Latest / Classic History Book Collection / Twenty Years at Hull-House Part 2 - Jane Addams

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Twenty Years at Hull-House Part 2 - Jane Addams · Classic History Book Collection

• 0:00
  Speaker 1: In Alabama, in the establishment of which Hull House heartily cooperated.
• 0:07
  Speaker 1: Possibly the South Italians more than any other immigrants, represent
• 0:12
  Speaker 1: the pathetic stupidity of agricultural people crowded into city tenements,
• 0:18
  Speaker 1: and we were much gratified when thirty peasant families were
• 0:23
  Speaker 1: induced to move upon the land which they knew so
• 0:26
  Speaker 1: well how to cultivate. The starting of this colony, however,
• 0:32
  Speaker 1: was a very expensive affair. In spite of the fact
• 0:35
  Speaker 1: that the colonists purchased the land at two dollars an acre,
• 0:39
  Speaker 1: they needed much more than raw land, and although it
• 0:42
  Speaker 1: was possible to collect the small sums necessary to sustain
• 0:47
  Speaker 1: them during the hard time of the first two years,
• 0:51
  Speaker 1: we were fully convinced that undertakings of this sort could
• 0:55
  Speaker 1: be conducted properly only by colonization services such as England
• 1:01
  Speaker 1: has established, or better still, by enlarging the functions of
• 1:06
  Speaker 1: the Federal Department of Emigration. An evening similar in purpose
• 1:12
  Speaker 1: to the one devoted to the Italians was organized for
• 1:16
  Speaker 1: the Germans in our first year. Owing to the superior
• 1:20
  Speaker 1: education of our Teutonic guests and the clever leading of
• 1:25
  Speaker 1: a cultivated German woman. These evenings reflected something of that
• 1:30
  Speaker 1: cozy social intercourse which is found in its perfection in
• 1:35
  Speaker 1: the fatherland. Our guests sang a great deal in the
• 1:39
  Speaker 1: tender miner of the German folk song, or in the
• 1:43
  Speaker 1: rousing spirit of the Rhine, and they slowly but persistently
• 1:48
  Speaker 1: pursued a course in German history and literature, recovering something
• 1:52
  Speaker 1: of that poetry and romance which they had long since
• 1:56
  Speaker 1: resigned with other good things. Found strong family affection between
• 2:02
  Speaker 1: them and their English speaking children, but their pleasures were
• 2:06
  Speaker 1: not in common, and they seldom went out together. Perhaps
• 2:11
  Speaker 1: the greatest value of the settlement to them was in
• 2:14
  Speaker 1: placing large and pleasant rooms with musical facilities at their disposal,
• 2:21
  Speaker 1: and in reviving their almost forgotten enthusiasms. I have seen
• 2:26
  Speaker 1: sons and daughters stand in complete surprise as their mother's
• 2:31
  Speaker 1: knitting needles softly beat time to the song she was singing,
• 2:36
  Speaker 1: or her worn face turned rosy under the hand clapping
• 2:40
  Speaker 1: as she made an old fashioned curtsey at the end
• 2:44
  Speaker 1: of a German poem. It was easy to fancy a
• 2:48
  Speaker 1: growing touch of respect in her children's manner to her,
• 2:52
  Speaker 1: and arising enthusiasm for German literature and reminiscence on the
• 2:57
  Speaker 1: part of all the family, an effort to bring together
• 3:01
  Speaker 1: the old life and the new, a respect for the
• 3:04
  Speaker 1: older cultivation, and not so much assurance that the new
• 3:09
  Speaker 1: was the best. This tendency upon the part of the
• 3:13
  Speaker 1: older immigrants to lose the amenities of European life without
• 3:18
  Speaker 1: sharing those of America has often been deplored by keen
• 3:22
  Speaker 1: observers from the home countries. When Professor Mazarek of Prague
• 3:28
  Speaker 1: gave a course of lectures at the University of Chicago,
• 3:32
  Speaker 1: he was much distressed over the materialism into which the
• 3:37
  Speaker 1: Bohemians of Chicago had fallen. The early emigrants had been
• 3:42
  Speaker 1: so stirred by the opportunity to own real estate and
• 3:46
  Speaker 1: appeal perhaps to the Slavic land hunger, and their energies
• 3:51
  Speaker 1: had become so completely absorbed in money making that all
• 3:55
  Speaker 1: other interests had apparently dropped away. And yet I recall
• 4:00
  Speaker 1: a very touching incident in connection with the lecture Professor
• 4:04
  Speaker 1: Mazurik gave at Hull House, in which he had appealed
• 4:08
  Speaker 1: to his countrymen to arouse themselves from this tendency to
• 4:13
  Speaker 1: fall below their home civilization and to forget the great
• 4:17
  Speaker 1: enthusiasm which had united them into the pan Slavic movement.
• 4:22
  Speaker 1: A Bohemian woman, who supported herself and her two children
• 4:27
  Speaker 1: by scrubbing hastily sent her youngest child to purchase with
• 4:32
  Speaker 1: the twenty five cents which was to have supplied them
• 4:35
  Speaker 1: with food the next day, a bunch of red roses,
• 4:39
  Speaker 1: which she presented to the lecturer in appreciation of his
• 4:43
  Speaker 1: testimony to the reality of the things of the spirit.
• 4:48
  Speaker 1: An overmastering desire to reveal the humbler immigrant parents to
• 4:53
  Speaker 1: their own children lay at the base of what has
• 4:57
  Speaker 1: come to be called the Hull House Labor Museum. This
• 5:02
  Speaker 1: was first suggested to my mind one early spring day
• 5:06
  Speaker 1: when I saw an old Italian woman, her distaff against
• 5:10
  Speaker 1: her homesick face, patiently spinning a thread by the simple
• 5:14
  Speaker 1: stick spindle so reminiscent of all southern Europe. I was
• 5:19
  Speaker 1: walking down Polk Street, perturbed in spirit because it seemed
• 5:25
  Speaker 1: so difficult to come into genuine relations with the Italian women,
• 5:30
  Speaker 1: and because they themselves so often lost their hold upon
• 5:34
  Speaker 1: their Americanized children. It seemed to me that Hull House
• 5:39
  Speaker 1: ought to be able to devise some educational enterprise which
• 5:44
  Speaker 1: should build a bridge between European and American experiences in
• 5:50
  Speaker 1: such wise as to give them both more meaning and
• 5:54
  Speaker 1: a sense of relation. I meditated that perhaps the power
• 5:59
  Speaker 1: to see life as a whole is more needed in
• 6:03
  Speaker 1: the immigrant quarter of a large city than anywhere else,
• 6:07
  Speaker 1: and that the lack of this power is the most
• 6:10
  Speaker 1: fruitful source of misunderstanding between European immigrants and their children,
• 6:16
  Speaker 1: as it is between them and their American neighbors. And
• 6:20
  Speaker 1: why should that chasm between fathers and sons, yawning at
• 6:25
  Speaker 1: the feet of each generation, be made so unnecessarily cruel
• 6:30
  Speaker 1: and impassable to these bewildered emigrants. Suddenly I looked up
• 6:36
  Speaker 1: and saw the old woman with her distaff, sitting in
• 6:40
  Speaker 1: the sun on the steps of a tenement house. She
• 6:43
  Speaker 1: might have served as a model for one of Michelangelo's fates.
• 6:48
  Speaker 1: But her face brightened as I passed, and, holding up
• 6:51
  Speaker 1: her spindle for me to see, she called out that
• 6:55
  Speaker 1: when she had spun a little more yarn, she would
• 6:58
  Speaker 1: knit a pair of stockings for her god daughter. The
• 7:02
  Speaker 1: occupation of the old woman gave me the clue that
• 7:05
  Speaker 1: was needed. Could we not interest the young people working
• 7:09
  Speaker 1: in the neighborhood factories in these older forms of industry,
• 7:14
  Speaker 1: so that through their own parents and grandparents, they would
• 7:18
  Speaker 1: find a dramatic representation of the inherited resources of their
• 7:23
  Speaker 1: daily occupation. If these young people could actually see that
• 7:28
  Speaker 1: the complicated machinery of the factory had been evolved from
• 7:33
  Speaker 1: simple tools, they might at least make a beginning toward
• 7:38
  Speaker 1: the education which doctor Dewey defines as quote a continuing
• 7:44
  Speaker 1: reconstruction of experience close quote. They might also lay a
• 7:49
  Speaker 1: foundation for reverence of the past, which Kerta declares to
• 7:54
  Speaker 1: be the basis of all sound progress. By exciting walk
• 8:00
  Speaker 1: on Polk Street was followed by many talks with doctor
• 8:03
  Speaker 1: Dewey and with one of the teachers in his school,
• 8:07
  Speaker 1: who was a resident at Hull House. Within a month
• 8:11
  Speaker 1: a room was fitted up to which we might invite
• 8:14
  Speaker 1: those of our neighbors who were possessed of old crafts
• 8:18
  Speaker 1: and who were eager to use them. We found in
• 8:22
  Speaker 1: the immediate neighborhood at least four varieties of these most
• 8:27
  Speaker 1: primitive methods of spinning, and three distinct variations of the
• 8:32
  Speaker 1: same spindle in connection with wheels. It was possible to
• 8:37
  Speaker 1: put these seven into historic sequence and order, and to
• 8:41
  Speaker 1: connect the whole with the present method of factory spinning.
• 8:46
  Speaker 1: The same thing was done for weaving, and on every
• 8:49
  Speaker 1: Saturday evening a little exhibit was made of these various
• 8:54
  Speaker 1: forms of labor in the textile industry within one room.
• 8:59
  Speaker 1: A series in woman, a Greek, an Italian, a Russian
• 9:03
  Speaker 1: and an irishwoman enabled even the most casual observer to
• 9:08
  Speaker 1: see that there is no break in orderly evolution if
• 9:13
  Speaker 1: we look at history from the industrial standpoint, that industry
• 9:17
  Speaker 1: develops similarly and peacefully year by year among the workers
• 9:22
  Speaker 1: of each nation, heedless of differences in language, religion, and
• 9:28
  Speaker 1: political experiences. And then we grew ambitious and arranged lectures
• 9:34
  Speaker 1: upon industrial history. I remember that after an interesting lecture
• 9:39
  Speaker 1: upon the industrial revolution in England and a portrayal of
• 9:44
  Speaker 1: the appalling conditions throughout the weaving districts of the North
• 9:48
  Speaker 1: which resulted from the hasty gathering of the weavers into
• 9:52
  Speaker 1: the new towns, a Russian tailor in the audience was
• 9:56
  Speaker 1: moved to make a speech. He suggested that whereas time
• 10:01
  Speaker 1: had done much to alleviate the first difficulties in the
• 10:06
  Speaker 1: transition of weaving from hand work to steam power, that
• 10:11
  Speaker 1: in the application of steam to swing, we are still
• 10:14
  Speaker 1: in our first stages, illustrated by the isolated woman who
• 10:19
  Speaker 1: tries to support herself by hand needlework at home until
• 10:24
  Speaker 1: driven out by starvation, as many of the hand weavers
• 10:28
  Speaker 1: had been. The historical analogy seemed to bring a certain
• 10:33
  Speaker 1: comfort to the tailor, as did a chart upon the
• 10:36
  Speaker 1: wall showing the infinitesimal amount of time that steam had
• 10:40
  Speaker 1: been applied to manufacturing processes compared to the centuries of
• 10:45
  Speaker 1: hand labor. Human progress is slow, and perhaps never more
• 10:50
  Speaker 1: cruel than in the advance of industry. But is not
• 10:54
  Speaker 1: the worker comforted by knowing that other historical periods have
• 10:59
  Speaker 1: existed similar to the one in which he finds himself,
• 11:03
  Speaker 1: and that the readjustment may be shortened and alleviated by
• 11:08
  Speaker 1: judicious action. And is he not entitled to the solace
• 11:12
  Speaker 1: which an artistic portrayal of the situation might give him.
