.
• 14:07
  Yes,
• 14:08
  absolutely.
• 14:08
  Put
• 14:08
  it
• 14:08
  on
• 14:09
  the
• 14:09
  mammal,
• 14:09
  cow
• 14:10
  side
• 14:10
  of
• 14:10
  things.
• 14:11
  But
• 14:11
  it's
• 14:11
  always
• 14:11
  been
• 14:11
  this
• 14:12
  enigmatic,
• 14:12
  like,
• 14:13
  hard
• 14:13
  to
• 14:13
  place
• 14:13
  thing,
• 14:13
  right?
• 14:14
  Yes
• 14:15
  and
• 14:15
  no.
• 14:16
  No
• 14:16
  study
• 14:17
  has
• 14:17
  conclusively
• 14:18
  put
• 14:18
  it
• 14:18
  out
• 14:19
  there.
• 14:20
  Every
• 14:20
  study
• 14:21
  puts
• 14:21
  it
• 14:21
  in
• 14:21
  a
• 14:21
  different
• 14:21
  place.
• 14:22
  Yeah,
• 14:22
  it's
• 14:23
  so
• 14:23
  fascinating.
• 14:24
  Yeah.
• 14:24
  And
• 14:24
  there
• 14:25
  are
• 14:25
  some
• 14:25
  things
• 14:25
  that,
• 14:25
  you
• 14:26
  know,
• 14:26
  don't
• 14:26
  look
• 14:26
  at
• 14:26
  all
• 14:27
  like
• 14:27
  each
• 14:27
  other,
• 14:27
  like
• 14:28
  flamingos
• 14:28
  and
• 14:29
  grebes.
• 14:29
  Right.
• 14:30
  And
• 14:30
  don't
• 14:30
  have
• 14:31
  any
• 14:31
  in
• 14:31
  between
• 14:31
  looking
• 14:32
  relatives
• 14:33
  or.
• 14:33
  And
• 14:34
  are
• 14:34
  these
• 14:34
  really
• 14:34
  long
• 14:35
  evolutionary
• 14:35
  branches.
• 14:37
  But
• 14:37
  every
• 14:37
  study
• 14:38
  finds
• 14:38
  them.
• 14:38
  It's
• 14:39
  a
• 14:39
  strong
• 14:39
  relationship.
• 14:40
  So
• 14:41
  something
• 14:41
  got
• 14:42
  preserved
• 14:42
  that
• 14:43
  indicates
• 14:43
  that
• 14:43
  they
• 14:44
  were
• 14:44
  closely
• 14:44
  related,
• 14:45
  whereas
• 14:45
  with
• 14:45
  hoatzins
• 14:46
  we
• 14:46
  have
• 14:46
  nothing.
• 14:47
  Everything
• 14:48
  got
• 14:48
  changed
• 14:48
  around.
• 14:52
  You're
• 14:53
  the
• 14:53
  curator
• 14:53
  of
• 14:53
  the
• 14:53
  Bell
• 14:54
  Museum
• 14:54
  and
• 14:54
  if
• 14:54
  you
• 14:55
  want
• 14:55
  to
• 14:55
  blow
• 14:55
  someone's
• 14:55
  mind,
• 14:56
  what
• 14:56
  drawer
• 14:56
  are
• 14:56
  you
• 14:56
  going
• 14:57
  to
• 14:57
  open?
• 14:57
  The
• 14:57
  one
• 14:58
  incredibly
• 14:59
  special
• 14:59
  specimen
• 15:00
  we
• 15:00
  have
• 15:00
  in
• 15:01
  the
• 15:01
  Bell
• 15:01
  Museum
• 15:01
  is
• 15:02
  a
• 15:02
  gynandromorph
• 15:03
  of
• 15:04
  Eden
• 15:04
  and
• 15:04
  Grosbeak.
• 15:05
  And
• 15:06
  so
• 15:06
  that
• 15:06
  is
• 15:06
  a
• 15:06
  specimen
• 15:07
  where
• 15:07
  one
• 15:08
  side
• 15:08
  is
• 15:08
  male
• 15:08
  and
• 15:08
  one
• 15:09
  side
• 15:09
  is
• 15:09
  female.
• 15:09
  And
• 15:10
  it
• 15:10
  is
• 15:10
  just
• 15:11
  beautiful
• 15:11
  bilateral
• 15:12
  symmetry,
• 15:12
  like,
• 15:13
  you
• 15:13
  know,
• 15:13
  just
• 15:13
  like
• 15:14
  you
• 15:14
  can
• 15:14
  slice
• 15:14
  it
• 15:15
  down
• 15:15
  and
• 15:16
  one
• 15:16
  half
• 15:16
  looks
• 15:16
  identical
• 15:17
  to
• 15:18
  males
• 15:18
  and
• 15:18
  the
• 15:19
  other
• 15:19
  side
• 15:19
  looks
• 15:20
  identical
• 15:20
  to
• 15:20
  females.
• 15:21
  So
• 15:21
  I
• 15:22
  think
• 15:22
  that's
• 15:22
  really
• 15:22
  special
• 15:22
  because
• 15:23
  you
• 15:23
  don't
• 15:23
  see
• 15:24
  a
• 15:24
  lot
• 15:24
  of
• 15:24
  these
• 15:24
  kind
• 15:24
  of
• 15:25
  representation
• 15:25
  in
• 15:25
  research.
• 15:26
  It's
• 15:27
  by
• 15:27
  chance
• 15:27
  that
• 15:27
  someone
• 15:28
  actually
• 15:28
  had
• 15:28
  a.
• 15:29
  Was
• 15:29
  able
• 15:29
  to
• 15:29
  collect
• 15:30
  it
• 15:30
  and
• 15:30
  bring
• 15:31
  it
• 15:31
  in.
• 15:31
  But
• 15:31
  it's
• 15:32
  a
• 15:32
  really
• 15:32
  great
• 15:32
  way
• 15:33
  for
• 15:33
  us
• 15:33
  to
• 15:33
  know
• 15:33
  that
• 15:33
  this,
• 15:34
  this
• 15:34
  can
• 15:34
  exist,
• 15:35
  this
• 15:35
  can
• 15:35
  happen.
• 15:35
  Right.
• 15:36
  And
• 15:36
  it
• 15:37
  leads
• 15:37
  to
• 15:37
  all
• 15:37
  sorts
• 15:37
  of
• 15:37
  questions,
• 15:38
  like
• 15:38
  how
• 15:38
  did
• 15:39
  it
• 15:39
  live,
• 15:39
  what
• 15:40
  did
• 15:40
  it
• 15:40
  reproduce?
• 15:41
  Which
• 15:43
  we
• 15:44
  don't
• 15:44
  have
• 15:44
  the
• 15:45
  internal
• 15:45
  organs,
• 15:46
  but
• 15:47
  we
• 15:47
  do
• 15:47
  have
• 15:47
  the
• 15:47
  notes
• 15:48
  that
• 15:48
  the
• 15:48
  preparator
• 15:49
  took.
• 15:49
  And
• 15:49
  so
• 15:50
  we
• 15:50
  actually
• 15:50
  have
• 15:51
  that
• 15:51
  it
• 15:51
  had
• 15:52
  ovaries
• 15:52
  and
• 15:53
  a
• 15:53
  Testes,
• 15:54
  which
• 15:54
  is
• 15:54
  kind
• 15:55
  of
• 15:55
  really
• 15:55
  fascinating.
• 15:56
  So
• 15:57
  that
• 15:57
  is
• 15:57
  a
• 15:58
  nice,
• 15:58
  dramatic
• 15:58
  specimen.
• 15:59
  We've
• 16:00
  just,
• 16:00
  like,
• 16:01
  looked
• 16:01
  past
• 16:02
  the
• 16:02
  variation,
• 16:02
  you
• 16:03
  know,
• 16:03
  and
• 16:03
  I
• 16:03
  think
• 16:03
  we're
• 16:04
  starting
• 16:04
  to
• 16:04
  come
• 16:04
  to
• 16:04
  understand,
• 16:05
  like,
• 16:05
  we
• 16:05
  need
• 16:05
  to
• 16:05
  look
• 16:06
  at
• 16:06
  the
• 16:06
  variation
• 16:06
  because
• 16:07
  it
• 16:07
  adds
• 16:07
  to
• 16:07
  our
• 16:08
  broader
• 16:08
  understanding
• 16:09
  of
• 16:09
  biological
• 16:09
  diversity,
• 16:10
  and
• 16:10
  it's
• 16:10
  relevant
• 16:11
  for
• 16:11
  the
• 16:11
  way
• 16:11
  we
• 16:12
  think
• 16:12
  about
• 16:12
  ourselves,
• 16:13
  too.
• 16:13
  But
• 16:13
  it's
• 16:13
  funny,
• 16:14
  like,
• 16:14
  again,
• 16:14
  because
• 16:15
  of
• 16:15
  who
• 16:15
  was
• 16:16
  predominantly
• 16:16
  scientists
• 16:17
  for
• 16:17
  a
• 16:17
  very
• 16:17
  long
• 16:18
  time,
• 16:18
  we
• 16:19
  looked
• 16:19
  past
• 16:20
  the.
• 16:21
  The
• 16:21
  variation
• 16:22
  to,
• 16:22
  like,
• 16:23
  these
• 16:23
  binaries,
• 16:24
  which
• 16:24
  is
• 16:24
  frustrating.
• 16:25
  I
• 16:25
  think
• 16:25
  a
• 16:26
  lot
• 16:26
  of
• 16:26
  it
• 16:26
  is
• 16:26
  also
• 16:26
  that
• 16:27
  we.
• 16:28
  We
• 16:28
  want
• 16:28
  to
• 16:28
  make
• 16:28
  it
• 16:28
  clean.
• 16:29
  We
• 16:29
  want
• 16:29
  to
• 16:29
  make
• 16:30
  the
• 16:30
  divisions
• 16:31
  in
• 16:31
  nature
• 16:31
  very
• 16:31
  clean,
• 16:32
  and
• 16:33
  there's
• 16:33
  some
• 16:33
  very
• 16:34
  fuzzy
• 16:34
  boundaries.
• 16:35
  And
• 16:35
  that's
• 16:35
  actually
• 16:36
  very
• 16:36
  exciting.
• 16:36
  Right.
• 16:37
  Like,
• 16:37
  it
• 16:37
  tells
• 16:37
  us
• 16:37
  how
• 16:38
  what's
• 16:39
  possible.
• 16:39
  The
• 16:39
  history
• 16:40
  of
• 16:40
  museums,
• 16:40
  in
• 16:40
  many
• 16:41
  ways,
• 16:41
  is
• 16:41
  problematic.
