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Okay, but is bird monogamy just PR? · Okay, But... Birds

• 0:00
  You
• 0:00
  know,
• 0:00
  you
• 0:00
  might
• 0:00
  see
• 0:01
  a
• 0:01
  male
• 0:01
  that
• 0:01
  has
• 0:01
  multiple
• 0:02
  females,
• 0:02
  you
• 0:02
  might
• 0:02
  see
• 0:02
  a
• 0:03
  female
• 0:03
  who
• 0:03
  has
• 0:03
  multiple
• 0:03
  males,
• 0:04
  or
• 0:04
  you
• 0:04
  might
• 0:04
  see
• 0:05
  multiple
• 0:05
  pairs
• 0:06
  actually
• 0:06
  mating
• 0:06
  with
• 0:07
  each
• 0:07
  other.
• 0:08
  And
• 0:08
  like
• 0:08
  everything
• 0:09
  in
• 0:09
  between.
• 0:33
  I
• 0:33
  was
• 0:33
  a
• 0:34
  really
• 0:34
  lucky
• 0:34
  kid.
• 0:35
  I
• 0:35
  grew
• 0:35
  up
• 0:35
  on
• 0:35
  the
• 0:35
  shoreline
• 0:36
  of
• 0:36
  Lake
• 0:36
  Huron
• 0:36
  in
• 0:37
  Ontario,
• 0:37
  Canada,
• 0:38
  where
• 0:38
  the
• 0:38
  lake
• 0:38
  was
• 0:39
  my
• 0:39
  backyard
• 0:39
  and
• 0:40
  the
• 0:40
  cedar
• 0:40
  forest
• 0:40
  was
• 0:41
  my
• 0:41
  playground.
• 0:42
  And
• 0:42
  I
• 0:42
  spent
• 0:42
  a
• 0:43
  lot
• 0:43
  of
• 0:43
  my
• 0:43
  time
• 0:43
  watching
• 0:44
  birds.
• 0:45
  Every
• 0:45
  year,
• 0:45
  my
• 0:46
  family
• 0:46
  put
• 0:46
  up
• 0:46
  a
• 0:46
  nest
• 0:47
  box
• 0:47
  for
• 0:47
  purple
• 0:47
  martins
• 0:48
  that
• 0:48
  was
• 0:48
  inevitably
• 0:49
  occupied
• 0:49
  by
• 0:50
  tree
• 0:50
  swallows.
• 0:51
  But
• 0:51
  waiting
• 0:51
  for
• 0:52
  the
• 0:52
  first
• 0:52
  swallows
• 0:52
  of
• 0:52
  spring
• 0:53
  and
• 0:53
  listening
• 0:53
  to
• 0:53
  their
• 0:54
  bubbly
• 0:54
  songs
• 0:54
  was
• 0:54
  a
• 0:55
  highlight
• 0:55
  of
• 0:55
  my
• 0:55
  childhood.
• 0:56
  I'd
• 0:57
  stare
• 0:57
  up
• 0:57
  at
• 0:57
  that
• 0:57
  box
• 0:58
  and
• 0:58
  wonder
• 0:58
  which
• 0:58
  cavity
• 0:59
  they'd
• 0:59
  pick
• 0:59
  and
• 0:59
  whether
• 1:00
  the
• 1:00
  house
• 1:00
  friends
• 1:00
  would
• 1:01
  show
• 1:01
  up
• 1:01
  and
• 1:01
  ruin
• 1:01
  everything.
• 1:02
  The
• 1:02
  first
• 1:03
  time
• 1:03
  I
• 1:03
  actually
• 1:03
  watched
• 1:04
  a
• 1:04
  pair
• 1:04
  of
• 1:04
  birds
• 1:04
  raise
• 1:05
  a
• 1:05
  family,
• 1:05
  though.
• 1:05
  It
• 1:05
  wasn't
• 1:06
  swallows
• 1:06
  at
• 1:06
  all,
• 1:07
  but
• 1:07
  a.
• 1:07
  Song
• 1:07
  sparrow
• 1:08
  nest
• 1:08
  tucked
• 1:08
  under
• 1:08
  dead
• 1:09
  grass
• 1:09
  near
• 1:09
  our
• 1:09
  front
• 1:09
  door.
• 1:10
  I
• 1:11
  watched
• 1:11
  the
• 1:11
  female
• 1:11
  incubate
• 1:12
  the
• 1:12
  eggs,
• 1:12
  the
• 1:12
  male
• 1:13
  sneak
• 1:13
  in
• 1:13
  to
• 1:13
  give
• 1:14
  her
• 1:14
  food.
• 1:14
  Both
• 1:15
  parents
• 1:15
  shuttling
• 1:16
  meals
• 1:16
  to
• 1:16
  chicks
• 1:16
  that
• 1:17
  went
• 1:17
  from
• 1:17
  tiny,
• 1:17
  pink,
• 1:18
  helpless
• 1:18
  blobs
• 1:19
  to
• 1:19
  loud,
• 1:19
  demanding
• 1:20
  fledglings.
• 1:21
  And
• 1:21
  I
• 1:21
  got
• 1:22
  invested.
• 1:23
  I
• 1:23
  romanticized
• 1:24
  the
• 1:24
  pair,
• 1:24
  and
• 1:24
  in
• 1:24
  my
• 1:25
  head,
• 1:25
  they
• 1:25
  were
• 1:25
  a
• 1:25
  married
• 1:25
  couple
• 1:26
  who'd
• 1:26
  chosen
• 1:26
  each
• 1:26
  other
• 1:27
  for
• 1:27
  life.
• 1:28
  Years
• 1:29
  later,
• 1:29
  science
• 1:29
  complicated
• 1:30
  that
• 1:30
  story.
• 1:31
  Which
• 1:31
  brings
• 1:31
  us
• 1:32
  to
• 1:32
  today's
• 1:32
  question.
• 1:33
  Okay,
• 1:33
  but
• 1:34
  is
• 1:34
  bird
• 1:34
  monogamy
• 1:35
  just
• 1:35
  PR?
• 1:36
  We'll
• 1:36
  ask
• 1:36
  Dr.
• 1:36
  Cary
• 1:37
  Branch,
• 1:37
  an
• 1:37
  ornithologist
• 1:38
  and
• 1:38
  assistant
• 1:38
  professor
• 1:39
  at
• 1:39
  Western
• 1:39
  University
• 1:40
  who
• 1:40
  studies
• 1:41
  bird
• 1:41
  behavior
• 1:41
  and
• 1:42
  extra
• 1:42
  pair
• 1:42
  mating.
• 1:43
  We've
• 1:43
  all
• 1:44
  heard
• 1:44
  the
• 1:44
  line,
• 1:45
  they
• 1:45
  mate
• 1:45
  for
• 1:45
  life.
• 1:46
  It
• 1:46
  shows
• 1:47
  up
• 1:47
  in
• 1:47
  wedding
• 1:47
  toasts,
• 1:48
  on
• 1:48
  fridge
• 1:48
  magnets
• 1:49
  and
• 1:49
  a
• 1:49
  suspicious
• 1:50
  number
• 1:50
  of
• 1:50
  greeting
• 1:50
  cards.
• 1:51
  Swan
• 1:52
  necks
• 1:52
  forming
• 1:52
  a
• 1:52
  heart,
• 1:53
  penguins
• 1:53
  in
• 1:54
  formal
• 1:54
  wear,
• 1:55
  lovebirds
• 1:55
  doing
• 1:55
  PR
• 1:56
  for
• 1:56
  the
• 1:56
  idea
• 1:56
  of
• 1:57
  soulmates.
• 1:57
  Many
• 1:58
  birds
• 1:58
  do
• 1:58
  form
• 1:59
  pair
• 1:59
  bonds.
• 1:59
  They
• 2:00
  share
• 2:00
  a
• 2:00
  territory,
• 2:00
  build
• 2:01
  a
• 2:01
  nest,
• 2:01
  raise
• 2:01
  chicks
• 2:02
  together.
• 2:03
  But
• 2:03
  across
• 2:03
  the
• 2:04
  avian
• 2:04
  world,
• 2:04
  extra
• 2:05
  pair
• 2:05
  copulation,
• 2:06
  the
• 2:06
  scientific
• 2:06
  term
• 2:07
  for
• 2:07
  stepping
• 2:07
  out
• 2:07
  on
• 2:07
  your
• 2:07
  mate,
• 2:08
  is
• 2:08
  very
• 2:09
  common.
• 2:09
  In
• 2:10
  some
• 2:10
  species,
• 2:10
  a
• 2:11
  third
• 2:11
  or
• 2:11
  more
• 2:11
  of
• 2:11
  the
• 2:11
  chicks
• 2:12
  in
• 2:12
  a
• 2:12
  nest
• 2:12
  may
• 2:12
  have
• 2:12
  a
• 2:13
  different
• 2:13
  father
• 2:13
  than
• 2:13
  the
• 2:13
  one
• 2:14
  tirelessly
• 2:14
  bringing
• 2:15
  in
• 2:15
  food.
• 2:16
  It's
• 2:16
  less
• 2:16
  storybook
• 2:17
  romance,
• 2:18
  more
• 2:18
  Maury
• 2:18
  Povich.
• 2:19
  You
• 2:19
  are
• 2:19
  not
• 2:20
  the
• 2:20
  father
• 2:21
  with
• 2:21
  feathers.
• 2:22
  So
• 2:22
  why
• 2:22
  bother
• 2:23
  with
• 2:23
  a
• 2:23
  pair
• 2:23
  bond
• 2:23
  at
• 2:24
  all
• 2:24
  if
• 2:24
  exclusivity
• 2:25
  isn't
• 2:25
  guaranteed?
• 2:26
  Because
• 2:26
  what
• 2:26
  looks
• 2:27
  like
• 2:27
  cheating
• 2:27
  through
• 2:28
  a
• 2:28
  human
• 2:28
  lens
• 2:28
  often
• 2:29
  looks
• 2:29
  like
• 2:29
  strategy
• 2:30
  through
• 2:30
  an
• 2:30
  evolutionary
• 2:31
  one.
• 2:31
  Birds
• 2:32
  are
• 2:32
  responding
• 2:32
  to
• 2:32
  conditions.
• 2:33
  Food,
• 2:34
  neighbors,
• 2:35
  predators,
• 2:36
  timing,
• 2:37
  even
• 2:37
  genetic
• 2:37
  compatibility.
• 2:39
  They're
• 2:39
  not
• 2:39
  acting
• 2:39
  out
• 2:39
  of
• 2:40
  morality
• 2:40
  play.
• 2:41
  Even
• 2:41
  the
• 2:42
  word
• 2:42
  monogamous
• 2:42
  hides
• 2:43
  nuance.
• 2:43
  There's
• 2:44
  social
• 2:44
  monogamy,
• 2:45
  the
• 2:45
  pair
• 2:45
  you
• 2:45
  can
• 2:45
  see,
• 2:46
  and
• 2:46
  genetic
• 2:47
  monogamy,
• 2:47
  the
• 2:47
  DNA
• 2:48
  version.
• 2:49
  Those
• 2:49
  two
• 2:49
  don't
• 2:49
  always
• 2:49
  line
• 2:50
  up.
• 2:50
  And
• 2:50
  that
• 2:50
  gap
• 2:50
  is
• 2:51
  where
• 2:51
  the
• 2:51
  drama
• 2:51
  and
• 2:52
  the
• 2:52
  science
• 2:52
  really
• 2:53
  live.
• 2:53
  In
• 2:54
  this
• 2:54
  episode,
• 2:54
  we're
• 2:54
  going
• 2:55
  to
• 2:55
  pull
• 2:55
  on
• 2:55
  that
• 2:55
  thread
• 2:56
  not
• 2:56
  to
• 2:56
  kill
• 2:56
  the
• 2:57
  romance,
• 2:57
  but
• 2:57
  to
• 2:57
  move
• 2:57
  it
• 2:58
  closer
• 2:58
  to
• 2:58
  reality.
• 2:59
  How
• 2:59
  common
• 2:59
  is
• 3:00
  this
• 3:00
  monogamish
• 3:01
  middle
• 3:01
  ground?
• 3:02
  When
• 3:02
  does
• 3:02
  a
• 3:02
  pair
• 3:02
  bond
• 3:03
  hold
• 3:03
  tight
• 3:03
  and
• 3:03
  when
• 3:04
  does
• 3:04
  it
• 3:04
  flex?
• 3:04
  And
• 3:05
  what
• 3:05
  are
• 3:05
  the
• 3:05
  birds
• 3:06
  actually
• 3:06
  optimizing
• 3:07
  when
• 3:07
  two
• 3:07
  individuals
• 3:08
  decide
• 3:08
  to
• 3:08
  build
• 3:08
  one
• 3:09
  nest?
• 3:10
  If
• 3:10
  you're
• 3:10
  worried
• 3:10
  this
• 3:11
  is
• 3:11
  a
• 3:11
  takedown,
• 3:12
  you
• 3:12
  can
• 3:13
  breathe.
