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06 - Ulysses S. Grant by Owen Wister · Ulysses S. Grant

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  Speaker 1: Section six of Ulysses s. Grant by Owen Wister. This
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  Speaker 1: LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Chapter five, Part three.
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  Speaker 1: Upon Halleck's promotion, Grant was put in command of the
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  Speaker 1: armies of the Mississippi and the Tennessee. The battles of
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  Speaker 1: Yucca and Corinth were fought. By November, Grant was once
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  Speaker 1: again able to go on with his interrupted strategy of
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  Speaker 1: flanking the Mississippi. It was not until the following spring
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  Speaker 1: that he walked to his goal with a firm step.
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  Speaker 1: In the months between, he was not only hampered by
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  Speaker 1: many external embarrassments, but his own mind had not come
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  Speaker 1: to a final clear determination. The jealousy of mc clernand,
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  Speaker 1: the treachery that lost him his base at Holly Springs,
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  Speaker 1: and his own not very sound plan of co operating
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  Speaker 1: with Sherman on the east bank. These, among other causes,
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  Speaker 1: helped his first failure. Then, in the winter months, his
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  Speaker 1: canal cutting and various operations upon both sides of the
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  Speaker 1: river were defeated by nature herself. Perhaps he should have
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  Speaker 1: known that land and water were tangled in such a
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  Speaker 1: chaos here that the first chapter of Genesis alone could
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  Speaker 1: have straightened them. For an army. One sentence from Porter's
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  Speaker 1: report of the Yazoo Pass attempt, and what the gunboats
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  Speaker 1: had to do in the narrow channels that enmeshed them
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  Speaker 1: with vegetation, draws the whole picture of this winter without
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  Speaker 1: need of further comment. I never yet saw a vessel
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  Speaker 1: so well adapted to knocking down trees, hauling them up
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  Speaker 1: by the roots, or demolishing bridges. Yet perhaps Grant knew
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  Speaker 1: all this very well. His troops were in a wretched,
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  Speaker 1: watery camp opposite Vicksburg. Disease had heavily visited them. The
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  Speaker 1: graves of their late comrades were forever in their sight
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  Speaker 1: on the narrow levee. Moreover, the country clamored for results,
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  Speaker 1: and enemies, both military and civil, were pressing Lincoln for
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  Speaker 1: Grant's removal. It is recorded that General Thomas arrived at
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  Speaker 1: Porter's headquarters with an order to relieve Grant if it
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  Speaker 1: were necessary. Porter told Thomas that he would be tarred
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  Speaker 1: and feathered if his mission became known. Perhaps Grant dug
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  Speaker 1: his canals and cut his trees to give his soldiers
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  Speaker 1: less time to think of their hardships, and to make
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  Speaker 1: an appearance of activity until the High water should subside
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  Speaker 1: and permit real activity. His mind was digging too deep
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  Speaker 1: into the national situation. In silence and independence, it reached
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  Speaker 1: its own convictions, and then, attentively listening to contrary opinions,
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  Speaker 1: disregarded these and pursued its way. And in everything that
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  Speaker 1: Grant did, the admirable Navy supported him brilliantly. On April sixteen,
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  Speaker 1: it ran the Vicksburg batteries in an hour and forty minutes.
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  Speaker 1: In six days, the transports followed, and Vicksburg beheld the
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  Speaker 1: army that had been sitting in the mud for so
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  Speaker 1: many weeks depart to return presently on its own side
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  Speaker 1: the river with a vengeance. Grant's arm was at length
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  Speaker 1: raised to strike. His first blow glanced at Grand Gulf,
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  Speaker 1: the southernmost defense of Vicksburg. But the next day he
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  Speaker 1: stood on the east shore, the tall defended baffling shore,
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  Speaker 1: which Secession had called its Gibraltar. To do this, he
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  Speaker 1: had had to come down the river to cross at Bruinsburg,
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  Speaker 1: some thirty one miles below Vicksburg. When this was a effected,
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  Speaker 1: I felt a degree of relief scarcely ever equalled, Since
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  Speaker 1: he says, I was on dry ground on the same
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  Speaker 1: side of the river with the enemy. He now maneuvered
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  Speaker 1: to deceive Pemberton, and easily did so. On May one,
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  Speaker 1: he won the Battle of Port Gibson. He next made
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  Speaker 1: his great decision to cut loose from his base of
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  Speaker 1: supplies and not inform Halleck until it was too late
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  Speaker 1: to stop him. When Sherman with several others strongly protested
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  Speaker 1: against this cutting loose from the base of supplies, the
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  Speaker 1: triumphant flash of daring and right judgment, which is Grant's
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  Speaker 1: highest claim to purely military greatness, the general listened, but
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  Speaker 1: went on with his plan, and now indeed he raised
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  Speaker 1: his arm and struck. On May seventeen, he had Pemberton
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  Speaker 1: pinned in Vicksburg and a telegram from Halleck order him
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  Speaker 1: to wait for General Banks. In six days, he had
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  Speaker 1: won four battles, prevented Johnston's joining Pemberton, and was now
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  Speaker 1: surrounding Vicksburg itself. After the bloody frontal attack of the
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  Speaker 1: twenty second, something he owned in later life to have
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  Speaker 1: been a mistake, he settled to a siege. We must
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  Speaker 1: remember that Pemberton had made many things easy for him.
