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How Ebola Works · Stuff You Should Know

• 0:00
  Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you should Know from house stuff Works
• 0:04
  Speaker 1: dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark,
• 0:13
  Speaker 1: and there's Charles W. Chuck Bryant, and Jerry in our
• 0:16
  Speaker 1: germ free sealed off recording booth in Atlanta. I assume
• 0:20
  Speaker 1: this is isolated. Yeah, I don't think it's a biological
• 0:25
  Speaker 1: safety level four. Then you would you say maybe three?
• 0:30
  Speaker 1: I don't know. I think we're probably zero. Have you
• 0:32
  Speaker 1: ever been to the CDC? Now, um, they have you
• 0:36
  Speaker 1: can go into their lobby. There's like a lobby museum,
• 0:39
  Speaker 1: a couple of stories with a lot of interacting, interactive
• 0:42
  Speaker 1: exhibits and um you me and I went and she
• 0:45
  Speaker 1: tried on one of those biological safety level four suits.
• 0:48
  Speaker 1: Oh yeah, yeah. I got a very cute picture of
• 0:50
  Speaker 1: her in one. They probably swallowed her up. Yeah, they
• 0:54
  Speaker 1: had extra small. I think I have one size. Yeah,
• 0:57
  Speaker 1: it was just kind of drooping down. But it's a
• 1:00
  Speaker 1: really neat museum. If you're ever in Atlanta, I strongly
• 1:03
  Speaker 1: recommend going to the CDC. Yeah I'm gonna wait. Well,
• 1:07
  Speaker 1: not that I'm paranoid, because we'll talk about how you
• 1:09
  Speaker 1: can get ebola, but it's still uh, you know, I'll
• 1:12
  Speaker 1: just I'll just wait. I don't really blame you. Yeah,
• 1:14
  Speaker 1: I mean those two patients. There are two patients in
• 1:17
  Speaker 1: Atlanta right now for those of you who have been
• 1:19
  Speaker 1: under a rock lately, UM, who are being treated for bola,
• 1:23
  Speaker 1: apparently successfully through a UM at the time, an unapproved
• 1:28
  Speaker 1: drug um or therapy, i should say. And they're at Emory,
• 1:33
  Speaker 1: though they're not at the CDC. The CDC is only
• 1:37
  Speaker 1: dangerous because you know they keep antraks and unlocked refrigerators
• 1:40
  Speaker 1: and that kind of thing. Yeah, and hey, we want
• 1:42
  Speaker 1: to thank Jerry for speeding this one through. Uh we
• 1:45
  Speaker 1: got a lot of requests to do this, obviously because
• 1:47
  Speaker 1: it's timely, and uh we waited a week and there's
• 1:50
  Speaker 1: been some new developments and there will be more in
• 1:53
  Speaker 1: the coming weeks obviously. But um, we're recording this today
• 1:56
  Speaker 1: and it's coming on on Thursday, and like it's Tuesday,
• 1:59
  Speaker 1: Today's yeah, so bam, it's dropping, that's right. Um. So
• 2:05
  Speaker 1: there's people in Atlanta with ebola right now, and those
• 2:09
  Speaker 1: people came from Liberia. There are a couple of missionaries
• 2:12
  Speaker 1: and they were flown back to America to be kept
• 2:15
  Speaker 1: in isolation units in Emery with controversy surrounding that move. Well, yeah,
• 2:19
  Speaker 1: because if you're a utilitarian philosopher, that was a monstrously
• 2:24
  Speaker 1: stupid thing to do, to voluntarily bring ebola into the
• 2:27
  Speaker 1: United States. Yes, and you you there's a good chance
• 2:30
  Speaker 1: that you will save the lives of two people, but
• 2:32
  Speaker 1: you also threaten the lives of several hundred million people
• 2:36
  Speaker 1: who may not have ever otherwise been exposed to the virus.
• 2:39
  Speaker 1: So I'm not one for like panic and especially not
• 2:42
  Speaker 1: fomenting panic. Um. But just if you if you understand
• 2:47
  Speaker 1: utilitarian philosophy, it doesn't make any sense whatsoever. But we're
• 2:51
  Speaker 1: compassionate humans, not robots, so utilitarian philosophy doesn't usually go
• 2:56
  Speaker 1: over that. Well have you seen Contagion? Yeah, I think
• 3:00
  Speaker 1: we've talked about that on the show. Reading all this
• 3:02
  Speaker 1: stuff really like, Solderberg kind of nailed it. Yeah, he did.
• 3:06
  Speaker 1: And uh, I believe in that movie it became airborne though,
• 3:10
  Speaker 1: which is was it a bowler in the movie? Well, no,
• 3:12
  Speaker 1: I don't think they was something similar. Yeah, I don't
• 3:15
  Speaker 1: even think they named it because so they could take
• 3:17
  Speaker 1: a little bit of fictional license, or maybe they named it,
• 3:20
  Speaker 1: but I don't think it's a Bola but you know,
• 3:22
  Speaker 1: started with a fruit bat and you know transferred. We'll
• 3:25
  Speaker 1: get to all that stuff. Yeah, that one scene where
• 3:27
  Speaker 1: Gwyneth Paltrow is that fruit bat on her face and
• 3:29
  Speaker 1: she can't get it off. Very scary movie though, Man
• 3:33
  Speaker 1: it is Outbreak was pretty good too. I haven't seen
• 3:36
  Speaker 1: it in many, many years, but I liked it at
• 3:38
  Speaker 1: the time. It's all right, it was okay, not as
• 3:43
  Speaker 1: good as Contagion. Dustin Hoffman plays an epidemiologist like no other. Okay,
• 3:49
  Speaker 1: so let's get down to it. Man, let's talk about
• 3:51
  Speaker 1: a bull. It's uh, as far as discovery goes, it's
• 3:55
  Speaker 1: a relatively new player on the deadly virus infects a scene. Yeah,
• 4:01
  Speaker 1: I guess we should go back to nineteen seventy six. Um.