• 11:18
  Speaker 1: I remember the evening of the tailor's speech that I
• 11:22
  Speaker 1: felt reproached because no poet or artist has endeared the
• 11:28
  Speaker 1: sweater's victim to us as George Eliot has made us
• 11:32
  Speaker 1: love the belated weaver Silas Marner. The textile museum is
• 11:39
  Speaker 1: connected directly with the basket weaving sewing, millinery, embroidery and
• 11:45
  Speaker 1: dressmaking constantly being taught at Hull House, and so far
• 11:50
  Speaker 1: as possible, with the other educational departments, we have also
• 11:55
  Speaker 1: been able to make a collection of products of early
• 11:58
  Speaker 1: implements of photographs, which are full of suggestion, yet far
• 12:04
  Speaker 1: beyond its direct educational value. We prize it because it
• 12:09
  Speaker 1: so often puts the immigrants into the position of teachers,
• 12:14
  Speaker 1: and we imagine that it affords them a pleasant change
• 12:18
  Speaker 1: from the tutelage in which all Americans, including their own children,
• 12:22
  Speaker 1: are so apt to hold them. I recall a number
• 12:26
  Speaker 1: of Russian women working in a sewing room near Hull House,
• 12:30
  Speaker 1: who heard one Christmas week that the house was going
• 12:33
  Speaker 1: to give a party to which they might come. They
• 12:37
  Speaker 1: arrived one afternoon, when unfortunately there was no party on hand,
• 12:42
  Speaker 1: and although the residents did their best to entertain them
• 12:46
  Speaker 1: with impromptu music and refreshments, it was quite evident that
• 12:51
  Speaker 1: they were greatly disappointed. Finally, it was suggested that they
• 12:56
  Speaker 1: be shown the labor Museum, where gradually the thirty sodden,
• 13:01
  Speaker 1: tired women were transformed. They knew how to use the
• 13:06
  Speaker 1: spindles and were delighted to find the Russian spinning frame.
• 13:10
  Speaker 1: Many of them had never seen the spinning wheel, which
• 13:14
  Speaker 1: has not penetrated to certain parts of Russia, and they
• 13:17
  Speaker 1: regarded it as a new and wonderful invention. They turned
• 13:22
  Speaker 1: up their dresses to show their home spun petticoats. They
• 13:26
  Speaker 1: tried the looms, They explained the difficulty of the old patterns.
• 13:31
  Speaker 1: In short, from having been stupidly entertained, they themselves did
• 13:37
  Speaker 1: the entertaining. Because of a direct appeal to former experiences,
• 13:42
  Speaker 1: the emigrant visitors were able for the moment to instruct
• 13:47
  Speaker 1: their American hostesses in an old and honored craft, as
• 13:52
  Speaker 1: was indeed becoming to their age and experience. In some
• 13:57
  Speaker 1: such ways as these had the labor Museum and the
• 14:00
  Speaker 1: shops pointed out the possibilities which Hull House has scarcely
• 14:05
  Speaker 1: begun to develop, of demonstrating that culture is an understanding
• 14:10
  Speaker 1: of the long established occupations and thoughts of men of
• 14:15
  Speaker 1: the arts with which they have solaced their toil. A
• 14:20
  Speaker 1: yearning to recover for the household arts something of their
• 14:24
  Speaker 1: earlier sanctity and meaning arose strongly within me one evening
• 14:30
  Speaker 1: when I was attending a passover feast to which I
• 14:34
  Speaker 1: had been invited by a Jewish family in the neighborhood
• 14:37
  Speaker 1: where the traditional and religious significance of the woman's daily
• 14:42
  Speaker 1: activity was still retained. The kosher food the Jewish mother
• 14:47
  Speaker 1: spread before her family had been prepared according to traditional knowledge,
• 14:53
  Speaker 1: and with constant care in the use of utensils, upon
• 14:57
  Speaker 1: her had fallen the responsibility to make all ready according
• 15:02
  Speaker 1: to mosaic instructions, that the great crisis in a religious
• 15:06
  Speaker 1: history might be fittingly set forth by her husband and son.
• 15:12
  Speaker 1: Aside from the grave religious significance in the ceremony, my
• 15:17
  Speaker 1: mind was filled with shifting pictures of women's labor which
• 15:21
  Speaker 1: travel makes one familiar. The Indian women grinding grain outside
• 15:27
  Speaker 1: of their huts as they sing praises to the sun
• 15:30
  Speaker 1: and rain. A file of white clad Moorish women whom
• 15:35
  Speaker 1: I had once seen waiting their turn at a well
• 15:38
  Speaker 1: in Tangiers, South Italian women kneeling in a row along
• 15:43
  Speaker 1: the stream and beating their wet clothes against the smooth
• 15:47
  Speaker 1: white stones. The milking, the gardening, the marketing, and thousands
• 15:53
  Speaker 1: of hamlets, which are such direct expressions of the solicitude
• 15:58
  Speaker 1: and affection at the base of all family life. There
• 16:03
  Speaker 1: has been some testimony that the Labor Museum has revealed
• 16:07
  Speaker 1: the charm of woman's primitive activities. I recall a certain
• 16:12
  Speaker 1: Italian girl who came every Saturday evening to a cooking
• 16:16
  Speaker 1: class in the same building in which her mother spun
• 16:20
  Speaker 1: in the Labor Museum exhibit. And yet Angelina always left
• 16:25
  Speaker 1: her mother at the front door while she herself went
• 16:29
  Speaker 1: around to a side door, because she did not wish
• 16:32
  Speaker 1: to be too closely identified in the eyes of the
• 16:36
  Speaker 1: rest of the cooking class with an Italian woman who
• 16:40
  Speaker 1: wore a kerchief over her head, uncouth boots, and short petticoats.
• 16:46
  Speaker 1: One evening, however, Angelina saw her mother surrounded by a
• 16:51
  Speaker 1: group of visitors from the School of Education who much
• 16:55
  Speaker 1: admired the spinning, and she concluded from their conversation that
• 17:00
  Speaker 1: her mother was quote the best stick spindle spinner in
• 17:05
  Speaker 1: America close quote. When she inquired for me as to
• 17:09
  Speaker 1: the truth of this deduction, I took occasion to describe
• 17:13
  Speaker 1: the Italian village in which her mother had lived something
• 17:17
  Speaker 1: of her free life, and how because of the opportunity
• 17:21
  Speaker 1: she and the other women of the village had to
• 17:24
  Speaker 1: drop their spindles over the edge of a precipice, they
• 17:28
  Speaker 1: had developed a skill in spinning beyond that of the
• 17:32
  Speaker 1: neighboring towns. I dilated somewhat on the freedom and beauty
• 17:38
  Speaker 1: of that life, how hard it must be to exchange
• 17:41
  Speaker 1: it for a two room tenement, and to give up
• 17:44
  Speaker 1: a beautiful homespun kerchief for an ugly department store hat
• 17:50
  Speaker 1: I intimated it was most unfair to judge her by
• 17:54
  Speaker 1: these things alone, and that while she must depend on
• 17:57
  Speaker 1: her daughter to learn the new ways, she also had
• 18:01
  Speaker 1: a right to expect her daughter to know something of
• 18:04
  Speaker 1: the old ways. That which I could not convey to
• 18:08
  Speaker 1: the child, but upon which my own mind persistently dwelt,
• 18:13
  Speaker 1: was that her mother's whole life had been spent in
• 18:16
  Speaker 1: a secluded spot under the rule of traditional in narrowly
• 18:21
  Speaker 1: localized observances, until her very religion clung to local sanctities,
• 18:27
  Speaker 1: to the shrine before which she had always prayed, to
• 18:31
  Speaker 1: the pavement and walls of the low vaulted church. And
• 18:35
  Speaker 1: then suddenly she was torn from it all and literally
• 18:39
  Speaker 1: put out to sea, straight away from the solid habits
• 18:42
  Speaker 1: of her religious and domestic life. And she now walked
• 18:47
  Speaker 1: timidly but with poignant sensibility upon a new and strange shore.
• 18:53
  Speaker 1: It was easy to see that the thought of her
• 18:55
  Speaker 1: mother with any other background than that of the tenement
• 18:59
  Speaker 1: was new to Angelina, And at least two things resulted.
• 19:04
  Speaker 1: She allowed her mother to pull out of the big
• 19:07
  Speaker 1: box under the bed the beautiful homespun garments which had
• 19:11
  Speaker 1: been previously hidden away as uncouth. And she openly came
• 19:17
  Speaker 1: into the Labor Museum by the same door as did
• 19:20
  Speaker 1: her mother, proud at least of the mastery of the
• 19:24
  Speaker 1: craft which had been so much admired. A club of
• 19:28
  Speaker 1: necktie workers, formerly meeting at Hull House persistently resented any
• 19:34
  Speaker 1: attempt on the part of their director to improve their minds.
• 19:38
  Speaker 1: The president once said that she quote wouldn't be caught
• 19:42
  Speaker 1: dead at a lecture close quote, that she came to
• 19:45
  Speaker 1: the club quote to get some fun out of it
• 19:49
  Speaker 1: close quote. And indeed it was most natural that she
• 19:53
  Speaker 1: should crave recreation after a hard day's work. One evening
• 19:59
  Speaker 1: I saw the entire club listening to quite a stiff
• 20:03
  Speaker 1: lecture in the Labor Museum, and to my rather wicked
• 20:06
  Speaker 1: remark to the president that I was surprised to see
• 20:10
  Speaker 1: her enjoin a lecture She replied that she did not
• 20:14
  Speaker 1: call this a lecture. She called this quote getting next
• 20:18
  Speaker 1: to the stuff you work with all the time close quote.
• 20:23
  Speaker 1: It was perhaps the sincerest tribute we have ever received
• 20:28
  Speaker 1: as to the success of the undertaking. The labor Museum
• 20:33
  Speaker 1: continually demanded more space as it was enriched by a
• 20:37
  Speaker 1: fine textile exhibit lent by the Field Museum, and later
• 20:42
  Speaker 1: by carefully selected specimens of basketry from the Philippines. The
• 20:47
  Speaker 1: shops have finally included a group of three or four
• 20:51
  Speaker 1: women Irish, Battalian Danish who have become a permanent working
• 20:56
  Speaker 1: force in the textile department, which has developed into a
• 21:00
  Speaker 1: self supporting industry through the sale of its home spun products.
• 21:06
  Speaker 1: These women and a few men who come to the
• 21:09
  Speaker 1: museum to utilize their European skill in pottery, metal and wood,
• 21:15
  Speaker 1: demonstrate that immigrant colonies might yield to our American life
• 21:20
  Speaker 1: something very valuable if their resources were intelligently studied and developed.
• 21:27
  Speaker 1: I recall an Italian who had decorated the doorposts of
• 21:31
  Speaker 1: his tenement with a beautiful pattern he had previously used
• 21:35
  Speaker 1: in carving the rereevos of a Neapolitan church, who was
• 21:41
  Speaker 1: fired by his landlord on the ground of destroying property.
• 21:46
  Speaker 1: His feelings were hurt, not so much that he had
• 21:49
  Speaker 1: been put out of the house, as that his work
• 21:53
  Speaker 1: had been so disregarded. And he said that when people
• 21:57
  Speaker 1: traveled in Italy they liked to look at wood carvings,
• 22:01
  Speaker 1: but that in America quote they only make money out
• 22:05
  Speaker 1: of you. Close quote. Sometimes the suppression of the instinct
• 22:11
  Speaker 1: of workmanship is followed by more disastrous results. A bohemian
• 22:17
  Speaker 1: whose little girl attended classes at Hull House, in one
• 22:21
  Speaker 1: of his periodic drunken spells, had literally almost choked her
• 22:26
  Speaker 1: to death, and later had committed suicide when in delirium tremens.
