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Utilitarianism
Imagine a world where the worth of every law, every custom, and every punishment is weighed, not by tradition, but by how much happiness or suffering it creates. What if morality itself could be measured, calculated, even audited like a merchant’s ledger?In eighteenth-century Britain, this was not just a fantasy—it was the ground for a revolution in ethics. Britain pulsed with counting: merchant cargoes, parliamentary votes, and the balance sheets of the Treasury. Into this climate stepped Jeremy Bentham, born in seventeen forty-eight, who looked at old institutions and saw not venerable…
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