• 4:03
  Speaker 1: It's actually named for and I didn't know this, the
• 4:05
  Speaker 1: Evola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which UM
• 4:10
  Speaker 1: imagined that river didn't see a lot of traffic anymore
• 4:13
  Speaker 1: with that name. But it has nothing to do with
• 4:16
  Speaker 1: the fact that they discovered it in the river or
• 4:18
  Speaker 1: anything like that. It's just the region. Yeah, and at
• 4:20
  Speaker 1: the time that country was known as Zaire And even
• 4:24
  Speaker 1: still there's a strain of Ebola known as zaire type ebola,
• 4:28
  Speaker 1: and it's the deadliest of all. Yeah. Each of the
• 4:31
  Speaker 1: five strains are named for the origin country or area.
• 4:35
  Speaker 1: And uh. In this case, a man named Mabolo Um
• 4:39
  Speaker 1: sought treatment for a fever in nineteen seventy six. Uh.
• 4:43
  Speaker 1: They thought it was malaria, which a lot of times
• 4:45
  Speaker 1: they still mistake it from malaria or other diseases. So
• 4:48
  Speaker 1: they treated him with a shot of quinine and said,
• 4:51
  Speaker 1: this should make you feel better. Let me reuse that
• 4:53
  Speaker 1: needle because of sire and we're underfunded medically speaking. And
• 4:58
  Speaker 1: uh that of course sprea. And before you know it,
• 5:01
  Speaker 1: relatives friends after performing burial rituals where they have close
• 5:06
  Speaker 1: contact with bodily remains and fluids, people started dropping like flies.
• 5:13
  Speaker 1: It's really scary. There's so and then that was they
• 5:16
  Speaker 1: think he was patient zero. At the very least, he
• 5:18
  Speaker 1: was an index patient, which is the patient zero is
• 5:23
  Speaker 1: like the first person to ever contract it, and an
• 5:26
  Speaker 1: index person is the first person in an outbreak. I
• 5:29
  Speaker 1: believe it's possible that Maballo is both. He could be
• 5:33
  Speaker 1: patient zero and the index patient for that particular outbreak,
• 5:36
  Speaker 1: but the patient zero for all of ebola. Yeah, and
• 5:39
  Speaker 1: in this case, in of the three and fifty eight
• 5:43
  Speaker 1: people died and uh, it's kind of a near simultaneous
• 5:48
  Speaker 1: outbreak happened in Sudan, and of the two and eighty
• 5:53
  Speaker 1: four died in Sudan, which is pretty good because it
• 5:55
  Speaker 1: generally kills about Okay, so that's Sudan type bola. It's
• 6:00
  Speaker 1: less deadly than Zaire type of bola. Game, yes, but
• 6:04
  Speaker 1: even still you're talking it's way better than But consider this, chuck,
• 6:09
  Speaker 1: I looked this up. You know, the influenza um of uh,
• 6:15
  Speaker 1: the Spanish flu, I think is what it's frequently Back then,
• 6:20
  Speaker 1: there something like I think twenty million to forty million
• 6:24
  Speaker 1: people died in one year across the world. Wow. Okay,
• 6:29
  Speaker 1: the the average life expectancy in the US dropped by
• 6:33
  Speaker 1: ten years that one year because of that one flu.
• 6:36
  Speaker 1: It had a mortality rate of only two point five percent.
• 6:40
  Speaker 1: I bola has a mortality rate of n Well. Yeah,
• 6:44
  Speaker 1: that's why it's so frightening, because if it became airborne
• 6:48
  Speaker 1: or aerosol and widespread, it's could eradicate, like the planet,
• 6:53
  Speaker 1: pretty much of human being. Luckily, it's only been shown
• 6:56
  Speaker 1: to be able to spread via aerosol, like through the
• 6:59
  Speaker 1: air among monkeys. That's kind of cold comfort though if
• 7:03
  Speaker 1: you think about it, because we can get it from monkeys,
• 7:06
  Speaker 1: and if monkeys can give it to each other like that,
• 7:08
  Speaker 1: then who that's terrible. That's bad stuff. The reason why
• 7:13
  Speaker 1: they think a bola has not spread as one because
• 7:17
  Speaker 1: you can't catch it through the air, but also kind
• 7:20
  Speaker 1: of chillingly, it kills people too fast for them to
• 7:23
  Speaker 1: infect that many other people. One of the problems and
• 7:26
  Speaker 1: you you you've mentioned it in that story about Maballa
• 7:29
  Speaker 1: patient zero or at least the index patient from ninety six.
• 7:34
  Speaker 1: UM in Central Africa, there are a lot of burial
• 7:40
  Speaker 1: customs that require, like you said, the family and friends
• 7:43
  Speaker 1: of the deceased to wash the body sometimes to clean
• 7:48
  Speaker 1: the waste and food out of the body, and um
• 7:51
  Speaker 1: to not use protection or gloves or anything like that.
• 7:54
  Speaker 1: Like contact with the body is key, right, It's a
• 7:57
  Speaker 1: part of the ritual burial. And it's still it's like
• 8:00
  Speaker 1: even during this outbreak now you have like World Health
• 8:03
  Speaker 1: Organization people going from village to village saying do you
• 8:06
  Speaker 1: have any dead that we can take away to bury
• 8:07
  Speaker 1: and they're like, no, no one's died here, and they're
• 8:09
  Speaker 1: literally hiding the bodies because they don't want they're they're
• 8:14
  Speaker 1: deceased to not be honored in the way that they
• 8:16
  Speaker 1: should be based on custom and tradition. The problem is
• 8:19
  Speaker 1: that this custom and tradition is also simultaneously spreading the
• 8:23
  Speaker 1: Ebola virus. Yeah, I mean just something like that. If
• 8:27
  Speaker 1: they could just talk them into at least like wearing
• 8:28
  Speaker 1: gloves or something like, any little bit would help at
• 8:32
  Speaker 1: this point. Yeah. So, um, you said there's five types
• 8:36
  Speaker 1: of ebola. Yeah, I guess we should talk about the
• 8:39
  Speaker 1: philo virus family, because Ebola is a virus, and it
• 8:45
  Speaker 1: is a philo virus, which isn't that different from any
• 8:49
  Speaker 1: kind of kind of virus actually, but it is a
• 8:52
  Speaker 1: worm like particle that's described as hooked like a shepherd's
• 8:56
  Speaker 1: crook or a six or you. But you mentioned the
• 8:59
  Speaker 1: five ferent types and they're named after the region of
• 9:02
  Speaker 1: their origin, desire and pseudan strains that we talked about,
• 9:06
  Speaker 1: the Bunda Bugyo, the Thai forest formerly the code Duvoir,
• 9:12
  Speaker 1: and the rest In type as in rest in Virginia,
• 9:16
  Speaker 1: which is uh, you might think, yeah, but it's true. Yeah,
• 9:20
  Speaker 1: there was a shipment of crab eater monkeys that came
• 9:23
  Speaker 1: out of the Philippines, which is the origin of the
• 9:26
  Speaker 1: rest and type E bolavirus um. And they were sent
• 9:29
  Speaker 1: to U LAB, a testing facility in Rest in Virginia,
• 9:33
  Speaker 1: and um, a bunch of the monkeys started dying. Actually
• 9:36
  Speaker 1: two shipments I think of monkeys died from this. And
• 9:39
  Speaker 1: in the second shipment, some of the monkeys infected some
• 9:42
  Speaker 1: of the humans, and the humans contracted the virus, but
• 9:46
  Speaker 1: nobody showed symptoms. So we found out that the rest
• 9:49
  Speaker 1: and virus humans don't respond to. Yeah, it's not deadly
• 9:53
  Speaker 1: at this point at least, which is great. Um, it's great,
• 9:57
  Speaker 1: but when less deadly of bolivirus is definitely good. Yeah, seriously. Um.