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  Speaker 1: Pemberton was deceived by his preliminary maneuvers, Pemberton set about
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  Speaker 1: cutting him from his base. A week after he had
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  Speaker 1: no base, Pemberton divided his own strength instead of falling
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  Speaker 1: on him with the whole of it. When he was scattered,
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  Speaker 1: Pemberton ignored all of Johnston's better recommendations, ending by refusing
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  Speaker 1: the advice to let Vicksburg go and escape with his army.
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  Speaker 1: At least all these follies had been committed by Pemberton,
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  Speaker 1: but we must also remember that Grant new Pemyberton was
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  Speaker 1: the man to commit them and fought his campaign accordingly.
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  Speaker 1: And so on July fourth, eighteen sixty three, Vicksburg surrendered.
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  Speaker 1: Pemberton remained seated with his staff as Grant came up
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  Speaker 1: on their verandah, none of them seemed to have been
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  Speaker 1: of the metal that loses gracefully. But in the words
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  Speaker 1: of a gentleman, the Comte de Paris, as victory put
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  Speaker 1: Grant in a position to be indifferent to this, he
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  Speaker 1: affected not to notice it, and, addressing Pemberton, asked him
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  Speaker 1: how many rations were needed for his army. Consideration for
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  Speaker 1: people in distress was after the fact of surrender. His
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  Speaker 1: first thought here, as it had been at Donelson, and
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  Speaker 1: with the same humane watchfulness, when he presently discovered a
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  Speaker 1: Mississippi steamboat captain overcharging his men and officers going home
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  Speaker 1: on furlough, he compelled the excess to be refunded. I
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  Speaker 1: will teach them, He said, that the men who have
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  Speaker 1: periled their lives to open the Mississippi River for their
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  Speaker 1: benefit cannot be imposed upon with impunity. So Pemberton surrendered
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  Speaker 1: Vicksburg to Grant in a sulky temper, and proceeded to
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  Speaker 1: write articles proving Johnston was to blame. On the day before,
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  Speaker 1: the noble and defeated Lee was saying to a Confederate brother,
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  Speaker 1: never mind, General, all this has been my fault. It
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  Speaker 1: is I that have lost this fight, and you must
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  Speaker 1: help me out of it the best way you can.
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  Speaker 1: For on the preceding day, July third, eighteen sixty three,
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  Speaker 1: the Union had won Gettysburg. On this day of Vicksburg's surrender,
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  Speaker 1: Lee began his retreat. Had two separate nations been at
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  Speaker 1: war here, they would have stopped. But one piece of
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  Speaker 1: a nation was trying to separate itself from the rest,
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  Speaker 1: and the rest had to follow it and wholly crush it.
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  Speaker 1: This necessity was clearly seen then by no one so
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  Speaker 1: much as by General Grant, often the West, by himself.
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  Speaker 1: His clear, strong mind had grasped it, and every blow
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  Speaker 1: he struck was to this end. And every council that
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  Speaker 1: he gave the North began to feel this huge force.
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  Speaker 1: Resting for the moment on the banks of the now
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  Speaker 1: open Mississippi, it looked away from Virginia, scraped raw with
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  Speaker 1: the vain pendulum of advance and retreat, to Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Vicksburg.
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  Speaker 1: Here it saw no pendulum, but an advance as sure,
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  Speaker 1: if as slow as fate. Therefore, Grant's name began to
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  Speaker 1: be spoken with a different sound, and a Southern newspaper
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  Speaker 1: perceived in him the largest threat to Confederate armies. It
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  Speaker 1: called him the bee which has really stung our flanks.