• 3:13
  Birds
• 3:14
  don't
• 3:14
  need
• 3:14
  our
• 3:14
  fairy
• 3:14
  tales
• 3:15
  to
• 3:15
  be
• 3:15
  impressive.
• 3:16
  Sometimes
• 3:16
  pairs
• 3:17
  really
• 3:17
  do
• 3:17
  come
• 3:17
  back
• 3:17
  season
• 3:18
  after
• 3:18
  season.
• 3:19
  Same
• 3:19
  partner,
• 3:19
  same
• 3:20
  choreography.
• 3:21
  After
• 3:21
  the
• 3:21
  break,
• 3:22
  Dr.
• 3:22
  Carrie
• 3:22
  Branch
• 3:23
  joins
• 3:23
  us
• 3:23
  to
• 3:23
  separate
• 3:23
  the
• 3:24
  love
• 3:24
  story
• 3:24
  from
• 3:24
  the
• 3:25
  branding
• 3:25
  and
• 3:25
  to
• 3:26
  show
• 3:26
  us
• 3:26
  what
• 3:26
  they
• 3:27
  mate
• 3:27
  for
• 3:27
  life
• 3:28
  actually
• 3:28
  means
• 3:28
  when
• 3:29
  you
• 3:29
  bring
• 3:29
  in
• 3:29
  data,
• 3:30
  DNA
• 3:30
  and
• 3:31
  a
• 3:31
  little
• 3:31
  less
• 3:31
  pr.
• 3:32
  Stay
• 3:33
  tuned.
• 3:39
  Well,
• 3:39
  welcome
• 3:39
  back,
• 3:39
  everyone.
• 3:40
  I'm
• 3:40
  really
• 3:40
  excited
• 3:41
  today
• 3:41
  to
• 3:41
  be
• 3:42
  joined
• 3:42
  by
• 3:42
  Dr.
• 3:43
  Carrie
• 3:43
  Branch,
• 3:43
  who's
• 3:44
  with
• 3:44
  us
• 3:44
  from
• 3:45
  Western
• 3:45
  University
• 3:46
  in
• 3:46
  Southern
• 3:47
  Ontario,
• 3:47
  Canada.
• 3:48
  To
• 3:48
  dive
• 3:49
  more
• 3:49
  into
• 3:49
  this
• 3:49
  question
• 3:50
  about
• 3:51
  really
• 3:51
  what
• 3:51
  is
• 3:51
  bird
• 3:52
  monogamy?
• 3:52
  Obviously,
• 3:53
  it's
• 3:54
  worked
• 3:54
  as
• 3:54
  really
• 3:54
  good
• 3:54
  PR
• 3:55
  for
• 3:55
  a
• 3:55
  long
• 3:55
  time,
• 3:56
  but
• 3:56
  there's
• 3:56
  more
• 3:56
  to
• 3:57
  it
• 3:57
  and
• 3:57
  Carrie
• 3:57
  studies
• 3:58
  it.
• 3:58
  So
• 3:58
  we're
• 3:59
  excited
• 3:59
  to
• 3:59
  have
• 3:59
  you
• 3:59
  here
• 3:59
  today.
• 4:00
  Awesome.
• 4:00
  Excited
• 4:01
  to
• 4:01
  be
• 4:01
  here.
• 4:01
  Yeah,
• 4:02
  great,
• 4:03
  thanks.
• 4:03
  It
• 4:03
  would
• 4:04
  probably
• 4:04
  make
• 4:04
  sense
• 4:04
  to
• 4:04
  start
• 4:05
  out
• 4:05
  with
• 4:05
  just
• 4:06
  really
• 4:06
  talking
• 4:07
  about,
• 4:07
  like,
• 4:07
  what
• 4:07
  is
• 4:08
  when
• 4:08
  we
• 4:08
  use
• 4:08
  the
• 4:08
  term
• 4:09
  monogamy
• 4:10
  in
• 4:10
  birds
• 4:10
  and
• 4:10
  studying
• 4:11
  birds,
• 4:11
  what
• 4:11
  do
• 4:11
  we
• 4:11
  mean?
• 4:12
  Yeah,
• 4:12
  for
• 4:12
  sure.
• 4:13
  So
• 4:13
  monogamy
• 4:14
  can
• 4:14
  mean
• 4:14
  a
• 4:14
  couple
• 4:14
  of
• 4:15
  things,
• 4:15
  right?
• 4:15
  So
• 4:15
  to
• 4:16
  us,
• 4:16
  it
• 4:16
  means
• 4:17
  one
• 4:17
  partner
• 4:17
  forever.
• 4:19
  And
• 4:20
  sometimes
• 4:21
  that's
• 4:21
  true
• 4:21
  in
• 4:21
  birds,
• 4:22
  but
• 4:22
  oftentimes
• 4:22
  we
• 4:23
  just,
• 4:23
  we
• 4:23
  differentiate
• 4:24
  between
• 4:25
  what
• 4:25
  we
• 4:25
  call
• 4:26
  like
• 4:27
  genetic
• 4:28
  monogamy
• 4:28
  versus
• 4:29
  social
• 4:29
  monogamy.
• 4:30
  Right.
• 4:30
  So
• 4:30
  a
• 4:30
  lot
• 4:30
  of
• 4:30
  birds
• 4:31
  or
• 4:31
  most
• 4:31
  bird
• 4:32
  species,
• 4:32
  as
• 4:32
  you
• 4:33
  know,
• 4:33
  are
• 4:34
  socially
• 4:34
  monogamous.
• 4:35
  So
• 4:35
  that
• 4:35
  means
• 4:35
  that
• 4:35
  they
• 4:35
  pair
• 4:36
  up
• 4:36
  with
• 4:36
  another
• 4:36
  individual
• 4:38
  to
• 4:38
  breed.
• 4:39
  And
• 4:39
  that
• 4:39
  might
• 4:39
  be,
• 4:39
  you
• 4:40
  know,
• 4:40
  for
• 4:40
  a
• 4:40
  few
• 4:40
  months.
• 4:40
  It
• 4:41
  might
• 4:41
  breed
• 4:41
  for
• 4:41
  a
• 4:41
  full
• 4:42
  year
• 4:43
  and
• 4:43
  they'll
• 4:43
  breed
• 4:43
  together.
• 4:45
  But
• 4:45
  they're
• 4:45
  not
• 4:45
  necessarily
• 4:46
  genetically
• 4:46
  monogamous,
• 4:47
  which
• 4:47
  means
• 4:47
  that
• 4:48
  the
• 4:48
  offspring
• 4:49
  they
• 4:49
  produce,
• 4:49
  so
• 4:49
  the
• 4:49
  eggs
• 4:50
  they
• 4:50
  produce
• 4:50
  aren't
• 4:51
  necessarily
• 4:51
  from
• 4:52
  that
• 4:52
  male
• 4:53
  or
• 4:53
  from
• 4:53
  that
• 4:54
  same
• 4:54
  partner
• 4:54
  that
• 4:55
  they're
• 4:55
  raising.
• 4:56
  Right.
• 4:56
  So
• 4:56
  they'll
• 4:56
  seek
• 4:57
  what
• 4:57
  we
• 4:57
  call
• 4:57
  extra
• 4:58
  pair
• 4:58
  copulations
• 4:59
  outside
• 5:00
  of
• 5:00
  their
• 5:00
  social
• 5:01
  pair.
• 5:01
  Right.
• 5:02
  So
• 5:02
  they
• 5:02
  form
• 5:02
  these
• 5:03
  social
• 5:03
  pair
• 5:03
  bonds
• 5:04
  that
• 5:04
  last
• 5:04
  different
• 5:04
  lengths
• 5:05
  of
• 5:05
  time.
• 5:05
  Right.
• 5:05
  So
• 5:06
  there
• 5:06
  are
• 5:06
  some
• 5:06
  that
• 5:06
  form
• 5:07
  a
• 5:07
  social
• 5:07
  pair
• 5:07
  bond
• 5:07
  just
• 5:08
  for
• 5:08
  one
• 5:08
  season.
• 5:09
  There
• 5:09
  are
• 5:09
  others
• 5:09
  that
• 5:10
  can
• 5:10
  form
• 5:10
  multi
• 5:11
  year
• 5:11
  social
• 5:11
  pair
• 5:12
  bonds.
• 5:12
  But
• 5:12
  then
• 5:12
  in
• 5:13
  all
• 5:13
  of
• 5:13
  those
• 5:13
  cases,
• 5:15
  yeah,
• 5:15
  that
• 5:15
  genetic
• 5:15
  piece
• 5:16
  is
• 5:16
  non
• 5:17
  monogamous.
• 5:17
  Or
• 5:18
  females
• 5:18
  are
• 5:18
  seeking
• 5:19
  out
• 5:19
  these
• 5:19
  extra
• 5:19
  pair
• 5:20
  copulations
• 5:21
  from
• 5:21
  other
• 5:22
  males,
• 5:22
  maybe
• 5:22
  males
• 5:23
  that
• 5:23
  are
• 5:23
  nearby.
• 5:24
  What's
• 5:24
  the
• 5:24
  benefit
• 5:25
  to
• 5:25
  that?
• 5:26
  Why
• 5:26
  form
• 5:26
  a
• 5:27
  strong
• 5:27
  social
• 5:27
  pair
• 5:28
  and
• 5:29
  then
• 5:29
  still
• 5:29
  step
• 5:30
  out,
• 5:30
  as
• 5:30
  it
• 5:30
  were?
• 5:30
  I
• 5:31
  mean,
• 5:31
  that's
• 5:31
  anthropomorphizing,
• 5:32
  which
• 5:32
  we
• 5:32
  try
• 5:32
  not
• 5:33
  to
• 5:33
  do.
• 5:33
  But
• 5:34
  stepping
• 5:34
  outside
• 5:34
  of
• 5:35
  this
• 5:35
  social
• 5:35
  pair
• 5:35
  bond,
• 5:37
  what
• 5:37
  have
• 5:37
  we
• 5:38
  figured
• 5:38
  out
• 5:38
  about
• 5:38
  why
• 5:38
  that's
• 5:39
  so
• 5:39
  common?
• 5:40
  Yeah,
• 5:40
  so
• 5:40
  there's
• 5:41
  the
• 5:41
  biggest
• 5:41
  hypothesis
• 5:42
  really,
• 5:42
  or
• 5:43
  the
• 5:43
  prevailing
• 5:43
  hypothesis
• 5:44
  is
• 5:44
  that
• 5:45
  females
• 5:46
  are
• 5:46
  seeking
• 5:46
  extra
• 5:47
  pair
• 5:47
  males
• 5:48
  to
• 5:48
  enhance
• 5:49
  genetic
• 5:49
  compatibility
• 5:51
  or
• 5:51
  genetic
• 5:52
  quality.
• 5:53
  Right.
• 5:53
  So
• 5:53
  maybe
• 5:54
  their
• 5:54
  social
• 5:55
  pair
• 5:55
  male
• 5:56
  is
• 5:56
  a
• 5:56
  really
• 5:57
  good
• 5:57
  parent,
• 5:57
  he's
• 5:57
  a
• 5:57
  really
• 5:57
  good
• 5:58
  father,
• 5:59
  but
• 5:59
  maybe
• 6:00
  he's
• 6:00
  not
• 6:00
  like
• 6:00
  the
• 6:01
  sexiest
• 6:02
  male
• 6:02
  on
• 6:03
  the
• 6:03
  scene.
• 6:04
  And
• 6:05
  so
• 6:05
  then
• 6:05
  she
• 6:05
  might
• 6:06
  want
• 6:06
  to
• 6:06
  seek
• 6:07
  extra
• 6:07
  pair
• 6:07
  copulations
• 6:08
  with
• 6:09
  a
• 6:09
  higher
• 6:09
  quality
• 6:10
  male
• 6:10
  or
• 6:10
  a
• 6:10
  male
• 6:11
  that's
• 6:11
  sexier,
• 6:12
  so
• 6:12
  to
• 6:12
  speak.
• 6:13
  I
• 6:13
  put
• 6:13
  that
• 6:13
  in
• 6:13
  air
• 6:13
  quotes
• 6:14
  for
• 6:14
  those
• 6:14
  that
• 6:14
  aren't
• 6:14
  seeing
• 6:15
  the
• 6:15
  video.
• 6:17
  In
• 6:17
  order
• 6:17
  to
• 6:18
  like
• 6:18
  sort
• 6:18
  of
• 6:18
  boost
• 6:18
  the
• 6:18
  fitness
• 6:19
  or
• 6:19
  the,
• 6:19
  the
• 6:20
  likelihood
• 6:20
  of
• 6:20
  survival
• 6:21
  of
• 6:21
  their,
• 6:21
  of
• 6:21
  her
• 6:22
  offspring
• 6:23
  and.
• 6:23
  Or
• 6:24
  like
• 6:24
  the
• 6:24
  sexiness
• 6:25
  of
• 6:25
  her
• 6:25
  offspring.