• 10:02
  Speaker 1: All of the genetic information though from uh, the bola
• 10:06
  Speaker 1: is comes from RNA instead of DNA like US humans.
• 10:10
  Speaker 1: And it's really pretty basic. Compared to US, if we
• 10:12
  Speaker 1: have three billion base pairs of DNA, they're only about
• 10:15
  Speaker 1: nineteen thousand number of RNA and a philo virus, which
• 10:20
  Speaker 1: is uh, you know, it's pretty basic. Yeah, And the
• 10:23
  Speaker 1: RNA actually is basically like with any virus, it's just
• 10:27
  Speaker 1: there to say, here's the instructions to replicate me, and uh,
• 10:32
  Speaker 1: here you go. And they the virus. The Bola virus
• 10:36
  Speaker 1: spreads like any other virus, where it basically enters the cell.
• 10:40
  Speaker 1: It injects that RNA, which in turn hijacks the processes
• 10:43
  Speaker 1: of the cell and turns it from its regular duties
• 10:46
  Speaker 1: into becoming a replication machine for the virus. And it
• 10:51
  Speaker 1: turns out all of these UM, all of these different
• 10:54
  Speaker 1: virus particles viryons I think is what they're called UM,
• 10:58
  Speaker 1: and those things eventually overwhelmed the cell. And if it's
• 11:02
  Speaker 1: an enveloped UM virus like a Bola, that means that
• 11:07
  Speaker 1: the virus can go in and out of the cell
• 11:09
  Speaker 1: membrane because it's surrounded by like a fat, lipid coating UM.
• 11:15
  Speaker 1: It can go in and out of the host cell
• 11:17
  Speaker 1: without destroying the host cell. A naked virus goes in,
• 11:22
  Speaker 1: injects its stuff, it takes over the host cell, which
• 11:26
  Speaker 1: makes so many that the host cell just ruptures. And
• 11:28
  Speaker 1: then that's the way that the the other viruses are released.
• 11:32
  Speaker 1: With the bowl of virus, it just basically secretes in
• 11:35
  Speaker 1: a really gross way. But a cell that's been hijacked
• 11:38
  Speaker 1: secretes new UM BOWLA viruses. Yeah, and it uh, I
• 11:42
  Speaker 1: mean a lot of this is still a mystery that
• 11:44
  Speaker 1: we're figuring out, but they do know that it can
• 11:46
  Speaker 1: infect a lot of different types of cells, but mainly
• 11:49
  Speaker 1: attacks the immune system and then from there travels to
• 11:53
  Speaker 1: the lymph nodes and then the spleen and the liver
• 11:55
  Speaker 1: through the bloodstream, and once it's in those cells, it's
• 11:59
  Speaker 1: going to release a bunch of nasty chemicals. They think
• 12:02
  Speaker 1: it's related to the closest to the measles and the
• 12:04
  Speaker 1: momps actually, which um, all that stuff is helpful and
• 12:07
  Speaker 1: trying to figure out yours. So they think from what
• 12:11
  Speaker 1: they understand of the E. Boulavirus, Now, as you contracted
• 12:14
  Speaker 1: through contact with body fluids and it gets into your
• 12:17
  Speaker 1: mucous membranes or breaks in the skin, and once there
• 12:20
  Speaker 1: it shows a preference for immune cells. Like it goes
• 12:24
  Speaker 1: after talk about an aggressive virus. It goes after the
• 12:27
  Speaker 1: very cells that are meant to destroy it and it
• 12:30
  Speaker 1: messes with them. Depending on the type of cell, it'll
• 12:33
  Speaker 1: either make their function go hey wire, which accounts for
• 12:37
  Speaker 1: like a huge immune response, or it will shut down
• 12:42
  Speaker 1: like an immune cells defenses right, So it makes your
• 12:46
  Speaker 1: immune system go hey wire, but also prevents your immune
• 12:48
  Speaker 1: system from mounting a defense, which is why you're in
• 12:51
  Speaker 1: so much trouble if you contract a bowla because it
• 12:54
  Speaker 1: just goes after your immune system, and then once your
• 12:56
  Speaker 1: immune system is suppressed, Uh, it goes after other cells
• 13:00
  Speaker 1: like epithelial cells or endothelial cells, so like connective tissue
• 13:04
  Speaker 1: cells or um neurological cells, cells that line them the
• 13:10
  Speaker 1: interior of your blood vessels, which makes your blood vessels
• 13:12
  Speaker 1: weaken and start to bleed internally. Um. And it then
• 13:17
  Speaker 1: it like you said, it goes into your liver and
• 13:19
  Speaker 1: your spleen and just hijacks everything they're ultimately leading to
• 13:24
  Speaker 1: tissue damage and then organ failure. Yeah, that's how you
• 13:27
  Speaker 1: will eventually die as multi organ failure in shock. Um.