• 16:41
  I
• 16:42
  mean,
• 16:42
  and
• 16:42
  now
• 16:42
  you're
• 16:42
  a
• 16:42
  curator
• 16:43
  at
• 16:43
  a
• 16:43
  museum
• 16:43
  and
• 16:44
  you're
• 16:44
  thinking
• 16:44
  about
• 16:44
  these
• 16:44
  questions,
• 16:45
  and
• 16:45
  I'm
• 16:45
  curious
• 16:46
  to
• 16:46
  hear,
• 16:46
  like,
• 16:46
  what
• 16:46
  do
• 16:46
  you
• 16:47
  want
• 16:47
  people
• 16:47
  to
• 16:47
  know
• 16:47
  in
• 16:47
  this
• 16:48
  context?
• 16:49
  Yeah,
• 16:49
  I've
• 16:50
  actually
• 16:50
  been
• 16:50
  thinking
• 16:51
  a
• 16:51
  lot
• 16:51
  about
• 16:51
  this,
• 16:52
  and
• 16:52
  it's
• 16:52
  something
• 16:53
  that
• 16:53
  I'm
• 16:55
  working
• 16:56
  hard
• 16:56
  to
• 16:56
  advocate
• 16:57
  for.
• 16:57
  And
• 16:57
  I
• 16:57
  think
• 16:57
  one
• 16:58
  thing
• 16:58
  is
• 16:58
  that
• 16:58
  we
• 16:59
  think
• 16:59
  of
• 16:59
  these.
• 16:59
  You
• 17:00
  know,
• 17:00
  these
• 17:00
  are
• 17:00
  resources,
• 17:01
  but
• 17:02
  they're
• 17:02
  global
• 17:02
  resources.
• 17:03
  You
• 17:04
  know,
• 17:04
  the
• 17:04
  treasures
• 17:05
  that
• 17:05
  we
• 17:05
  have
• 17:05
  in
• 17:05
  our
• 17:06
  museums
• 17:06
  are
• 17:07
  accumulated
• 17:07
  from
• 17:08
  all
• 17:08
  over
• 17:08
  the
• 17:08
  world.
• 17:09
  And
• 17:10
  many
• 17:10
  times
• 17:10
  they
• 17:10
  were
• 17:11
  taken.
• 17:12
  You
• 17:12
  know,
• 17:12
  they
• 17:13
  might
• 17:13
  have
• 17:13
  had
• 17:14
  the
• 17:14
  right
• 17:15
  legal
• 17:17
  authority
• 17:17
  to
• 17:17
  do
• 17:18
  that
• 17:18
  at
• 17:18
  the
• 17:18
  time,
• 17:18
  but
• 17:19
  we
• 17:19
  still
• 17:19
  have
• 17:20
  to
• 17:20
  interpret
• 17:20
  that
• 17:20
  as
• 17:21
  being
• 17:21
  extracted.
• 17:22
  And
• 17:23
  so.
• 17:23
  And
• 17:23
  if
• 17:24
  you're
• 17:24
  taking
• 17:24
  things
• 17:25
  away
• 17:25
  from
• 17:25
  context
• 17:26
  and
• 17:26
  you're
• 17:26
  not
• 17:27
  giving
• 17:27
  the
• 17:27
  opportunity
• 17:28
  for
• 17:28
  the
• 17:28
  people
• 17:28
  who
• 17:28
  live
• 17:29
  in
• 17:29
  these
• 17:29
  areas
• 17:30
  to
• 17:30
  study
• 17:30
  them,
• 17:31
  I
• 17:31
  think
• 17:32
  that
• 17:32
  becomes
• 17:35
  a
• 17:36
  real
• 17:36
  problem.
• 17:37
  And
• 17:37
  so
• 17:37
  I've
• 17:38
  been
• 17:38
  advocating
• 17:38
  for
• 17:39
  museums
• 17:39
  to
• 17:40
  be
• 17:40
  a
• 17:40
  lot
• 17:41
  more
• 17:41
  open
• 17:42
  and
• 17:42
  willing
• 17:42
  to
• 17:43
  allow
• 17:44
  the
• 17:44
  use
• 17:44
  of
• 17:44
  their
• 17:44
  specimens
• 17:45
  in
• 17:45
  different
• 17:45
  ways.
• 17:46
  We
• 17:46
  should
• 17:46
  say
• 17:47
  yes
• 17:47
  more.
• 17:48
  Right.
• 17:48
  We
• 17:48
  should
• 17:48
  say
• 17:48
  yes
• 17:49
  to
• 17:49
  people
• 17:49
  who
• 17:50
  want
• 17:50
  to
• 17:50
  come
• 17:50
  from
• 17:51
  different
• 17:51
  parts
• 17:51
  of
• 17:51
  the
• 17:51
  world.
• 17:52
  We
• 17:52
  want
• 17:52
  to
• 17:52
  say
• 17:52
  yes
• 17:53
  to
• 17:53
  people
• 17:53
  who
• 17:53
  are
• 17:53
  coming
• 17:53
  from
• 17:54
  different
• 17:54
  fields,
• 17:56
  people
• 17:56
  who
• 17:56
  might
• 17:57
  be
• 17:57
  interested
• 17:58
  in
• 17:58
  a
• 17:58
  particular
• 17:58
  aspect
• 17:59
  that
• 17:59
  didn't.
• 18:00
  Is
• 18:00
  not
• 18:00
  what
• 18:00
  was
• 18:01
  traditionally
• 18:01
  done
• 18:01
  in
• 18:02
  museums,
• 18:02
  but
• 18:02
  can
• 18:03
  really
• 18:03
  add
• 18:04
  to
• 18:04
  the
• 18:05
  number
• 18:05
  of
• 18:05
  people
• 18:05
  who
• 18:06
  use
• 18:06
  museum
• 18:07
  resources.
• 18:07
  Because
• 18:07
  if
• 18:08
  we,
• 18:08
  you
• 18:09
  know,
• 18:09
  one
• 18:09
  of
• 18:09
  the
• 18:10
  problems
• 18:10
  with
• 18:10
  this
• 18:11
  idea
• 18:11
  that,
• 18:12
  like,
• 18:12
  there's
• 18:12
  so
• 18:12
  much
• 18:12
  behind
• 18:13
  the
• 18:13
  scenes
• 18:13
  and
• 18:13
  no
• 18:13
  one
• 18:13
  knows
• 18:14
  about
• 18:14
  it,
• 18:14
  is
• 18:15
  it
• 18:15
  can
• 18:15
  disappear
• 18:16
  really
• 18:16
  fast.
• 18:17
  Right?
• 18:17
  Yeah.
• 18:18
  The
• 18:18
  funding
• 18:19
  for
• 18:19
  museums,
• 18:20
  like
• 18:20
  a
• 18:20
  lot
• 18:20
  of
• 18:21
  other
• 18:21
  places
• 18:22
  that
• 18:22
  people
• 18:22
  don't
• 18:22
  know,
• 18:22
  a
• 18:23
  lot
• 18:23
  of
• 18:23
  science
• 18:23
  is
• 18:24
  really
• 18:24
  at
• 18:24
  risk
• 18:25
  right
• 18:25
  now.
• 18:27
  And
• 18:27
  so
• 18:27
  if
• 18:28
  we
• 18:28
  don't
• 18:28
  talk
• 18:28
  to
• 18:28
  people
• 18:29
  about
• 18:29
  how
• 18:29
  valuable
• 18:30
  these
• 18:30
  are
• 18:30
  and
• 18:30
  how
• 18:30
  important
• 18:31
  it
• 18:31
  is
• 18:31
  Then
• 18:32
  it's
• 18:32
  going
• 18:32
  to
• 18:32
  disappear.
• 18:33
  And
• 18:33
  so
• 18:33
  we
• 18:33
  need
• 18:33
  to
• 18:33
  also
• 18:34
  kind
• 18:34
  of
• 18:34
  build
• 18:35
  that
• 18:35
  base
• 18:35
  of
• 18:36
  people
• 18:36
  using
• 18:36
  it
• 18:37
  and
• 18:37
  people
• 18:37
  showing
• 18:38
  off
• 18:38
  how
• 18:38
  great
• 18:39
  it
• 18:39
  is.
• 18:39
  And
• 18:39
  it's
• 18:39
  only
• 18:39
  going
• 18:40
  to
• 18:40
  make
• 18:40
  your
• 18:40
  collections
• 18:40
  even
• 18:41
  better
• 18:41
  when
• 18:41
  they're
• 18:42
  used.
• 18:42
  Right.
• 18:42
  And
• 18:42
  when
• 18:43
  you
• 18:43
  have
• 18:43
  stories
• 18:44
  to
• 18:44
  tell
• 18:44
  about
• 18:45
  how
• 18:46
  they've
• 18:47
  contributed
• 18:47
  to
• 18:47
  science.
• 18:48
  Totally.
• 18:49
  The
• 18:49
  more
• 18:49
  diversity
• 18:49
  of
• 18:49
  questions
• 18:50
  we
• 18:50
  get,
• 18:50
  the
• 18:50
  more
• 18:50
  interesting
• 18:51
  our
• 18:51
  science
• 18:51
  gets.
• 18:52
  Like,
• 18:52
  we
• 18:52
  know
• 18:52
  that.
• 18:53
  And
• 18:53
  I
• 18:53
  think,
• 18:54
  yeah,
• 18:54
  it's
• 18:54
  definitely
• 18:55
  time
• 18:56
  to
• 18:56
  be
• 18:56
  proactive
• 18:56
  about
• 18:57
  who
• 18:57
  gets
• 18:57
  access
• 18:58
  and
• 18:58
  how
• 18:58
  and
• 18:59
  all
• 18:59
  of
• 18:59
  those
• 18:59
  things.
• 19:00
  And
• 19:00
  like
• 19:00
  you
• 19:00
  say,
• 19:01
  from
• 19:01
  the
• 19:01
  funding
• 19:02
  perspective,
• 19:02
  you
• 19:03
  can't
• 19:03
  care
• 19:03
  about
• 19:03
  what
• 19:03
  you
• 19:04
  don't
• 19:04
  know
• 19:04
  exists.
• 19:05
  And
• 19:05
  there
• 19:05
  are
• 19:05
  so
• 19:06
  many
• 19:06
  more
• 19:06
  stories
• 19:06
  that
• 19:07
  museums
• 19:07
  can
• 19:07
  tell.
• 19:08
  When
• 19:08
  a
• 19:08
  museum
• 19:08
  is
• 19:09
  facing
• 19:09
  funding
• 19:09
  challenges,
• 19:10
  the
• 19:10
  public
• 19:10
  might
• 19:10
  better
• 19:11
  understand,
• 19:11
  oh,
• 19:11
  it's
• 19:12
  not
• 19:12
  just
• 19:12
  this
• 19:12
  hall
• 19:13
  of
• 19:13
  dioramas,
• 19:14
  it's
• 19:14
  this
• 19:14
  entire,
• 19:15
  like,
• 19:16
  collection
• 19:17
  from
• 19:17
  across
• 19:17
  the
• 19:17
  planet
• 19:18
  that
• 19:18
  can
• 19:18
  inform
• 19:18
  so
• 19:18
  many,
• 19:19
  so
• 19:19
  many
• 19:19
  amazing
• 19:20
  questions
• 19:20
  about
• 19:20
  the
• 19:21
  natural
• 19:21
  world.
