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Germany · 1001 Questions and Answers on General History

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  Chapter eleven of one thousand and one Questions and Answers on General History. This
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  is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For
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  more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. One thousand and
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  one Questions and Answers on General History by Benjamin Hathaway, Germany. One.
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  When and how was the Empire of Charlemagne divided? After the Battle of Fontanet,
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  in which the sons of Charlemagne fought with each other over the vast inheritance
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  left by him, the empire was divided into three portions, France, Germany
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  and Italy, and Germany was assigned to Louis eight forty three. Two What
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  happened when the Carolingian race became extinct? The diet or Great Council, consisting
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  of the provincial ruler and the dignitaries of the church, assumed the right of
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  electing the emperor, subject to the Pope's confirmation, by whom alone he could
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  be crowned. Three. What races occupied Germany Franks, Saxons, Bavarians and
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  Swabians. Four What was the difference between France and Germany in the growth of
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  the monarchy. In France, the crown gradually absorbed the different fiefs and formed
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  one powerful kingdom, while in Germany the states continued jealous, disunited, and
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  often hostile. Five Who were the first rulers of Germany? Conrad, Duke
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  of the Franks, And after a troubled reign, he named with singular nobleness
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  Henry of Saxony, his chief enemy as his successor. Six What was the
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  great event of his life? Reign? An eruption of the Madjars or Hungarians,
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  a barbarous tribe. He and his son Otto the first defeated them in
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  two great battles, and they settled down peaceably, and by the year one
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  thousand became Christian. Seven What did Henry do to protect the people against their
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  barbarous enemies? He founded walled towns and built fortresses, around which villages soon
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  grew up. Eight How did the burgher class arise from this? He ordered
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  every ninth man to live in one of these burghs. As the fortresses were
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  styled, which gave them the name of Burgher. They became the great support
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  of the crown in the disputes with the nobles. Nine How long did the
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  Saxon dynasty last through the tenth century. Ten. What ruler of this dynasty
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  was especially notable Otto the Great nine thirty six to nine seventy three. He
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  held the German tribes together and also subdued Italy, being crowned by the Pope
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  Emperor of the West eleven? What did this re establish the Holy Roman Empire?
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  Twelve? What effect did this have on Germany? While the emperors were
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  absent for years, sometimes protecting their Italian interests, the dukes and counts at
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  home were becoming sovereign princes, and Germany, instead of growing into a united
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  nation, remained a group of almost independent states. Thirteen. What dynasty ruled
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  during the eleventh century the Franconian Dynastyti. What was the notable event of the
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  reign of Henry the Fourth ten fifty six to eleven O six His contest with
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  Pope Gregory the seventh fifteen? Who was Pope Gregory and what was his aim?
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  Hildebrand son of a poor carpenter, monk of Clooney and confidential adviser of
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  five popes. He was resolved to reform the church and make it supreme over
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  the civil power. Sixteen. How was Henry the Fourth humiliated resisting the pope,
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  he was excommunicated and the German princes threatened to elect a new king.
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  He sought the forgiveness of the Pope and was forced to stand barefoot on the
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  frosty earth at Canosa three days before he was allowed to enter the castle and
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  receive the kiss of peace seventeen What dynasty ruled during the twelfth and half of
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  the thirteenth century, the hoen Staufen dynasty eighteen Who was the first king Conrad
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  the third of Swabia nineteen for what is his reign noted for the beginning of
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  the civil wars between the papal and imperial parties, called, respectively, the
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  Guelfs and the Gabellians. These contests harassed Germany and Italy for nearly three centuries.
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  Twenty Who was the most powerful emperor of the Hoenstaufen dynasty, Frederic Barbarossa
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  Redbeard eleven fifty two to eleven ninety twenty one, with whom did he engage
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  in contest with the cities of northern Italy that claimed the rights of republic blocks
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  Although at first defeated, they subsequently triumphed, and the emperor submitted to the
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  demands of the pope Twenty two. What was Frederick obliged to do in order
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  to be crowned emperor to hold the pope's stirrup? Twenty three? What was
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  the great interregnum? The twenty years that succeeded the reign of Conrad the Fourth,
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  the last Hoenstaufen King. German patriotism sank so low that at one time
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  the crown was offered to the highest bidder Twenty four Who was finally chosen King
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  Count Rudolph of Habsburg twelve seventy three to twelve ninety one. He was a
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  brave, noble hearted man who sought to restore order, punished the robber knights,
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  and abolish private wars Twenty five Who were the electors the leading princes who
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  had usurped the right of choosing the king? Twenty six What influence did the
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  cities have in the Middle Ages? They formed a powerful restraint upon the feudal
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  lords. As there was perpetual war between the cities and the nobles, the
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  former were compelled to ally themselves for mutual protection. Twenty seven What was the
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  Hanseatic League? A league of over eighty cities that had its own fleets and
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  armies, and was respected by foreign kings. It attained its highest prosperity in
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  the fourteenth century. Twenty eight. What line came into power in the latter
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  half of the thirteenth century the Habsburg or Austrian line. Twenty nine. What
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  was the Golden Bull A decree issued thirteen fifty six by Charles of the House
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  of Habsburg determining the prerogatives and powers of the electors and the mode of election.