• 13:32
  Speaker 1: And you know you mentioned the the antibodies. That's typically
• 13:35
  Speaker 1: how they test for ebol anaus to looking for the
• 13:38
  Speaker 1: antibody instead of the virus. But like you mentioned, it
• 13:41
  Speaker 1: may have suppress the immune system such that they can't
• 13:44
  Speaker 1: even detect it. And the only test they have are
• 13:48
  Speaker 1: expensive and they're tough to transport, require machinery, So it's
• 13:53
  Speaker 1: not the kind of stuff that uh, they're sending over
• 13:56
  Speaker 1: to Western Central Africa for the most part. Yes, sadly,
• 13:59
  Speaker 1: so it makes it the fact that it's in um
• 14:03
  Speaker 1: often very remote locations, that the outbreaks have been kind
• 14:06
  Speaker 1: of um uh contained. I guess they've been relatively small.
• 14:13
  Speaker 1: Um I think something like people out of outbreaks since
• 14:20
  Speaker 1: nine Yes, I have three thousand cases in two thousand
• 14:25
  Speaker 1: deaths and that's up to the minute, like that it
• 14:27
  Speaker 1: includes this current outbreak. Yeah, this was like from three
• 14:30
  Speaker 1: hours ago. So that's I mean, that's if a lot
• 14:33
  Speaker 1: of people, especially if you live in Central or West Africa.
• 14:36
  Speaker 1: But if you're looking at the grand scheme of things,
• 14:38
  Speaker 1: especially for as virulent as this virus is, uh, that's
• 14:42
  Speaker 1: not that many people. So the fact that it's so
• 14:45
  Speaker 1: contagious that it's hard to get and that it's hard
• 14:47
  Speaker 1: to detect makes it very difficult to work on a bola,
• 14:51
  Speaker 1: work on a vaccine, work on a treatment for it,
• 14:55
  Speaker 1: that kind of thing. Well, and sadly, like I know
• 14:58
  Speaker 1: this isn't across the board, but pharmaceutical companies developed drugs
• 15:03
  Speaker 1: that will make them money. Uh, they're not in it
• 15:06
  Speaker 1: for curing the world of rare diseases that number in
• 15:10
  Speaker 1: the hundreds or low thousands. And basically there's it's it's
• 15:14
  Speaker 1: stuff to admit it, but there's not a market for
• 15:17
  Speaker 1: these vaccines, a money market, which is a big failure
• 15:21
  Speaker 1: for humanity. Yeah yeah, Well it takes the threatened life
• 15:26
  Speaker 1: of two American missionaries to really get the pharmaceutical industry going.
• 15:32
  Speaker 1: That's exactly what's happened. All right, Well, let's um take
• 15:35
  Speaker 1: a break here and then we'll talk about some of
• 15:36
  Speaker 1: the actual symptoms right after this message. Okay, you're gonna
• 15:50
  Speaker 1: know if you have ebola. Well, actually you won't know
• 15:53
  Speaker 1: for a little while. It's what's kind of scary, is
• 15:55
  Speaker 1: it may it may think it's something else, but when
• 15:57
  Speaker 1: it enters your body, Uh, it's gonna kind of just
• 16:00
  Speaker 1: sit there silently for two to twenty one days, typically
• 16:03
  Speaker 1: about four to ten, and then you're gonna start noticing
• 16:07
  Speaker 1: fever's headache, chill, um joints aching, You're gonna be really tired.
• 16:13
  Speaker 1: And then that's when you will likely be misdiagnosed, right
• 16:17
  Speaker 1: with malaria or something else, maybe dingay fever, uh, maybe
• 16:21
  Speaker 1: yellow fever, but typically malaria is the one that they
• 16:24
  Speaker 1: go with because the Central and West Africa, so you
• 16:29
  Speaker 1: know there it's lousy with malaria anyways, and it looks
• 16:32
  Speaker 1: exactly like malaria. It's after a couple of days of
• 16:36
  Speaker 1: showing symptoms that it starts to become apparent that possibly
• 16:40
  Speaker 1: it's a bowla. And the reason why it's because you
• 16:43
  Speaker 1: take a very sudden, very sharp term for the worse.
• 16:46
  Speaker 1: After after the first couple of days of showing the
• 16:49
  Speaker 1: normal flu like symptoms, Yeah, then you're gonna have um,
• 16:53
  Speaker 1: bloody diarrhea, jaundice, really bad sore throat, you're gonna vomit,
• 16:58
  Speaker 1: You're not gonna be hungry. And then once you have
• 17:01
  Speaker 1: symptoms for about five days, about fifty of the victims
• 17:06
  Speaker 1: will develop rashes on their shoulders and like chest area.
• 17:10
  Speaker 1: And that's the second stage. There's still yet a third stage.
• 17:14
  Speaker 1: It's about this time where um, you if you are
• 17:17
  Speaker 1: going to have a large amounts of bleeding, this is
• 17:21
  Speaker 1: where it's going to start to happen after several days. UM. Apparently,
• 17:26
  Speaker 1: in very aggressive cases of ebola, like the Zaire type,
• 17:31
  Speaker 1: you can die like in six days after symptoms, which
• 17:33
  Speaker 1: is extraordinarily mind boggling lee fast for something like this, UM.
• 17:38
  Speaker 1: And the thanks to our friends at the movie Outbreak.
• 17:42
  Speaker 1: When people think of a bowla, they think of people
• 17:44
  Speaker 1: like squirting blood out of their eyes. Um, there is
• 17:48
  Speaker 1: typically some sort of internal bleeding with Ebola. It is
• 17:52
  Speaker 1: a hemorrhagic fever. After all, about fifty percent of patients
• 17:55
  Speaker 1: will have this bleeding, mainly in the gastro intestinal tract. So,
• 18:00
  Speaker 1: but it's not gonna it's not coming out of your
• 18:02
  Speaker 1: eyes or anything like that. But it is a result
• 18:05
  Speaker 1: of the Ebola virus going after those endothelial cells, those
• 18:08
  Speaker 1: cells that UM make up the structure of the blood vessels,
• 18:11
  Speaker 1: and going after the tissues and the organs and UM
• 18:14
  Speaker 1: just degrading them. Basically. It's also a part of your
• 18:18
  Speaker 1: immune response. Like you can have an over inflammation as
• 18:20
  Speaker 1: a result too. So all this stuff is adding up
• 18:23
  Speaker 1: to you bleeding internally. And we should say, though, chuck,
• 18:27
  Speaker 1: like you're not gonna bleed to death. Um, people who
• 18:31
  Speaker 1: die from a vote bullet typically die as a result
• 18:34
  Speaker 1: of UM that internal bleeding may lower their blood pressure
• 18:37
  Speaker 1: and they'll die from hypotensive shock. Yeah. So, I mean
• 18:40
  Speaker 1: what happens is your your your blood tries to clot
• 18:43
  Speaker 1: thanks to proteins, and there's so much clotting going on
• 18:48
  Speaker 1: and so many proteins hard at work, it can't keep
• 18:50
  Speaker 1: up essentially, and once the tissue damage starts, those proteins
• 18:53
  Speaker 1: are busy and you're bleeding is uncontrolled at that point, right,
• 18:58
  Speaker 1: and it's very sad result. Speaking of proteins, ebola makes
• 19:02
  Speaker 1: a two types of this, one specific protein a glycoprotein,
• 19:06
  Speaker 1: and one is pretty straightforward. It allows the ebola to
• 19:11
  Speaker 1: move in and out of a host cell. The second
• 19:15
  Speaker 1: use of them, the it's called secreted glycoprotein s GP.