• 6:25
  Right.
• 6:25
  Like
• 6:26
  if
• 6:26
  she
• 6:26
  mates
• 6:26
  with
• 6:26
  a
• 6:26
  sexy
• 6:27
  male,
• 6:27
  then
• 6:27
  that
• 6:28
  means
• 6:28
  more
• 6:28
  likely
• 6:28
  her
• 6:29
  sons
• 6:29
  will
• 6:29
  be
• 6:29
  sexy
• 6:30
  and
• 6:31
  then
• 6:31
  they'll
• 6:31
  get
• 6:31
  matings
• 6:32
  from
• 6:32
  other
• 6:32
  females.
• 6:33
  And
• 6:33
  it
• 6:33
  goes
• 6:33
  on
• 6:34
  the
• 6:34
  sexy
• 6:34
  sons
• 6:35
  hypothesis.
• 6:35
  Yeah,
• 6:36
  exactly.
• 6:37
  So,
• 6:37
  but
• 6:37
  what
• 6:37
  is.
• 6:38
  I
• 6:38
  guess
• 6:38
  that
• 6:38
  adds
• 6:39
  another
• 6:39
  question.
• 6:39
  Like
• 6:39
  what
• 6:40
  is
• 6:40
  sexy
• 6:40
  to
• 6:40
  a
• 6:41
  bird?
• 6:41
  Yeah,
• 6:41
  like
• 6:42
  what
• 6:42
  is
• 6:42
  it
• 6:43
  that
• 6:43
  they're
• 6:43
  seeking
• 6:43
  out?
• 6:43
  Is
• 6:44
  it
• 6:44
  brighter
• 6:44
  colors?
• 6:45
  Is
• 6:45
  it
• 6:45
  something
• 6:46
  more
• 6:46
  relevant
• 6:47
  to
• 6:47
  survival?
• 6:47
  Or
• 6:48
  I
• 6:48
  think
• 6:48
  it
• 6:48
  can
• 6:48
  be
• 6:48
  all
• 6:49
  of
• 6:49
  the
• 6:49
  above.
• 6:49
  Right.
• 6:49
  I
• 6:49
  think
• 6:50
  it
• 6:50
  depends
• 6:50
  on
• 6:50
  the
• 6:50
  species.
• 6:51
  Just
• 6:51
  like
• 6:51
  so
• 6:51
  much
• 6:52
  of
• 6:52
  what
• 6:52
  we
• 6:52
  do
• 6:54
  is
• 6:54
  dependent
• 6:55
  on
• 6:55
  the
• 6:55
  ecology
• 6:56
  and
• 6:56
  biology
• 6:56
  of
• 6:57
  the
• 6:57
  particular
• 6:57
  species.
• 6:58
  But
• 6:58
  yeah,
• 6:58
  oftentimes
• 6:59
  that's,
• 7:00
  you
• 7:00
  know,
• 7:00
  something
• 7:00
  like
• 7:01
  bright
• 7:01
  coloration,
• 7:02
  a
• 7:02
  really
• 7:03
  well
• 7:03
  performed
• 7:04
  song,
• 7:04
  which,
• 7:04
  you
• 7:05
  know,
• 7:05
  has
• 7:05
  something
• 7:05
  to
• 7:05
  do
• 7:05
  with
• 7:06
  how
• 7:06
  they
• 7:06
  developed
• 7:07
  in
• 7:07
  the
• 7:08
  nest
• 7:08
  right.
• 7:08
  When
• 7:09
  they
• 7:09
  were
• 7:09
  young.
• 7:09
  So
• 7:09
  if
• 7:09
  they
• 7:09
  had
• 7:10
  really
• 7:10
  good
• 7:10
  access
• 7:10
  to
• 7:10
  nutrition,
• 7:11
  then
• 7:12
  maybe
• 7:12
  they're
• 7:12
  able
• 7:12
  to
• 7:13
  have
• 7:13
  really
• 7:13
  big
• 7:13
  brains,
• 7:14
  healthy
• 7:14
  brains,
• 7:14
  and
• 7:15
  then
• 7:15
  produce
• 7:16
  these
• 7:16
  brilliant
• 7:16
  songs
• 7:17
  they're
• 7:17
  able
• 7:17
  to
• 7:17
  imitate
• 7:18
  from
• 7:18
  their
• 7:19
  fathers.
• 7:19
  Right.
• 7:20
  For
• 7:20
  us,
• 7:20
  I
• 7:21
  mean,
• 7:21
  I
• 7:21
  could
• 7:21
  talk
• 7:21
  about
• 7:21
  chickadees,
• 7:22
  the
• 7:23
  chickadee
• 7:23
  of
• 7:23
  it
• 7:23
  all.
• 7:24
  Definitely
• 7:25
  talk
• 7:25
  about
• 7:25
  the
• 7:25
  chickadee
• 7:26
  of
• 7:26
  it
• 7:26
  all.
• 7:26
  Yeah.
• 7:26
  Because
• 7:26
  that's
• 7:27
  what's
• 7:27
  really
• 7:27
  neat,
• 7:27
  I
• 7:28
  think
• 7:28
  for
• 7:28
  us.
• 7:28
  Because
• 7:28
  oftentimes,
• 7:29
  you
• 7:29
  know,
• 7:29
  we
• 7:29
  talk
• 7:30
  about
• 7:30
  high
• 7:30
  quality
• 7:31
  or
• 7:31
  low
• 7:31
  quality
• 7:31
  quality
• 7:32
  males
• 7:32
  or
• 7:32
  variation
• 7:33
  in
• 7:33
  male
• 7:33
  quality
• 7:34
  or
• 7:34
  condition.
• 7:35
  And
• 7:35
  it
• 7:35
  seems
• 7:35
  to
• 7:35
  be
• 7:35
  like
• 7:35
  this
• 7:36
  catch
• 7:36
  all
• 7:36
  term,
• 7:37
  right?
• 7:37
  Like
• 7:37
  females
• 7:37
  prefer
• 7:38
  high
• 7:38
  quality
• 7:38
  males.
• 7:39
  But
• 7:39
  then
• 7:39
  we
• 7:40
  get
• 7:40
  in
• 7:40
  this
• 7:40
  feedback
• 7:40
  loop,
• 7:41
  right,
• 7:41
  where
• 7:41
  it's
• 7:41
  like
• 7:42
  they
• 7:42
  prefer
• 7:42
  high
• 7:42
  quality
• 7:43
  males,
• 7:43
  the
• 7:43
  males
• 7:43
  are
• 7:43
  high
• 7:43
  quality
• 7:44
  because
• 7:44
  females
• 7:44
  prefer
• 7:45
  them
• 7:45
  and
• 7:45
  they
• 7:45
  are
• 7:45
  preferred
• 7:46
  because
• 7:46
  they're
• 7:47
  high
• 7:47
  quality,
• 7:47
  you
• 7:47
  know,
• 7:47
  so
• 7:47
  we
• 7:48
  get
• 7:48
  into
• 7:48
  this
• 7:48
  like
• 7:48
  feedback
• 7:49
  loop
• 7:49
  where
• 7:49
  it's
• 7:49
  like,
• 7:50
  what
• 7:50
  does
• 7:50
  that
• 7:50
  even
• 7:50
  mean
• 7:51
  in
• 7:52
  terms
• 7:52
  of
• 7:52
  like
• 7:52
  health?
• 7:53
  Right.
• 7:53
  It
• 7:53
  might
• 7:53
  be
• 7:54
  that
• 7:54
  they're
• 7:54
  larger,
• 7:55
  maybe
• 7:55
  they're
• 7:55
  more
• 7:55
  dominant,
• 7:56
  they're
• 7:56
  able
• 7:56
  to
• 7:57
  get
• 7:57
  better
• 7:57
  access
• 7:57
  to
• 7:58
  resources,
• 7:58
  whether
• 7:59
  that's,
• 7:59
  you
• 8:00
  know,
• 8:00
  territories
• 8:00
  or
• 8:00
  mates
• 8:01
  or
• 8:01
  what,
• 8:01
  whatever
• 8:01
  it
• 8:02
  might
• 8:02
  be.
• 8:04
  But
• 8:04
  for
• 8:04
  us,
• 8:04
  a
• 8:05
  higher
• 8:05
  quality
• 8:05
  male
• 8:06
  or
• 8:06
  a
• 8:06
  high
• 8:06
  quality
• 8:07
  chickadee
• 8:08
  is
• 8:08
  actually
• 8:08
  one
• 8:09
  that
• 8:09
  is
• 8:10
  quite
• 8:10
  clever,
• 8:11
  so
• 8:11
  to
• 8:11
  speak,
• 8:12
  that
• 8:12
  can
• 8:12
  perform
• 8:13
  really
• 8:13
  well
• 8:14
  recovering
• 8:15
  their
• 8:15
  food
• 8:15
  stores.
• 8:16
  Right.
• 8:16
  So
• 8:16
  these
• 8:17
  are
• 8:17
  little
• 8:17
  tiny
• 8:18
  birds,
• 8:18
  about
• 8:19
  12
• 8:19
  grams,
• 8:20
  and
• 8:20
  they
• 8:20
  live
• 8:21
  in
• 8:21
  these
• 8:21
  harsh
• 8:23
  winter
• 8:23
  environments
• 8:24
  all
• 8:24
  year
• 8:24
  round.
• 8:24
  Right.
• 8:25
  They
• 8:25
  don't,
• 8:25
  they
• 8:25
  don't
• 8:25
  bail,
• 8:26
  they
• 8:26
  don't
• 8:26
  leave
• 8:26
  and
• 8:27
  migrate
• 8:27
  like
• 8:27
  a
• 8:27
  lot
• 8:27
  of
• 8:27
  other
• 8:28
  species
• 8:28
  do.
• 8:28
  They
• 8:28
  hang
• 8:29
  around
• 8:29
  all
• 8:29
  year.
• 8:30
  And
• 8:30
  so,
• 8:31
  yeah,
• 8:31
  they
• 8:31
  experience
• 8:31
  some
• 8:31
  pretty
• 8:32
  harsh
• 8:32
  winter
• 8:32
  conditions
• 8:35
  and
• 8:35
  they
• 8:35
  store
• 8:36
  food
• 8:36
  when
• 8:36
  it's
• 8:37
  abundant.
• 8:37
  So
• 8:37
  like
• 8:38
  in
• 8:38
  the
• 8:38
  fall
• 8:39
  or
• 8:39
  summer,
• 8:39
  fall,
• 8:40
  and
• 8:40
  then
• 8:40
  they
• 8:40
  recover
• 8:41
  all
• 8:41
  those
• 8:41
  food
• 8:41
  items
• 8:42
  throughout
• 8:42
  the
• 8:43
  winter
• 8:43
  and
• 8:43
  that's
• 8:43
  how
• 8:43
  they
• 8:43
  survive.
• 8:44
  But
• 8:44
  they
• 8:45
  put
• 8:45
  them
• 8:45
  in
• 8:45
  all
• 8:45
  these
• 8:45
  different
• 8:46
  locations.
• 8:46
  So
• 8:47
  unlike
• 8:47
  a
• 8:47
  lot
• 8:47
  of
• 8:47
  squirrel
• 8:48
  species,
• 8:48
  right,
• 8:48
  where
• 8:48
  we
• 8:49
  think
• 8:49
  of
• 8:49
  them
• 8:49
  like
• 8:49
  putting
• 8:50
  them
• 8:50
  all
• 8:50
  in
• 8:50
  one
• 8:50
  location
• 8:51
  and
• 8:51
  then
• 8:51
  they
• 8:51
  can
• 8:51
  come
• 8:51
  back
• 8:52
  and
• 8:52
  find
• 8:52
  all
• 8:52
  their
• 8:53
  food
• 8:53
  in
• 8:53
  their,
• 8:53
  in
• 8:53
  their
• 8:54
  little
• 8:54
  home
• 8:55
  chickadees
• 8:55
  put
• 8:56
  them
• 8:56
  all
• 8:56
  throughout
• 8:56
  their
• 8:56
  territory.
• 8:57
  And
• 8:57
  so
• 8:57
  they
• 8:58
  really
• 8:58
  rely
• 8:59
  on
• 8:59
  specialized
• 9:00
  spatial
• 9:00
  memory
• 9:01
  to
• 9:01
  actually
• 9:01
  recover
• 9:02
  those
• 9:02
  food
• 9:02
  stores.
• 9:03
  And
• 9:03
  so
• 9:04
  what
• 9:04
  we've
• 9:05
  shown
• 9:05
  recently
• 9:06
  is
• 9:06
  that
• 9:07
  females
• 9:07
  are
• 9:08
  picking
• 9:08
  up
• 9:08
  on
• 9:08
  this.