• 19:21
  Yeah.
• 19:21
  And
• 19:21
  that
• 19:22
  impacts
• 19:22
  conservation
• 19:23
  in
• 19:23
  the
• 19:23
  places
• 19:23
  where
• 19:24
  this,
• 19:24
  the
• 19:24
  biodiversity
• 19:25
  still
• 19:25
  exists.
• 19:25
  Right,
• 19:26
  right.
• 19:26
  So
• 19:26
  if
• 19:27
  they
• 19:27
  don't
• 19:27
  know
• 19:27
  about
• 19:27
  it,
• 19:28
  and
• 19:28
  we
• 19:29
  are
• 19:29
  studying
• 19:29
  in,
• 19:30
  in
• 19:31
  like
• 19:31
  a,
• 19:32
  you
• 19:32
  know,
• 19:32
  museum
• 19:33
  thousands
• 19:34
  of
• 19:34
  miles
• 19:34
  away,
• 19:35
  and
• 19:36
  we're
• 19:36
  removed
• 19:36
  from
• 19:37
  what
• 19:37
  the
• 19:37
  animals
• 19:38
  are
• 19:38
  like
• 19:38
  now,
• 19:39
  and
• 19:39
  they're
• 19:39
  removed
• 19:40
  from
• 19:40
  what
• 19:40
  we
• 19:40
  know
• 19:41
  about
• 19:41
  them.
• 19:42
  I
• 19:42
  mean,
• 19:42
  there's
• 19:42
  this
• 19:42
  disconnect
• 19:43
  in
• 19:43
  terms
• 19:43
  of
• 19:44
  really
• 19:44
  what
• 19:44
  we
• 19:45
  should
• 19:45
  be
• 19:47
  together
• 19:47
  focusing
• 19:48
  on
• 19:48
  for
• 19:48
  conservation
• 19:49
  of
• 19:49
  these
• 19:50
  important
• 19:50
  biodiversity
• 19:51
  resources.
• 19:52
  Totally.
• 19:52
  What
• 19:53
  has
• 19:53
  your
• 19:53
  experience
• 19:53
  been
• 19:54
  with
• 19:54
  that?
• 19:54
  Like,
• 19:54
  trying
• 19:54
  to
• 19:55
  bring
• 19:55
  the
• 19:56
  information
• 19:56
  you're
• 19:56
  learning
• 19:57
  about
• 19:57
  new
• 19:57
  species
• 19:57
  or
• 19:58
  the
• 19:58
  way
• 19:58
  that
• 19:59
  species
• 19:59
  in
• 19:59
  the
• 19:59
  regions
• 20:00
  you're
• 20:00
  working
• 20:00
  on
• 20:00
  are
• 20:00
  connected
• 20:01
  back
• 20:02
  to
• 20:02
  the
• 20:02
  places
• 20:03
  where
• 20:03
  they
• 20:03
  actually
• 20:03
  live?
• 20:04
  There's
• 20:04
  field
• 20:04
  collections,
• 20:05
  obviously,
• 20:05
  but
• 20:05
  then
• 20:06
  you're
• 20:06
  collecting
• 20:06
  data
• 20:06
  and
• 20:06
  you're
• 20:07
  kind
• 20:07
  of.
• 20:07
  The
• 20:07
  discoveries
• 20:08
  happen
• 20:08
  a
• 20:08
  far,
• 20:08
  far
• 20:09
  distance,
• 20:09
  distance
• 20:09
  away
• 20:10
  from
• 20:10
  the
• 20:11
  communities
• 20:11
  that
• 20:11
  need
• 20:11
  to
• 20:12
  know
• 20:12
  that
• 20:12
  these
• 20:13
  are
• 20:13
  evolutionarily
• 20:14
  distinct
• 20:15
  or
• 20:15
  unique
• 20:16
  or
• 20:16
  fascinating
• 20:17
  creatures.
• 20:18
  So
• 20:18
  what's
• 20:19
  that
• 20:19
  been
• 20:19
  like
• 20:19
  for
• 20:19
  you
• 20:19
  to
• 20:19
  try
• 20:20
  to
• 20:20
  bring
• 20:20
  those
• 20:20
  messages
• 20:21
  back?
• 20:21
  My
• 20:23
  way
• 20:23
  of
• 20:23
  working
• 20:23
  is
• 20:24
  to
• 20:24
  work
• 20:24
  with
• 20:24
  collaborators
• 20:25
  who
• 20:26
  have
• 20:26
  that
• 20:26
  ability
• 20:27
  to
• 20:27
  make
• 20:27
  those
• 20:27
  connections.
• 20:28
  Since
• 20:29
  I
• 20:29
  live
• 20:29
  in
• 20:29
  the
• 20:30
  us
• 20:30
  I
• 20:30
  can
• 20:31
  travel
• 20:31
  to
• 20:31
  the
• 20:31
  places
• 20:32
  that
• 20:32
  I
• 20:32
  work
• 20:32
  in,
• 20:32
  but
• 20:33
  I
• 20:33
  don't
• 20:33
  spend
• 20:34
  most
• 20:34
  of
• 20:34
  my
• 20:34
  time
• 20:34
  there.
• 20:34
  So
• 20:35
  I
• 20:35
  do
• 20:35
  rely
• 20:35
  a
• 20:35
  lot
• 20:36
  on
• 20:36
  making
• 20:36
  strong
• 20:36
  collaborations
• 20:37
  who
• 20:37
  can
• 20:38
  push
• 20:38
  that
• 20:38
  through.
• 20:39
  But
• 20:39
  I
• 20:39
  have
• 20:39
  this
• 20:39
  great
• 20:40
  example
• 20:40
  of
• 20:41
  one
• 20:41
  of
• 20:41
  the
• 20:41
  first
• 20:41
  projects
• 20:42
  I
• 20:42
  did
• 20:42
  in
• 20:42
  India,
• 20:43
  where
• 20:43
  I
• 20:44
  had
• 20:44
  a
• 20:44
  now
• 20:45
  colleague
• 20:45
  who
• 20:45
  came
• 20:45
  over
• 20:46
  to
• 20:46
  spend
• 20:47
  a
• 20:47
  little
• 20:47
  bit
• 20:47
  of
• 20:47
  time
• 20:47
  doing
• 20:47
  a
• 20:48
  postdoc
• 20:48
  with
• 20:48
  me
• 20:48
  because
• 20:48
  he
• 20:48
  was
• 20:49
  really
• 20:49
  fascinated
• 20:49
  by
• 20:50
  these
• 20:50
  birds
• 20:51
  that
• 20:51
  were
• 20:51
  called
• 20:51
  short
• 20:52
  wings
• 20:52
  in
• 20:52
  the
• 20:53
  western
• 20:53
  guts.
• 20:54
  And
• 20:54
  it's
• 20:55
  something
• 20:55
  that
• 20:55
  I,
• 20:56
  I
• 20:56
  didn't
• 20:56
  know
• 20:56
  much
• 20:57
  About,
• 20:57
  I
• 20:57
  didn't
• 20:57
  know
• 20:57
  much
• 20:57
  about
• 20:58
  these
• 20:59
  little
• 20:59
  birds,
• 20:59
  these
• 21:00
  little
• 21:00
  bluish
• 21:00
  birds.
• 21:01
  And
• 21:01
  he
• 21:02
  was
• 21:02
  fascinated
• 21:02
  because
• 21:03
  he
• 21:03
  was
• 21:04
  really
• 21:04
  intrigued
• 21:04
  by
• 21:05
  their
• 21:06
  beautiful
• 21:06
  songs.
• 21:06
  They
• 21:07
  have
• 21:07
  quite
• 21:07
  a
• 21:07
  repertoire
• 21:08
  of
• 21:08
  songs.
• 21:09
  I
• 21:09
  know
• 21:09
  nothing
• 21:10
  about
• 21:10
  bird
• 21:10
  songs.
• 21:11
  I'll
• 21:11
  be
• 21:11
  hon
• 21:13
  museum
• 21:13
  biologist,
• 21:15
  what
• 21:15
  they
• 21:16
  look
• 21:16
  like
• 21:16
  and
• 21:16
  what
• 21:16
  their
• 21:17
  DNA
• 21:17
  tells
• 21:17
  me.
• 21:19
  So
• 21:19
  we,
• 21:19
  you
• 21:20
  know,
• 21:20
  we
• 21:20
  again
• 21:20
  put
• 21:21
  our
• 21:21
  different
• 21:22
  ideas
• 21:23
  together
• 21:23
  and
• 21:24
  it
• 21:24
  turns
• 21:25
  out
• 21:25
  there
• 21:25
  are
• 21:26
  only
• 21:26
  like,
• 21:27
  I
• 21:28
  want
• 21:28
  to
• 21:28
  say
• 21:28
  less
• 21:28
  than
• 21:28
  10
• 21:29
  specimens
• 21:30
  of
• 21:30
  these
• 21:30
  species
• 21:31
  in
• 21:31
  all
• 21:31
  of
• 21:32
  the
• 21:32
  museums
• 21:32
  in
• 21:32
  the
• 21:32
  world.
• 21:33
  Wow.
• 21:35
  And
• 21:35
  he
• 21:35
  was
• 21:36
  one
• 21:36
  of
• 21:36
  the
• 21:36
  first
• 21:36
  people
• 21:36
  that
• 21:37
  were
• 21:37
  was
• 21:37
  able
• 21:37
  to
• 21:38
  get
• 21:38
  blood
• 21:38
  samples
• 21:39
  from
• 21:40
  live
• 21:40
  birds
• 21:41
  from
• 21:41
  in
• 21:41
  the
• 21:41
  wild.
• 21:42
  And
• 21:42
  so
• 21:42
  we
• 21:43
  were
• 21:43
  able
• 21:43
  to
• 21:43
  put
• 21:44
  together
• 21:44
  data,
• 21:45
  data
• 21:45
  from
• 21:46
  the
• 21:47
  field
• 21:47
  collections
• 21:48
  that
• 21:48
  he
• 21:48
  made,
• 21:48
  the
• 21:49
  museum
• 21:49
  specimens
• 21:50
  that
• 21:50
  I
• 21:50
  was
• 21:50
  able
• 21:51
  to
• 21:51
  access
• 21:52
  and
• 21:52
  all
• 21:53
  of
• 21:53
  the
• 21:53
  information
• 21:53
  we
• 21:54
  had
• 21:54
  together.
• 21:54
  And
• 21:55
  it
• 21:55
  turns
• 21:55
  out
• 21:55
  they're
• 21:55
  not
• 21:55
  short
• 21:56
  wings.