• 22:32
  Speaker 1: His poor wife, who stayed a week at Hull House
• 22:35
  Speaker 1: after the disaster until a new tenement could be arranged
• 22:39
  Speaker 1: for her, one day showed me a gold ring which
• 22:42
  Speaker 1: her husband had made for their betrothal. It exhibited the
• 22:47
  Speaker 1: most exquisite workmanship, and she said that although in the
• 22:52
  Speaker 1: old country he had been a goldsmith, in America he
• 22:56
  Speaker 1: had for twenty years shoveled coal in a furnace room
• 23:00
  Speaker 1: of a large manufacturing plant. That whenever she saw one
• 23:04
  Speaker 1: of his quote restless fits close quote which preceded his
• 23:10
  Speaker 1: drunken periods. Quote coming on close. Quote, if she could
• 23:15
  Speaker 1: provide him with a bit of metal and persuade him
• 23:19
  Speaker 1: to stay at home and work at it, he was
• 23:21
  Speaker 1: all right, and the time passed without disaster. But that
• 23:26
  Speaker 1: quote nothing else would do it. Close quote this story
• 23:32
  Speaker 1: through a flood of light upon the dead man's struggle
• 23:36
  Speaker 1: and on the stupid maladjustment which had broken him down.
• 23:40
  Speaker 1: Why had we never been told? Why had our interest
• 23:45
  Speaker 1: in the remarkable musical ability of his child blinded us
• 23:49
  Speaker 1: to the hidden artistry of the father? We had forgotten
• 23:54
  Speaker 1: that a long established occupation may form the very foundations
• 23:59
  Speaker 1: of the more life, That the art with which a
• 24:02
  Speaker 1: man has solaced his toil may be the salvation of
• 24:07
  Speaker 1: his uncertain temperament. There are many examples of touching fidelity
• 24:13
  Speaker 1: to immigrant parents on the part of their grown children.
• 24:17
  Speaker 1: A young man who day after day attends ceremonies which
• 24:21
  Speaker 1: no longer express his religious convictions, and who makes his
• 24:26
  Speaker 1: vain effort to interest his Russian Jewish father in social problems.
• 24:32
  Speaker 1: A daughter who might earn much more money as a
• 24:34
  Speaker 1: stenographer could she work from Monday morning till Saturday night,
• 24:40
  Speaker 1: but who quietly and docilely makes neckties for low wages
• 24:45
  Speaker 1: because she can thus abstain from work Saturdays to please
• 24:50
  Speaker 1: her father. These young people, like poor Maggie Tulliver, through
• 24:56
  Speaker 1: many painful experiences, have reached the conclude usion that pity, memory,
• 25:02
  Speaker 1: and faithfulness are natural ties with paramount claims. This faithfulness, however,
• 25:10
  Speaker 1: is sometimes ruthlessly imposed upon by immigrant parents, who, eager
• 25:16
  Speaker 1: for money and accustomed to the patriarchal authority of peasant households,
• 25:22
  Speaker 1: hold their children in a stern bondage which requires a
• 25:26
  Speaker 1: surrender of all their wages and concedes no time or
• 25:31
  Speaker 1: money for pleasures. There are many convincing illustrations that this
• 25:36
  Speaker 1: parental harshness often results in juvenile delinquency. A Polish boy
• 25:42
  Speaker 1: of seventeen came to Hull House one day to ask
• 25:45
  Speaker 1: a contribution of fifty cents quote towards a flower piece
• 25:50
  Speaker 1: for the funeral of an old Hull House club boy.
• 25:54
  Speaker 2: Close quote.
• 25:56
  Speaker 1: A few questions made it clear that the object was fictitious,
• 26:01
  Speaker 1: whereupon the boy broke down and half defiantly stated that
• 26:05
  Speaker 1: he wanted to buy two twenty five cent tickets, one
• 26:09
  Speaker 1: for his girl and one for himself to a dance
• 26:12
  Speaker 1: of the benevolent social twos, that he hadn't a penny
• 26:17
  Speaker 1: of his own, although he had worked in a brass
• 26:20
  Speaker 1: boundary for three years and had been advanced twice, because
• 26:24
  Speaker 1: he always had to give his pay envelope unopened to
• 26:27
  Speaker 1: his father. Quote just look at the clothes he buys
• 26:32
  Speaker 1: me close quote was his concluding remark. Perhaps the girls
• 26:38
  Speaker 1: are held even more rigidly. In a recent investigation of
• 26:43
  Speaker 1: two hundred working girls, it was found that only five
• 26:47
  Speaker 1: percent had the use of their own money, and that
• 26:50
  Speaker 1: sixty two percent turned in all they earned literally every
• 26:55
  Speaker 1: penny to their mother's It was through this little investigation
• 27:00
  Speaker 1: that we first knew Marcella, a pretty young German girl
• 27:05
  Speaker 1: who helped her widowed mother year after year to care
• 27:09
  Speaker 1: for a large family of younger children. She was content
• 27:13
  Speaker 1: for the most part, although her mother's old country notions
• 27:17
  Speaker 1: of dress gave her but an infinitesimal amount of her
• 27:22
  Speaker 1: own wages to spend on her clothes, and she was
• 27:26
  Speaker 1: quite sophisticated as to proper dressing. Because she sold silk
• 27:31
  Speaker 1: in a neighborhood department store. Her mother approved of the
• 27:35
  Speaker 1: young man who was showing her various attentions and agreed
• 27:39
  Speaker 1: that Marcella should accept his invitation to a ball, but
• 27:43
  Speaker 1: would allow her not a penny toward a new gown
• 27:47
  Speaker 1: to replace one impossibly plain and shabby. Marcella spent a
• 27:53
  Speaker 1: sleepless night and wept bitterly, although she well knew that
• 27:57
  Speaker 1: the doctor's bill for the children's garlet fever was not
• 28:01
  Speaker 1: yet paid. The next day, as she was cutting off
• 28:05
  Speaker 1: three yards of shining pink silk, the thought came to
• 28:09
  Speaker 1: her that it would make her a fine new waiste
• 28:13
  Speaker 1: to wear to the ball. She wistfully saw it wrapped
• 28:17
  Speaker 1: in paper and carelessly stuffed into the muff of the purchaser,
• 28:21
  Speaker 1: when suddenly the parcel fell upon the floor. No one
• 28:26
  Speaker 1: was looking, and quick as a flash, the girl picked
• 28:29
  Speaker 1: it up and pushed it into her blouse. The theft
• 28:33
  Speaker 1: was discovered by the relentless department store detective, who, for
• 28:38
  Speaker 1: quote the sake of example close quote, insisted upon taking
• 28:43
  Speaker 1: the case into court. The poor mother wept bitter tears
• 28:48
  Speaker 1: over this downfall of her quote from as much close quote,
• 28:55
  Speaker 1: and no one had the heart to tell her of
• 28:58
  Speaker 1: her own blindness. I know a Polish boy whose earnings
• 29:03
  Speaker 1: were all given to his father, who gruffly refused all
• 29:07
  Speaker 1: requests for pocket money. One Christmas, his little sisters, having
• 29:12
  Speaker 1: been told by their mother that they were too poor
• 29:14
  Speaker 1: to have any Christmas presents, appealed to the big brother
• 29:19
  Speaker 1: as to one who was earning money of his own.
• 29:22
  Speaker 1: Flattered by the implication, but at the same time quite impecunious,
• 29:28
  Speaker 1: the night before Christmas, he nonchalantly walked through a neighboring
• 29:32
  Speaker 1: department store and stole a manicure set for one little
• 29:37
  Speaker 1: sister and a string of beads for the other. He
• 29:41
  Speaker 1: was caught at the door by the house detective as
• 29:44
  Speaker 1: one of those children whom each local department store arrests
• 29:48
  Speaker 1: in the weeks before Christmas, at the daily rate of
• 29:52
  Speaker 1: eight to twenty. The youngest of these offenders are seldom
• 29:56
  Speaker 1: taken into court, but are either sent home with a
• 30:00
  Speaker 1: warning or turned over to the officers of the Juvenile
• 30:03
  Speaker 1: Protective Association. Most of these premature lawbreakers are in search
• 30:09
  Speaker 1: of americanized clothing, and others are only looking for playthings.
• 30:14
  Speaker 1: They are all distracted by the profusion and variety of
• 30:18
  Speaker 1: the display, and their moral sense is confused by the
• 30:22
  Speaker 1: general air of open handedness. These disastrous efforts are not
• 30:28
  Speaker 1: unlike those of many younger children who are constantly arrested
• 30:32
  Speaker 1: for petty thieving because they are too eager to take
• 30:36
  Speaker 1: home food or fuel which will relieve the distress and
• 30:40
  Speaker 1: need they so constantly. Here discussed the coal on the wagons,
• 30:45
  Speaker 1: the vegetables displayed in front of the grocery shops, the
• 30:50
  Speaker 1: very wooden blocks in the loosened street paving are a
• 30:54
  Speaker 1: challenge to their powers to help out at home. A
• 30:58
  Speaker 1: bohemian boy who was out on parole from the old
• 31:02
  Speaker 1: detention home of the Juvenile Court itself, brought back five
• 31:06
  Speaker 1: stolen chickens to the matron for Sunday dinner, saying that
• 31:11
  Speaker 1: he knew the committee were having a hard time to
• 31:14
  Speaker 1: fill up so many kids, and perhaps these foul would
• 31:18
  Speaker 1: help out the honest. Immigrant parents, totally ignorant of American
• 31:25
  Speaker 1: laws and municipal regulations, often send a child to pick
• 31:29
  Speaker 1: up coal on the railroad tracks, or to stand at
• 31:33
  Speaker 1: three o'clock in the morning before the side door of
• 31:35
  Speaker 1: a restaurant which gives away broken food, or to collect
• 31:40
  Speaker 1: grain for the chickens at the base of elevators and
• 31:43
  Speaker 1: standing cars. The latter custom accounts for the large number
• 31:48
  Speaker 1: of boys arrested for breaking the seals on grain freight cars.
• 31:53
  Speaker 1: It is easy for a child thus trained to accept
• 31:56
  Speaker 1: the proposition of a junk dealer to bring him bars
• 32:00
  Speaker 1: of iron stored and freight yards. Four boys quite recently
• 32:05
  Speaker 1: had thus carried away and sold to one man two
• 32:08
  Speaker 1: tons of iron. Four fifths of the children brought into
• 32:14
  Speaker 1: the juvenile court in Chicago are the children of foreigners.
• 32:18
  Speaker 1: The Germans are the greatest defenders Polish. Next. Do their
• 32:23
  Speaker 1: children suffer from the excess of virtue in those parents
• 32:27
  Speaker 1: so eager to own a house and lot. One often
• 32:31
  Speaker 1: sees a grasping parent in the court utterly broken down
• 32:36
  Speaker 1: when the Americanized youth who has been brought to grief
• 32:40
  Speaker 1: clings as piteously to his peasant father as if he
• 32:44
  Speaker 1: were still a frightened little boy in the steerage. Many
• 32:49
  Speaker 1: of these children have come to grief through their premature
• 32:53
  Speaker 1: fling into city life, having thrown off parental control as
• 32:58
  Speaker 1: they have impatiently discarded foreign ways. Boys of ten and
• 33:03
  Speaker 1: twelve will refuse to sleep at home, preferring the freedom
• 33:07
  Speaker 1: of an old brewery vault or an empty warehouse to
• 33:12
  Speaker 1: the obedience required by their parents, and for days these
• 33:16
  Speaker 1: boys will live on the milk and bread which they
• 33:19
  Speaker 1: steal from the back porches after the early morning delivery.
• 33:24
  Speaker 1: Such children complain that there is no fun at home.