• 9:08
  Like
• 9:09
  they
• 9:09
  can
• 9:09
  assess
• 9:10
  and
• 9:10
  discriminate
• 9:11
  among
• 9:11
  males
• 9:12
  that
• 9:12
  perform
• 9:13
  better
• 9:13
  or
• 9:13
  worse
• 9:14
  on
• 9:14
  a
• 9:14
  cognitive
• 9:15
  task,
• 9:15
  which
• 9:15
  is
• 9:16
  our
• 9:17
  measure
• 9:17
  for
• 9:17
  their
• 9:18
  spatial
• 9:18
  cognitive
• 9:18
  abilities.
• 9:20
  And
• 9:20
  that's
• 9:20
  linked
• 9:20
  to
• 9:21
  survival
• 9:21
  as
• 9:21
  well.
• 9:22
  Right.
• 9:22
  They're
• 9:22
  more
• 9:22
  likely
• 9:22
  to
• 9:22
  survive,
• 9:23
  live
• 9:23
  longer,
• 9:25
  and
• 9:25
  the
• 9:26
  females
• 9:27
  more
• 9:27
  recently
• 9:27
  thinking
• 9:28
  about
• 9:28
  extra
• 9:28
  pair
• 9:29
  and
• 9:29
  like
• 9:30
  social
• 9:30
  monogamy
• 9:31
  because
• 9:31
  they're
• 9:31
  socially
• 9:31
  monogamous,
• 9:32
  these
• 9:32
  chickadees,
• 9:33
  just
• 9:33
  like
• 9:34
  some
• 9:35
  90%
• 9:35
  of
• 9:35
  birds
• 9:36
  are
• 9:36
  socially
• 9:36
  monogamous,
• 9:37
  right?
• 9:38
  Yeah,
• 9:38
  yeah,
• 9:38
  I
• 9:38
  think
• 9:38
  most
• 9:39
  birds
• 9:39
  are
• 9:39
  socially
• 9:40
  monogamous.
• 9:40
  And
• 9:40
  there's
• 9:41
  a
• 9:41
  couple
• 9:41
  other
• 9:41
  really
• 9:41
  interesting
• 9:42
  mating
• 9:42
  strategies.
• 9:43
  Yes,
• 9:43
  yeah,
• 9:43
  I
• 9:44
  know.
• 9:44
  There's
• 9:45
  a
• 9:45
  whole
• 9:45
  host.
• 9:45
  Right.
• 9:46
  It's
• 9:46
  so
• 9:46
  much
• 9:46
  more
• 9:47
  complex
• 9:47
  than
• 9:47
  I
• 9:47
  think
• 9:47
  we
• 9:48
  ever
• 9:48
  thought
• 9:48
  it
• 9:48
  was
• 9:49
  before
• 9:49
  genetics
• 9:50
  came
• 9:50
  on
• 9:50
  the
• 9:50
  scene.
• 9:50
  Right.
• 9:52
  But
• 9:52
  yeah,
• 9:52
  so
• 9:52
  we've
• 9:53
  shown
• 9:53
  that,
• 9:53
  you
• 9:53
  know,
• 9:54
  comparing
• 9:54
  their
• 9:54
  extra
• 9:55
  pair
• 9:55
  male,
• 9:56
  so
• 9:56
  the
• 9:56
  one
• 9:56
  they
• 9:56
  stepped
• 9:57
  out
• 9:57
  with
• 9:57
  versus
• 9:58
  their
• 9:58
  social
• 9:58
  male,
• 9:59
  that
• 9:59
  the
• 9:59
  extra
• 10:00
  pair
• 10:00
  male
• 10:00
  actually
• 10:01
  performs
• 10:01
  better
• 10:01
  on
• 10:02
  these
• 10:02
  cognitive
• 10:02
  tasks
• 10:03
  than
• 10:03
  their
• 10:03
  social
• 10:04
  male.
• 10:04
  So
• 10:05
  it
• 10:05
  seems
• 10:05
  like
• 10:05
  for
• 10:06
  a
• 10:06
  chickadee
• 10:07
  seeking
• 10:08
  a
• 10:08
  higher
• 10:08
  quality
• 10:08
  male
• 10:09
  or
• 10:09
  the
• 10:10
  benefit
• 10:10
  they're
• 10:10
  trying
• 10:10
  to
• 10:11
  get
• 10:11
  for
• 10:11
  their
• 10:11
  offspring
• 10:12
  is
• 10:12
  this,
• 10:12
  is
• 10:12
  this
• 10:13
  better
• 10:13
  spatial
• 10:13
  cognitive
• 10:14
  ability.
• 10:15
  So
• 10:15
  that's
• 10:16
  really,
• 10:16
  really
• 10:16
  cool.
• 10:16
  I
• 10:17
  think,
• 10:17
  you
• 10:17
  know,
• 10:17
  we
• 10:18
  often
• 10:18
  think
• 10:18
  of
• 10:19
  Coloration
• 10:20
  is
• 10:20
  this
• 10:20
  very
• 10:20
  obvious
• 10:21
  male
• 10:21
  character
• 10:22
  that's
• 10:22
  indicative
• 10:23
  of
• 10:23
  quality
• 10:24
  in
• 10:24
  birds.
• 10:24
  But
• 10:25
  the
• 10:25
  idea
• 10:25
  that
• 10:26
  female
• 10:27
  chickadees
• 10:28
  could.
• 10:29
  Evaluate
• 10:30
  the
• 10:30
  spatial
• 10:30
  memory
• 10:31
  of
• 10:31
  a
• 10:32
  male
• 10:32
  that's
• 10:32
  not
• 10:32
  even
• 10:33
  their
• 10:33
  social
• 10:33
  partner
• 10:33
  is
• 10:34
  really
• 10:34
  wild
• 10:34
  to
• 10:35
  me.
• 10:35
  I
• 10:35
  mean,
• 10:35
  I
• 10:36
  don't
• 10:36
  even
• 10:36
  have
• 10:36
  a
• 10:36
  good
• 10:36
  sense
• 10:37
  of
• 10:37
  my
• 10:37
  own
• 10:37
  partner's
• 10:38
  spatial
• 10:38
  memory.
• 10:38
  And
• 10:39
  we
• 10:39
  live
• 10:39
  together,
• 10:40
  let
• 10:40
  alone
• 10:40
  like
• 10:41
  watching
• 10:41
  the
• 10:41
  neighbor
• 10:42
  and
• 10:42
  figuring
• 10:42
  out
• 10:42
  like,
• 10:43
  oh,
• 10:43
  you
• 10:43
  actually
• 10:43
  have
• 10:44
  better
• 10:45
  spatial
• 10:45
  memory
• 10:45
  than
• 10:45
  my
• 10:46
  social
• 10:46
  mate
• 10:46
  and
• 10:46
  I
• 10:46
  should
• 10:47
  seek
• 10:47
  you
• 10:47
  out
• 10:47
  for
• 10:47
  extra
• 10:47
  pair
• 10:48
  copulations.
• 10:48
  How
• 10:49
  are
• 10:49
  they
• 10:49
  doing
• 10:50
  that?
• 10:50
  What
• 10:50
  are
• 10:50
  they
• 10:51
  observing?
• 10:52
  Like,
• 10:52
  yeah.
• 10:53
  What
• 10:53
  do
• 10:53
  you
• 10:53
  think
• 10:53
  is
• 10:53
  going
• 10:54
  on
• 10:54
  there?
• 10:55
  This
• 10:55
  is
• 10:55
  a
• 10:55
  great
• 10:55
  question
• 10:56
  and
• 10:56
  one
• 10:57
  that
• 10:57
  we
• 10:57
  still
• 10:58
  have.
• 10:58
  We
• 10:59
  have
• 10:59
  some
• 10:59
  evidence
• 11:00
  that
• 11:00
  it
• 11:00
  may
• 11:01
  be
• 11:01
  something
• 11:01
  about
• 11:01
  what
• 11:02
  we
• 11:02
  call.
• 11:02
  So
• 11:02
  it's.
• 11:02
  They're
• 11:03
  called
• 11:03
  secondary
• 11:03
  sexual
• 11:04
  traits.
• 11:04
  Right.
• 11:05
  So
• 11:05
  it's
• 11:05
  not
• 11:05
  the
• 11:05
  primary
• 11:06
  sex
• 11:06
  trait
• 11:06
  like
• 11:07
  the
• 11:07
  sex
• 11:07
  organ
• 11:07
  itself.
• 11:08
  Right.
• 11:08
  But
• 11:09
  the
• 11:09
  secondary
• 11:09
  trait,
• 11:10
  which
• 11:10
  might
• 11:10
  be
• 11:10
  something
• 11:10
  like
• 11:11
  song
• 11:11
  production
• 11:12
  for
• 11:12
  songbirds
• 11:13
  or
• 11:13
  plumage
• 11:14
  variation.
• 11:14
  So
• 11:14
  like
• 11:15
  how,
• 11:15
  you
• 11:15
  know,
• 11:15
  we're
• 11:16
  talking
• 11:16
  about
• 11:16
  chickadees
• 11:16
  here.
• 11:16
  So
• 11:17
  they're
• 11:17
  achromatic.
• 11:17
  They
• 11:18
  actually
• 11:18
  don't
• 11:18
  have
• 11:18
  colorful
• 11:19
  plumage,
• 11:19
  but
• 11:20
  they
• 11:20
  have
• 11:20
  very
• 11:20
  contrasting
• 11:21
  plumage
• 11:22
  between
• 11:22
  these,
• 11:22
  like,
• 11:23
  white
• 11:24
  and
• 11:24
  black
• 11:24
  patches
• 11:25
  on
• 11:25
  their
• 11:25
  heads.
• 11:26
  And
• 11:26
  so
• 11:27
  that's
• 11:27
  where
• 11:28
  the
• 11:28
  secondary
• 11:28
  sexual
• 11:29
  trait
• 11:29
  could
• 11:29
  come
• 11:29
  into
• 11:29
  play
• 11:29
  and
• 11:30
  might
• 11:30
  be
• 11:30
  associated
• 11:31
  with
• 11:31
  these
• 11:31
  cognitive
• 11:32
  abilities.
• 11:32
  So
• 11:33
  something
• 11:33
  that
• 11:33
  females
• 11:33
  can
• 11:34
  actually
• 11:34
  overtly
• 11:35
  assess
• 11:35
  and
• 11:36
  like
• 11:36
  sort
• 11:36
  of
• 11:36
  compare
• 11:36
  among
• 11:37
  individuals
• 11:38
  that
• 11:38
  then
• 11:38
  is
• 11:39
  for
• 11:39
  whatever
• 11:40
  reason
• 11:40
  linked
• 11:41
  to
• 11:41
  better
• 11:41
  cognitive
• 11:42
  ability.
• 11:42
  So
• 11:43
  that's
• 11:43
  one
• 11:43
  option.
• 11:46
  We
• 11:46
  have
• 11:46
  some
• 11:46
  evidence
• 11:47
  that
• 11:47
  that's
• 11:47
  true
• 11:48
  that,
• 11:48
  you
• 11:48
  know,
• 11:49
  smarter
• 11:49
  males
• 11:49
  or
• 11:49
  males
• 11:50
  that
• 11:50
  perform
• 11:50
  better
• 11:50
  on
• 11:51
  this
• 11:51
  facial
• 11:51
  task.
• 11:51
  I'm
• 11:52
  going
• 11:52
  to
• 11:52
  say
• 11:52
  smarter
• 11:52
  just
• 11:52
  for,
• 11:53
  you
• 11:53
  know,
• 11:54
  ease
• 11:54
  of
• 11:55
  chatting
• 11:55
  about
• 11:55
  it.
• 11:56
  But
• 11:56
  these
• 11:56
  smarter
• 11:57
  males
• 11:58
  sing
• 11:58
  more
• 11:59
  throughout
• 11:59
  the
• 11:59
  day.
• 11:59
  So
• 12:00
  we
• 12:00
  do
• 12:00
  know
• 12:00
  that.
• 12:01
  We
• 12:01
  also
• 12:01
  have
• 12:01
  some
• 12:02
  evidence
• 12:02
  that
• 12:02
  there's
• 12:02
  like
• 12:03
  more
• 12:03
  contrast
• 12:04
  in
• 12:04
  their
• 12:04
  head
• 12:05
  regions,
• 12:05
  which
• 12:05
  is
• 12:06
  pretty
• 12:06
  cool.
• 12:06
  So
• 12:07
  females
• 12:08
  could
• 12:08
  be
• 12:08
  using
• 12:08
  that
• 12:09
  to
• 12:09
  ID
• 12:10
  the
• 12:10
  males.
• 12:11
  But
• 12:12
  the
• 12:12
  reality
• 12:13
  is
• 12:13
  they
• 12:13
  spend
• 12:14
  all
• 12:14
  winter
• 12:15
  with
• 12:15
  these
• 12:15
  other
• 12:15
  birds.
• 12:16
  They
• 12:16
  end
• 12:16
  up,
• 12:16
  like
• 12:17
  you
• 12:17
  mentioned.
• 12:17
  Yeah.