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  Speaker 1: So long after Donaldson Grant had written, Sherman, I feel
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  Speaker 1: under many obligations to you for the kind terms of
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  Speaker 1: your letter, and hope that should an opportunity occur, you
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  Speaker 1: will earn for yourself that promotion which you are kind
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  Speaker 1: enough to say belongs to me. I care nothing for
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  Speaker 1: promotion so long as our armies are successful, and no
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  Speaker 1: political appointments are made. He did not now relish the
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  Speaker 1: suggestion of his being ordered to the Potomac, which first
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  Speaker 1: came to him at this time. He wrote, my going
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  Speaker 1: could do no possible good. They have their able officers
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  Speaker 1: who have been brought up with that army. Meanwhile, Vicksburg
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  Speaker 1: had made him a major general in the regular Army.
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  Speaker 1: Lincoln had written him his hearty personal thanks, and the
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  Speaker 1: cause of the Union had brightened at home and abroad.
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  Speaker 1: The London Times and Saturday Review had lately been quoting
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  Speaker 1: the Bible as sanction for slavery for England. Dearly loves
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  Speaker 1: the Bible. But now many voices in London became sure
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  Speaker 1: that slavery was wicked for England. Dearly love's success. Grant
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  Speaker 1: was more pestered than ever now with Jews and other traders,
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  Speaker 1: as he wrote Chase on July twenty one, in a
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  Speaker 1: trade whatsoever with the rebellious states is weakening to us.
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  Speaker 1: It will be made the means of supplying the enemy
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  Speaker 1: with what they want. His sound sense, however, could not
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  Speaker 1: wholly prevail against the politicians. One would gladly dwell upon
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  Speaker 1: the story of the Cotton, historically important and romantic in detail.
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  Speaker 1: How for one example, a determined and beautiful lady with
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  Speaker 1: her French maid, spent some six weeks on board a
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  Speaker 1: certain flagship and came triumphant away, bringing all the cotton
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  Speaker 1: she wanted, and leaving all the reputation she had. But
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  Speaker 1: we must go on to Chattanooga again. As in the
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  Speaker 1: preceding year, Grant felt that one aggressive blow struck should
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  Speaker 1: be followed up by another, and Hallock again rejected the notion.
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  Speaker 1: Once more, the gathered army was dispersed on various errands
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  Speaker 1: of secondary importance, and once more the railroad of last
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  Speaker 1: year was solemnly ordered to be repaired, this time by Sherman.
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  Speaker 1: In September, a fall from his horse in New Orleans
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  Speaker 1: confined Grant to his bed for twenty one days. While
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  Speaker 1: he was still in bed, General Rosecrans, after preliminary success
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  Speaker 1: in Tennessee, got himself into the gravest difficulties at the
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  Speaker 1: Battle of Chickamauga, where, but for the splendid fight that
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  Speaker 1: Thomas made the second day, he would certainly have been
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  Speaker 1: destroyed by General Bragg. As it was, the Union forces
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  Speaker 1: escaped and retired into Chattanooga. The army could no longer
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  Speaker 1: attack very soon it could no longer retreat. Order was nowhere,
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  Speaker 1: and starvation was approaching. Jefferson Davis visited Bragg during this time, and,
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  Speaker 1: looking down from a rock upon the beleaguered, helpless army,
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  Speaker 1: felt much natural joy. Like Donaldson, like Vicksburg, like Corinth,
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  Speaker 1: Chattanooga also was a vital strategic point, a mountain funnel,
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  Speaker 1: the only one through which the Southwest could send supplies
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  Speaker 1: to Lee. One coherent plan for relieving the starvation General
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  Speaker 1: Rosecrans evidently had, and to carry it out he was
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  Speaker 1: going to employ Hooker's command at this time, sent to
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  Speaker 1: reinforce him. It involved bridging the Tennessee River, thereby to
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  Speaker 1: acquire the use of an approach not commanded by the enemy.
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  Speaker 1: To state what geographical precision this plan had reached in
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  Speaker 1: the mind of General Rosecrans involves a question of accuracy
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  Speaker 1: between his memory and the memory of General W. F. Smith, Both,
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  Speaker 1: with some acrimony, have claimed the glory of thinking of it,
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  Speaker 1: and upon this point the official records are not quite specific,
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  Speaker 1: but the glory of doing it, and doing it to
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  Speaker 1: perfection is certainly General Smith. Enough has been said to
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  Speaker 1: remind the reader that we are walking here as everywhere
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  Speaker 1: upon the treacherous embers of controversy twice in September. Grant,
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  Speaker 1: still in bed, had sent Rosecran's assistance. On October tenth,
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  Speaker 1: he received a summons to Caroe and hobbled off on
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  Speaker 1: the same day from Cairo. On the seventeenth, he was
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  Speaker 1: ordered to Louisville, and on the way met the Secretary
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  Speaker 1: of War, who placed him in command of the newly
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  Speaker 1: created Military Division of the Mississippi. Matters were desperate at Chattanooga.