• 21:57
  And
• 21:58
  it
• 21:58
  turns
• 21:58
  out
• 21:58
  they're
• 21:58
  actually
• 21:59
  closer
• 22:00
  to
• 22:01
  Robin's,
• 22:02
  which
• 22:03
  is
• 22:03
  ironic
• 22:04
  because
• 22:04
  his
• 22:04
  name
• 22:04
  was
• 22:04
  Robin.
• 22:07
  The
• 22:07
  other
• 22:07
  part
• 22:07
  of
• 22:08
  the
• 22:08
  story
• 22:08
  is
• 22:08
  that
• 22:09
  it
• 22:09
  turns
• 22:09
  out
• 22:10
  they're
• 22:10
  quite
• 22:10
  unique,
• 22:11
  right?
• 22:11
  They're
• 22:12
  this
• 22:12
  unique
• 22:13
  new
• 22:14
  genus.
• 22:15
  And
• 22:15
  we
• 22:15
  described
• 22:15
  two
• 22:16
  new
• 22:16
  genera
• 22:17
  from
• 22:17
  the
• 22:17
  western
• 22:18
  guts
• 22:18
  that
• 22:19
  was
• 22:19
  again
• 22:20
  showing
• 22:20
  just
• 22:20
  how
• 22:20
  much
• 22:20
  more
• 22:21
  unique
• 22:21
  this
• 22:22
  Avifauna
• 22:23
  was
• 22:24
  compared
• 22:24
  to
• 22:24
  what
• 22:25
  we
• 22:25
  knew
• 22:25
  before.
• 22:25
  Because
• 22:26
  before
• 22:26
  we
• 22:26
  were
• 22:26
  only
• 22:27
  using
• 22:27
  the
• 22:28
  morphologies.
• 22:28
  And
• 22:29
  as
• 22:29
  I
• 22:30
  explained
• 22:30
  before,
• 22:30
  like
• 22:30
  convergent
• 22:31
  evolution
• 22:31
  can
• 22:31
  really
• 22:32
  lead
• 22:32
  to
• 22:33
  misleading
• 22:33
  results.
• 22:34
  So
• 22:34
  in
• 22:34
  the
• 22:34
  western
• 22:34
  gods,
• 22:35
  we
• 22:35
  describe
• 22:35
  these
• 22:35
  two
• 22:36
  new
• 22:37
  genera
• 22:38
  which
• 22:38
  just
• 22:38
  again
• 22:39
  showed
• 22:39
  just
• 22:39
  how
• 22:39
  much
• 22:40
  more
• 22:40
  distinct
• 22:40
  and
• 22:40
  how
• 22:41
  much
• 22:41
  more
• 22:41
  unique
• 22:41
  the
• 22:42
  Avifana
• 22:42
  was.
• 22:43
  And
• 22:43
  that
• 22:43
  just
• 22:44
  led
• 22:44
  to,
• 22:44
  to
• 22:44
  just
• 22:45
  even
• 22:45
  more
• 22:45
  people
• 22:45
  getting
• 22:46
  excited
• 22:46
  by
• 22:47
  the
• 22:48
  things
• 22:48
  that
• 22:48
  are
• 22:48
  found
• 22:48
  in
• 22:49
  their
• 22:49
  backyards.
• 22:50
  Right.
• 22:50
  Because
• 22:50
  all
• 22:51
  of
• 22:51
  the
• 22:51
  examples
• 22:52
  from
• 22:52
  most
• 22:52
  ecological
• 22:53
  textbooks
• 22:54
  are
• 22:55
  from
• 22:55
  the
• 22:55
  Northern
• 22:55
  hemisphere
• 22:56
  or
• 22:56
  from
• 22:57
  other
• 22:57
  parts
• 22:57
  of
• 22:57
  the
• 22:57
  world.
• 22:58
  But
• 22:58
  here
• 22:58
  was
• 22:59
  something
• 22:59
  where
• 22:59
  they
• 22:59
  could
• 22:59
  say,
• 23:00
  hey,
• 23:00
  look,
• 23:00
  this
• 23:00
  is
• 23:01
  in
• 23:01
  our
• 23:01
  backyard.
• 23:01
  We
• 23:01
  know
• 23:01
  these
• 23:02
  birds,
• 23:02
  we
• 23:02
  can
• 23:02
  go
• 23:02
  out
• 23:03
  and
• 23:03
  study
• 23:03
  these
• 23:03
  birds.
• 23:04
  Now,
• 23:04
  my
• 23:05
  colleague
• 23:05
  Robin
• 23:06
  has
• 23:07
  inspired
• 23:08
  so
• 23:08
  many
• 23:08
  people
• 23:09
  to
• 23:09
  go
• 23:10
  into
• 23:10
  birds.
• 23:10
  This
• 23:11
  kind
• 23:11
  of
• 23:11
  trickle
• 23:11
  down
• 23:12
  from
• 23:12
  the
• 23:13
  students
• 23:13
  who
• 23:13
  are
• 23:14
  interested
• 23:14
  in
• 23:14
  science
• 23:15
  to
• 23:15
  the,
• 23:16
  the
• 23:16
  local
• 23:17
  communities.
• 23:17
  So
• 23:18
  there
• 23:18
  are
• 23:18
  people
• 23:18
  who
• 23:19
  are
• 23:19
  talking
• 23:19
  about
• 23:19
  shade
• 23:20
  grown
• 23:20
  coffee
• 23:20
  and
• 23:21
  have
• 23:21
  bling
• 23:22
  that
• 23:22
  has
• 23:23
  these
• 23:23
  birds
• 23:23
  on
• 23:23
  it.
• 23:24
  Oh,
• 23:24
  nice.
• 23:24
  That's
• 23:25
  awesome.
• 23:26
  And
• 23:27
  it's
• 23:27
  really
• 23:27
  nice
• 23:27
  because
• 23:28
  we
• 23:28
  also
• 23:28
  got
• 23:28
  to
• 23:28
  use
• 23:29
  some
• 23:29
  local
• 23:29
  names
• 23:29
  and
• 23:30
  so
• 23:30
  the
• 23:31
  local
• 23:31
  names
• 23:31
  get
• 23:32
  again
• 23:32
  that,
• 23:33
  that
• 23:33
  pride
• 23:33
  that
• 23:34
  people
• 23:34
  have.
• 23:35
  And
• 23:35
  so
• 23:35
  there's
• 23:36
  this
• 23:36
  little
• 23:36
  diminutive
• 23:37
  bluebird
• 23:38
  in
• 23:38
  the
• 23:38
  western
• 23:39
  guts
• 23:39
  that
• 23:39
  has
• 23:39
  gotten
• 23:40
  so
• 23:40
  many
• 23:40
  people
• 23:40
  inspired
• 23:41
  to
• 23:41
  not
• 23:42
  just
• 23:42
  do
• 23:42
  science,
• 23:42
  but
• 23:43
  also
• 23:43
  think
• 23:43
  about
• 23:44
  conservation.
• 23:48
  I
• 23:49
  don't
• 23:49
  know.
• 23:49
  Everyone
• 23:49
  talks
• 23:49
  about
• 23:50
  science
• 23:50
  being
• 23:50
  objective.
• 23:51
  You
• 23:51
  and
• 23:51
  I
• 23:51
  both
• 23:51
  know
• 23:54
  that's
• 23:54
  not
• 23:54
  true.
• 23:54
  Scientists
• 23:55
  are
• 23:55
  people
• 23:56
  who
• 23:56
  have
• 23:56
  opinions
• 23:57
  and
• 23:57
  life
• 23:58
  experiences.
• 23:58
  And
• 23:58
  so
• 23:59
  you're
• 23:59
  saying,
• 23:59
  you
• 24:00
  know,
• 24:00
  when
• 24:00
  the.
• 24:00
  During
• 24:01
  the
• 24:01
  colonial
• 24:01
  era,
• 24:02
  people
• 24:02
  came
• 24:02
  to
• 24:02
  Madagascar
• 24:03
  and
• 24:03
  were
• 24:03
  like,
• 24:03
  oh,
• 24:04
  that
• 24:04
  looks
• 24:04
  like
• 24:04
  a
• 24:04
  warbler
• 24:05
  from
• 24:05
  Europe.
• 24:05
  We're
• 24:06
  going
• 24:06
  to
• 24:06
  say
• 24:06
  it's
• 24:06
  a
• 24:06
  warbler
• 24:07
  or
• 24:07
  whatever,
• 24:08
  but
• 24:08
  it's
• 24:08
  just
• 24:08
  not.
• 24:09
  It's
• 24:09
  like.
• 24:09
  And
• 24:10
  I'd
• 24:10
  love
• 24:10
  for
• 24:10
  you
• 24:10
  to
• 24:10
  talk
• 24:10
  more
• 24:11
  about
• 24:11
  the
• 24:11
  vengas
• 24:12
  and
• 24:12
  like,
• 24:12
  that
• 24:12
  whole
• 24:13
  radiation
• 24:13
  in
• 24:13
  Madagascar,
• 24:14
  because
• 24:14
  it's
• 24:14
  fascinating,
• 24:15
  but
• 24:15
  it
• 24:15
  was
• 24:16
  really
• 24:16
  overlooked
• 24:17
  because
• 24:17
  of
• 24:18
  convergent
• 24:18
  evolution
• 24:19
  and
• 24:19
  ignorance
• 24:20
  and
• 24:20
  just
• 24:21
  being
• 24:21
  like,
• 24:21
  well,
• 24:21
  I
• 24:21
  know
• 24:21
  what
• 24:22
  that
• 24:22
  is.
• 24:22
  I
• 24:22
  don't
• 24:22
  need
• 24:22
  to
• 24:23
  look
• 24:23
  more
• 24:23
  deeply.
• 24:24
  Which
• 24:24
  is
• 24:25
  so
• 24:26
  common
• 24:26
  and
• 24:26
  so
• 24:26
  frustrating.
• 24:27
  Right.
• 24:27
  Like,
• 24:28
  you
• 24:28
  miss
• 24:28
  so
• 24:29
  much.
• 24:29
  And
• 24:29
  then
• 24:29
  it
• 24:29
  can
• 24:29
  lead
• 24:30
  to
• 24:30
  this
• 24:30
  amazing,
• 24:31
  like,
• 24:31
  pride
• 24:32
  and
• 24:32
  conservation
• 24:33
  and
• 24:33
  all
• 24:33
  of
• 24:33
  these
• 24:34
  things
• 24:34
  when
• 24:34
  you
• 24:34
  actually
• 24:34
  understand
• 24:35
  what's.
• 24:36
  What's
• 24:36
  there
• 24:36
  in
• 24:36
  your
• 24:36
  backyard,
• 24:37
  you
• 24:37
  know?
• 24:37
  Yeah,
• 24:39
  yeah.