• 12:18
  So
• 12:18
  they,
• 12:18
  you
• 12:18
  mentioned
• 12:19
  they
• 12:19
  often
• 12:19
  seek
• 12:20
  like
• 12:20
  nearby
• 12:20
  males
• 12:21
  for
• 12:21
  their
• 12:21
  extra
• 12:22
  pair
• 12:22
  copulations
• 12:23
  because,
• 12:23
  you
• 12:23
  know,
• 12:23
  the
• 12:23
  female's
• 12:24
  having
• 12:24
  to
• 12:24
  leave
• 12:24
  her
• 12:24
  territory
• 12:25
  and
• 12:25
  find
• 12:26
  these
• 12:26
  other
• 12:26
  individuals
• 12:26
  and
• 12:27
  she
• 12:27
  doesn't
• 12:27
  have
• 12:27
  all
• 12:27
  the
• 12:28
  time
• 12:28
  in
• 12:28
  the
• 12:28
  world
• 12:28
  because.
• 12:29
  Right.
• 12:29
  The
• 12:30
  social
• 12:30
  media
• 12:30
  things
• 12:31
  to
• 12:31
  do
• 12:31
  gets
• 12:31
  suspicious.
• 12:32
  Right.
• 12:32
  Like
• 12:33
  there's
• 12:33
  evidence
• 12:34
  that
• 12:34
  they
• 12:34
  will
• 12:34
  change
• 12:35
  their
• 12:36
  feeding
• 12:36
  behavior
• 12:37
  and
• 12:37
  parental
• 12:37
  behavior
• 12:38
  if
• 12:38
  the
• 12:38
  female's
• 12:38
  gone
• 12:39
  for
• 12:39
  too
• 12:39
  long.
• 12:39
  Right.
• 12:40
  That's
• 12:40
  another
• 12:40
  species,
• 12:41
  not
• 12:41
  in
• 12:41
  chickadees,
• 12:43
  but
• 12:43
  so
• 12:43
  they're
• 12:43
  aware,
• 12:44
  right.
• 12:44
  They're
• 12:44
  like,
• 12:44
  where's
• 12:45
  my
• 12:45
  female?
• 12:45
  She's
• 12:46
  been
• 12:46
  gone
• 12:46
  for
• 12:46
  a
• 12:46
  long
• 12:46
  time.
• 12:47
  These
• 12:47
  may
• 12:47
  not
• 12:48
  be
• 12:48
  my
• 12:48
  chicks.
• 12:49
  So
• 12:49
  I'm
• 12:49
  not
• 12:49
  going
• 12:49
  to
• 12:50
  feed
• 12:50
  them
• 12:50
  as
• 12:50
  much.
• 12:51
  But
• 12:51
  anywho.
• 12:52
  But
• 12:52
  yeah.
• 12:52
  So
• 12:52
  she
• 12:53
  seeks
• 12:53
  these
• 12:53
  opportunities
• 12:54
  with
• 12:54
  these
• 12:54
  neighboring
• 12:54
  males.
• 12:55
  Right.
• 12:55
  And
• 12:55
  they
• 12:57
  are
• 12:58
  ones
• 12:58
  that
• 12:58
  she
• 12:58
  most
• 12:59
  likely
• 12:59
  has
• 12:59
  spent
• 12:59
  all
• 12:59
  winter
• 13:00
  with
• 13:00
  because
• 13:00
  they
• 13:00
  winter
• 13:00
  in
• 13:01
  these
• 13:01
  flocks.
• 13:01
  They're
• 13:01
  already
• 13:02
  paired
• 13:02
  up
• 13:02
  and
• 13:02
  they're
• 13:02
  little
• 13:03
  social
• 13:03
  pairs
• 13:04
  in
• 13:04
  those
• 13:04
  flocks.
• 13:05
  And
• 13:05
  so
• 13:06
  the
• 13:06
  likelihood
• 13:06
  is
• 13:06
  that
• 13:07
  she's
• 13:07
  pretty
• 13:07
  aware
• 13:08
  of
• 13:08
  how
• 13:09
  good
• 13:09
  they've
• 13:10
  been
• 13:10
  able
• 13:10
  to
• 13:10
  recover
• 13:11
  their
• 13:11
  food
• 13:11
  stores.
• 13:12
  So,
• 13:13
  you
• 13:13
  know,
• 13:13
  part
• 13:13
  of
• 13:13
  me
• 13:14
  wonders
• 13:14
  if
• 13:14
  it's
• 13:14
  just
• 13:14
  direct
• 13:15
  observation.
• 13:16
  She's
• 13:16
  like,
• 13:16
  look,
• 13:16
  I
• 13:17
  know
• 13:17
  the
• 13:17
  reality
• 13:17
  is
• 13:18
  Jerry
• 13:19
  has
• 13:19
  got
• 13:19
  the
• 13:19
  best
• 13:20
  cognition.
• 13:20
  I
• 13:20
  wasn't
• 13:21
  able
• 13:21
  to
• 13:21
  mate
• 13:21
  with
• 13:21
  him.
• 13:21
  He
• 13:22
  was
• 13:22
  already
• 13:22
  paired
• 13:22
  up
• 13:22
  for
• 13:23
  the,
• 13:23
  for
• 13:24
  the
• 13:24
  winter
• 13:24
  or
• 13:24
  for
• 13:24
  the
• 13:24
  summer.
• 13:25
  Right.
• 13:25
  But
• 13:26
  I
• 13:26
  could
• 13:26
  have
• 13:26
  extra
• 13:27
  pair
• 13:27
  mates
• 13:27
  with
• 13:27
  him
• 13:28
  and
• 13:28
  get
• 13:28
  his
• 13:28
  jeans.
• 13:29
  So.
• 13:30
  Yeah,
• 13:30
  it's
• 13:30
  a
• 13:31
  good
• 13:31
  point.
• 13:31
  With
• 13:31
  chickadees,
• 13:32
  like,
• 13:32
  they
• 13:32
  form
• 13:32
  those,
• 13:32
  those
• 13:33
  winter
• 13:33
  flocks
• 13:33
  that
• 13:33
  are
• 13:34
  quite
• 13:34
  stable
• 13:34
  and
• 13:34
  have
• 13:35
  these
• 13:35
  dominance
• 13:35
  hierarchies.
• 13:36
  And
• 13:36
  those
• 13:36
  dominance
• 13:37
  hierarchies
• 13:37
  have
• 13:37
  been
• 13:37
  shown
• 13:38
  to
• 13:38
  be
• 13:38
  super
• 13:38
  important
• 13:39
  in
• 13:39
  terms
• 13:39
  of
• 13:39
  who
• 13:40
  gets
• 13:40
  to
• 13:40
  mate
• 13:40
  with
• 13:40
  who.
• 13:41
  They
• 13:41
  do
• 13:41
  spend
• 13:41
  a
• 13:41
  lot
• 13:42
  of
• 13:42
  time.
• 13:42
  Together
• 13:42
  over
• 13:43
  the
• 13:43
  winter
• 13:43
  and
• 13:44
  they
• 13:44
  do,
• 13:44
  I
• 13:44
  guess.
• 13:44
  Yeah,
• 13:45
  that
• 13:45
  direct
• 13:45
  observation
• 13:46
  piece
• 13:46
  is
• 13:46
  a
• 13:46
  really
• 13:46
  cool
• 13:47
  idea.
• 13:47
  Yeah,
• 13:48
  that's.
• 13:48
  Yeah,
• 13:48
  that's
• 13:48
  kind
• 13:48
  of
• 13:48
  what
• 13:49
  we've
• 13:49
  thought
• 13:49
  about
• 13:49
  because
• 13:49
  it's
• 13:49
  interesting.
• 13:50
  Like,
• 13:51
  you
• 13:51
  know,
• 13:53
  when
• 13:53
  we
• 13:53
  say
• 13:53
  choice
• 13:54
  with
• 13:54
  female
• 13:55
  choice,
• 13:55
  it's
• 13:55
  like
• 13:56
  they
• 13:56
  don't
• 13:56
  really
• 13:56
  have
• 13:57
  the
• 13:57
  choice
• 13:57
  of
• 13:57
  any
• 13:58
  male
• 13:58
  in
• 13:58
  the
• 13:58
  forest.
• 13:59
  Right.
• 13:59
  They're
• 13:59
  limited
• 14:00
  and
• 14:00
  constrained.
• 14:01
  Who's
• 14:01
  not
• 14:01
  mated
• 14:02
  yet.
• 14:03
  Right.
• 14:03
  So,
• 14:04
  yeah,
• 14:04
  absolutely.
• 14:05
  Yeah.
• 14:05
  One
• 14:06
  of
• 14:06
  my
• 14:06
  other
• 14:06
  questions
• 14:06
  which
• 14:07
  you
• 14:07
  kind
• 14:07
  of
• 14:07
  started
• 14:08
  touching
• 14:08
  on
• 14:08
  was
• 14:08
  like,
• 14:09
  how
• 14:09
  do
• 14:10
  males
• 14:10
  respond?
• 14:10
  I
• 14:11
  mean,
• 14:11
  we
• 14:11
  know
• 14:11
  that
• 14:12
  extra
• 14:12
  pair
• 14:13
  copulations
• 14:14
  or
• 14:14
  extra
• 14:14
  pair
• 14:14
  paternity
• 14:15
  is
• 14:16
  variably
• 14:16
  common
• 14:17
  across
• 14:17
  the
• 14:18
  bird
• 14:18
  tree
• 14:19
  of
• 14:19
  life.
• 14:19
  But
• 14:19
  in
• 14:19
  some
• 14:20
  cases,
• 14:20
  you
• 14:20
  know,
• 14:21
  you
• 14:21
  can
• 14:21
  have
• 14:21
  30,
• 14:22
  50%
• 14:23
  of
• 14:23
  the
• 14:23
  chicks
• 14:23
  in
• 14:24
  a
• 14:24
  given
• 14:24
  nest
• 14:24
  are
• 14:24
  not
• 14:25
  chicks
• 14:26
  of
• 14:26
  that
• 14:26
  social,
• 14:27
  that
• 14:27
  social
• 14:28
  father.
• 14:28
  There's
• 14:28
  some
• 14:29
  somebody
• 14:29
  else's
• 14:30
  chicks
• 14:30
  that
• 14:30
  he's
• 14:30
  taking
• 14:30
  care
• 14:31
  of.
• 14:31
  So
• 14:31
  you
• 14:32
  alluded
• 14:32
  to
• 14:32
  this
• 14:32
  a
• 14:32
  little
• 14:32
  bit,
• 14:33
  but
• 14:33
  can
• 14:34
  you
• 14:34
  give
• 14:34
  other
• 14:34
  examples
• 14:35
  of
• 14:35
  how
• 14:35
  males
• 14:35
  respond
• 14:36
  in
• 14:36
  these
• 14:36
  situations
• 14:37
  where
• 14:37
  it
• 14:38
  may
• 14:38
  be
• 14:38
  that
• 14:38
  they're
• 14:38
  not
• 14:39
  feeding
• 14:39
  their
• 14:39
  own
• 14:39
  offspring?
• 14:40
  Yeah.
• 14:40
  So,
• 14:41
  I
• 14:41
  mean,
• 14:41
  I
• 14:41
  think
• 14:41
  luckily
• 14:42
  for
• 14:42
  the
• 14:42
  female,
• 14:43
  the
• 14:44
  evolutionary
• 14:45
  timescale
• 14:46
  or,
• 14:46
  you
• 14:46
  know,
• 14:47
  selection
• 14:47
  hasn't
• 14:47
  quite
• 14:48
  caught
• 14:48
  up
• 14:48
  with
• 14:48
  them
• 14:49
  yet
• 14:49
  because
• 14:50
  oftentimes
• 14:51
  males
• 14:51
  are
• 14:52
  not
• 14:52
  able
• 14:52
  to
• 14:52
  like,
• 14:52
  recognize
• 14:53
  their
• 14:53
  own
• 14:53
  chicks.
• 14:54
  Most
• 14:54
  female
• 14:54
  females
• 14:54
  can't
• 14:55
  even
• 14:55
  recognize
• 14:55
  their
• 14:55
  own
• 14:56
  chicks.
• 14:56
  Right,
• 14:56
  yeah,
• 14:56
  that's
• 14:56
  a
• 14:57
  good
• 14:57
  point.
• 14:57
  Some
• 14:58
  can.
• 14:58
  You
• 14:58
  know,
• 14:58
  that
• 14:58
  gets
• 14:59
  into
• 14:59
  the
• 14:59
  whole
• 14:59
  brood
• 15:00
  parasitism
• 15:00
  of
• 15:00
  it
• 15:00
  all.
• 15:01
  But
• 15:01
  even
• 15:02
  among
• 15:03
  Females
• 15:04
  and
• 15:04
  other
• 15:04
  species.
• 15:05
  Think
• 15:05
  of
• 15:05
  American
• 15:06
  coots,
• 15:06
  right?