• 33:29
  Speaker 1: One little chap who was given a vacant lot to
• 33:33
  Speaker 1: cultivate by the City Garden Association, insisted upon raising only
• 33:38
  Speaker 1: popcorn and tried to present the entire crop to Hull
• 33:42
  Speaker 1: House quote to be used for the parties. Close quote,
• 33:47
  Speaker 1: with the stipulation that he would have quote to be
• 33:51
  Speaker 1: invited every single time. Close quote. Then there are little
• 33:57
  Speaker 1: groups of dissipated young men who pride themself upon their
• 34:00
  Speaker 1: ability to live without working, and to despise all the
• 34:04
  Speaker 1: honest and sober ways of their immigrant parents. They are
• 34:09
  Speaker 1: at once a menace and a center of demoralization. Certainly,
• 34:14
  Speaker 1: the bewildered parents, unable to speak English and ignorant of
• 34:18
  Speaker 1: the city, whose children have disappeared for days or weeks,
• 34:23
  Speaker 1: have often come to Hull House, evincing that agony which
• 34:27
  Speaker 1: fairly separates the marrow from the bone, as if they
• 34:31
  Speaker 1: had discovered a new type of suffering, devoid of the
• 34:35
  Speaker 1: healing and familiar sorrows. It is as if they did
• 34:40
  Speaker 1: not know how to search for the children without the
• 34:43
  Speaker 1: assistance of the children themselves. Perhaps the most pathetic aspect
• 34:48
  Speaker 1: of such cases is the revelation of the premature dependence
• 34:52
  Speaker 1: of the older and wiser upon the young and foolish,
• 34:57
  Speaker 1: which is in itself often responsible for the situation, because
• 35:02
  Speaker 1: it has given the children an undue sense of their
• 35:05
  Speaker 1: own importance and a false security that they can take
• 35:09
  Speaker 1: care of themselves. On the other hand, an Italian girl
• 35:14
  Speaker 1: who has had lessons in cooking at the public school
• 35:17
  Speaker 1: will help her mother to connect the entire family with
• 35:21
  Speaker 1: American food and household habits. That the mother has never
• 35:25
  Speaker 1: baked bread in Italy, only mixed it in her own
• 35:30
  Speaker 1: house and then taken it out to the village oven
• 35:33
  Speaker 1: makes all the more valuable her daughter's understanding of the
• 35:37
  Speaker 1: complicated cooking stove. The same thing is true of the
• 35:41
  Speaker 1: girl who learns to sew in the public school, and
• 35:44
  Speaker 1: more than anything else, perhaps of the girl who receives
• 35:48
  Speaker 1: the first simple instruction in the care of little children,
• 35:52
  Speaker 1: that skillful care which every tenement house baby requires if
• 35:57
  Speaker 1: he is to be pulled through his second summer. As
• 36:01
  Speaker 1: a result of this teaching, I recall a young girl,
• 36:04
  Speaker 1: who carefully explained to her Italian mother that the reason
• 36:08
  Speaker 1: the babies in Italy were so healthy and the babies
• 36:11
  Speaker 1: in Chicago were so sickly, was not, as her mother
• 36:15
  Speaker 1: had firmly insisted, because her babies in Italy had goat's
• 36:19
  Speaker 1: milk and her babies in America had cow's milk, but
• 36:24
  Speaker 1: because the milk in Italy was clean and the milk
• 36:28
  Speaker 1: in Chicago was dirty. She said that when you milked
• 36:32
  Speaker 1: your own goat before the door, you knew that the
• 36:35
  Speaker 1: milk was clean. But when you bought milk from the
• 36:38
  Speaker 1: grocery store, after it had been carried for many miles
• 36:42
  Speaker 1: in the country, you couldn't tell whether it was fit
• 36:45
  Speaker 1: for the baby to drink until the men from the
• 36:48
  Speaker 1: city hall, who had watched it all the way, said
• 36:51
  Speaker 1: that it was all right. Thus, through civic instruction in
• 36:56
  Speaker 1: public schools, the Italian women slowly became urban in the
• 37:00
  Speaker 1: sense in which the word was used by her own
• 37:04
  Speaker 1: Latin ancestors, and thus the habits of her entire family
• 37:09
  Speaker 1: were modified. The public schools in the immigrant colonies deserve
• 37:14
  Speaker 1: all the praise as americanizing agencies which can be bestowed
• 37:18
  Speaker 1: upon them, and there is little doubt that the fast
• 37:22
  Speaker 1: changing curriculum in the direction of the vacation school experiments
• 37:27
  Speaker 1: will react more directly upon such households. It is difficult
• 37:32
  Speaker 1: to write of the relation of the older and most
• 37:35
  Speaker 1: foreign looking immigrants to the children of other people. The
• 37:39
  Speaker 1: Italians whose fruit carts are upset simply because they are
• 37:44
  Speaker 1: quote dagoes close quote, or the Russian peddlers who are
• 37:49
  Speaker 1: stoned and sometimes badly injured because it has become a
• 37:53
  Speaker 1: code of honor and a gang of boys to thus
• 37:57
  Speaker 1: express their derision. The members of a protective association of
• 38:01
  Speaker 1: Jewish peddlers organized at Hull House related daily experiences in
• 38:07
  Speaker 1: which old age had been treated with such irreverence, cherished
• 38:12
  Speaker 1: dignity with such disrespect that a listener caught the passion
• 38:16
  Speaker 1: of lear in the old texts as a platitude enunciated
• 38:21
  Speaker 1: by a man who discovers in it his own experience,
• 38:25
  Speaker 1: thrills us as no unfamiliar phrases can possibly do. The
• 38:31
  Speaker 1: Greeks are filled with amazed rage when their very name
• 38:35
  Speaker 1: is flung at them as an opprobrious epithet. Doubtless these
• 38:40
  Speaker 1: difficulties would be much minimized in America if we faced
• 38:44
  Speaker 1: our own race problem with courage and intelligence, and these
• 38:48
  Speaker 1: very Mediterranean immigrants might give us valuable help. Certainly they
• 38:54
  Speaker 1: are less conscious than the Anglo Saxon of color distinctions,
• 38:59
  Speaker 1: perhaps because of their traditional familiarity with Carthage and Egypt.
• 39:04
  Speaker 1: They listened with respect and enthusiasm to a scholarly address
• 39:09
  Speaker 1: delivered by Professor du Bois at Hull House on A
• 39:13
  Speaker 1: Lincoln's birthday, with apparently no consciousness of that race difference
• 39:19
  Speaker 1: which color seems to accentuate so absurdly. And upon my
• 39:24
  Speaker 1: return from various conferences held in the interests of quote
• 39:29
  Speaker 1: the advancement of colored people close quote, I have had
• 39:33
  Speaker 1: many illuminating conversations with my cosmopolitan neighbors. The celebration of
• 39:40
  Speaker 1: national events has always been a source of new understanding
• 39:43
  Speaker 1: and companionship with the members of the contiguous foreign colonies,
• 39:48
  Speaker 1: not only between them and their American neighbors, but between
• 39:52
  Speaker 1: them and their own children. One of our earliest Italian
• 39:57
  Speaker 1: events was arousing commemoration of Garibaldi's birthday, and his imposing
• 40:03
  Speaker 1: bust presented to Hull House that evening was long the
• 40:07
  Speaker 1: chief ornament of our front hall. It called forth great
• 40:12
  Speaker 1: enthusiasm from the Connazionali, whom Ruskin calls not the common
• 40:18
  Speaker 1: people of Italy, but the companion people, because of their
• 40:22
  Speaker 1: power for swift sympathy. A huge Hellenic meeting held at
• 40:28
  Speaker 1: Hull House, in which the achievements of the Classic period
• 40:31
  Speaker 1: were set forth, both in Greek and English by scholars
• 40:35
  Speaker 1: of well known repute, brought us into a new sense
• 40:39
  Speaker 1: of fellowship with all our Greek neighbours. As the Mayor
• 40:43
  Speaker 1: of Chicago was seated upon the right hand of the
• 40:46
  Speaker 1: dignified Senior Priest of the Greek Church, and they were
• 40:50
  Speaker 1: greeted alternately in the national hymns of America and Greece,
• 40:56
  Speaker 1: one felt a curious sense of the possibility of transplanting
• 41:01
  Speaker 1: to new and crude Chicago some of the traditions of
• 41:05
  Speaker 1: Athens itself so deeply cherished in the hearts of this
• 41:10
  Speaker 1: group of citizens. The Greeks indeed gravely consider their traditions
• 41:16
  Speaker 1: as their most precious possession. And more than once, in
• 41:20
  Speaker 1: meetings of protest held by the Greek Colony against the
• 41:24
  Speaker 1: aggressions of the Bulgarians in Macedonia, I have heard it
• 41:28
  Speaker 1: urged that the Bulgarians are trying to establish a protectorate,
• 41:33
  Speaker 1: not only for their immediate advantage, but that they may
• 41:37
  Speaker 1: claim a glorious history for the quote barbarous country close quote.
• 41:44
  Speaker 1: It is said that on the basis of this protectorate
• 41:48
  Speaker 1: they are already teaching in their schools that Alexander the
• 41:51
  Speaker 1: Great was a Bulgarian, and that it will be but
• 41:55
  Speaker 1: a short time before they claim Aristotle himself, and in
• 41:59
  Speaker 1: dignity the great weeks will never suffer to me personally.
• 42:04
  Speaker 1: The celebration of the hundredth anniversity of Mazzini's birth was
• 42:08
  Speaker 1: a matter of great interest throughout the world. That day,
• 42:13
  Speaker 1: Italians who believed in a united Italy came together. They
• 42:17
  Speaker 1: recalled the hopes of this man, who, with all his
• 42:21
  Speaker 1: devotion to his country, was still more devoted to humanity,
• 42:25
  Speaker 1: and who dedicated to the working men of Italy, and
• 42:29
  Speaker 1: appeal so philosophical, so filled with a yearning for righteousness,
• 42:34
  Speaker 1: that it transcended all national boundaries and became a bugle
• 42:39
  Speaker 1: call for quote the duties of man close quote. A
• 42:44
  Speaker 1: copy of this document was given to every school child
• 42:47
  Speaker 1: in the public schools of Italy on this one hundredth anniversary,
• 42:52
  Speaker 1: and as the Chicago branch of the Society of Young
• 42:56
  Speaker 1: Italy marched into our largest hall and presented to Hull
• 43:00
  Speaker 1: House an historic bust of Mazzini. I found myself devoutly
• 43:06
  Speaker 1: hoping that the Italian youth, who have committed their future
• 43:10
  Speaker 1: to America might indeed become quote the apostles of the
• 43:15
  Speaker 1: Fraternity of Nations close quote, and that our American citizenship
• 43:22
  Speaker 1: might be built without disturbing these foundations which were laid
• 43:28
  Speaker 1: of old time. End of Chapter eleven.
• 43:34
  Speaker 3: Chapter twelve Tolstoyism. The administration of charity in Chicago during
• 43:42
  Speaker 3: the winter following the World's Fair had been of necessity
• 43:46
  Speaker 3: most difficult, for although large sums had been given to
• 43:50
  Speaker 3: the temporary relief organizations which endeavored to care for the
• 43:53
  Speaker 3: thousands of destitute strangers stranded in the city, we all
• 43:58
  Speaker 3: worked under a sense of desperate needs and a paralyzing
• 44:01
  Speaker 3: consciousness that our best efforts were most inadequate to the situation.
• 44:06
  Speaker 3: During the many relief visits I paid that winter in
• 44:09
  Speaker 3: tenement houses and miserable lodgings, I was constantly shadowed by
• 44:14
  Speaker 3: a certain sense of shame that I should be comfortable
• 44:17
  Speaker 3: in the midst of such distress. This resulted at times
• 44:21
  Speaker 3: in a curious reaction against all the educational and philanthropic
• 44:25
  Speaker 3: activities in which I had been engaged. In the face
• 44:29
  Speaker 3: of the desperate hunger and need, these could not but
• 44:32
  Speaker 3: seem futile and superficial. The hard winter in Chicago had
• 44:37
  Speaker 3: turned the thoughts of many of us to these stern matters.