• 24:39
  The
• 24:40
  example
• 24:40
  with
• 24:40
  the
• 24:40
  Malagasy
• 24:41
  vangas
• 24:42
  and
• 24:42
  the
• 24:43
  tetracas,
• 24:44
  or
• 24:44
  barnierids,
• 24:45
  these
• 24:45
  are
• 24:45
  two
• 24:46
  of
• 24:46
  the
• 24:46
  largest
• 24:46
  families
• 24:47
  of
• 24:47
  birds
• 24:47
  that
• 24:47
  we
• 24:48
  know
• 24:48
  from
• 24:48
  Madagascar.
• 24:49
  And
• 24:49
  it
• 24:49
  turns
• 24:49
  out
• 24:51
  we
• 24:52
  didn't
• 24:52
  know
• 24:52
  either
• 24:52
  family
• 24:53
  well
• 24:53
  enough
• 24:53
  until
• 24:54
  very
• 24:54
  recently.
• 24:55
  Or
• 24:55
  no,
• 24:56
  maybe
• 24:56
  about
• 24:56
  10
• 24:56
  years
• 24:57
  ago.
• 24:58
  Well,
• 24:58
  no,
• 24:59
  that's
• 24:59
  not
• 24:59
  true.
• 25:00
  20
• 25:00
  years
• 25:00
  ago,
• 25:00
  I
• 25:01
  would
• 25:01
  say.
• 25:01
  Okay,
• 25:02
  time
• 25:02
  goes
• 25:02
  quickly.
• 25:04
  20
• 25:04
  years
• 25:05
  old.
• 25:05
  Research
• 25:05
  for
• 25:06
  the
• 25:06
  broader
• 25:06
  context.
• 25:07
  Like,
• 25:07
  to
• 25:07
  not
• 25:07
  understand
• 25:08
  the
• 25:08
  diversity
• 25:09
  of
• 25:09
  birds
• 25:09
  in
• 25:09
  a
• 25:09
  place
• 25:10
  like
• 25:10
  Madagascar
• 25:11
  until
• 25:11
  just
• 25:11
  20
• 25:12
  years
• 25:12
  ago
• 25:12
  is
• 25:12
  actually
• 25:13
  crazy.
• 25:13
  Exactly.
• 25:14
  Because
• 25:15
  it's
• 25:15
  a
• 25:16
  place
• 25:16
  where
• 25:16
  humans
• 25:17
  go
• 25:17
  a
• 25:17
  lot.
• 25:17
  Yeah.
• 25:18
  Yeah,
• 25:19
  I'll
• 25:19
  say.
• 25:19
  This
• 25:19
  century
• 25:20
  is
• 25:20
  probably
• 25:20
  like
• 25:21
  a
• 25:21
  nice
• 25:21
  guess.
• 25:22
  So
• 25:23
  with
• 25:23
  the
• 25:23
  vanguas,
• 25:24
  the.
• 25:25
  The
• 25:25
  interesting
• 25:26
  aspect
• 25:26
  about
• 25:27
  them
• 25:27
  is
• 25:27
  that
• 25:27
  all
• 25:27
  of
• 25:28
  the
• 25:28
  birds
• 25:28
  in
• 25:28
  this
• 25:29
  family
• 25:29
  look
• 25:29
  completely
• 25:30
  different
• 25:30
  from
• 25:30
  each
• 25:30
  other.
• 25:31
  Yeah.
• 25:33
  And
• 25:34
  the
• 25:34
  funny
• 25:35
  part
• 25:35
  about
• 25:35
  that
• 25:35
  is
• 25:36
  I
• 25:37
  would
• 25:37
  walk
• 25:38
  around
• 25:38
  the
• 25:38
  museum
• 25:40
  at
• 25:40
  the
• 25:40
  Field
• 25:40
  Museum
• 25:41
  with
• 25:41
  a
• 25:41
  tray
• 25:41
  of
• 25:42
  vanga
• 25:42
  specimens
• 25:43
  because
• 25:44
  I
• 25:44
  was
• 25:44
  looking
• 25:44
  for
• 25:45
  ways
• 25:45
  of
• 25:46
  imaging
• 25:47
  their
• 25:48
  bills
• 25:48
  and
• 25:49
  studying
• 25:49
  them
• 25:49
  in
• 25:49
  different
• 25:50
  ways.
• 25:50
  And
• 25:50
  so
• 25:50
  there
• 25:50
  were
• 25:50
  a
• 25:50
  number
• 25:51
  of
• 25:51
  different
• 25:52
  people
• 25:52
  in
• 25:52
  other
• 25:53
  departments
• 25:54
  that
• 25:54
  had
• 25:54
  photo
• 25:55
  setups.
• 25:55
  And
• 25:55
  so
• 25:55
  I
• 25:55
  literally
• 25:56
  walked
• 25:56
  around
• 25:56
  with
• 25:57
  this
• 25:57
  tray
• 25:57
  of
• 25:58
  specimens,
• 25:59
  and
• 25:59
  people
• 25:59
  would
• 25:59
  be
• 25:59
  like,
• 26:00
  why
• 26:00
  do
• 26:00
  you
• 26:00
  have
• 26:00
  this
• 26:00
  random
• 26:00
  group
• 26:01
  of
• 26:01
  birds?
• 26:02
  Yeah,
• 26:02
  it
• 26:03
  does
• 26:03
  look
• 26:03
  like
• 26:03
  a
• 26:03
  random
• 26:04
  group
• 26:04
  of
• 26:04
  birds.
• 26:04
  When
• 26:05
  I
• 26:05
  first
• 26:05
  saw
• 26:05
  the
• 26:05
  file
• 26:05
  physiology
• 26:06
  you
• 26:06
  guys
• 26:06
  built,
• 26:06
  I
• 26:06
  was
• 26:06
  like,
• 26:07
  huh,
• 26:07
  interesting.
• 26:08
  Like,
• 26:08
  the
• 26:08
  morphological
• 26:09
  diversity
• 26:10
  is
• 26:10
  crazy
• 26:11
  within
• 26:11
  that
• 26:12
  group.
• 26:12
  Yeah.
• 26:13
  And
• 26:13
  for
• 26:14
  me,
• 26:14
  it's.
• 26:14
  It's
• 26:15
  really
• 26:15
  exciting.
• 26:15
  Again,
• 26:15
  it's
• 26:16
  very
• 26:16
  similar
• 26:17
  to
• 26:17
  how
• 26:18
  we
• 26:18
  think
• 26:18
  about
• 26:18
  Darwin's
• 26:19
  finches
• 26:20
  and
• 26:20
  Hawaiian
• 26:20
  honeycreepers.
• 26:22
  There's
• 26:22
  like,
• 26:22
  they're
• 26:23
  a
• 26:23
  great
• 26:23
  example
• 26:23
  of
• 26:23
  an
• 26:24
  adaptive
• 26:24
  radiation.
• 26:25
  A
• 26:25
  group
• 26:25
  that
• 26:26
  small
• 26:26
  population
• 26:27
  got
• 26:27
  to
• 26:27
  a
• 26:27
  new
• 26:27
  area
• 26:28
  and
• 26:28
  then
• 26:28
  just
• 26:28
  diversified
• 26:29
  in
• 26:30
  response
• 26:30
  to
• 26:30
  new
• 26:31
  opportunities.
• 26:31
  And
• 26:32
  in
• 26:32
  the
• 26:32
  case
• 26:32
  with
• 26:32
  the
• 26:33
  Malagasy
• 26:34
  Vangas.
• 26:34
  They
• 26:35
  had
• 26:35
  enough
• 26:36
  time
• 26:36
  to
• 26:37
  really
• 26:37
  diversify,
• 26:37
  diversify
• 26:38
  explosively,
• 26:39
  but
• 26:39
  in
• 26:40
  very
• 26:40
  different
• 26:40
  ways
• 26:41
  and
• 26:42
  to
• 26:42
  the
• 26:42
  point.
• 26:43
  Now
• 26:43
  we
• 26:43
  have
• 26:45
  what's
• 26:46
  the
• 26:47
  ends
• 26:47
  of
• 26:48
  those
• 26:49
  lineages
• 26:49
  that
• 26:49
  look
• 26:50
  completely
• 26:50
  different?
• 26:50
  We
• 26:51
  have
• 26:51
  one
• 26:51
  that
• 26:51
  is
• 26:51
  the
• 26:52
  sickle
• 26:52
  bill
• 26:52
  venga,
• 26:53
  that
• 26:53
  just
• 26:53
  basically
• 26:53
  has
• 26:56
  what
• 26:56
  looks
• 26:57
  like
• 26:57
  a
• 26:57
  claw
• 26:57
  for
• 26:58
  a
• 26:58
  bill,
• 26:59
  a
• 26:59
  very
• 27:00
  thin,
• 27:00
  almost
• 27:01
  two
• 27:01
  dimensional
• 27:02
  curved
• 27:03
  bill.
• 27:03
  There's
• 27:04
  the
• 27:04
  helmet
• 27:04
  venga
• 27:05
  that
• 27:05
  has
• 27:05
  this
• 27:05
  really
• 27:06
  thick
• 27:06
  blue
• 27:06
  bill.
• 27:07
  That's
• 27:07
  the
• 27:07
  one
• 27:07
  I
• 27:07
  always
• 27:07
  think
• 27:08
  about.
• 27:08
  Yeah,
• 27:09
  it's
• 27:09
  amazing.
• 27:11
  And
• 27:11
  it
• 27:11
  turns
• 27:11
  out
• 27:11
  a
• 27:11
  whole
• 27:11
  bunch
• 27:12
  of
• 27:12
  them
• 27:12
  actually
• 27:12
  have
• 27:12
  very
• 27:12
  bluish
• 27:13
  bills.
• 27:13
  And
• 27:13
  so
• 27:13
  this
• 27:14
  is
• 27:14
  where
• 27:14
  museums
• 27:14
  fail.
• 27:15
  So
• 27:15
  I'll
• 27:15
  give
• 27:15
  you
• 27:16
  an
• 27:16
  example
• 27:16
  of
• 27:16
  like,
• 27:17
  you
• 27:17
  know,
• 27:17
  you'd
• 27:18
  miss
• 27:18
  a
• 27:18
  lot
• 27:18
  if
• 27:18
  you
• 27:19
  only
• 27:19
  ever
• 27:19
  see
• 27:19
  things
• 27:20
  in
• 27:20
  museum
• 27:20
  collections,
• 27:21
  which
• 27:21
  is
• 27:21
  what
• 27:22
  for
• 27:22
  me,
• 27:23
  most
• 27:23
  of
• 27:24
  my
• 27:24
  work
• 27:24
  ends
• 27:25
  up
• 27:25
  being.