• 15:07
  And
• 15:07
  so
• 15:07
  the
• 15:08
  females
• 15:08
  will
• 15:09
  prioritize
• 15:09
  certain
• 15:11
  chicks
• 15:11
  over
• 15:11
  others
• 15:12
  and
• 15:12
  they
• 15:12
  can
• 15:12
  tell
• 15:12
  the
• 15:12
  difference
• 15:13
  in
• 15:13
  their
• 15:14
  other
• 15:14
  females
• 15:15
  that
• 15:15
  will
• 15:15
  lay
• 15:15
  eggs
• 15:15
  in
• 15:15
  their
• 15:16
  nests.
• 15:16
  Right.
• 15:16
  And
• 15:16
  they'll
• 15:17
  actually
• 15:18
  kill
• 15:19
  those
• 15:19
  extra
• 15:19
  chicks
• 15:20
  that
• 15:20
  aren't
• 15:20
  theirs.
• 15:20
  Right.
• 15:21
  So
• 15:21
  they
• 15:21
  can
• 15:21
  recognize
• 15:21
  them.
• 15:22
  But
• 15:22
  males,
• 15:23
  as
• 15:23
  far
• 15:23
  as
• 15:23
  I
• 15:24
  know,
• 15:24
  I
• 15:24
  don't
• 15:24
  think
• 15:24
  that
• 15:25
  they
• 15:25
  can.
• 15:25
  So
• 15:26
  they
• 15:26
  don't.
• 15:26
  They
• 15:27
  wouldn't
• 15:27
  be
• 15:27
  able
• 15:27
  to
• 15:28
  discriminate
• 15:28
  within
• 15:28
  the
• 15:29
  nest,
• 15:29
  like
• 15:29
  who's
• 15:29
  theirs
• 15:30
  and
• 15:30
  who
• 15:30
  isn't.
• 15:32
  But
• 15:32
  as
• 15:33
  I
• 15:33
  mentioned,
• 15:33
  there
• 15:33
  have
• 15:34
  been
• 15:34
  these
• 15:34
  removal
• 15:35
  studies
• 15:35
  of
• 15:35
  other
• 15:36
  species
• 15:36
  where,
• 15:36
  yeah,
• 15:37
  you
• 15:37
  take
• 15:37
  the
• 15:38
  female
• 15:38
  away
• 15:39
  for
• 15:39
  a
• 15:40
  certain
• 15:40
  period
• 15:40
  of
• 15:40
  time
• 15:41
  and
• 15:41
  the
• 15:41
  longer
• 15:41
  she's
• 15:42
  gone,
• 15:42
  you
• 15:43
  see
• 15:43
  the
• 15:43
  reduction
• 15:44
  in
• 15:44
  his
• 15:44
  parental
• 15:45
  provisioning
• 15:46
  or
• 15:46
  how
• 15:46
  much
• 15:46
  food
• 15:46
  he's
• 15:47
  bringing,
• 15:47
  how
• 15:47
  many
• 15:47
  visits
• 15:48
  he's
• 15:48
  making
• 15:49
  to
• 15:49
  the
• 15:49
  nest.
• 15:50
  Yeah,
• 15:50
  definitely.
• 15:51
  I've.
• 15:51
  Yeah,
• 15:51
  there's
• 15:52
  joint
• 15:53
  singing
• 15:54
  behaviors
• 15:54
  that
• 15:55
  seem
• 15:55
  to
• 15:55
  reinforce
• 15:55
  pair
• 15:56
  bonds
• 15:56
  and
• 15:56
  reduce
• 15:56
  the
• 15:57
  frequency
• 15:57
  of
• 15:58
  extra
• 15:58
  pair
• 15:58
  copulation.
• 15:59
  There's
• 15:59
  definitely
• 16:00
  mate
• 16:00
  guarding
• 16:01
  during
• 16:01
  the
• 16:01
  fertile
• 16:01
  period
• 16:01
  that
• 16:02
  comes.
• 16:02
  Absolutely.
• 16:04
  I
• 16:04
  guess
• 16:04
  males
• 16:04
  have
• 16:05
  their
• 16:05
  ways
• 16:05
  of
• 16:05
  trying
• 16:06
  to
• 16:06
  make
• 16:06
  sure
• 16:06
  that
• 16:06
  it's
• 16:07
  their
• 16:07
  chicks,
• 16:07
  they're
• 16:07
  taken
• 16:07
  care
• 16:08
  of,
• 16:08
  but
• 16:08
  they
• 16:09
  can't
• 16:09
  watch
• 16:09
  the
• 16:09
  female
• 16:10
  all
• 16:10
  the
• 16:10
  time.
• 16:10
  Oh,
• 16:10
  yeah,
• 16:11
  there's
• 16:11
  always.
• 16:11
  Yeah,
• 16:11
  there's
• 16:12
  absolutely
• 16:12
  mate
• 16:12
  guarding.
• 16:13
  And
• 16:13
  yes,
• 16:13
  you're
• 16:13
  absolutely
• 16:14
  right.
• 16:14
  They
• 16:14
  do,
• 16:15
  like,
• 16:15
  keep
• 16:15
  an
• 16:15
  eye
• 16:15
  on
• 16:16
  her
• 16:16
  and
• 16:16
  make
• 16:16
  sure
• 16:17
  that
• 16:17
  she's
• 16:17
  not
• 16:17
  off
• 16:18
  somewhere
• 16:18
  and
• 16:18
  that's
• 16:18
  where
• 16:18
  that
• 16:19
  comes
• 16:19
  in.
• 16:19
  When
• 16:19
  she's
• 16:20
  gone
• 16:20
  for
• 16:20
  too
• 16:20
  long,
• 16:20
  it's
• 16:20
  like,
• 16:21
  what's
• 16:21
  going
• 16:21
  on,
• 16:21
  the
• 16:22
  jig.
• 16:22
  Yeah,
• 16:22
  yeah.
• 16:22
  The
• 16:23
  suspicion.
• 16:23
  Yeah,
• 16:24
  yeah,
• 16:24
  yeah.
• 16:25
  Okay.
• 16:26
  So
• 16:26
  we've
• 16:26
  been
• 16:26
  talking
• 16:26
  about
• 16:27
  monogamy
• 16:28
  in
• 16:28
  birds
• 16:28
  and
• 16:28
  the
• 16:29
  fact
• 16:29
  that
• 16:29
  social
• 16:29
  monogamy
• 16:30
  is
• 16:30
  quite
• 16:30
  common
• 16:30
  in
• 16:31
  birds,
• 16:31
  but
• 16:31
  genetic
• 16:31
  monogamy
• 16:32
  is
• 16:32
  rare.
• 16:32
  But
• 16:33
  in
• 16:33
  order
• 16:33
  to
• 16:33
  know
• 16:33
  that,
• 16:33
  we
• 16:34
  needed
• 16:34
  new
• 16:34
  tools.
• 16:35
  And
• 16:35
  so
• 16:35
  could
• 16:36
  you
• 16:36
  walk
• 16:36
  us
• 16:36
  through,
• 16:36
  like,
• 16:37
  how
• 16:37
  we
• 16:37
  actually
• 16:37
  evaluate
• 16:39
  whether
• 16:39
  a
• 16:40
  brood
• 16:40
  contains
• 16:41
  chicks
• 16:42
  from
• 16:42
  another
• 16:42
  male.
• 16:43
  So,
• 16:43
  you
• 16:43
  know
• 16:43
  what's
• 16:43
  interesting
• 16:44
  and
• 16:44
  I
• 16:44
  guess,
• 16:44
  but
• 16:44
  like,
• 16:45
  each
• 16:45
  egg
• 16:46
  that
• 16:46
  a
• 16:47
  female
• 16:47
  lays
• 16:48
  is
• 16:48
  fertilized,
• 16:50
  like
• 16:50
  one
• 16:50
  at
• 16:51
  a
• 16:51
  time.
• 16:51
  Right.
• 16:51
  So
• 16:52
  the
• 16:52
  day
• 16:52
  before,
• 16:53
  you
• 16:53
  know,
• 16:53
  however
• 16:54
  many
• 16:54
  hours
• 16:54
  before,
• 16:54
  that's
• 16:55
  when
• 16:55
  it's
• 16:55
  actually
• 16:55
  fertilized.
• 16:56
  So
• 16:56
  they're
• 16:56
  not
• 16:56
  all
• 16:56
  fertilized
• 16:57
  at
• 16:57
  once.
• 16:58
  So
• 16:58
  that
• 16:58
  opens
• 16:59
  that
• 16:59
  opportunity
• 16:59
  up
• 17:00
  for,
• 17:00
  you
• 17:01
  know,
• 17:01
  multiple
• 17:01
  paternity
• 17:02
  in
• 17:02
  there.
• 17:03
  And
• 17:03
  so
• 17:04
  for
• 17:04
  birds,
• 17:04
  we
• 17:05
  can
• 17:05
  just
• 17:05
  take
• 17:05
  blood
• 17:05
  from
• 17:06
  them
• 17:06
  and
• 17:06
  it
• 17:07
  makes
• 17:07
  it
• 17:08
  pretty
• 17:08
  easy
• 17:08
  and
• 17:08
  like,
• 17:09
  pretty
• 17:09
  reliable
• 17:09
  in
• 17:10
  terms
• 17:10
  of
• 17:10
  getting
• 17:10
  really
• 17:10
  high
• 17:10
  quality
• 17:11
  samples
• 17:12
  from
• 17:12
  individuals.
• 17:13
  And.
• 17:13
  Yeah,
• 17:13
  so
• 17:13
  then
• 17:14
  we
• 17:14
  just,
• 17:14
  you
• 17:14
  know,
• 17:14
  we
• 17:14
  have
• 17:15
  to
• 17:15
  sort
• 17:15
  of
• 17:16
  target
• 17:16
  certain
• 17:17
  areas
• 17:18
  of
• 17:18
  the
• 17:18
  genome
• 17:19
  again
• 17:19
  because
• 17:19
  it's
• 17:19
  a
• 17:20
  reduced
• 17:20
  representation
• 17:21
  is
• 17:21
  what
• 17:21
  we
• 17:21
  call
• 17:21
  it's
• 17:22
  called
• 17:22
  DD
• 17:22
  rad.
• 17:23
  So
• 17:23
  it's
• 17:23
  like
• 17:23
  a
• 17:23
  double
• 17:23
  digest,
• 17:24
  reduced
• 17:24
  representation
• 17:27
  analysis.
• 17:27
  Not
• 17:27
  that
• 17:27
  that
• 17:28
  matters.
• 17:28
  Write
• 17:28
  that
• 17:28
  down.
• 17:29
  We'll
• 17:29
  do
• 17:29
  a
• 17:29
  quiz
• 17:29
  later.
• 17:30
  I
• 17:31
  mean,
• 17:31
  basically
• 17:31
  they
• 17:32
  digest
• 17:32
  the
• 17:32
  DNA
• 17:33
  with
• 17:33
  these
• 17:33
  enzymes.
• 17:34
  Right.
• 17:34
  That
• 17:35
  cut
• 17:35
  certain
• 17:35
  parts
• 17:36
  of
• 17:36
  the
• 17:36
  genome.
• 17:36
  And
• 17:36
  then
• 17:37
  we
• 17:37
  sequence
• 17:37
  out
• 17:37
  from
• 17:38
  those
• 17:38
  cuts
• 17:38
  sites
• 17:39
  and
• 17:39
  compare
• 17:39
  the
• 17:40
  genetic
• 17:40
  variation
• 17:41
  from
• 17:41
  those
• 17:41
  cut
• 17:41
  sites.
• 17:41
  Exactly
• 17:42
  right.
• 17:42
  And
• 17:42
  so
• 17:42
  like,
• 17:42
  how
• 17:43
  many,
• 17:43
  you
• 17:44
  know,
• 17:44
  of
• 17:44
  these
• 17:45
  thousand
• 17:45
  SNPs,
• 17:46
  for
• 17:46
  example,
• 17:47
  you
• 17:47
  know,
• 17:47
  how
• 17:47
  many
• 17:48
  differ
• 17:48
  between
• 17:49
  like
• 17:49
  a
• 17:49
  purported
• 17:50
  male
• 17:51
  and
• 17:51
  the.
• 17:51
  The.
• 17:52
  And
• 17:53
  the
• 17:53
  chick.
• 17:53
  Yeah.
• 17:53
  So
• 17:53
  then
• 17:54
  we
• 17:54
  use
• 17:54
  these
• 17:55
  different
• 17:56
  softwares
• 17:56
  that
• 17:57
  actually
• 17:57
  can
• 17:57
  tell
• 17:57
  us,
• 17:58
  you
• 17:58
  know,
• 17:58
  combined
• 17:59
  the,
• 18:00
  the
• 18:00
  mother,
• 18:00
  the
• 18:00
  chick
• 18:01
  and
• 18:01
  the
• 18:01
  father,
• 18:02
  who
• 18:02
  we
• 18:02
  think
• 18:03
  it
• 18:03
  is,
• 18:03
  like
• 18:03
  sort
• 18:03
  of.