• 44:41
  Speaker 3: A young friend of mine, who came daily to Hull House,
• 44:44
  Speaker 3: consulted me in regard to going into the paper warehouse
• 44:47
  Speaker 3: belonging to her father, that she might there sort rags
• 44:50
  Speaker 3: with the Polish girls. Another young girl took a place
• 44:54
  Speaker 3: in a sweatshop for a month, doing her work so
• 44:57
  Speaker 3: simply and thoroughly that the proprietor had no notion that
• 45:01
  Speaker 3: she had not been driven there by need. Still, two
• 45:04
  Speaker 3: others worked in a shoe factory, and all this happened
• 45:07
  Speaker 3: before such adventures were undertaken in order to procure literary material.
• 45:12
  Speaker 3: It was in the following winter that the pioneer effort
• 45:15
  Speaker 3: in this direction, Walter Wickup's account of his vain attempt
• 45:19
  Speaker 3: to find work in Chicago, compelled even the sternest businessman
• 45:23
  Speaker 3: to drop his assertion that any man can find work
• 45:27
  Speaker 3: if he wants it. The dealing directly with the simplest
• 45:31
  Speaker 3: human wants may have been responsible for an impression which
• 45:35
  Speaker 3: I carried about with me almost constantly for a period
• 45:38
  Speaker 3: of two years, and which culminated finely in a visit
• 45:42
  Speaker 3: to Tolstoy, that the settlement or hull house at least
• 45:46
  Speaker 3: was a mere pretense and travesty of the simple impulse
• 45:51
  Speaker 3: to live with the poor, so long as the residents
• 45:54
  Speaker 3: did not share the common lot of hard labor and
• 45:57
  Speaker 3: scant fare. Experience had left me in much the same
• 46:02
  Speaker 3: state of mind I had been in after reading Tolstoy's
• 46:05
  Speaker 3: What to Do, which is a description of his futile
• 46:08
  Speaker 3: efforts to relieve the unspeakable distress and want in the
• 46:12
  Speaker 3: Moscow winter of eighteen eighty one, and his inevitable conviction
• 46:17
  Speaker 3: that only he who literally shares his own shelter and
• 46:21
  Speaker 3: food with the needy can claim to have served them. Doubtless,
• 46:25
  Speaker 3: it is much easier to see what to do in
• 46:28
  Speaker 3: rural Russia, where all the conditions tend to make the
• 46:31
  Speaker 3: contrast as broad as possible between peasant labor and noble idleness,
• 46:36
  Speaker 3: than it is to see what to do in the
• 46:39
  Speaker 3: interdependencies of the modern industrial city. But for that very reason,
• 46:45
  Speaker 3: perhaps Tolstoy's clear statement is valuable for that type of
• 46:49
  Speaker 3: conscientious person in every land who finds it hard not
• 46:53
  Speaker 3: only to walk in the path of righteousness, but to
• 46:56
  Speaker 3: discover where the path lies. I had read the books
• 47:00
  Speaker 3: of Tolstoy steadily all the years since my religion had
• 47:03
  Speaker 3: come into my hands immediately after I left college. The
• 47:07
  Speaker 3: reading of that book had made clear that men's poor
• 47:10
  Speaker 3: little efforts to do right are put forth, for the
• 47:12
  Speaker 3: most part, in the chill of self distrust. I became
• 47:16
  Speaker 3: convinced that if the new social order ever came, it
• 47:20
  Speaker 3: would come by gathering to itself all the pathetic human
• 47:23
  Speaker 3: endeavor which had indicated the forward direction. But I was
• 47:28
  Speaker 3: most eager to know whether Tolstoy's undertaking to do his
• 47:31
  Speaker 3: daily share of the physical labor of the world, that
• 47:34
  Speaker 3: labor which is so disproportionate to the unnourished strength of
• 47:39
  Speaker 3: those whom it is ordinarily performed, had brought him peace.
• 47:44
  Speaker 3: I had time to review carefully many things in my
• 47:48
  Speaker 3: mind during the long days of convalescence following an illness
• 47:51
  Speaker 3: of typhoid fever, which I suffered in the autumn of
• 47:54
  Speaker 3: eighteen ninety five. The illness was so prolonged that my
• 47:58
  Speaker 3: health was most un satisfactory during the following winter, and
• 48:02
  Speaker 3: the next May I went abroad with my friend Miss Smith,
• 48:05
  Speaker 3: to effect, if possible, a more complete recovery. The prospect
• 48:10
  Speaker 3: of seeing Tolstoy filled me with the hope of finding
• 48:13
  Speaker 3: a clue to the tangled affairs of city poverty. I
• 48:17
  Speaker 3: was but one of thousands of our contemporaries who were
• 48:21
  Speaker 3: turning towards this Russian not as to a seer, his
• 48:25
  Speaker 3: message is much too confused and contradictory for that, but
• 48:29
  Speaker 3: as to a man who has had the ability to
• 48:31
  Speaker 3: lift his life to the level of his conscience to
• 48:35
  Speaker 3: translate his theories into action. Our first few weeks in
• 48:39
  Speaker 3: England were most stimulating. A dozen years ago, London still
• 48:44
  Speaker 3: showed traces of that exciting moment in the life of
• 48:47
  Speaker 3: the nation when its youth is casting about for new enthusiasms.
• 48:52
  Speaker 3: But it evinced still more of that British capacity to
• 48:55
  Speaker 3: perform the hard work of careful research and self examination
• 49:00
  Speaker 3: which must precede any successful experiments in social reform. Of
• 49:04
  Speaker 3: the varied groups and individuals whose suggestions remained with me
• 49:08
  Speaker 3: for years I recall, perhaps as foremost those members of
• 49:13
  Speaker 3: the new London County Council, whose far reaching plans for
• 49:16
  Speaker 3: the betterment of London could not but enkindle enthusiasm. It
• 49:21
  Speaker 3: was a most striking expression of that effort which would place,
• 49:24
  Speaker 3: beside the refinement and pleasure of the rich, a new
• 49:27
  Speaker 3: refinement and a new pleasure born of the Commonwealth, and
• 49:32
  Speaker 3: the common joy of all the citizens, that at this
• 49:35
  Speaker 3: moment they prized the municipal pleasure boats upon the Thames,
• 49:39
  Speaker 3: no less than the extensive schemes for the municipal housing
• 49:43
  Speaker 3: of the poorest people. Ben Tillett, who was then an
• 49:47
  Speaker 3: alderman the Docker, sitting beside the Duke, took me in
• 49:51
  Speaker 3: a rowboat down the Thames, on a journey made exciting
• 49:55
  Speaker 3: by the hundreds of dockers who cheered him as we
• 49:58
  Speaker 3: passed one warfare after another. On our way to his
• 50:02
  Speaker 3: home at Greenwich, John Burns showed us his wonderful civic
• 50:06
  Speaker 3: accomplishments at Battersea, the plant turning street sweepings into cement pavements,
• 50:12
  Speaker 3: the technical school teaching boys bricklaying and plumbing, and the
• 50:16
  Speaker 3: public bath in which the children of the Board's school
• 50:19
  Speaker 3: were receiving a swimming lesson these measures, anticipating our achievements
• 50:23
  Speaker 3: in Chicago by at least a decade and a half.
• 50:27
  Speaker 3: The new Education Bill, which was destined to drag on
• 50:30
  Speaker 3: for twelve years before it developed into the Children's Charter,
• 50:34
  Speaker 3: was then a storm center in the House of Commons.
• 50:37
  Speaker 3: Miss Smith and I were much pleased to be taken
• 50:40
  Speaker 3: to tea on the Parliament Terrace by its author, Sir
• 50:43
  Speaker 3: John Gorst, although we were quite bewildered by the arguments
• 50:47
  Speaker 3: we heard there for church schools versus secular We heard
• 50:51
  Speaker 3: Keir Hardy, before a large audience of workmen standing in
• 50:55
  Speaker 3: the open square of Canningtown, outlined the great things to
• 50:59
  Speaker 3: be accomplish by the then new Labor Party, and we
• 51:03
  Speaker 3: joined the vast body of men in the booming hymn
• 51:07
  Speaker 3: when wilt Thou Save the people, O God of Mercy?
• 51:10
  Speaker 3: When binding it hard to realize that we were attending
• 51:14
  Speaker 3: a political meeting. It seemed that moment as if the
• 51:17
  Speaker 3: hopes of democracy were more likely to come to pass
• 51:20
  Speaker 3: on English soil than upon our own. Robert Bletchford's stirring
• 51:25
  Speaker 3: pamphlets were in everyone's hands, and a reception given by
• 51:29
  Speaker 3: Karl Marx's daughter Missus abling to Leibnecht before he returned
• 51:34
  Speaker 3: to Germany to serve a prison term for his Lise
• 51:37
  Speaker 3: Mageste speech in the Reichstag. Gave us a glimpse of
• 51:41
  Speaker 3: the old fashioned orthodox socialist who had not yet begun
• 51:45
  Speaker 3: to yield to the biting ridicule of Bernard Shaw, although
• 51:49
  Speaker 3: he flamed in their midst that evening, Octavia Hill kindly
• 51:54
  Speaker 3: demonstrated to us the principles upon which her well founded
• 51:57
  Speaker 3: business of rent collecting was established, and with pardonable pride,
• 52:02
  Speaker 3: showed us the Red Cross Square, with its cottages marvelously
• 52:06
  Speaker 3: picturesque and comfortable on two sides, and on the third
• 52:10
  Speaker 3: a public hall and common drawing room for the use
• 52:13
  Speaker 3: of all the tenants. The interior of the latter had
• 52:16
  Speaker 3: been decorated by pupils of Walter Crane with mural frescoes
• 52:20
  Speaker 3: portraying the heroism in the life of the modern working man.
• 52:24
  Speaker 3: While all this was warmly human, we also had opportunities
• 52:28
  Speaker 3: to see something of a group of men and women
• 52:31
  Speaker 3: who were approaching the social problem from the study of economics.
• 52:35
  Speaker 3: Among others, mister and Missus Sidney Webb, who were at
• 52:39
  Speaker 3: work on their industrial democracy. Mister John Hobson, who was
• 52:43
  Speaker 3: lecturing on the evolution of modern capitalism. We followed factory
• 52:48
  Speaker 3: inspectors on a round of duties performed with a thoroughness
• 52:51
  Speaker 3: and a trained intelligence, which were a revelation of the
• 52:54
  Speaker 3: possibilities of public service. When it came to visiting settlements,
• 52:59
  Speaker 3: we were at least reassured that they were not falling
• 53:01
  Speaker 3: into identical lines of effort. Canon Ingram, who has since
• 53:05
  Speaker 3: become Bishop of London, was then Warden of Oxford House,
• 53:10
  Speaker 3: and in the midst of an experiment which pleased me greatly,
• 53:13
  Speaker 3: the more because it was carried on by a churchman.
• 53:16
  Speaker 3: Oxford House had hired all the concert halls vaudeville shows
• 53:20
  Speaker 3: we later called them in Chicago, which were found in
• 53:23
  Speaker 3: Bethnal Green for every Saturday night. The residents had censored
• 53:28
  Speaker 3: the programs, which they were careful to keep popular, and
• 53:32
  Speaker 3: any working men who attended to show in Bethnal Green
• 53:35
  Speaker 3: on a Saturday night, and thousands of them did, heard
• 53:38
  Speaker 3: a program. The better for this effort. One evening in
• 53:42
  Speaker 3: University Hall, Missus Humphrey Ward, who had just returned from Italy,
• 53:47
  Speaker 3: described the effect of the Italian salt tax in a
• 53:50
  Speaker 3: talk which was evidently won in a series of lectures
• 53:53
  Speaker 3: upon the economic wrongs which pressed heaviest upon the poor.