• 27:25
  So
• 27:25
  when
• 27:25
  I
• 27:25
  get
• 27:25
  to
• 27:25
  go
• 27:25
  in
• 27:26
  the
• 27:26
  field,
• 27:26
  it's
• 27:26
  really
• 27:26
  exciting
• 27:27
  because
• 27:27
  I
• 27:28
  get
• 27:28
  to
• 27:28
  see
• 27:28
  things
• 27:29
  in
• 27:29
  real
• 27:29
  life
• 27:30
  and
• 27:31
  it
• 27:31
  blows
• 27:31
  my
• 27:31
  mind
• 27:32
  that
• 27:32
  they're
• 27:32
  actually
• 27:32
  way
• 27:33
  more
• 27:33
  interesting.
• 27:34
  So
• 27:35
  there's
• 27:35
  the
• 27:35
  blue
• 27:36
  venga,
• 27:36
  which
• 27:37
  I
• 27:38
  currently
• 27:38
  have
• 27:38
  as
• 27:38
  my
• 27:39
  phone
• 27:39
  screen.
• 27:40
  And
• 27:41
  it
• 27:41
  is
• 27:41
  blue
• 27:42
  in
• 27:42
  every
• 27:42
  possible
• 27:43
  way
• 27:43
  it
• 27:43
  can
• 27:43
  be.
• 27:45
  But
• 27:45
  like
• 27:45
  it's
• 27:46
  bill
• 27:46
  is
• 27:46
  blue,
• 27:47
  it's
• 27:47
  iris
• 27:47
  is
• 27:48
  blue.
• 27:49
  And
• 27:49
  so
• 27:50
  like
• 27:50
  things
• 27:50
  like
• 27:50
  that
• 27:50
  you
• 27:51
  don't
• 27:51
  get
• 27:51
  in
• 27:51
  a
• 27:51
  museum
• 27:51
  specimen.
• 27:52
  You
• 27:52
  don't
• 27:52
  see
• 27:52
  their
• 27:52
  eyes,
• 27:53
  right.
• 27:53
  You
• 27:53
  don't
• 27:53
  see
• 27:54
  the
• 27:55
  blue
• 27:56
  in
• 27:56
  their
• 27:56
  bills
• 27:56
  fades.
• 27:57
  And
• 27:57
  so
• 27:57
  you
• 27:57
  don't
• 27:58
  see
• 27:58
  that,
• 27:58
  but
• 27:59
  the
• 27:59
  brilliant
• 28:00
  blue
• 28:00
  of
• 28:00
  their
• 28:00
  feathers
• 28:01
  still
• 28:01
  comes
• 28:02
  through.
• 28:02
  And
• 28:02
  that
• 28:03
  in
• 28:03
  conjunction
• 28:04
  with
• 28:04
  all
• 28:04
  the
• 28:04
  other
• 28:05
  blue
• 28:05
  is
• 28:05
  just
• 28:05
  amazing.
• 28:06
  Just
• 28:06
  absolutely
• 28:07
  amazing.
• 28:08
  We're
• 28:08
  blue.
• 28:09
  We're
• 28:10
  every
• 28:10
  way
• 28:10
  you
• 28:10
  can
• 28:10
  be
• 28:11
  blue.
• 28:11
  And
• 28:11
  blue
• 28:11
  is
• 28:12
  like,
• 28:12
  I
• 28:12
  mean,
• 28:13
  not
• 28:13
  a
• 28:13
  super
• 28:14
  common
• 28:14
  color
• 28:15
  in
• 28:15
  birds
• 28:15
  in
• 28:15
  general,
• 28:16
  but.
• 28:16
  Yeah,
• 28:16
  sounds
• 28:17
  awesome.
• 28:17
  All
• 28:18
  right.
• 28:18
  What's
• 28:18
  a
• 28:19
  tiny
• 28:19
  action
• 28:20
  or
• 28:20
  a
• 28:20
  large
• 28:20
  action
• 28:21
  a
• 28:21
  normal
• 28:21
  person
• 28:22
  can
• 28:22
  take
• 28:22
  to
• 28:22
  support
• 28:23
  museums
• 28:23
  and
• 28:23
  the
• 28:24
  science
• 28:24
  that
• 28:24
  they
• 28:24
  conduct?
• 28:26
  Great.
• 28:26
  I
• 28:26
  have
• 28:26
  two
• 28:27
  great.
• 28:28
  One
• 28:28
  is
• 28:29
  support
• 28:29
  science.
• 28:30
  Right.
• 28:31
  Please
• 28:31
  support
• 28:31
  your
• 28:32
  science,
• 28:32
  period.
• 28:33
  Right.
• 28:33
  Support
• 28:34
  the
• 28:35
  legislation
• 28:35
  that
• 28:35
  supports
• 28:36
  things
• 28:36
  like
• 28:37
  the
• 28:37
  National
• 28:37
  Science
• 28:37
  foundation,
• 28:39
  the
• 28:40
  Institute
• 28:40
  for
• 28:40
  Museum
• 28:41
  and
• 28:41
  Library
• 28:41
  Services.
• 28:42
  These
• 28:42
  are
• 28:43
  all
• 28:43
  federal
• 28:43
  agencies
• 28:44
  that
• 28:44
  contribute
• 28:44
  a
• 28:45
  tremendous
• 28:45
  amount
• 28:46
  towards
• 28:46
  the
• 28:46
  funding
• 28:47
  that
• 28:47
  we
• 28:48
  get
• 28:48
  to
• 28:48
  have
• 28:48
  as
• 28:49
  at
• 28:49
  museums
• 28:50
  that
• 28:50
  support
• 28:50
  the
• 28:51
  collections,
• 28:51
  that
• 28:51
  support
• 28:52
  exhibits,
• 28:52
  that
• 28:53
  support
• 28:53
  pretty
• 28:53
  much
• 28:53
  everything
• 28:54
  we
• 28:54
  do,
• 28:54
  all
• 28:54
  the
• 28:54
  public
• 28:55
  engagement.
• 28:55
  Right.
• 28:56
  And
• 28:56
  so
• 28:57
  without
• 28:57
  this,
• 28:58
  without,
• 28:59
  without
• 28:59
  federal
• 29:00
  support,
• 29:00
  we
• 29:00
  can't
• 29:01
  do
• 29:01
  our
• 29:01
  work
• 29:01
  and
• 29:02
  we
• 29:02
  won't
• 29:02
  be
• 29:02
  able
• 29:02
  to
• 29:03
  persist.
• 29:03
  And
• 29:03
  so
• 29:03
  I
• 29:03
  think
• 29:04
  that's
• 29:04
  really
• 29:04
  important
• 29:04
  to
• 29:04
  support
• 29:05
  your
• 29:05
  museums.
• 29:05
  You
• 29:06
  can
• 29:06
  also
• 29:06
  support
• 29:06
  your
• 29:06
  museum
• 29:06
  museums
• 29:07
  by
• 29:07
  going
• 29:07
  to
• 29:07
  museums
• 29:09
  and
• 29:09
  contributing
• 29:10
  to
• 29:11
  the
• 29:12
  visitorship
• 29:12
  as
• 29:13
  well
• 29:13
  as
• 29:13
  the
• 29:16
  donations
• 29:17
  that
• 29:17
  we
• 29:17
  get
• 29:18
  from
• 29:18
  visitors.
• 29:20
  The
• 29:20
  other
• 29:20
  thing
• 29:21
  is
• 29:21
  that
• 29:21
  you
• 29:21
  can
• 29:21
  actually
• 29:22
  support
• 29:22
  the
• 29:23
  Science
• 29:23
  that
• 29:23
  museums
• 29:24
  do.
• 29:25
  One
• 29:25
  of
• 29:25
  the
• 29:25
  programs
• 29:26
  that
• 29:26
  we
• 29:26
  have
• 29:27
  started
• 29:27
  at
• 29:27
  the
• 29:27
  Bell
• 29:27
  Museum,
• 29:28
  and
• 29:28
  this
• 29:28
  is
• 29:28
  not
• 29:28
  unlike
• 29:29
  a
• 29:29
  lot
• 29:29
  of
• 29:29
  other
• 29:30
  programs
• 29:30
  at
• 29:31
  various
• 29:31
  regional
• 29:32
  museums.
• 29:32
  If
• 29:33
  you
• 29:33
  find
• 29:33
  a
• 29:35
  specimen
• 29:35
  of
• 29:35
  something
• 29:36
  that
• 29:36
  freshly
• 29:36
  died,
• 29:38
  that
• 29:38
  can
• 29:38
  actually
• 29:38
  be
• 29:38
  really
• 29:39
  valuable
• 29:39
  to
• 29:39
  science.
• 29:40
  And
• 29:40
  so
• 29:40
  if
• 29:40
  you
• 29:40
  can
• 29:41
  bring
• 29:41
  that
• 29:41
  in,
• 29:41
  pick
• 29:42
  it
• 29:42
  up
• 29:42
  like
• 29:42
  you
• 29:42
  would
• 29:43
  pick
• 29:43
  up
• 29:43
  dog
• 29:43
  poop,
• 29:43
  right,
• 29:44
  with
• 29:44
  like,
• 29:44
  a
• 29:45
  plastic
• 29:46
  bag
• 29:46
  as
• 29:46
  a.
• 29:47
  As
• 29:47
  a
• 29:47
  glove,
• 29:48
  try
• 29:48
  not
• 29:48
  to
• 29:48
  touch
• 29:49
  it
• 29:49
  with
• 29:49
  your
• 29:49
  own
• 29:49
  hands,
• 29:50
  but
• 29:50
  make
• 29:51
  sure
• 29:51
  you
• 29:51
  give
• 29:51
  it.
• 29:51
  Give
• 29:52
  us
• 29:52
  the
• 29:52
  data
• 29:53
  of
• 29:53
  where
• 29:53
  you
• 29:54
  found
• 29:54
  it
• 29:54
  and
• 29:54
  when
• 29:55
  you
• 29:55
  found
• 29:55
  it.
• 29:55
  Those
• 29:55
  are
• 29:56
  going
• 29:56
  to
• 29:56
  be
• 29:56
  the
• 29:56
  most
• 29:56
  important
• 29:57
  things.
• 29:58
  And
• 29:58
  try
• 29:59
  to
• 29:59
  keep
• 29:59
  it
• 29:59
  frozen
• 30:00
  and
• 30:00
  bring
• 30:00
  it
• 30:00
  in.
• 30:01
  And
• 30:01
  most
• 30:01
  museums
• 30:02
  will
• 30:02
  take
• 30:02
  that.
• 30:03
  It's
• 30:03
  not
• 30:03
  legal
• 30:04
  for
• 30:04
  most
• 30:04
  people
• 30:05
  to
• 30:05
  keep
• 30:06
  specimens,
• 30:07
  but
• 30:07
  you
• 30:07
  can
• 30:07
  pick
• 30:07
  it
• 30:07
  up
• 30:08
  and
• 30:08
  bring
• 30:08
  it
• 30:08
  to
• 30:09
  a
• 30:09
  depository
• 30:10
  like
• 30:10
  the
• 30:10
  museums,
• 30:11
  like
• 30:12
  natural
• 30:12
  history
• 30:12
  museums,
• 30:13
  who
• 30:13
  will
• 30:13
  take
• 30:13
  it
• 30:13
  and
• 30:14
  turn
• 30:14
  them
• 30:15
  into
• 30:15
  scientific
• 30:15
  specimens.