• 18:03
  What's
• 18:04
  their
• 18:04
  score?
• 18:04
  Score
• 18:04
  of
• 18:05
  relatedness.
• 18:06
  And
• 18:06
  if
• 18:06
  it's
• 18:07
  too
• 18:07
  low,
• 18:07
  then
• 18:08
  we're
• 18:08
  like,
• 18:08
  oh,
• 18:08
  it's
• 18:09
  probably
• 18:09
  not
• 18:10
  the
• 18:10
  correct
• 18:10
  father.
• 18:10
  And
• 18:11
  then
• 18:11
  you
• 18:12
  can
• 18:12
  put
• 18:12
  in
• 18:12
  other
• 18:12
  options
• 18:13
  to
• 18:13
  these
• 18:14
  programs.
• 18:14
  Once
• 18:15
  you
• 18:15
  have
• 18:15
  all
• 18:15
  of
• 18:15
  the
• 18:15
  sequences
• 18:17
  of
• 18:17
  the
• 18:17
  different
• 18:18
  individuals,
• 18:18
  then
• 18:19
  you
• 18:19
  can
• 18:19
  kind
• 18:19
  of
• 18:19
  assess
• 18:19
  that
• 18:20
  that
• 18:20
  way.
• 18:24
  Again,
• 18:24
  thinking
• 18:25
  about
• 18:25
  the
• 18:25
  genetics
• 18:26
  of
• 18:26
  it
• 18:26
  all,
• 18:26
  our
• 18:26
  ability
• 18:27
  to
• 18:27
  ask
• 18:28
  these
• 18:28
  questions
• 18:28
  has
• 18:28
  really
• 18:28
  changed
• 18:29
  even
• 18:29
  since
• 18:29
  you
• 18:30
  and
• 18:30
  I
• 18:30
  were
• 18:30
  graduate
• 18:30
  students,
• 18:31
  which
• 18:31
  feels
• 18:32
  very
• 18:32
  recent.
• 18:33
  But
• 18:33
  it
• 18:33
  was
• 18:33
  so
• 18:34
  recent,
• 18:34
  Scott.
• 18:34
  It
• 18:35
  was
• 18:35
  so
• 18:35
  recent.
• 18:35
  I.
• 18:36
  Early
• 18:36
  career.
• 18:38
  Yeah.
• 18:38
  Well,
• 18:38
  I'm
• 18:39
  mid
• 18:39
  career,
• 18:39
  I
• 18:39
  guess.
• 18:40
  You're
• 18:40
  mid.
• 18:40
  So
• 18:41
  mid.
• 18:42
  But
• 18:43
  it
• 18:43
  is
• 18:43
  interesting
• 18:43
  that
• 18:43
  now
• 18:44
  we
• 18:44
  can
• 18:44
  sequence
• 18:45
  whole
• 18:45
  genomes
• 18:45
  relatively
• 18:46
  in
• 18:46
  a
• 18:46
  cost
• 18:46
  effective
• 18:47
  way
• 18:47
  and
• 18:47
  ask
• 18:47
  these
• 18:47
  questions
• 18:48
  about
• 18:48
  who's
• 18:48
  related
• 18:49
  to
• 18:49
  whom.
• 18:49
  And
• 18:50
  it's
• 18:50
  shedding
• 18:50
  some
• 18:50
  really
• 18:51
  interesting
• 18:51
  light
• 18:51
  on
• 18:53
  the
• 18:54
  decisions
• 18:54
  birds
• 18:54
  make
• 18:55
  and
• 18:55
  the
• 18:55
  evolutionary
• 18:55
  pressures
• 18:56
  that
• 18:57
  shape
• 18:57
  them.
• 18:57
  We've
• 18:58
  been
• 18:58
  talking
• 18:58
  about
• 19:00
  this
• 19:01
  idea
• 19:01
  of
• 19:01
  social
• 19:01
  monogamy
• 19:02
  in
• 19:02
  birds.
• 19:02
  The
• 19:03
  fact
• 19:03
  that
• 19:04
  many
• 19:04
  birds
• 19:04
  are
• 19:04
  socially
• 19:05
  monogamous,
• 19:05
  so
• 19:05
  they
• 19:05
  have
• 19:05
  one
• 19:06
  social
• 19:06
  mate,
• 19:06
  but
• 19:06
  they
• 19:06
  step
• 19:07
  out
• 19:07
  of
• 19:07
  that
• 19:07
  pair
• 19:08
  bond.
• 19:08
  And
• 19:09
  different
• 19:09
  species
• 19:09
  have
• 19:10
  different
• 19:10
  rates
• 19:10
  of
• 19:10
  extra
• 19:11
  pair
• 19:11
  copulation.
• 19:11
  You
• 19:12
  know,
• 19:12
  house
• 19:12
  wrens
• 19:12
  have
• 19:12
  really
• 19:13
  high
• 19:13
  rates
• 19:13
  of
• 19:13
  extra
• 19:13
  pair
• 19:14
  copulation.
• 19:15
  Most
• 19:15
  seabirds,
• 19:16
  it's
• 19:16
  pretty
• 19:16
  low.
• 19:17
  But
• 19:18
  why
• 19:18
  might
• 19:19
  it
• 19:19
  vary?
• 19:19
  What
• 19:19
  evidence
• 19:20
  is
• 19:20
  there
• 19:20
  that
• 19:20
  these
• 19:20
  behaviors
• 19:21
  vary
• 19:21
  across
• 19:22
  environments,
• 19:23
  across
• 19:24
  individuals
• 19:25
  or
• 19:25
  across
• 19:25
  populations?
• 19:27
  So
• 19:27
  it's
• 19:27
  a
• 19:27
  really
• 19:28
  interesting
• 19:28
  species,
• 19:29
  the
• 19:29
  Dunnock,
• 19:30
  which
• 19:30
  is
• 19:31
  a
• 19:31
  European
• 19:32
  songbird,
• 19:32
  which,
• 19:33
  like,
• 19:33
  looks
• 19:33
  quite
• 19:33
  drab
• 19:34
  when
• 19:34
  you.
• 19:34
  Super
• 19:35
  drab.
• 19:35
  Yeah.
• 19:35
  When
• 19:35
  I
• 19:36
  show
• 19:36
  them
• 19:36
  to
• 19:36
  my
• 19:36
  ornithology
• 19:37
  students,
• 19:37
  they're
• 19:37
  always
• 19:37
  surprised.
• 19:38
  It's
• 19:38
  just
• 19:38
  this
• 19:39
  pretty
• 19:39
  drab
• 19:40
  little
• 19:40
  brown
• 19:40
  bird.
• 19:41
  Yeah.
• 19:41
  But
• 19:41
  they're
• 19:42
  up
• 19:42
  to
• 19:43
  all
• 19:43
  of
• 19:43
  it,
• 19:43
  man.
• 19:44
  They,
• 19:44
  like,
• 19:45
  have
• 19:45
  all
• 19:45
  of
• 19:45
  the.
• 19:46
  They.
• 19:46
  So
• 19:46
  there's
• 19:47
  different
• 19:47
  mating
• 19:47
  systems,
• 19:48
  if
• 19:48
  you
• 19:48
  want
• 19:48
  to
• 19:48
  think
• 19:48
  of
• 19:48
  it
• 19:49
  that
• 19:49
  way.
• 19:49
  Right.
• 19:49
  So
• 19:49
  there's
• 19:49
  like,
• 19:50
  you
• 19:50
  know,
• 19:50
  social
• 19:50
  monogamy,
• 19:51
  genetic
• 19:52
  monogamy,
• 19:54
  males
• 19:54
  that
• 19:55
  mate
• 19:55
  with
• 19:55
  multiple
• 19:55
  females,
• 19:56
  females
• 19:56
  that
• 19:56
  mate
• 19:57
  with
• 19:57
  multiple
• 19:57
  males,
• 19:57
  et
• 19:57
  cetera,
• 19:57
  et
• 19:58
  cetera.
• 19:58
  And
• 19:59
  dunnocks
• 19:59
  seem
• 19:59
  to
• 20:00
  express
• 20:00
  all
• 20:00
  of
• 20:00
  these
• 20:01
  different
• 20:01
  behaviors.
• 20:02
  So
• 20:02
  they
• 20:02
  will
• 20:02
  show
• 20:02
  all
• 20:03
  these
• 20:03
  different
• 20:03
  mating
• 20:04
  system
• 20:04
  types,
• 20:06
  like,
• 20:06
  depending
• 20:06
  on
• 20:07
  resource
• 20:08
  availability.
• 20:08
  So,
• 20:08
  like,
• 20:08
  how
• 20:09
  much
• 20:09
  food
• 20:09
  is
• 20:09
  available,
• 20:10
  how
• 20:10
  good
• 20:10
  the
• 20:11
  territory
• 20:11
  they
• 20:11
  were
• 20:11
  able
• 20:11
  to
• 20:12
  get
• 20:12
  that
• 20:12
  year
• 20:12
  is.
• 20:13
  So
• 20:13
  they
• 20:14
  might,
• 20:14
  you
• 20:14
  know,
• 20:15
  you
• 20:15
  might
• 20:15
  see
• 20:15
  a
• 20:15
  male
• 20:15
  that
• 20:16
  has
• 20:16
  multiple
• 20:16
  females,
• 20:17
  you
• 20:17
  might
• 20:17
  see
• 20:17
  a
• 20:17
  female
• 20:17
  who
• 20:17
  has
• 20:18
  multiple
• 20:18
  males,
• 20:18
  or
• 20:19
  you
• 20:19
  might
• 20:19
  see
• 20:19
  multiple
• 20:20
  pairs
• 20:20
  actually
• 20:20
  mating
• 20:21
  with
• 20:21
  each
• 20:21
  other
• 20:22
  and
• 20:22
  like
• 20:23
  everything
• 20:23
  in
• 20:23
  between.
• 20:24
  And
• 20:24
  that's
• 20:25
  called
• 20:25
  polygonandry,
• 20:26
  right?
• 20:26
  When
• 20:26
  everything.
• 20:27
  Polygonandry,
• 20:28
  yes.
• 20:29
  Everyone's
• 20:29
  doing
• 20:30
  everything
• 20:30
  all
• 20:30
  at
• 20:30
  once.
• 20:31
  Kind
• 20:31
  of
• 20:31
  like,
• 20:31
  like
• 20:32
  polygynous,
• 20:33
  polyamorous,
• 20:35
  like,
• 20:35
  you
• 20:35
  know,
• 20:35
  polyandrous.
• 20:36
  So
• 20:36
  polygonandrous.
• 20:37
  I
• 20:37
  know
• 20:38
  that's
• 20:38
  always
• 20:38
  like
• 20:38
  a
• 20:38
  mouthful
• 20:38
  for
• 20:39
  my
• 20:39
  students
• 20:39
  too.
• 20:39
  It's
• 20:40
  like,
• 20:40
  what
• 20:40
  I
• 20:41
  mean,
• 20:41
  it's
• 20:41
  amazing
• 20:41
  that
• 20:41
  within
• 20:42
  that
• 20:42
  one
• 20:42
  species
• 20:43
  you
• 20:43
  see
• 20:43
  all
• 20:43
  that
• 20:43
  variation,
• 20:44
  because
• 20:44
  you'd
• 20:44
  never
• 20:44
  see
• 20:45
  that
• 20:45
  kind
• 20:45
  of
• 20:45
  variation
• 20:46
  in
• 20:46
  chickadees.
• 20:46
  You
• 20:46
  might
• 20:47
  see,
• 20:47
  like
• 20:47
  from
• 20:48
  season
• 20:48
  to
• 20:48
  season,
• 20:49
  different
• 20:49
  numbers
• 20:49
  of
• 20:49
  extra
• 20:50
  pair
• 20:50
  young
• 20:50
  in
• 20:50
  a
• 20:50
  nest,
• 20:51
  but
• 20:51
  certainly
• 20:51
  not
• 20:52
  an
• 20:52
  entirely
• 20:52
  different,
• 20:53
  like,
• 20:53
  from
• 20:53
  social
• 20:54
  monogamy
• 20:54
  to
• 20:55
  polyandry.
• 20:57
  Polygamy
• 20:57
  and
• 20:58
  polygonandry.
• 20:59
  I
• 20:59
  think
• 20:59
  it's.
• 20:59
  The
• 21:00
  history
• 21:00
  of
• 21:00
  the
• 21:00
  story
• 21:01
  of
• 21:01
  the
• 21:01
  Dunnock
• 21:01
  is
• 21:01
  funny
• 21:02
  too.
• 21:02
  Cause
• 21:02
  I
• 21:03
  think
• 21:03
  a
• 21:03
  lot
• 21:03
  of
• 21:03
  the
• 21:03
  initial
• 21:04
  insights
• 21:04
  into
• 21:04
  Dunnic
• 21:05
  breeding
• 21:05
  behavior
• 21:06
  came
• 21:06
  from,
• 21:08
  I
• 21:08
  don't
• 21:08
  know
• 21:08
  if
• 21:08
  he
• 21:08
  was
• 21:08
  a
• 21:08
  priest
• 21:09
  or
• 21:10
  he
• 21:11
  was
• 21:11
  a
• 21:11
  man
• 21:11
  of
• 21:12
  faith.