• 19:21
  Speaker 1: That stuff basically goes out and hushes the immune response.
• 19:27
  Speaker 1: It says, you'd be quiet, be still, and it just
• 19:31
  Speaker 1: basically goes in shuts down the The antigens is what
• 19:37
  Speaker 1: they're called, that come after things like ebola and kill them,
• 19:41
  Speaker 1: and it basically just ties them. It ties them up,
• 19:44
  Speaker 1: in gags them. Wow, I know. And that it's just crazy. Yeah,
• 19:49
  Speaker 1: I mean, it's a nasty, nasty virus um. What we
• 19:53
  Speaker 1: know about it right now is and this is one
• 19:55
  Speaker 1: of the other scariest parts is that, uh, they are
• 19:58
  Speaker 1: still not for sure where ebola hangs out for the
• 20:03
  Speaker 1: years that it lies dormant in the world, because it
• 20:06
  Speaker 1: doesn't go away. That went away, it wouldn't come back.
• 20:09
  Speaker 1: It just means it's out there somewhere in a reservoir
• 20:12
  Speaker 1: and a host. It is a zoonotic disease, so it
• 20:15
  Speaker 1: occurs naturally in animals, but obviously it's transmitted to humans,
• 20:19
  Speaker 1: and like I said, it doesn't go away. What they
• 20:23
  Speaker 1: have to look for and what they've tested and killed
• 20:26
  Speaker 1: scores of animals doing, is to see if an animal
• 20:32
  Speaker 1: can survive the virus, because if they can survive the virus,
• 20:36
  Speaker 1: they are a good candidate to be the host a reservoir. Yeah, exactly. Um,
• 20:40
  Speaker 1: So they've tested all kinds of animals and what they're
• 20:43
  Speaker 1: pretty sure of but still not a cent sure of,
• 20:47
  Speaker 1: is that it is the fruit bat. Yeah, it looks
• 20:50
  Speaker 1: a lot like the fruit bat. The reason that they've
• 20:52
  Speaker 1: been having such a hard time finding it is because
• 20:56
  Speaker 1: from after the six outbreak, Ebola just like went island
• 21:00
  Speaker 1: until the nineties until there's another outbreak in the nineties,
• 21:03
  Speaker 1: which is really suspicious as far as epidemiology is concerned,
• 21:07
  Speaker 1: because that's not supposed to happen. So it made them
• 21:10
  Speaker 1: think that maybe there was some exotic animal or exotic
• 21:13
  Speaker 1: plant or something that was acting as the reservoir. Um.
• 21:17
  Speaker 1: But now they're starting to think more and more that yeah,
• 21:19
  Speaker 1: it's the common fruit bat. Yeah, because they fruit bats
• 21:22
  Speaker 1: can have the virus and not get sick. And that
• 21:26
  Speaker 1: is uh. And they've you know, fruit bats are in
• 21:28
  Speaker 1: locations where they have the index cases. Yeah, pointing towards
• 21:33
  Speaker 1: the old fruit bat. Yeah. Plus you can get they've
• 21:36
  Speaker 1: shown um that ebola can be transmitted through bat guano,
• 21:40
  Speaker 1: which is bat poop, which is what happened in uh contagion.
• 21:45
  Speaker 1: Was it bat poop? Yeah, that's scene where um Gwyneth
• 21:49
  Speaker 1: Paltrow's is eating a bowl of bat poop on a bat.
• 21:53
  Speaker 1: Spoiler alert, I think it was through a bat through
• 21:55
  Speaker 1: a pig that eventually found this way to a restaurant. Yeah. Yeah,
• 21:59
  Speaker 1: The way that movie unfolds at the end, man is
• 22:01
  Speaker 1: just chilling. Yeah. So, like we said, we know how
• 22:03
  Speaker 1: it's transmitted, uh event through first human animal contact, then
• 22:08
  Speaker 1: the infection, and then through you know, bodily fluids and
• 22:12
  Speaker 1: secretions and uh dirty needles is the biggest culprit though,
• 22:16
  Speaker 1: and depending on how you get it, uh could affect
• 22:20
  Speaker 1: the outcome. If you have gotten it through a needle,
• 22:25
  Speaker 1: you have on chance of dying since nineteen seventy six, Um,
• 22:30
  Speaker 1: if you've gotten it other uh like through other contact, um,
• 22:33
  Speaker 1: it can be about eighty percent, So I guess that's
• 22:35
  Speaker 1: where they come up with the rate. Yeah, I think
• 22:38
  Speaker 1: the hundred percent rate was for the outbreaks specifically. Yeah,
• 22:44
  Speaker 1: a hundred percent of people who transmitted it via needle
• 22:48
  Speaker 1: in that outbreak died. That is insane. Yeah, and uh,
• 22:53
  Speaker 1: the incubation period is different to three to six days
• 22:55
  Speaker 1: for a patient if you're stuck with a needle, versus
• 22:58
  Speaker 1: five to nine for intact exposure. Yeah. So, Chuck, we're
• 23:02
  Speaker 1: gonna talk about how to prevent the spread of ebola
• 23:05
  Speaker 1: up next, and what's going on right now with possible cure.
• 23:10
  Speaker 1: So so, up until recently when we had these patients
• 23:22
  Speaker 1: shipped over to America, your only chances of contacting ebola's
• 23:25
  Speaker 1: if you went over to Central or West Africa, um,
• 23:29
  Speaker 1: which a lot of people do, a lot of people
• 23:31
  Speaker 1: live there as well. Uh. And they suggest that if
• 23:33
  Speaker 1: you find yourself over there, you not dwell in forests
• 23:37
  Speaker 1: or caves because that's where the fruit bats are. Well.