• 30:16
  And
• 30:16
  we're
• 30:17
  using
• 30:17
  this
• 30:17
  to
• 30:18
  get
• 30:18
  specimens
• 30:19
  from
• 30:19
  all
• 30:20
  across
• 30:20
  Minnesota
• 30:21
  and
• 30:22
  using
• 30:22
  it
• 30:22
  to
• 30:22
  study
• 30:23
  all
• 30:23
  different
• 30:24
  aspects
• 30:24
  of
• 30:25
  how
• 30:25
  populations
• 30:26
  have
• 30:26
  changed,
• 30:27
  how
• 30:27
  the
• 30:27
  environment
• 30:28
  has
• 30:28
  changed,
• 30:29
  and
• 30:30
  how
• 30:31
  various
• 30:31
  aspects
• 30:32
  of
• 30:34
  birds
• 30:34
  can
• 30:34
  tell
• 30:35
  us
• 30:35
  about
• 30:35
  other
• 30:36
  biodiversity
• 30:37
  as
• 30:37
  well.
• 30:38
  Yeah,
• 30:39
  that's
• 30:39
  super
• 30:40
  important
• 30:40
  and
• 30:40
  a
• 30:40
  great
• 30:40
  thing
• 30:41
  to
• 30:41
  remind
• 30:41
  people
• 30:41
  that
• 30:41
  they
• 30:42
  can
• 30:42
  do
• 30:42
  for
• 30:42
  sure.
• 30:43
  All
• 30:43
  right,
• 30:43
  we've
• 30:44
  reached
• 30:44
  the
• 30:44
  part
• 30:44
  of
• 30:44
  the
• 30:44
  show
• 30:45
  that
• 30:45
  we
• 30:45
  call
• 30:45
  that's
• 30:46
  BS
• 30:46
  or
• 30:46
  that's
• 30:46
  bird
• 30:47
  stuff,
• 30:47
  where
• 30:47
  we
• 30:47
  give
• 30:47
  our
• 30:48
  guests
• 30:48
  an
• 30:48
  opportunity
• 30:48
  to
• 30:49
  debunk
• 30:49
  a
• 30:49
  myth
• 30:49
  that
• 30:49
  ruffles
• 30:50
  their
• 30:50
  feathers.
• 30:50
  So,
• 30:51
  Sushma,
• 30:51
  what
• 30:51
  do
• 30:52
  you
• 30:52
  want
• 30:52
  to
• 30:52
  call
• 30:52
  BS
• 30:52
  On?
• 30:53
  Okay,
• 30:53
  so
• 30:54
  I
• 30:54
  work
• 30:54
  on
• 30:54
  birds
• 30:55
  of
• 30:55
  Madagascar,
• 30:56
  and
• 30:56
  I
• 30:57
  also
• 30:57
  work
• 30:57
  on
• 30:57
  penguins.
• 30:58
  And
• 30:59
  when
• 30:59
  I
• 30:59
  say
• 30:59
  Madagascar
• 31:00
  or
• 31:00
  penguins,
• 31:00
  most
• 31:01
  people
• 31:01
  think
• 31:01
  about
• 31:01
  the
• 31:02
  movies,
• 31:03
  and
• 31:03
  this
• 31:04
  drives
• 31:04
  me
• 31:04
  a
• 31:04
  little
• 31:04
  crazy.
• 31:05
  Crazy.
• 31:05
  Not
• 31:06
  that
• 31:06
  I
• 31:06
  want
• 31:06
  to
• 31:06
  be
• 31:06
  let's
• 31:07
  stick
• 31:07
  in
• 31:07
  the
• 31:07
  mud,
• 31:08
  but
• 31:08
  no,
• 31:08
  be
• 31:08
  the
• 31:08
  stick.
• 31:09
  I'm
• 31:09
  fine
• 31:09
  with
• 31:09
  it.
• 31:10
  There
• 31:10
  are
• 31:10
  no
• 31:11
  penguins
• 31:11
  on
• 31:11
  Madagascar
• 31:12
  unless
• 31:13
  they
• 31:13
  are
• 31:13
  very,
• 31:13
  very,
• 31:14
  very
• 31:14
  lost.
• 31:16
  And
• 31:17
  that
• 31:17
  might
• 31:17
  be
• 31:18
  what
• 31:18
  the
• 31:18
  movies
• 31:18
  are.
• 31:18
  I
• 31:18
  haven't
• 31:19
  actually
• 31:19
  seen
• 31:19
  them
• 31:19
  all,
• 31:21
  but
• 31:21
  the
• 31:21
  other
• 31:21
  part
• 31:22
  about
• 31:22
  it
• 31:22
  is
• 31:22
  that
• 31:22
  I.
• 31:23
  I
• 31:23
  wish
• 31:23
  the
• 31:23
  movies
• 31:24
  would
• 31:24
  have
• 31:24
  focused
• 31:25
  a
• 31:25
  little
• 31:25
  bit
• 31:25
  more
• 31:25
  on
• 31:25
  how
• 31:26
  cool
• 31:27
  the.
• 31:27
  The
• 31:28
  actual
• 31:28
  animals
• 31:29
  in
• 31:29
  Madagascar
• 31:30
  are.
• 31:30
  Like,
• 31:31
  they
• 31:31
  focus
• 31:32
  on
• 31:32
  non
• 31:32
  Malagasy
• 31:33
  animals
• 31:33
  going
• 31:34
  into
• 31:34
  Madagascar,
• 31:35
  which
• 31:35
  is
• 31:35
  kind
• 31:35
  of
• 31:36
  like
• 31:36
  the
• 31:36
  opp.
• 31:37
  The
• 31:37
  movie
• 31:37
  should
• 31:37
  have
• 31:37
  been
• 31:37
  named.
• 31:38
  So
• 31:39
  it's.
• 31:39
  It's
• 31:42
  not
• 31:42
  many
• 31:42
  people
• 31:43
  know
• 31:43
  much
• 31:43
  about
• 31:43
  Madagascar,
• 31:44
  and
• 31:44
  so
• 31:45
  the
• 31:45
  movies
• 31:46
  end
• 31:46
  up
• 31:46
  being
• 31:46
  what
• 31:46
  they're
• 31:46
  connected
• 31:47
  to.
• 31:47
  And
• 31:47
  so
• 31:47
  I
• 31:47
  have
• 31:48
  to
• 31:48
  spend
• 31:48
  a
• 31:48
  lot
• 31:48
  of
• 31:48
  time
• 31:48
  kind
• 31:48
  of
• 31:49
  dispelling
• 31:49
  the
• 31:49
  myths
• 31:50
  that
• 31:50
  they
• 31:50
  learned
• 31:51
  there.
• 31:51
  But
• 31:52
  the
• 31:52
  penguins
• 31:53
  thing
• 31:53
  is
• 31:53
  also
• 31:53
  interesting
• 31:54
  because
• 31:55
  people
• 31:55
  think
• 31:55
  that
• 31:55
  penguins
• 31:56
  are
• 31:56
  just
• 31:56
  in
• 31:56
  every
• 31:57
  cold
• 31:57
  place,
• 31:57
  and
• 31:57
  that's
• 31:58
  not
• 31:58
  true.
• 31:58
  You
• 31:58
  know,
• 31:58
  every
• 31:59
  Time
• 31:59
  I
• 31:59
  see
• 31:59
  like
• 31:59
  a,
• 32:00
  a
• 32:00
  picture
• 32:00
  of
• 32:00
  a
• 32:00
  penguin
• 32:01
  and
• 32:01
  a,
• 32:01
  or
• 32:01
  a
• 32:02
  drawing
• 32:02
  of
• 32:02
  a
• 32:02
  penguin
• 32:02
  and
• 32:03
  a
• 32:03
  polar
• 32:03
  bear.
• 32:04
  I
• 32:04
  know.
• 32:05
  Drives
• 32:05
  me
• 32:05
  crazy.
• 32:05
  It
• 32:06
  drives
• 32:06
  me
• 32:06
  insane
• 32:07
  also.
• 32:08
  Yeah.
• 32:09
  And
• 32:09
  there
• 32:09
  are
• 32:09
  other
• 32:09
  cool
• 32:10
  birds
• 32:10
  that
• 32:10
  do
• 32:10
  live
• 32:11
  with
• 32:11
  polar
• 32:11
  bears
• 32:11
  that
• 32:12
  dive
• 32:13
  and
• 32:13
  are
• 32:13
  black
• 32:14
  and
• 32:14
  white,
• 32:14
  but
• 32:14
  they're
• 32:14
  not
• 32:15
  penguins.
• 32:15
  And
• 32:15
  they
• 32:15
  can
• 32:16
  fly.
• 32:16
  You
• 32:16
  know,
• 32:16
  like,
• 32:17
  come
• 32:17
  on
• 32:17
  people.
• 32:17
  It's
• 32:18
  not
• 32:18
  that
• 32:18
  hard
• 32:18
  to
• 32:18
  get
• 32:18
  that
• 32:19
  right.
• 32:19
  So
• 32:19
  I
• 32:19
  appreciate
• 32:19
  that
• 32:20
  bs.
• 32:20
  Why
• 32:21
  is
• 32:21
  the
• 32:21
  main
• 32:21
  character
• 32:22
  in
• 32:22
  all
• 32:22
  of
• 32:22
  these,
• 32:22
  like
• 32:22
  hymenopteran
• 32:23
  movies?
• 32:24
  So
• 32:24
  whether
• 32:24
  it's
• 32:24
  about
• 32:24
  ants
• 32:25
  or
• 32:25
  bees,
• 32:25
  it's
• 32:25
  always
• 32:25
  a
• 32:26
  guy.
• 32:26
  It's
• 32:26
  always
• 32:26
  that.
• 32:27
  Right.
• 32:28
  There
• 32:28
  are
• 32:28
  almost
• 32:29
  no
• 32:30
  male
• 32:32
  male
• 32:32
  bees
• 32:33
  and
• 32:33
  wasps
• 32:34
  and
• 32:34
  ants
• 32:35
  are
• 32:35
  rare.
• 32:36
  So
• 32:36
  most
• 32:37
  ants
• 32:37
  or
• 32:38
  wasps
• 32:38
  or
• 32:38
  bees
• 32:38
  in
• 32:39
  a
• 32:39
  colony
• 32:39
  are
• 32:39
  female.
• 32:40
  The
• 32:40
  queen
• 32:40
  and
• 32:41
  the
• 32:41
  workers
• 32:41
  are
• 32:41
  all
• 32:41
  female.