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  Speaker 1: Rains had melted the country to mere, and ten thousand
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  Speaker 1: horses and mules were dead of hunger. October nineteenth, Rosecran
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  Speaker 1: started with Smith down the river to view the best
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  Speaker 1: place for the intended bridge to open a better avenue
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  Speaker 1: of supplies. Rosecran stopped at the hospital when Smith reported
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  Speaker 1: from his inspection of the shore down the river, he
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  Speaker 1: found the general relieved by Grant and Thomas in his place.
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  Speaker 1: Next day, Grant, still very lame, began his journey from
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  Speaker 1: Louisville to Chattanooga by train on horseback, through the washed
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  Speaker 1: out mountains and carried in dangerous places because of his injury.
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  Speaker 1: He reached Chattanooga the night of the twenty third, wet,
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  Speaker 1: dirty and well, as Dana's literary pen wrote, stanton and
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  Speaker 1: forthwith order began to shape itself from formlessness. Grant's enemies
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  Speaker 1: say he had nothing to do with it, that it
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  Speaker 1: would have come without him. To this, there is a
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  Speaker 1: sufficient answer, it did come with him. Guessing what might
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  Speaker 1: have been helps history no better than the post mortem
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  Speaker 1: cures the patient. And in truth these critics are preposterous.
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  Speaker 1: Earth has not anything more childish than a military man
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  Speaker 1: airing a grievance. That night, Grant listened and asked questions
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  Speaker 1: of the officers. These felt that somebody had come among them.
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  Speaker 1: He was delighted with the scheme for the new avenue
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  Speaker 1: of supplies, which General Smith explained to him, and his
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  Speaker 1: mind was all also filled with plans for aggression. After
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  Speaker 1: all these days of passive defense, he must have seemed
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  Speaker 1: to Thomas and the rest of that company like the
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  Speaker 1: flood tide after the ebb. Next day he went to
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  Speaker 1: see where Smith was going to open the road. That
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  Speaker 1: night he wrote leaf after leaf of despatches, brief, forcible, unambiguous,
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  Speaker 1: and with scarcely a change of a word or a
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  Speaker 1: pause to choose one. For such was his great power
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  Speaker 1: in this matter of writing what he had to say.
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  Speaker 1: He ordered up Sherman from Corinth, where Halleck's railroad building
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  Speaker 1: was Delaying that general, he sent reassuring messages to Halleck
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  Speaker 1: about Burnside, who was threatened in East Tennessee. As we
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  Speaker 1: think of him during these days, reeling off orders and
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  Speaker 1: pulling the scattered shreds of mismanagement together, he seems like
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  Speaker 1: a quietly spinning dynamo, which, silent and unnoticed in a
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  Speaker 1: small house, supplies the current that drives a great system
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  Speaker 1: of moving wheels. At midnight on the twenty seventh, General
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  Speaker 1: Smith began, and at ten next morning brilliantly finished his
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  Speaker 1: opening of the new road. It was the first stroke
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  Speaker 1: of salvation for Chattanooga. That night, the enemy under Longstreet
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  Speaker 1: fought Hooker on Lookout Mountain to retrieve this loss, but failed.
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  Speaker 1: The dynamo continued steadily spinning destruction for Bragg, who now
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  Speaker 1: did a foolish thing. He sent twenty thousand men away
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  Speaker 1: under Longstreet to attack Burnside. At this Grant nearly did
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  Speaker 1: a foolish thing himself. He ordered an assault, but Tomas
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  Speaker 1: saved him from this error. All the while Sherman with
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  Speaker 1: his army was coming nearer. Swollen waters and deep walking
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  Speaker 1: clockogged their struggling march, and the battle was put off
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  Speaker 1: for them. At length. Bragg, from his heights saw them
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  Speaker 1: prowling in the heavy country across the river, thought they
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  Speaker 1: were going to help Burnside, and forthwith despatched more help
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  Speaker 1: to Long Street. And now the reader must see the
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  Speaker 1: shape of the country. Let him think of a theater,
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  Speaker 1: and stand on the stage, and look at the house.
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  Speaker 1: On the stage. He is in Chattanooga, with the river
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  Speaker 1: and mountains behind him, and Sherman creeping behind them. In
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  Speaker 1: the house sits Bragg. All around the balcony. A valley
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  Speaker 1: cuts the balcony in the middle, but Brag from both
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  Speaker 1: sides commands it as if the horseshoe were not split.