• 53:57
  Speaker 3: At Browning House, at the moment they were giving prizes
• 54:00
  Speaker 3: to those of their costomonger neighbors who could present the
• 54:03
  Speaker 3: best cared for donkeys, and the warden Herbert Stead exhibited
• 54:08
  Speaker 3: almost the enthusiasm of his well known brother for that
• 54:11
  Speaker 3: crop of kindliness which can be garnered most easily from
• 54:15
  Speaker 3: the acreage where human beings grow the thickest. At the
• 54:18
  Speaker 3: Bermanzi settlement, they were rejoicing that their university extension students
• 54:23
  Speaker 3: had successfully passed the examinations for the University of London.
• 54:28
  Speaker 3: The entire impression received in England of research, of scholarship,
• 54:32
  Speaker 3: of organized public spirit was in marked contrast to the
• 54:36
  Speaker 3: impressions of my next visit in nineteen hundred, when the
• 54:39
  Speaker 3: South African War had absorbed the enthusiasm of the nation
• 54:43
  Speaker 3: and the wrongs at the heart of the empire were
• 54:47
  Speaker 3: disregarded and neglected. London, of course, presented sharp differences to Russia,
• 54:53
  Speaker 3: where social conditions were written in black and white with
• 54:56
  Speaker 3: little shading, like a demonstration of the Chinese line proverb,
• 55:01
  Speaker 3: where one man lives in luxury, another is dying of hunger.
• 55:06
  Speaker 3: The fair of Nijni Novgorod seemed to take us to
• 55:09
  Speaker 3: the very edge of civilization, so remote an Eastern that
• 55:13
  Speaker 3: the merchants brought their curious goods upon the backs of camels,
• 55:16
  Speaker 3: or on strange craft writing at anchor on the broad Volga.
• 55:20
  Speaker 3: But even here our letter of introduction to Krolenko the
• 55:24
  Speaker 3: novelist brought us to a realization of that strange mingling
• 55:28
  Speaker 3: of a remote past and a self conscious present which
• 55:31
  Speaker 3: Russia presents. On every hand. This same contrast was also
• 55:36
  Speaker 3: shown by the pilgrims trudging on pious errands to monasteries,
• 55:40
  Speaker 3: to tombs and to the Holy Land itself, with their
• 55:43
  Speaker 3: bleeding feet, bound in brags and thrust into vast sandals,
• 55:48
  Speaker 3: and on the other hand by the revolutionists, even then
• 55:51
  Speaker 3: advocating a republic which should obtain not only in political
• 55:55
  Speaker 3: but also in industrial affairs. We had letters of introduction
• 55:59
  Speaker 3: to mister and missus aylmer Maud of Moscow, since well
• 56:04
  Speaker 3: known as the Translators of Resurrection, and other of Tolskoy's
• 56:07
  Speaker 3: later works, who at that moment were on the eve
• 56:10
  Speaker 3: of leaving Russia in order to form an agricultural colony
• 56:14
  Speaker 3: in South England, where they might support themselves by the
• 56:17
  Speaker 3: labor of their hands. We gladly accepted mister Maud's offer
• 56:21
  Speaker 3: to take us to Yasnaya Purryana and to introduce us
• 56:24
  Speaker 3: to Count Tolstoy. And never did a disciple journey toward
• 56:28
  Speaker 3: his master with more enthusiasm than did our guide. When, however,
• 56:33
  Speaker 3: mister Maud actually presented Miss Smith and myself to Count Tolstoy,
• 56:37
  Speaker 3: knowing well his master's attitude towards philanthropy, he endeavored to
• 56:41
  Speaker 3: make hull House appear much more noble and unique than
• 56:45
  Speaker 3: I should have ventured to do. Tolstoy, standing by, clad
• 56:49
  Speaker 3: in his peasant garb, listened gravely, but glancing distrustfully at
• 56:53
  Speaker 3: the sleeves of my traveling gown, which, unfortunately, at the season,
• 56:57
  Speaker 3: were monstrous in size. He took home of an edge, and,
• 57:01
  Speaker 3: pulling out one sleeve to an interminable breath, said quite
• 57:05
  Speaker 3: simply that there was enough stuff on one arm to
• 57:08
  Speaker 3: make a frock for a little girl, and asked me
• 57:11
  Speaker 3: directly if I did not find such a dress a
• 57:14
  Speaker 3: barrier to the people. I was too disconcerted to make
• 57:18
  Speaker 3: a very clear explanation. Although I tried to say that
• 57:22
  Speaker 3: monstrous as my sleeves were, they did not compare in
• 57:25
  Speaker 3: size with those of the working girls in Chicago, and
• 57:28
  Speaker 3: that nothing would more effectively separate me from the people
• 57:32
  Speaker 3: than a cotton blouse. Following the simple lines of the
• 57:36
  Speaker 3: human form. Even if I had wished to imitate him
• 57:39
  Speaker 3: and dress as a peasant, it would have been hard
• 57:42
  Speaker 3: to choose which peasant among the thirty six nationalities we
• 57:46
  Speaker 3: had recently counted in our ward. Fortunately, the Countess came
• 57:50
  Speaker 3: to my rescue with the recital of her former attempts
• 57:53
  Speaker 3: to clothe hypothetical little girls in yards of material cut
• 57:57
  Speaker 3: from a train, and other superfluous parts of her best
• 58:00
  Speaker 3: until she had been driven to a firm stand, which
• 58:03
  Speaker 3: she advised me to take at once. But neither Countess
• 58:07
  Speaker 3: toll Story nor any other friend was on hand to
• 58:10
  Speaker 3: help me out of my predicament. Later, when I was
• 58:12
  Speaker 3: asked who fed me and how did I obtain shelter?
• 58:17
  Speaker 3: Upon my reply that a farm a hundred miles from
• 58:20
  Speaker 3: Chicago supplied me with the necessities of life, I fairly
• 58:23
  Speaker 3: anticipated the next scathing question, So you are an absentee landlord,
• 58:30
  Speaker 3: do you think you will help the people more by
• 58:32
  Speaker 3: adding yourself to the crowded city than you would by
• 58:35
  Speaker 3: tilling your own soil. This new sense of discomfort over
• 58:39
  Speaker 3: a failure to till my own soil was increased when
• 58:42
  Speaker 3: Tolstoy's second daughter appeared at the five o'clock tea table
• 58:46
  Speaker 3: set under the trees, coming straight from the harvest field,
• 58:49
  Speaker 3: where she had been working with a group of peasants
• 58:52
  Speaker 3: since five o'clock in the morning, not pretending to work,
• 58:55
  Speaker 3: but really taking the place of a peasant woman who
• 58:58
  Speaker 3: had hurt her foot. He was plainly much exhausted, but
• 59:02
  Speaker 3: neither expected nor received sympathy from the members of a
• 59:05
  Speaker 3: family who were quite accustomed to see each other carry
• 59:08
  Speaker 3: out their convictions in spite of discomfort and fatigue. The
• 59:12
  Speaker 3: martyrdom of discomfort, however, was obviously much easier to bear
• 59:16
  Speaker 3: than that to which even to the eyes of the
• 59:19
  Speaker 3: casual visitor, Count Tolstoy daily subjected himself for his study
• 59:24
  Speaker 3: in the basement of the conventional dwelling, with its short
• 59:27
  Speaker 3: shelf of battered books and its scythe and spade leaning
• 59:31
  Speaker 3: against the wall, had many times lent itself to that ridicule,
• 59:35
  Speaker 3: which is the most difficult form of martyrdom. That summer evening,
• 59:40
  Speaker 3: as we sat in the garden with a group of
• 59:41
  Speaker 3: visitors from Germany, from England and America, who had traveled
• 59:46
  Speaker 3: to the remote Russian village that they might learn of
• 59:48
  Speaker 3: this man, one could not forbear the constant inquiry to
• 59:52
  Speaker 3: oneself as to why he was so regarded as sage
• 59:56
  Speaker 3: and saint, that this party of people should be repeated
• 59:58
  Speaker 3: each day of the year. It seemed to me, then,
• 1:00:01
  Speaker 3: that we were all attracted by this sermon of the
• 1:00:04
  Speaker 3: deed because Tolstoy had made the one supreme personal effort,
• 1:00:09
  Speaker 3: one might almost say, the one frantic personal effort, to
• 1:00:13
  Speaker 3: put himself into right relations with the humblest people, with
• 1:00:17
  Speaker 3: the men who tilled his soil, blacked his boots, and
• 1:00:20
  Speaker 3: cleaned his stables. Doubtless, the heaviest burden of our contemporaries
• 1:00:25
  Speaker 3: is a consciousness of a divergence between our democratic theory
• 1:00:29
  Speaker 3: on the one hand that working people have a right
• 1:00:32
  Speaker 3: to the intellectual resources of society, and the actual fact,
• 1:00:36
  Speaker 3: on the other hand, that thousands of them are so
• 1:00:39
  Speaker 3: overburdened with toil, that there is no leisure nor energy
• 1:00:42
  Speaker 3: left for the cultivation of the mind. We constantly suffer
• 1:00:46
  Speaker 3: from the strain and indecision of believing this theory and
• 1:00:50
  Speaker 3: acting as if we did not believe it. And this man,
• 1:00:53
  Speaker 3: who years before had tried to get off the backs
• 1:00:56
  Speaker 3: of the peasants, who had at least simplified his life
• 1:01:00
  Speaker 3: and worked with his hands, had come to be a
• 1:01:02
  Speaker 3: prototype to many of his generation. Doubtless all of the
• 1:01:06
  Speaker 3: visitors sitting in the Tolstoy garden that evening had excused
• 1:01:10
  Speaker 3: themselves from laboring with their hands upon the theory that
• 1:01:13
  Speaker 3: they were doing something more valuable for society. In other ways,
• 1:01:17
  Speaker 3: no one among our contemporaries has dissented from this point
• 1:01:21
  Speaker 3: of view so violently as Tolstoy himself. And yet no
• 1:01:25
  Speaker 3: man might so easily have excused himself from hard and
• 1:01:28
  Speaker 3: rough work on the basis of his genius and of
• 1:01:31
  Speaker 3: his intellectual contributions to the world. So far, However, from
• 1:01:35
  Speaker 3: considering his time too valuable to be spent in labor
• 1:01:39
  Speaker 3: in the field or in making shoes, our great host
• 1:01:42
  Speaker 3: was too eager to know life to be willing to
• 1:01:45
  Speaker 3: give up this companionship of mutual labor. One instinctively found
• 1:01:50
  Speaker 3: reasons why it was easier for Russian than for the
• 1:01:53
  Speaker 3: rest of us to reach this conclusion. The Russian peasants
• 1:01:57
  Speaker 3: have a proverb which sayslabor is the house that love
• 1:02:01
  Speaker 3: lives in, by which they mean that no two people
• 1:02:05
  Speaker 3: nor group of people can come into affectionate relations with
• 1:02:09
  Speaker 3: each other unless they carry on together a mutual task.
• 1:02:13
  Speaker 3: And when the Russian peasant talks of labor, he means
• 1:02:16
  Speaker 3: labor on the soil, or, to use the phrase of
• 1:02:19
  Speaker 3: the great peasant bonderef bred labor. Those monastic orders founded
• 1:02:24
  Speaker 3: upon agricultural labor, those philosophical experiments like brook Farm, and
• 1:02:30
  Speaker 3: many another have attempted to reduce to action this same truth.
• 1:02:34
  Speaker 3: Tolstoy himself has written many times his own convictions and
• 1:02:38
  Speaker 3: attempts in this direction, perhaps never more tellingly than in
• 1:02:42
  Speaker 3: the description of Lavin's mournings spent in the harvest field,
• 1:02:46
  Speaker 3: when he lost his sense of grievance and isolation and
• 1:02:49
  Speaker 3: felt a strange new brotherhood for the peasants in proportion
• 1:02:53
  Speaker 3: as the rhythmic motion of his scythe became one with theirs.