• 23:39
  Speaker 1: Plus you can contract it from guerrillas and stuff too. Sure,
• 23:42
  Speaker 1: so you shouldn't eat bush meat, shouldn't touch dead guerrillas,
• 23:46
  Speaker 1: shouldn't touch dead animals, period, try and limit that contact. Yeah,
• 23:49
  Speaker 1: that's probably a good idea. And of course, UM, if
• 23:52
  Speaker 1: you're over there working as a healthcare worker, or if
• 23:56
  Speaker 1: you're just over there working or living, you should avoid
• 23:59
  Speaker 1: any kind of reuse needle because that's your guaranteed to
• 24:03
  Speaker 1: get it. Almost So we mentioned already the burial practices
• 24:06
  Speaker 1: that are becoming a vector for disease, the spread of
• 24:11
  Speaker 1: Ebola UM. There's also a couple of other factors that
• 24:14
  Speaker 1: are coming into account. They the they think that if
• 24:18
  Speaker 1: the fruit bat is the reservoir for Ebola UM, then
• 24:23
  Speaker 1: the reason that it's spread because it was always just
• 24:25
  Speaker 1: in Central Africa before. Now suddenly it's in West Africa.
• 24:29
  Speaker 1: The March two thousand and fourteen outbreaks started in Guinea UM.
• 24:35
  Speaker 1: They think that it's because the fruit bats migration patterns
• 24:38
  Speaker 1: might be shifting because of climate change, so that could
• 24:41
  Speaker 1: be fostering the spread of ebola. One of the other
• 24:44
  Speaker 1: problems with this is that UM there's a very widespread
• 24:49
  Speaker 1: lack of trust for the governments of West African countries
• 24:53
  Speaker 1: and UM, so there's a lot of misunderstanding, misinformation. There's
• 24:59
  Speaker 1: very little trust for the World Health authorities. UM, there's
• 25:04
  Speaker 1: very little trust for the government some of the governments
• 25:07
  Speaker 1: are using it as political tools like um, yeah, and
• 25:10
  Speaker 1: I think Sierra Leone they call it East Bowla because
• 25:14
  Speaker 1: the government in power their main opposition strongholds in the East,
• 25:17
  Speaker 1: so they're blaming the East on a bullet. It's just
• 25:20
  Speaker 1: there's a lot of stuff going on over that it's
• 25:22
  Speaker 1: not helping with this particular outbreak right now. Yeah, that's
• 25:25
  Speaker 1: really sad. Uh you mentioned about it. Start This the
• 25:28
  Speaker 1: strain or this outbreak started in Guinea. They think they've
• 25:31
  Speaker 1: traced traced it back to patient zero, two year old
• 25:35
  Speaker 1: patient there. It was about eight months ago. Um, they
• 25:39
  Speaker 1: think that this toddler died. They she suffered from fever
• 25:44
  Speaker 1: and black stool and vomiting and then died on December
• 25:47
  Speaker 1: six of last year, even though they don't know how
• 25:51
  Speaker 1: she got it. And then shortly after her mother died
• 25:55
  Speaker 1: on December. Then her three year old sister died on
• 25:58
  Speaker 1: December twenty nine, and then her grandmother died on January one.
• 26:02
  Speaker 1: And this is all in the village of I know,
• 26:05
  Speaker 1: I'm probably gonna butcher this, but it's Meliando and Guika
• 26:09
  Speaker 1: do nice. It's my my best effort there in Guinea. Yeah,
• 26:14
  Speaker 1: And then that's that's the area is really close to
• 26:17
  Speaker 1: the Sierra Leone and Liberia borders, which explains a lot.
• 26:20
  Speaker 1: And then it spread outside their village to people that
• 26:22
  Speaker 1: attended the grandmother's funeral because of course, again they had
• 26:26
  Speaker 1: close contact with the body. And then two of those
• 26:29
  Speaker 1: funeral attendees brought that back to their village. Than healthcare
• 26:34
  Speaker 1: workers there and family members got sick, and healthcare worker
• 26:39
  Speaker 1: and Guika do is Uh was suspected to have triggered
• 26:43
  Speaker 1: the spread to three other villages in February of this year.
• 26:47
  Speaker 1: And that just shows man again, just like in contagion,
• 26:51
  Speaker 1: it's just like from person to person, and all of
• 26:54
  Speaker 1: a sudden it's in places nowhere close to where it started,
• 26:57
  Speaker 1: and then all of a sudden, it's in places not
• 27:00
  Speaker 1: super far from where it started. Did you know that there?
• 27:03
  Speaker 1: Did you hear about the health care bots that caught
• 27:06
  Speaker 1: the outbreak before the announcement there? There's these bots. I
• 27:10
  Speaker 1: can't remember the name of the company that runs them,
• 27:12
  Speaker 1: but they're basically just their job is to just scan
• 27:15
  Speaker 1: the internet, scan journal articles, scan um news. They're probably
• 27:19
  Speaker 1: hitting the deep Way, by a guess, and they are
• 27:22
  Speaker 1: looking for any and all mentions of things, um, that
• 27:25
  Speaker 1: have to do with outbreaks, I think health care stuff
• 27:28
  Speaker 1: in general. But nine days before the announcement by the
• 27:31
  Speaker 1: Guinea authorities, Um, these bots caught this outbreak in that
• 27:35
  Speaker 1: area nine days. That's pretty impressive stuff. And hopefully we'll
• 27:40
  Speaker 1: come in in handy further down the road when people
• 27:43
  Speaker 1: learn to trust that. Yeah, but still, this one's been
• 27:46
  Speaker 1: the worst yet. And one of the scariest reasons is
• 27:49
  Speaker 1: because it's happening so fast. Um, the common methods we
• 27:54
  Speaker 1: have for dealing with it aren't working quick enough. Well,
• 27:57
  Speaker 1: the common methods we have for dealing with it are
• 27:59
  Speaker 1: as follows. Like you said, there's no there's no way
• 28:03
  Speaker 1: to to well, there are, there are ways, there's tests
• 28:06
  Speaker 1: that show this is a bowla. They're tough to get
• 28:08
  Speaker 1: to these areas, so it's mostly you know, um, shoe
• 28:13
  Speaker 1: leather diagnoses I guess um. And then the other aspect
• 28:18
  Speaker 1: of it is that there's no treatment aside from rehydration,
• 28:23
  Speaker 1: Like consider that chuck. Like, if you're struck down with
• 28:25
  Speaker 1: a bowla, guess what treatment they give you? Ivy fluids.