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  Speaker 1: At the right end of the balcony is lookout mountain
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  Speaker 1: like a stage box. The box opposite is the north
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  Speaker 1: end of Missionary Ridge, and the whole left side of
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  Speaker 1: the balcony is part of the same ridge. Bragg holds
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  Speaker 1: them all. His center is up on the left side
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  Speaker 1: of the balcony. His two wings are the two stage
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  Speaker 1: boxes that look at each other across the valley. He
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  Speaker 1: also holds a position in the middle of the parquet
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  Speaker 1: called Orchard Knob. The parquet is Chattanooga Valley. To attack Brag,
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  Speaker 1: there is a choice, go at the center, cut him
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  Speaker 1: in two and beat the stage boxes separately, or get
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  Speaker 1: around behind the boxes and attack both, so that one
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  Speaker 1: cannot go to help the other. But the center was
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  Speaker 1: a straight climb up into the face of the enemy,
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  Speaker 1: and Grant determined upon the boxes. The left hand box,
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  Speaker 1: the north end of Missionary Ridge was to be the
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  Speaker 1: main affair, and Sherman was to conduct it. He was
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  Speaker 1: to creep round and there turned Bragg's flank, while Hooker
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  Speaker 1: was to turn the other flank on Lookout Mountain. Thus
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  Speaker 1: Sherman might cut Bragg from his base, which lay less
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  Speaker 1: than a mile behind that part of Missionary Ridge. Bragg
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  Speaker 1: never suspected this could happen. Sherman had crept out of
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  Speaker 1: sight gone to Burnside, he supposed, and the Union troops
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  Speaker 1: seemed to him from his balcony to be thinking of
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  Speaker 1: his center and of Lookout Mountain opposite. So he did
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  Speaker 1: not much fortify the precious north end of Missionary Ridge.
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  Speaker 1: He was doing precisely what Grant maneuvered for, but Chattanooga
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  Speaker 1: is one of the great battles that melt to a
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  Speaker 1: new shape in the very hands of their sculptors. On Friday,
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  Speaker 1: November twenty, a day of heavy falling rain, Bragg sent
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  Speaker 1: word to Grant, as there may still be some noncombatants
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  Speaker 1: in Chattanooga. I deemman it proper to notify you that
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  Speaker 1: prudence would dictate their early withdrawal. I did not know
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  Speaker 1: what the intended deception was, says Grant. Meanwhile, no battle
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  Speaker 1: could begin until Sherman had wholly crept round behind that
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  Speaker 1: left hand box, a direful work in the mud, with
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  Speaker 1: a bridge thirteen hundred and fifty feet long to build,
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  Speaker 1: and build noiselessly. On Sunday, a deserter reported that Bragg
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  Speaker 1: was falling back. Perhaps he was going against Burnside himself.
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  Speaker 1: If so, he should not get away without some trouble,
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  Speaker 1: at least Therefore, on Monday, the little trouble occurred. Upon
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  Speaker 1: his balcony, Bragg saw going on down in the parquet
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  Speaker 1: what he supposed to be a dress parade of the
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  Speaker 1: Union troops. Suddenly they rushed. The parade blossomed into a
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  Speaker 1: sharp encounter, and before the Southern troops well knew what
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  Speaker 1: it meant. They had lost Orchard Knob, so the Union
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  Speaker 1: was a mile nearer to the rising land at the
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  Speaker 1: foot of Missionary Ridge. Bragg showed his strength on top,
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  Speaker 1: and then Grant knew that he was not retreating. Orchard
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  Speaker 1: Knob was now strengthened with artillery. Bragg was frightened and
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  Speaker 1: took troops away from Lookout Mountain across to the other side,
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  Speaker 1: where the unseen Sherman was approaching. Through that night, Sherman
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  Speaker 1: came out from the concealing hills upon the river, dropped
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  Speaker 1: silently down the river on the bridge. Boats caught all
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  Speaker 1: the rebel river packets but one, and by dawn began
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  Speaker 1: his noiseless bridge of thirteen hundred feet, which General Smith
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  Speaker 1: finished by noon. By one he was marching to the
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  Speaker 1: foot of the ridge in a drizzling rain, hidden by
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  Speaker 1: clouds from the enemy's watch across the theater on Lookout Mountain.
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  Speaker 1: By this Tuesday night he was upon his end of
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  Speaker 1: Missionary Ridge and for the first time saw a gap
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  Speaker 1: splitting him from the rest of the ridge. That retarding
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  Speaker 1: gap greatly changed the battle's intended shape, so much for Sherman.
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  Speaker 1: On Tuesday, on the left and of Chapter five, Part three,