• 1:02:57
  Speaker 3: At the long dinner table, laid in the guard garden,
• 1:03:00
  Speaker 3: where the various traveling guests, the grown up daughters and
• 1:03:04
  Speaker 3: the younger children with their governess. The count has presided
• 1:03:08
  Speaker 3: over the usual European dinner served by men, But the
• 1:03:11
  Speaker 3: Count and the daughter, who had worked all day in
• 1:03:13
  Speaker 3: the fields, ate only porridge and black bread, and drank
• 1:03:17
  Speaker 3: only kvas, the fair of the haymaking peasants. Of course,
• 1:03:21
  Speaker 3: we are all accustomed to the fact that those who
• 1:03:23
  Speaker 3: performed the heaviest labor eat the coarsest and simplest fair
• 1:03:26
  Speaker 3: at the end of the day, But it is not
• 1:03:28
  Speaker 3: often that we sit at the same table with them
• 1:03:31
  Speaker 3: while we ourselves eat the more elaborate food prepared by
• 1:03:35
  Speaker 3: someone else's labor. Tolstoy ate his simple supper without remark
• 1:03:39
  Speaker 3: or comment upon the food his family and guests preferred
• 1:03:42
  Speaker 3: to eat, assuming that they, as well as he, had
• 1:03:45
  Speaker 3: settled the matter with their own consciences. The Tolstoy household
• 1:03:51
  Speaker 3: that evening was much interested in the fate of a
• 1:03:53
  Speaker 3: young Russian spy who had recently come to Tolstoy in
• 1:03:57
  Speaker 3: the guise of a country schoolmaster in order to obtain
• 1:04:00
  Speaker 3: a copy of Life which had been interdicted by the
• 1:04:04
  Speaker 3: censor of the press. After spending the night in talk
• 1:04:07
  Speaker 3: with Tolstoy, the spy had gone away with a copy
• 1:04:10
  Speaker 3: of the forbidden manuscript, but, unfortunately for himself, having become
• 1:04:15
  Speaker 3: converted to Tolstoy's views, he had later made a full
• 1:04:18
  Speaker 3: confession to the authorities and had been exiled to Siberia. Tolstoy,
• 1:04:24
  Speaker 3: holding that it was most unjust to exile the disciple
• 1:04:27
  Speaker 3: while he, the author of the book, remained at large,
• 1:04:31
  Speaker 3: had pointed out this inconsistency in an open letter to
• 1:04:35
  Speaker 3: one of the Moscow newspapers. The discussion of this incident,
• 1:04:39
  Speaker 3: of course, opened up the entire subject of non residence,
• 1:04:43
  Speaker 3: and curiously enough, I was disappointed in Tolstoy's position in
• 1:04:46
  Speaker 3: the matter. It seemed to me that he made too
• 1:04:49
  Speaker 3: great a distinction between the use of physical force and
• 1:04:53
  Speaker 3: that moral energy which can override another's differences and scruples
• 1:04:57
  Speaker 3: with equal ruthlessness, with that inner sense of mortification with
• 1:05:03
  Speaker 3: which one finds one's self at difference with the great authority.
• 1:05:07
  Speaker 3: I recall the conviction of the early Hull House residence
• 1:05:10
  Speaker 3: that whatever of good the settlement had to offer should
• 1:05:13
  Speaker 3: be put into positive terms, that we might live with
• 1:05:17
  Speaker 3: opposition to no man, with recognition of the good in
• 1:05:21
  Speaker 3: every man, even the most wretched. We had often departed
• 1:05:25
  Speaker 3: from this principle, But had it not in every case
• 1:05:28
  Speaker 3: been a confession of weakness? And had we not always
• 1:05:32
  Speaker 3: found antagonism a foolish and unwarrantable expenditure of energy. The
• 1:05:38
  Speaker 3: conversation at dinner and afterward, although conducted with animation and sincerity,
• 1:05:43
  Speaker 3: for the moment, stirred vague misgivings within me. Was Tolstoy
• 1:05:48
  Speaker 3: more logical than life warrants? Could the wrongs of life
• 1:05:52
  Speaker 3: be reduced to the terms of unrequited labor, and all
• 1:05:56
  Speaker 3: be made right if each person performed the amount necessary
• 1:05:59
  Speaker 3: to satisfy by his own wants. Was it not always
• 1:06:03
  Speaker 3: easy to put up a strong case if one took
• 1:06:05
  Speaker 3: the naturalistic view of life? But what about the historic view,
• 1:06:10
  Speaker 3: the inevitable shadings and modifications which life itself brings to
• 1:06:14
  Speaker 3: its own interpretation? Miss Smith and I took a night
• 1:06:19
  Speaker 3: train back to Moscow, in that tumult of feeling which
• 1:06:22
  Speaker 3: is always produced by contact with a conscience, making one
• 1:06:25
  Speaker 3: more of those determined efforts to probe to the very
• 1:06:28
  Speaker 3: foundations of the mysterious world in which we find ourselves
• 1:06:33
  Speaker 3: a horde of perplexing questions, concerning those problems of existence,
• 1:06:37
  Speaker 3: of which, in happier moments we catch but fleeting glimpses,
• 1:06:41
  Speaker 3: and at which we even then stand. Aghast pursued us
• 1:06:45
  Speaker 3: relentlessly on the long journey through the great wheat plains
• 1:06:48
  Speaker 3: of South Russia, through the crowded ghetto of Warsaw, and
• 1:06:52
  Speaker 3: finally into the smiling fields of Germany, where the peasant
• 1:06:56
  Speaker 3: men and women were harvesting the grain. I remember that,
• 1:06:59
  Speaker 3: through the sight of those toiling peasants I made a
• 1:07:02
  Speaker 3: curious connection between the bread labor advocated by Tolstoy and
• 1:07:07
  Speaker 3: the comfort the harvest fields are said to have once
• 1:07:09
  Speaker 3: brought to Luther, when much perturbed by many theological difficulties,
• 1:07:15
  Speaker 3: he suddenly forgot them all in a gush of gratitude
• 1:07:18
  Speaker 3: for mere bread, exclaiming how it stands that golden, yellow corn,
• 1:07:24
  Speaker 3: on its fine tapered stem, the meek earth, at God's
• 1:07:27
  Speaker 3: kind bidding, has produced it once again. At least the
• 1:07:32
  Speaker 3: toiling poor had this comfort of bread labor, and perhaps
• 1:07:36
  Speaker 3: it did not matter that they gained it unknowingly and
• 1:07:39
  Speaker 3: painfully if only they walked in the path of labor.
• 1:07:43
  Speaker 3: In the exercise of that curious power possessed by the
• 1:07:46
  Speaker 3: theorist to inhibit all experiences which do not enhance his doctrine,
• 1:07:51
  Speaker 3: I did not permit myself to recall that which I
• 1:07:53
  Speaker 3: knew so well, that exigent and unremitting labor grants the
• 1:07:58
  Speaker 3: poor no leisure even in the supreme moments of human suffering,
• 1:08:02
  Speaker 3: and that all griefs are lighter with bread. I may
• 1:08:06
  Speaker 3: have wished to secure this solace for myself at the
• 1:08:09
  Speaker 3: cost of the least possible expenditure of time and energy.
• 1:08:13
  Speaker 3: For during the next month in Germany, when I read
• 1:08:15
  Speaker 3: everything of Tolstoy that had been translated into English, German
• 1:08:19
  Speaker 3: or French, there grew up in my mind a conviction
• 1:08:22
  Speaker 3: that what I ought to do upon my return to
• 1:08:25
  Speaker 3: Hull House was to spend at least two hours every
• 1:08:28
  Speaker 3: morning in the little bakery which we had recently added
• 1:08:31
  Speaker 3: to the equipment of our coffeehouse. Two hours work would
• 1:08:34
  Speaker 3: be but a wretched compromise, but it was hard to
• 1:08:37
  Speaker 3: see how I could take more time out of each day.
• 1:08:40
  Speaker 3: I had been taught to bake bread in my childhood,
• 1:08:43
  Speaker 3: not only as a household accomplishment. But because my father,
• 1:08:46
  Speaker 3: true to his miller's tradition, had insisted that each one
• 1:08:50
  Speaker 3: of his daughters on her twelfth birthday must present him
• 1:08:53
  Speaker 3: with a satisfactory wheat loaf of her own baking, and
• 1:08:56
  Speaker 3: he was most exigent as to the quality of this test.
• 1:09:01
  Speaker 3: What could be more in keeping with my training and
• 1:09:03
  Speaker 3: tradition than baking bread. I did not quite see how
• 1:09:06
  Speaker 3: my activity would fit in with that of the German
• 1:09:09
  Speaker 3: Union baker who presided over the Hull House Bakery. But
• 1:09:13
  Speaker 3: all such matters were secondary and certainly could be arranged.
• 1:09:17
  Speaker 3: It may be that I had thus to pacify my
• 1:09:19
  Speaker 3: aroused conscience before I could settle down to hear Wagner's
• 1:09:22
  Speaker 3: ring at Beirut. It may be that I had fallen
• 1:09:25
  Speaker 3: victim to the phrase bread labor. But at any rate,
• 1:09:29
  Speaker 3: I held fast to the belief that I should do
• 1:09:31
  Speaker 3: this through the entire journey homeward on land and sea,
• 1:09:36
  Speaker 3: until I actually arrived in Chicago, when suddenly the whole
• 1:09:39
  Speaker 3: scheme seemed to me as utterly preposterous as it doubtless
• 1:09:42
  Speaker 3: was the half dozen people invariably waiting to see me
• 1:09:46
  Speaker 3: after breakfast. The piles of letters to be opened and
• 1:09:49
  Speaker 3: answered the demand of actual and pressing wants. Were these
• 1:09:53
  Speaker 3: all to be pushed aside and asked to wait while
• 1:09:56
  Speaker 3: I saved my soul by two hours work at baking bread.