• 21:12
  Anyways,
• 21:12
  he
• 21:13
  really
• 21:13
  thought
• 21:13
  the
• 21:13
  Dunnock
• 21:14
  was
• 21:14
  this
• 21:14
  very
• 21:14
  humble
• 21:15
  creature,
• 21:15
  and
• 21:16
  he
• 21:16
  thought
• 21:16
  that
• 21:17
  that
• 21:17
  was
• 21:17
  a
• 21:17
  great
• 21:17
  trait
• 21:18
  to
• 21:18
  encourage
• 21:18
  in
• 21:18
  his
• 21:19
  parishioners.
• 21:19
  But
• 21:20
  if
• 21:20
  he
• 21:20
  knowed
• 21:20
  a
• 21:20
  little
• 21:20
  bit.
• 21:22
  If
• 21:22
  he
• 21:22
  knowed
• 21:23
  a
• 21:23
  little
• 21:23
  bit
• 21:23
  more.
• 21:23
  About
• 21:24
  the
• 21:24
  Dunnock's
• 21:24
  behavior,
• 21:25
  depending
• 21:25
  on
• 21:25
  resource
• 21:26
  availability,
• 21:26
  I
• 21:27
  don't
• 21:27
  think
• 21:27
  he
• 21:27
  would
• 21:27
  have
• 21:27
  been
• 21:27
  encouraging
• 21:28
  parishioners
• 21:29
  to.
• 21:29
  To
• 21:29
  engage
• 21:30
  in
• 21:30
  polykinandry
• 21:31
  or
• 21:32
  these
• 21:33
  other
• 21:33
  things.
• 21:33
  Yeah,
• 21:33
  What
• 21:34
  a
• 21:34
  square.
• 21:35
  Yeah.
• 21:36
  All
• 21:36
  right,
• 21:37
  so
• 21:37
  we're
• 21:37
  at
• 21:37
  that
• 21:37
  part
• 21:38
  in
• 21:38
  the
• 21:38
  podcast
• 21:38
  that
• 21:39
  we
• 21:39
  like
• 21:39
  to
• 21:39
  call
• 21:40
  that's
• 21:40
  BS
• 21:41
  or
• 21:42
  that's
• 21:42
  bird
• 21:43
  stuff.
• 21:43
  And
• 21:43
  this
• 21:43
  is
• 21:44
  an
• 21:44
  opportunity
• 21:44
  for
• 21:44
  our
• 21:45
  guests
• 21:45
  to
• 21:46
  tell
• 21:46
  us
• 21:46
  something
• 21:46
  about
• 21:47
  the
• 21:47
  topic
• 21:47
  that.
• 21:48
  A
• 21:49
  myth
• 21:49
  they
• 21:49
  want
• 21:49
  to
• 21:49
  bust
• 21:50
  or
• 21:50
  something
• 21:50
  that
• 21:50
  ruffles
• 21:51
  their
• 21:51
  feathers
• 21:51
  in
• 21:51
  this
• 21:52
  case,
• 21:52
  about
• 21:52
  this
• 21:52
  idea
• 21:53
  of
• 21:53
  bird
• 21:53
  monogamy.
• 21:56
  I
• 21:56
  think
• 21:56
  that
• 21:56
  our
• 21:56
  temperate
• 21:57
  bias
• 21:57
  shows
• 21:58
  a
• 21:58
  lot.
• 21:58
  And
• 21:58
  I
• 21:59
  speak,
• 21:59
  I'm
• 21:59
  speaking
• 21:59
  to
• 21:59
  myself
• 22:01
  included,
• 22:02
  because
• 22:03
  related
• 22:03
  to
• 22:04
  sort
• 22:04
  of
• 22:04
  mate
• 22:04
  choice,
• 22:05
  we
• 22:06
  think
• 22:06
  of
• 22:06
  males
• 22:06
  as
• 22:06
  being
• 22:07
  the
• 22:07
  ones
• 22:07
  that
• 22:07
  primarily
• 22:08
  sing.
• 22:08
  Right.
• 22:09
  But
• 22:09
  we
• 22:10
  know
• 22:11
  that
• 22:12
  the
• 22:12
  evolutionary
• 22:12
  history
• 22:13
  of
• 22:13
  song,
• 22:14
  actually
• 22:14
  females
• 22:14
  also
• 22:15
  sang
• 22:15
  originally
• 22:16
  the
• 22:16
  original
• 22:17
  songbird
• 22:19
  that
• 22:19
  all
• 22:19
  the
• 22:19
  songbirds
• 22:20
  radiated
• 22:21
  from
• 22:22
  saying
• 22:22
  as
• 22:22
  well.
• 22:22
  And
• 22:22
  actually
• 22:23
  female
• 22:23
  song
• 22:24
  is
• 22:24
  actually
• 22:24
  quite
• 22:24
  common
• 22:26
  below
• 22:26
  the
• 22:27
  northern
• 22:27
  hemisphere
• 22:28
  and
• 22:28
  even
• 22:28
  in
• 22:28
  the
• 22:28
  northern
• 22:28
  hemisphere
• 22:30
  in
• 22:30
  a
• 22:30
  lot
• 22:30
  of
• 22:30
  instances.
• 22:31
  So
• 22:31
  that's
• 22:31
  something
• 22:31
  I
• 22:32
  like
• 22:32
  to
• 22:32
  bring
• 22:33
  up
• 22:33
  to
• 22:33
  remind
• 22:34
  folks
• 22:34
  that
• 22:35
  our
• 22:35
  categorizations
• 22:36
  are
• 22:37
  almost
• 22:37
  always
• 22:37
  wrong.
• 22:38
  Every
• 22:38
  time
• 22:38
  we
• 22:38
  try
• 22:38
  to
• 22:38
  make
• 22:38
  a
• 22:39
  category,
• 22:39
  it's
• 22:39
  like,
• 22:39
  ugh,
• 22:40
  nope,
• 22:40
  here's
• 22:40
  17
• 22:41
  exceptions.
• 22:42
  Exactly.
• 22:43
  Biology
• 22:44
  is
• 22:44
  the
• 22:44
  exception
• 22:44
  to
• 22:44
  the
• 22:45
  rule.
• 22:45
  I
• 22:45
  totally
• 22:45
  agree
• 22:45
  with
• 22:46
  you.
• 22:46
  I
• 22:46
  think
• 22:46
  pointing
• 22:46
  out
• 22:47
  that,
• 22:47
  you
• 22:48
  know,
• 22:48
  who
• 22:48
  has
• 22:48
  studied
• 22:49
  bird
• 22:49
  biology
• 22:50
  really
• 22:50
  has
• 22:50
  dictated
• 22:50
  how
• 22:51
  we've
• 22:51
  thought
• 22:51
  about
• 22:51
  it.
• 22:51
  And
• 22:52
  this
• 22:52
  idea
• 22:52
  that
• 22:52
  female
• 22:53
  birds
• 22:53
  don't
• 22:53
  sing
• 22:54
  probably
• 22:54
  comes
• 22:55
  from
• 22:55
  this
• 22:55
  history
• 22:55
  of
• 22:56
  really
• 22:56
  mostly
• 22:57
  men
• 22:57
  studying
• 22:57
  birds.
• 22:58
  But
• 22:58
  female
• 22:59
  bird
• 22:59
  song
• 22:59
  is
• 22:59
  common
• 23:00
  and
• 23:00
  probably
• 23:00
  very
• 23:01
  well.
• 23:01
  It
• 23:01
  is
• 23:01
  very
• 23:01
  important
• 23:02
  as
• 23:02
  people
• 23:02
  are
• 23:02
  finding.
• 23:03
  So
• 23:03
  I
• 23:03
  think
• 23:03
  that's
• 23:03
  an
• 23:03
  excellent
• 23:04
  myth
• 23:04
  to
• 23:04
  bust
• 23:05
  in
• 23:05
  the
• 23:05
  context
• 23:05
  of
• 23:06
  mate
• 23:06
  choice.
• 23:06
  Females
• 23:06
  sing
• 23:07
  too,
• 23:07
  and
• 23:08
  they
• 23:08
  make
• 23:08
  choices.
• 23:08
  It's
• 23:09
  not
• 23:09
  all
• 23:09
  passive,
• 23:10
  as
• 23:10
  we
• 23:10
  have
• 23:10
  been
• 23:10
  led
• 23:11
  to
• 23:11
  think
• 23:11
  for
• 23:11
  many
• 23:11
  years.
• 23:12
  Oh,
• 23:12
  yeah,
• 23:12
  absolutely.
• 23:13
  Well,
• 23:13
  thank
• 23:13
  you
• 23:13
  so
• 23:13
  much
• 23:13
  for
• 23:14
  joining
• 23:14
  us,
• 23:14
  Carrie.
• 23:15
  It's
• 23:15
  been
• 23:15
  really
• 23:15
  a
• 23:15
  pleasure
• 23:16
  to
• 23:16
  chat
• 23:16
  about
• 23:17
  bird
• 23:17
  monogamy
• 23:18
  and
• 23:18
  the
• 23:18
  lack
• 23:19
  of
• 23:19
  monogamy
• 23:19
  and
• 23:19
  all
• 23:19
  the
• 23:20
  cool
• 23:20
  tools
• 23:20
  we're
• 23:20
  using
• 23:20
  to
• 23:21
  figure
• 23:21
  it
• 23:21
  out.
• 23:21
  So
• 23:21
  thanks
• 23:22
  for
• 23:22
  joining.
• 23:23
  Awesome.
• 23:23
  Thanks
• 23:23
  so
• 23:24
  much
• 23:24
  for
• 23:24
  having
• 23:24
  me.
• 23:28
  Okay,
• 23:28
  so
• 23:28
  birds
• 23:28
  are
• 23:29
  dinosaurs,
• 23:29
  and
• 23:30
  around
• 23:30
  here
• 23:30
  we
• 23:30
  like
• 23:31
  our
• 23:31
  snacks.
• 23:31
  So
• 23:32
  we
• 23:32
  end
• 23:32
  every
• 23:32
  episode
• 23:33
  of
• 23:33
  the
• 23:33
  podcast
• 23:33
  with
• 23:34
  what
• 23:34
  we
• 23:34
  call
• 23:34
  the
• 23:35
  Dinosaur
• 23:35
  nugget.
• 23:36
  Today's
• 23:37
  dinosaur
• 23:37
  nugget
• 23:38
  is
• 23:38
  that
• 23:38
  while
• 23:38
  90%
• 23:39
  of
• 23:39
  birds
• 23:39
  are
• 23:40
  socially
• 23:40
  monogamous,
• 23:41
  which
• 23:41
  means
• 23:41
  that
• 23:42
  a
• 23:42
  pair
• 23:42
  together
• 23:43
  raises
• 23:43
  a
• 23:43
  nest,
• 23:44
  very
• 23:45
  few
• 23:45
  of
• 23:45
  those
• 23:45
  socially
• 23:46
  monogamous
• 23:46
  birds
• 23:47
  are
• 23:47
  genetically
• 23:48
  monogamous.
• 23:48
  So
• 23:49
  in
• 23:49
  every
• 23:49
  one
• 23:49
  of
• 23:49
  those
• 23:49
  nests,
• 23:50
  you're
• 23:50
  likely
• 23:51
  to
• 23:51
  find
• 23:51
  individual
• 23:52
  chicks
• 23:52
  with
• 23:52
  a
• 23:53
  different
• 23:53
  father.
• 23:53
  So
• 23:54
  that's
• 23:54
  a
• 23:54
  wrap
• 23:54
  on.
• 23:54
  Okay,
• 23:55
  but
• 23:55
  is
• 23:55
  bird
• 23:55
  monogamy
• 23:56
  just
• 23:56
  pr?
• 23:57
  Thanks
• 23:57
  for
• 23:58
  listening
• 23:58
  or
• 23:59
  watching.
• 23:59
  Please,
• 23:59
  like,
• 24:00
  subscribe,
• 24:00
  leave
• 24:01
  a
• 24:01
  comment,
• 24:01
  and
• 24:02
  be
• 24:02
  sure
• 24:02
  to
• 24:02
  tune
• 24:02
  in
• 24:02
  next
• 24:03
  week
• 24:03
  for
• 24:03
  another
• 24:03
  episode.
• 24:08
  Okay?
• 24:09
  Okay.
• 24:10
  But
• 24:10
  Birds
• 24:11
  is
• 24:11
  hosted
• 24:11
  by
• 24:12
  Scott
• 24:12
  Taylor,
• 24:12
  with
• 24:13
  production
• 24:13
  and
• 24:13
  creative
• 24:14
  by
• 24:14
  Zach
• 24:14
  Karl.
• 24:18
  Echo.