• 28:28
  Speaker 1: That's it. They isolate you and give you ivy fluids
• 28:31
  Speaker 1: to try to replenish what you're vomiting out, diary ng
• 28:36
  Speaker 1: out and um losing in sweat. Yeah, that's the treatment.
• 28:40
  Speaker 1: Well it was until about five hours ago. Yeah, yeah,
• 28:44
  Speaker 1: this UM. I wish we had some sort of a
• 28:47
  Speaker 1: news wire. Jerry knows one. Remember when I went do
• 28:52
  Speaker 1: Do do and then that she had one accompanying and
• 28:56
  Speaker 1: and it might not even be out yet. So let's
• 28:57
  Speaker 1: debut it right now, Chuck. This is fresh off the
• 29:05
  Speaker 1: wire via CNN. UM. What they have now are an
• 29:09
  Speaker 1: experimental serum um called z MAP and it's made by
• 29:14
  Speaker 1: MAP Biopharmaceutical. UM. I'm not sure where they're located, but
• 29:19
  Speaker 1: there's another another one called Kentucky Bioprocessing, which manufactures another
• 29:24
  Speaker 1: version of the drug. And they're the ones who are
• 29:26
  Speaker 1: making this brand new, very experimental drug, and so new,
• 29:32
  Speaker 1: so experimental that this week the World Health Organization had
• 29:36
  Speaker 1: to get a group of ethicis together to say, should
• 29:41
  Speaker 1: we use this stuff? Because the normal testing process is
• 29:46
  Speaker 1: way way longer than what they've got time wise, so
• 29:49
  Speaker 1: can we speed this through? Should we use it? The
• 29:53
  Speaker 1: WHO panel said unanimously, yes, it's ethical. We've got to
• 29:57
  Speaker 1: do something. I think the u N came on board
• 29:59
  Speaker 1: just a few hours ago as well, and so they
• 30:02
  Speaker 1: treated um the two Americans Dr Kent Brantley and Nancy
• 30:06
  Speaker 1: right bowl they are recovering. But sadly, Miguel Pijaris, the
• 30:11
  Speaker 1: Spanish priest, died this morning even though he was treated
• 30:14
  Speaker 1: with the z MAP as well. So it has a
• 30:16
  Speaker 1: two thirds success rate at this point so far. But
• 30:19
  Speaker 1: that's the deal with experimental drugs is they don't know
• 30:22
  Speaker 1: if it's gonna work, or how it's gonna work, or
• 30:24
  Speaker 1: who it's gonna work on. Um, it's a it's sort
• 30:28
  Speaker 1: of an ethical quandary because if there's already people saying, well,
• 30:32
  Speaker 1: you've used it on these Americans, Uh, why haven't you
• 30:35
  Speaker 1: used it in Liberia? It's sort of a no win
• 30:38
  Speaker 1: situation this early because if they had died. Uh. And
• 30:44
  Speaker 1: this is from Paul root Wolp. He's a director for
• 30:47
  Speaker 1: ethics at Emery here in Atlanta. He said, you know,
• 30:49
  Speaker 1: if it had killed both these Americans, people wouldn't be
• 30:53
  Speaker 1: saying anything. But because it worked, they're saying, why isn't
• 30:55
  Speaker 1: it being used in Africa? He said, But if we
• 30:57
  Speaker 1: would have taken it to Africa and it killed them,
• 31:01
  Speaker 1: they would have said Americans are experimenting this drug on
• 31:04
  Speaker 1: poor Africans. Well, the way they've done it then is
• 31:07
  Speaker 1: exactly right. They experimented with Americans and then ship the
• 31:11
  Speaker 1: rest of it to Liberia. The Liberia has the remaining
• 31:14
  Speaker 1: stock of z MAP right now. There's no more of
• 31:16
  Speaker 1: it in the US. It's all in Liberia. Yeah, they
• 31:18
  Speaker 1: applied for it, and they're like you said, they've got
• 31:20
  Speaker 1: it all and they're already out and uh it takes
• 31:23
  Speaker 1: a while to make. Well, it's they've figured out some
• 31:26
  Speaker 1: ways to make it even faster. So what um z
• 31:29
  Speaker 1: MAP is is called a monoclonal antibody treatment therapy. Basically,
• 31:36
  Speaker 1: um they they introduce something like ebola into in this case,
• 31:42
  Speaker 1: a tobacco plant, and they create antibodies. The plant creates
• 31:47
  Speaker 1: antibodies to the virus, and then they say, okay, these
• 31:50
  Speaker 1: are the antibodies we need for ebola. Let's synthesize them.
• 31:53
  Speaker 1: And they make synthetic antibodies, and they take those synthetic anybodies,
• 31:57
  Speaker 1: the monoclonal anybodies, they inject them into you, the ebola patient,
• 32:02
  Speaker 1: and these anybodies go in and mimic your body's immune response,
• 32:08
  Speaker 1: which in turn mounts a real immune response and then
• 32:11
  Speaker 1: fights off the BOWLA virus. And they only just use
• 32:14
  Speaker 1: it for a BOWLA. They try this on cancer, on
• 32:17
  Speaker 1: all sorts of other viruses. So monoclonnell anybody therapy isn't new,
• 32:22
  Speaker 1: but using it against ebola, the specific one for a
• 32:25
  Speaker 1: bola is new. And then also using tobacco plants as
• 32:30
  Speaker 1: the the source of the antibodies, it's fairly new too,
• 32:35
  Speaker 1: but it makes it so that you can turn it
• 32:37
  Speaker 1: over a lot faster. Pretty cool stuff. Yeah, that is
• 32:40
  Speaker 1: very cool. Uh, but like we said, it's so new.
• 32:43
  Speaker 1: I mean they've literally just treated these few patients and um,
• 32:47
  Speaker 1: one of them died. So, uh, the jury is out.