• 32:42
  The
• 32:42
  drones
• 32:43
  are
• 32:43
  male.
• 32:43
  But
• 32:43
  they're
• 32:43
  really
• 32:44
  only
• 32:44
  produced
• 32:44
  when
• 32:44
  they
• 32:44
  need
• 32:45
  sexual
• 32:45
  reproduction.
• 32:46
  So
• 32:47
  they're
• 32:47
  just
• 32:47
  like
• 32:48
  a
• 32:48
  transient
• 32:49
  part
• 32:49
  of
• 32:49
  the
• 32:49
  whole
• 32:50
  life
• 32:50
  of
• 32:51
  a
• 32:51
  colony.
• 32:51
  But
• 32:52
  they're
• 32:52
  almost
• 32:52
  always
• 32:52
  like
• 32:53
  the
• 32:53
  main.
• 32:53
  Characters
• 32:54
  in
• 32:54
  like,
• 32:54
  you
• 32:55
  wouldn't
• 32:55
  see
• 32:55
  the
• 32:55
  males
• 32:56
  because
• 32:56
  they're
• 32:56
  usually
• 32:56
  just
• 32:57
  in
• 32:57
  the,
• 32:57
  the
• 32:58
  part
• 32:58
  close
• 32:58
  to
• 32:58
  the
• 32:59
  queen.
• 33:00
  Yeah.
• 33:00
  And
• 33:00
  mating.
• 33:01
  But
• 33:01
  the,
• 33:02
  the
• 33:02
  ants
• 33:03
  that
• 33:03
  you
• 33:03
  see
• 33:03
  walking
• 33:04
  around
• 33:04
  are
• 33:04
  all
• 33:04
  female.
• 33:05
  Yeah.
• 33:05
  And
• 33:06
  the
• 33:06
  bees
• 33:06
  you
• 33:06
  see
• 33:06
  flying
• 33:06
  around
• 33:07
  are
• 33:07
  all
• 33:07
  female.
• 33:07
  So
• 33:08
  it's,
• 33:08
  it's
• 33:08
  just
• 33:08
  a
• 33:09
  really
• 33:09
  frustrating
• 33:12
  error.
• 33:13
  And
• 33:13
  it's
• 33:13
  cooler
• 33:14
  that
• 33:14
  it's
• 33:14
  not
• 33:14
  that.
• 33:14
  Like,
• 33:15
  I
• 33:15
  just
• 33:15
  wish
• 33:16
  people
• 33:16
  understood
• 33:16
  just
• 33:17
  a
• 33:17
  little
• 33:17
  bit
• 33:17
  more.
• 33:17
  Like,
• 33:18
  and
• 33:18
  my
• 33:18
  best,
• 33:19
  my
• 33:19
  favorite
• 33:20
  example
• 33:20
  is
• 33:20
  finding
• 33:20
  Nemo.
• 33:21
  Like
• 33:22
  if
• 33:22
  Nemo's
• 33:23
  mom
• 33:23
  actually
• 33:24
  died,
• 33:25
  his
• 33:25
  dad
• 33:25
  would
• 33:25
  become
• 33:26
  his
• 33:26
  mom
• 33:26
  and
• 33:26
  the
• 33:27
  movie
• 33:27
  would
• 33:27
  be
• 33:27
  over.
• 33:29
  Right.
• 33:29
  Because
• 33:30
  this,
• 33:30
  like
• 33:30
  when
• 33:30
  you
• 33:31
  have
• 33:31
  the
• 33:31
  dominant
• 33:31
  female.
• 33:32
  I'm
• 33:32
  pretty
• 33:32
  sure
• 33:32
  in
• 33:32
  clownfish,
• 33:33
  I
• 33:33
  mean,
• 33:33
  many
• 33:33
  fish
• 33:33
  can
• 33:34
  change
• 33:34
  sexes
• 33:35
  either
• 33:35
  back
• 33:35
  and
• 33:35
  forth
• 33:36
  or
• 33:36
  directionally.
• 33:37
  But
• 33:37
  I
• 33:37
  think
• 33:37
  in
• 33:37
  clownfish,
• 33:38
  the
• 33:39
  more
• 33:39
  dominant
• 33:39
  larger
• 33:40
  individuals
• 33:40
  become
• 33:41
  female.
• 33:41
  But
• 33:41
  anyways,
• 33:42
  yeah.
• 33:42
  Would
• 33:43
  have
• 33:43
  been
• 33:43
  a
• 33:43
  shorter
• 33:43
  movie.
• 33:46
  All
• 33:47
  right,
• 33:47
  well,
• 33:47
  it's
• 33:47
  been
• 33:48
  really
• 33:48
  great
• 33:48
  to
• 33:48
  chat
• 33:48
  with
• 33:48
  you.
• 33:48
  Thanks
• 33:49
  so
• 33:49
  much
• 33:49
  for
• 33:49
  joining
• 33:49
  us
• 33:50
  today.
• 33:50
  And
• 33:51
  yeah,
• 33:52
  thanks
• 33:52
  for
• 33:52
  all
• 33:52
  the
• 33:52
  work
• 33:52
  you
• 33:52
  do
• 33:52
  for
• 33:53
  museums.
• 33:53
  Thanks
• 33:53
  for
• 33:54
  having
• 33:54
  me.
• 33:54
  This
• 33:54
  was
• 33:54
  really
• 33:54
  fun.
• 33:55
  Awesome.
• 33:59
  Birds
• 34:00
  are
• 34:00
  dinosaurs.
• 34:00
  And
• 34:00
  around
• 34:01
  here
• 34:01
  we
• 34:01
  like
• 34:01
  our
• 34:01
  snacks.
• 34:02
  So
• 34:02
  we
• 34:02
  end
• 34:02
  each
• 34:02
  episode
• 34:03
  with
• 34:03
  a
• 34:03
  dinosaur
• 34:03
  nugget.
• 34:04
  Today's
• 34:04
  dinosaur
• 34:05
  nugget
• 34:05
  is
• 34:05
  that
• 34:05
  museum
• 34:06
  bird
• 34:06
  collections
• 34:06
  are
• 34:07
  nature's
• 34:07
  receipts.
• 34:08
  Not
• 34:08
  just
• 34:09
  what
• 34:09
  lived
• 34:09
  where,
• 34:09
  but
• 34:10
  how
• 34:10
  the
• 34:10
  world
• 34:10
  changed.
• 34:11
  A
• 34:11
  specimen
• 34:12
  is
• 34:12
  a
• 34:12
  time
• 34:12
  stamped
• 34:13
  record
• 34:13
  that
• 34:13
  scientists
• 34:14
  can
• 34:14
  keep
• 34:14
  revisiting
• 34:15
  as
• 34:15
  new
• 34:15
  tools
• 34:15
  show
• 34:16
  up.
• 34:16
  That's
• 34:16
  the
• 34:17
  magic.
• 34:17
  A
• 34:17
  bird
• 34:18
  collected
• 34:18
  100
• 34:18
  years
• 34:19
  ago
• 34:19
  can
• 34:19
  suddenly
• 34:20
  tell
• 34:20
  a
• 34:20
  brand
• 34:20
  new
• 34:20
  story
• 34:21
  through
• 34:21
  genomics,
• 34:22
  through
• 34:22
  clues
• 34:22
  about
• 34:23
  diet
• 34:23
  and
• 34:23
  range
• 34:23
  shifts,
• 34:24
  and
• 34:24
  even
• 34:24
  through
• 34:24
  measurable
• 34:25
  signals
• 34:25
  of
• 34:25
  pollution
• 34:26
  in
• 34:26
  bodies
• 34:27
  and
• 34:27
  feathers.
• 34:27
  And
• 34:28
  sometimes
• 34:28
  those
• 34:28
  drawers
• 34:29
  capture
• 34:29
  the
• 34:29
  rarest
• 34:29
  thing
• 34:30
  of
• 34:30
  all.
• 34:30
  Proof
• 34:31
  that
• 34:31
  we
• 34:31
  fixed
• 34:31
  something
• 34:32
  like
• 34:32
  the
• 34:32
  classic
• 34:32
  DDT
• 34:33
  raptor
• 34:33
  recovery
• 34:34
  comeback.
• 34:35
  And
• 34:35
  here's
• 34:35
  the
• 34:35
  equity
• 34:36
  who
• 34:36
  gets
• 34:36
  to
• 34:37
  use
• 34:37
  that?
• 34:37
  Evidence
• 34:38
  matters.
• 34:38
  Collections
• 34:39
  are
• 34:39
  only
• 34:39
  as
• 34:40
  powerful
• 34:40
  as
• 34:40
  their
• 34:40
  access,
• 34:41
  digitizing
• 34:42
  records,
• 34:42
  sharing
• 34:42
  data
• 34:43
  and
• 34:43
  building
• 34:43
  partnerships
• 34:44
  so
• 34:44
  researchers,
• 34:44
  students
• 34:45
  and
• 34:45
  communities
• 34:45
  everywhere,
• 34:46
  not
• 34:47
  just
• 34:47
  people
• 34:47
  at
• 34:47
  the
• 34:47
  biggest,
• 34:48
  best
• 34:48
  funded
• 34:48
  institutions
• 34:49
  can
• 34:49
  learn
• 34:50
  from
• 34:50
  them
• 34:50
  and
• 34:50
  benefit
• 34:50
  from
• 34:51
  what
• 34:51
  those
• 34:51
  receipts
• 34:52
  reveal.
• 34:52
  That's
• 34:53
  a
• 34:53
  wrap
• 34:53
  on
• 34:53
  this
• 34:53
  week's
• 34:54
  episode.
• 34:54
  Ok,
• 34:54
  but
• 34:55
  what
• 34:55
  can
• 34:55
  we
• 34:55
  learn
• 34:55
  from
• 34:55
  A
• 34:55
  Drawer
• 34:56
  of
• 34:56
  Birds?
• 34:56
  Have
• 34:56
  you
• 34:56
  listened
• 34:57
  to
• 34:57
  more
• 34:57
  than
• 34:57
  one
• 34:57
  episode
• 34:58
  and
• 34:58
  still
• 34:58
  haven't
• 34:59
  left
• 34:59
  a
• 34:59
  comment
• 34:59
  or
• 34:59
  rating
• 35:00
  side
• 35:00
  eye?
• 35:01
  We'll
• 35:01
  catch
• 35:01
  you
• 35:02
  next
• 35:02
  time.
• 35:02
  Byeee.
• 35:06
  Okay,
• 35:07
  But...
• 35:08
  Birds
• 35:09
  is
• 35:09
  hosted
• 35:09
  by
• 35:10
  Scott
• 35:10
  Taylor
• 35:11
  with
• 35:11
  production
• 35:11
  and
• 35:12
  creative
• 35:12
  by
• 35:12
  Zach
• 35:13
  Karl.