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  This made the electors the most powerful persons in the Empire and perpetuated the
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  divisions of Germany. Thirty What did Charles the fourth found the first University of
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  Germany at Prague. It became so famous as soon to number seven thousand students.
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  Thirty one What was the Council of Constance? A council called by the
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  Emperor Sigismund to settle the dispute between three different claimants for the papal chair.
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  Eighteen thousand clergymen, including cardinals and bishops, with a vast concourse of learned
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  men, knights and ambassadors from the Christian powers were present. Thirty two.
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  Who was summoned to appear before it? And why? John Bus rector of
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  the University of Prague, having attacked certain doctrines of the church. Thirty three
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  How was he treated? He came under a safe conduct from the Emperor and
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  was then tried, convicted of heresy and burned at the stake fourteen fifteen Thirty
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  four? What became of his ashes? They were thrown into the rhine to
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  prevent his followers from gathering them. Thirty five Who shared his fate the next
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  year? Jerome of Prague his friend and disciple Thirty six to what did this
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  lead? A furious war of sixteen years, in the first part of which
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  the Bohemians or Hussites were led by the famous John Ziska. They defeated the
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  armies of Sigismund in many battles. Thirty seven How did the hoen Zolern house
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  come into power? Sigismund, being in want of money, sold Brandenburg and
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  its electoral dignity for four hundred thousand gold florins to Frederick, Count of Hohenzoleern.
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  Thirty eight. What throne do his descendants occupy today? The throne of
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  Prussia? Thirty nine What was the first diet of Verms? A council summoned
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  by Maximilian fourteen ninety five. It decreed a perpetual peace, abolished the right
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  of private war, and establish the Imperial Chamber of Justice forty What was the
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  Aulick Council, a court of appeal from the lower courts in Germany founded by
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  the Emperor forty one? What did the reign of Maximilion mark the end of
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  the Middle Ages? This month is known in German history as the Last of
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  the Knights forty two? What great religious movement was begun under the reign of
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  Maximilian the Reformation? Forty three? Who was the foremost leader in it?
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  Martin Luther? He preached against the doctrines of the Church of Rome and awakened
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  intense excitement throughout Germany forty four. Who succeeded Maximilian his grandson, Charles the
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  Fifth, one of the greatest monarchs of ancient or modern times? Forty five?
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  How did he treat Luther? He summoned him to answer for heresy at
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  the Diet of Vermes fifteen twenty one, and as Luther would not recant,
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  he was denounced as a heretic, and he and his supporters were put under
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  the ban of the Empire Forty six. Why were the la Lutherans called Protestants
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  When the Catholics passed a decree forbidding any further change in religion. The Lutherans
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  formally protested against this action, from which they were called Protestants Forty seven.
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  What was the next important event in the history of Germany the Thirty Years War,
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  which was begun in sixteen eighteen in Bohemia on account of the attempt of
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  King Ferdinand to extinguish Protestantism in his dominions. Forty eight What was the result
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  of this war? The religious independence of the Protestant states was established, Holland
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  and Switzerland were made free, and the German Empire stripped of its ancient power
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  and splendor. The name German Emperor was henceforth merely an empty title of the
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  Austrian rulers. Forty nine. What action was taken by the Congress of Vienna
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  after Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo? A German confederation of thirty nine states was formed.
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  A permanent diet was to sit at frankfort On, Maine, Austria having
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  its presidency. Fifty When was the monarchy re established in eighteen forty eight when
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  Frederick William the Fourth put himself forward as the leader of the movement for German
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  unity. He was supported by the army, and finally a new constitution with
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  a limited suffrage was granted. Fifty one What were Prussia and Austria each striving
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  for the leadership in Germany? And it was only settled by a seven weeks
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  war in eighteen sixty six in which Austria was defeated and shut out of Germany.
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  Fifty two When was Germany finally united? In eighteen seventy one, when
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  King William was proclaimed Emperor of Germany in the Palace of Versailles during the Siege
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  of Paris. End of Chapter eleven. End of one thousand and one Questions
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  and Answers on General History by Benjamin Hathaway.