• 32:50
  Speaker 1: In the coming days, we're gonna learn a lot more
• 32:52
  Speaker 1: about z MAP so hopefully it'll save Liberia. Yeah, they've
• 32:58
  Speaker 1: I never knew this either. An out break is considered
• 33:00
  Speaker 1: over after there's been forty two days straight, which is
• 33:05
  Speaker 1: double the incubation period um without any new cases. So um,
• 33:10
  Speaker 1: everyone's hoping for that forty two day period very soon.
• 33:14
  Speaker 1: I'm hoping for it. You got anything else? No, did
• 33:18
  Speaker 1: we ever mentioned Marburg virus? No, that is a cousin
• 33:22
  Speaker 1: that is also deadly right, it's the other it's the
• 33:25
  Speaker 1: other Nona bowl of virus and the file of virus family.
• 33:28
  Speaker 1: It is deadly, but it's extraordinarily rare. It's named after
• 33:31
  Speaker 1: a German town where there is an outbreak in the
• 33:33
  Speaker 1: sixties because of some monkeys that were shipped for testing. Wow,
• 33:37
  Speaker 1: so I guess it's a disease naming convention. Here is
• 33:40
  Speaker 1: it they? Or everywhere? Is it? Name it after where
• 33:43
  Speaker 1: it started? Bola Marburg? Yeah? Here? Yeah, there you have it.
• 33:51
  Speaker 1: That's up to the date. Ebola info. Yes, I don't
• 33:56
  Speaker 1: have anything else. You don't need to know, but you
• 33:58
  Speaker 1: know what you guys, if you want to follow this, um,
• 34:00
  Speaker 1: we should follow up in our video series. You better
• 34:04
  Speaker 1: believe it that you can find on our YouTube channel. UM.
• 34:06
  Speaker 1: We use that. We take you in the studio to
• 34:08
  Speaker 1: kind of follow up on some stories, talk about news
• 34:11
  Speaker 1: the items, or make corrections. It comes out every Monday. Yeah,
• 34:14
  Speaker 1: and you can go to see that at I think
• 34:17
  Speaker 1: it's our YouTube channel, Josh and Chuck. Yeah, so we'll
• 34:19
  Speaker 1: follow up on this as things develop. Good thinking, Chuck. Uh.
• 34:24
  Speaker 1: If you want to learn more about the ins and
• 34:26
  Speaker 1: outs of ebola, you can type people into the search
• 34:28
  Speaker 1: bar How stuff works dot Com and since I said
• 34:30
  Speaker 1: search bar, it's time for a listener mail, I'm gonna
• 34:35
  Speaker 1: call this uh guy making a move. Oh yeah, So
• 34:40
  Speaker 1: Corey Barker wrote us in and says, Hey, I just
• 34:43
  Speaker 1: want to thank you guys, um, first of all for
• 34:45
  Speaker 1: all the hard work you do, and also for inspiring
• 34:48
  Speaker 1: me to make a move in my career. My day
• 34:50
  Speaker 1: job involves a completely ridiculous amount of driving. You guys
• 34:53
  Speaker 1: have always been instrumental in keeping me awake. Um. I've
• 34:56
  Speaker 1: had people tell me on and off for years, you
• 34:58
  Speaker 1: should do radio, because Corey's got a great voice, he said.
• 35:01
  Speaker 1: I would always kind of scoff and think how impossible
• 35:03
  Speaker 1: that would be. But recently I decided that I would
• 35:06
  Speaker 1: try it out. I invested in some decent studio recording equipment,
• 35:09
  Speaker 1: made a few audition tapes I guess digital files, and
• 35:13
  Speaker 1: as of last week, I signed my first audio book contract.
• 35:17
  Speaker 1: Yeah that's awesome, Like, I'm gonna do this. You can?
• 35:21
  Speaker 1: Is it that easy? Yeah? Well, I don't know if
• 35:23
  Speaker 1: it's easy. I think you have to add some talent.
• 35:25
  Speaker 1: But I think there's plenty of course self published authors
• 35:28
  Speaker 1: on Amazon, and they're looking for people to make audiobook
• 35:31
  Speaker 1: versions of their stuff. That's awesome. Well that's what he did,
• 35:33
  Speaker 1: he said. He said, we deserve a lot of credit,
• 35:35
  Speaker 1: since if I didn't listen so much to audio while driving,
• 35:39
  Speaker 1: I would never have decided to take this plunge. Anyway,
• 35:42
  Speaker 1: I decided I would try to repay a slight amount
• 35:44
  Speaker 1: of what I've received from you guys by creating an
• 35:46
  Speaker 1: ad that you could force all the Other Stuff podcast
• 35:48
  Speaker 1: to play. I think this is a good idea. If
• 35:50
  Speaker 1: you like it used as much as you want, I
• 35:51
  Speaker 1: surrender all rights, keep on trucking. You will always have
• 35:55
  Speaker 1: at least one listener, and that is Corey Barker. Uh
• 35:59
  Speaker 1: And he said, ps a side to start writing again
• 36:01
  Speaker 1: as well, thanks to you guys, because your episodes have
• 36:04
  Speaker 1: spawned some amazing short story ideas. So Corey, let's go
• 36:08
  Speaker 1: ahead and hear your ad for stuff you should know
• 36:10
  Speaker 1: right now. Enrich your mind, explore new horizons, and learn
• 36:14
  Speaker 1: about the world around you. Stuff you should know Tuesdays
• 36:18
  Speaker 1: and Thursdays on how Stuff Works dot com. Man, how
• 36:22
  Speaker 1: about that? Thank you, Corey, good voice. I don't blame you.
• 36:25
  Speaker 1: We're gonna totally oppress the other podcast with this. Yeah,
• 36:30
  Speaker 1: And I told him to listen out for this, and
• 36:31
  Speaker 1: he wrote back saying, I'll make sure I have an
• 36:33
  Speaker 1: extra pair of underwear to change into for when I
• 36:36
  Speaker 1: get this air awesome, which is really gross stuffing into
• 36:39
  Speaker 1: your front shirt pocket. Oh my gosh, the clean pair, chuck. Okay.
• 36:44
  Speaker 1: If you want to get all excited like Corey, you
• 36:47
  Speaker 1: can share your excitement with us on Twitter at s
• 36:50
  Speaker 1: y ESK podcast. You can join us on Facebook dot
• 36:52
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• 36:55
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• 36:58
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• 37:00
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• 37:08
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• 37:10
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