• 1:10:00
  Speaker 3: Although my resolution was abandoned, this may be the best
• 1:10:03
  Speaker 3: place to record the efforts of more doughty souls to
• 1:10:06
  Speaker 3: carry out Tolstoy's conclusions. It was perhaps inevitable that Tolstoy
• 1:10:12
  Speaker 3: colonies should be founded, although Tolstoy himself has always insisted
• 1:10:17
  Speaker 3: that each man should live his life as nearly as
• 1:10:19
  Speaker 3: possible in the place in which he was born. The
• 1:10:23
  Speaker 3: visit Miss Smith and I made a year or two
• 1:10:25
  Speaker 3: later to a colony in one of the Southern States
• 1:10:28
  Speaker 3: portrayed for us most vividly both the weakness and the strange,
• 1:10:31
  Speaker 3: august dignity of the Tolstoy position. The colonists at Commonwealth
• 1:10:37
  Speaker 3: held but a short creed. They claimed, in fact, that
• 1:10:40
  Speaker 3: the difficulty is not to state truth, but to make
• 1:10:43
  Speaker 3: moral conviction operative upon actual life, and they announced it
• 1:10:48
  Speaker 3: their intention to obey the teachings of Jesus in all
• 1:10:52
  Speaker 3: matters of labor and the use of property. They would
• 1:10:55
  Speaker 3: thus transfer the vindication of creed from the church to
• 1:10:58
  Speaker 3: the open field from from Dogma to experience. The day
• 1:11:04
  Speaker 3: Miss Smith and I visited the Commonwealth Colony of three
• 1:11:07
  Speaker 3: score Souls. They were erecting a house for the family
• 1:11:10
  Speaker 3: of a one legged man, consisting of a wife and
• 1:11:13
  Speaker 3: nine children, who had come the week before in a
• 1:11:16
  Speaker 3: forlorn prairie schooner from Arkansas. As this was the largest
• 1:11:19
  Speaker 3: family the little colony contained, the new house was to
• 1:11:23
  Speaker 3: be the largest yet erected. Upon our surprise at this
• 1:11:26
  Speaker 3: literal giving to him that asketh, we inquired if the
• 1:11:30
  Speaker 3: policy of extending food and shelter to all who applied
• 1:11:34
  Speaker 3: without tests of creed or ability might not result in
• 1:11:37
  Speaker 3: the migration of all the neighboring poor house population into
• 1:11:41
  Speaker 3: the colony. We were told that this actually had happened
• 1:11:44
  Speaker 3: during the winter, until the colony fair of corn meal
• 1:11:47
  Speaker 3: and cowpees had proved so unattractive that the paupers had
• 1:11:51
  Speaker 3: gone back. For even the poorest of the southern poorhouses
• 1:11:54
  Speaker 3: occasionally supplied bacon with the pone, if only to prevent scurvy,
• 1:11:58
  Speaker 3: from which the colonists then themselves had suffered. The difficulty
• 1:12:02
  Speaker 3: of the poor house people had thus settled itself by
• 1:12:05
  Speaker 3: the sheer poverty of the situation, a poverty so biting
• 1:12:09
  Speaker 3: that the only ones willing to face it were those
• 1:12:11
  Speaker 3: sustained by a conviction of its righteousness. The fields and
• 1:12:15
  Speaker 3: gardens were being worked by an editor, a professor, a clergyman,
• 1:12:19
  Speaker 3: as well as by artisans and laborers, the fruit thereof
• 1:12:23
  Speaker 3: to be eaten by themselves and their families, or by
• 1:12:26
  Speaker 3: any other families who might arrive from Arkansas. The colonists
• 1:12:31
  Speaker 3: were very conventional in matters of family relationship, and had
• 1:12:34
  Speaker 3: broken with society only in regard to the conventions pertaining
• 1:12:38
  Speaker 3: to labor and property. We had a curious experience at
• 1:12:41
  Speaker 3: the end of the day when we were driven into
• 1:12:44
  Speaker 3: the nearest town. We had taken with us as a guest,
• 1:12:47
  Speaker 3: the wife of the president of the colony, wishing to
• 1:12:50
  Speaker 3: give her a dinner at the hotel, because she had
• 1:12:53
  Speaker 3: girlishly exclaimed during a conversation that at times during the
• 1:12:56
  Speaker 3: winter she had become so eager to hear good music
• 1:13:00
  Speaker 3: that it had seemed to her as if she were
• 1:13:01
  Speaker 3: actually hungry for it, almost as hungry as she was
• 1:13:05
  Speaker 3: for beefsteak. Yet as we drove away, we had a
• 1:13:08
  Speaker 3: curious sensation that while the experiment was obviously coming to
• 1:13:12
  Speaker 3: an end in the midst of its privations, it yet
• 1:13:15
  Speaker 3: embodied the peace of mind which comes to him who
• 1:13:18
  Speaker 3: insists upon the logic of life, whether it is reasonable
• 1:13:22
  Speaker 3: or not. The fanatic's joy in seeing his own formula
• 1:13:26
  Speaker 3: translated into action at any rate. As we reached the
• 1:13:29
  Speaker 3: commonplace southern town of workaday men and women, for one moment,
• 1:13:34
  Speaker 3: its substantial buildings, its solid brick churches, its ordered streets
• 1:13:39
  Speaker 3: divided into those of the rich and those of the poor,
• 1:13:42
  Speaker 3: seemed much more unreal to us than the little, struggling
• 1:13:46
  Speaker 3: colony we had left behind. We repeated to each other
• 1:13:49
  Speaker 3: that in all the practical judgments and decisions of life,
• 1:13:53
  Speaker 3: we must part company with logical demonstration, that if we
• 1:13:57
  Speaker 3: stop for it in each case, we can ever go
• 1:14:00
  Speaker 3: on at all. And yet, in spite of this, when
• 1:14:03
  Speaker 3: conscience does become the dictator of the daily life of
• 1:14:06
  Speaker 3: a group of men, it forces our admiration as no
• 1:14:09
  Speaker 3: other modern spectacle has power to do. It seemed but
• 1:14:13
  Speaker 3: a mere incident that this group should have lost sight
• 1:14:16
  Speaker 3: of the facts of life in their earnest endeavor to
• 1:14:19
  Speaker 3: put to the test the things of the spirit. I
• 1:14:22
  Speaker 3: knew little about the colony started by mister Maud at Perli,
• 1:14:26
  Speaker 3: containing several of Tolstoy's followers who were not permitted to
• 1:14:29
  Speaker 3: live in Russia, and we did not see mister Maud
• 1:14:32
  Speaker 3: again until he came to Chicago on his way from Manitoba.
• 1:14:36
  Speaker 3: Whether he had transported the second group of Ducobors, a
• 1:14:39
  Speaker 3: religious sect who had interested all of Tolstoy's followers because
• 1:14:43
  Speaker 3: of their literal acceptance of non resistance and other Christian
• 1:14:47
  Speaker 3: doctrines which are so strenuously advocated by Tolstoy. It was
• 1:14:51
  Speaker 3: for their benefit that Tolstoy had finished and published Resurrection,
• 1:14:56
  Speaker 3: breaking through his long kept resolution against novel writing. After
• 1:15:00
  Speaker 3: the Ducal Boars had settled in Canada, of the five
• 1:15:03
  Speaker 3: hundred dollars left from the Resurrection fans, one half was
• 1:15:07
  Speaker 3: given to Hull House. It seemed possible to spend this
• 1:15:10
  Speaker 3: fund only for the relief of the most primitive wants
• 1:15:14
  Speaker 3: of food and shelter on the part of the most
• 1:15:16
  Speaker 3: needy families. End of Chapter twelve.
• 1:15:20
  Speaker 4: Chapter thirteen. Public activities and Investigations. One of the striking
• 1:15:27
  Speaker 4: features of our neighborhood twenty years ago and one of
• 1:15:30
  Speaker 4: which we never became reconciled was the presence of huge
• 1:15:33
  Speaker 4: wooden garbage boxes fastened to the street pavement, in which
• 1:15:37
  Speaker 4: the undisturbed refuse accumulated day by day. The system of
• 1:15:42
  Speaker 4: garbage collecting was inadequate throughout the city, but it became
• 1:15:45
  Speaker 4: the greatest menace in awards such as ours, where the
• 1:15:48
  Speaker 4: normal amount of waste was much increased by the decayed
• 1:15:51
  Speaker 4: fruit and vegetables discarded by the Italian and Greek fruit peddlers,
• 1:15:55
  Speaker 4: and by the residum left over from the piles of
• 1:15:58
  Speaker 4: felthy rags which were fishing out of the city dumps
• 1:16:01
  Speaker 4: and brought to the homes of the ragpickers for further
• 1:16:04
  Speaker 4: sorting and washing. The children of our neighborhood twenty years
• 1:16:08
  Speaker 4: ago played their games in and around these huge garbage boxes.
• 1:16:12
  Speaker 4: They were the first objects that the toddling child learned
• 1:16:15
  Speaker 4: to climb. Their bulk afforded a barricade, and their contents
• 1:16:19
  Speaker 4: provided missiles in all the battles of the older boys.
• 1:16:22
  Speaker 4: And finally they became the seats upon which absorbed lovers
• 1:16:26
  Speaker 4: held enchanted converse. We are obliged to remember that all
• 1:16:30
  Speaker 4: children eat everything which they find, and that orders have
• 1:16:33
  Speaker 4: a curious and intimate power of entwining themselves into our
• 1:16:36
  Speaker 4: tenderest memories before even the residents of Hull House can
• 1:16:40
  Speaker 4: understand their own early enthusiasm for the removal of these
• 1:16:44
  Speaker 4: boxes and the establishment of a better system of refuse collection.
• 1:16:49
  Speaker 4: It is easy even for the most conscientious citizen of
• 1:16:52
  Speaker 4: Chicago to forget the follow smells of the stockyards and
• 1:16:56
  Speaker 4: the garbage dumps when he is living so far from
• 1:16:59
  Speaker 4: them that he is only occasionally made conscious of their existence.
• 1:17:03
  Speaker 4: But the residents of a settlement are perforce constantly surrounded
• 1:17:06
  Speaker 4: by them. During our first three years on Halstead Street,
• 1:17:10
  Speaker 4: we had established a small incinerator at Hull House, and
• 1:17:14
  Speaker 4: we had many times reported the untoward conditions of the
• 1:17:17
  Speaker 4: ward to the city Hall. We had also arranged many
• 1:17:21
  Speaker 4: talks for the emigrants, pointing out that although all women
• 1:17:24
  Speaker 4: may sweep her own doorway in her native village and
• 1:17:26
  Speaker 4: allow that we used to innocently decay in the open
• 1:17:29
  Speaker 4: air and sunshine in a crowded city quarter, if the
• 1:17:33
  Speaker 4: garbage is not properly collected and destroyed, a tenement house
• 1:17:37
  Speaker 4: mother may see her children sicken and die, and that
• 1:17:39
  Speaker 4: the immigrants must therefore not only keep their own houses clean,
• 1:17:43
  Speaker 4: but must also help the authorities keep the city clean.
• 1:17:47
  Speaker 4: Possibly our efforts slightly modified the worst conditions, but they
• 1:17:51
  Speaker 4: still remained intolerable, and the four summer of the situation
• 1:17:54
  Speaker 4: became for me absolutely desperate when I realized, in a
• 1:17:58
  Speaker 4: moment of panic, that my delicate little ns for whom
• 1:18:00
  Speaker 4: I was guardian, could not be with me at Hull
• 1:18:03
  Speaker 4: House at all unless the sickening orders were reduced. I
• 1:18:07
  Speaker 4: may well be ashamed of other delicate children who were
• 1:18:09
  Speaker 4: torn from their families, not into boarding scale but into eternity.
• 1:18:14
  Speaker 4: Had not long before driven me to effective action. Under
• 1:18:18
  Speaker 4: the direction of the first man who came as a
• 1:18:21
  Speaker 4: resident to Hull House, we began a systematic investigation of
• 1:18:25
  Speaker 4: the city system of garbage collection, both as to its efficiency,
• 1:18:29
  Speaker 4: in other words, and its possible connection with the death
• 1:18:32
  Speaker 4: rate and the various boards of the city. The Hull
• 1:18:35
  Speaker 4: House Women's Club had been organized the year before by
• 1:18:38
  Speaker 4: the resident kindergartener, who had first inaugurated a women's meeting.
• 1:18:43
  Speaker 4: The new members came together, however, in a quite new
• 1:18:47
  Speaker 4: way that summer when we discussed with them the high
• 1:18:49
  Speaker 4: death rates so persistent in our ward after several club
• 1:18:53
  Speaker 4: meetings devoted to the subject. Despite the fact that the
• 1:18:56
  Speaker 4: death rate rose highest in the congested foreign colonies and
• 1:19:00
  Speaker 4: not in the streets in which most of the Irish
• 1:19:02
  Speaker 4: American club women lived, twelve of their number undertook in
• 1:19:06
  Speaker 4: connection with the residents, to carefully investigate the conditions of
• 1:19:09
  Speaker 4: the alleys during August and September, the substantiated reports of
• 1:19:14
  Speaker 4: violations of the laws sent in from Hull House to
• 1:19:17
  Speaker 4: the health departments. By one thousand and thirty seven. For
• 1:19:20
  Speaker 4: the club women who had finished a long day's work
• 1:19:23
  Speaker 4: of washing or ironing, followed by the cooking of a
• 1:19:26
  Speaker 4: hot supper, it would have been much easier to sit
• 1:19:29
  Speaker 4: on her doorstep during a summer evening than to go
• 1:19:31
  Speaker 4: up and down Elkett's alleys and get into trouble with
• 1:19:34
  Speaker 4: her neighbors over the condition of their garbage boxes. It
• 1:19:38
  Speaker 4: required both civic enterprise and moral conviction to be willing
• 1:19:42
  Speaker 4: to do this three evenings a week during the hottest
• 1:19:45
  Speaker 4: and most uncomfortable months of the year. Nevertheless, a certain
• 1:19:49
  Speaker 4: number of women persisted, as did the residents, and three
• 1:19:53
  Speaker 4: city inspectors in succession were transferred from the ward because
• 1:19:56
  Speaker 4: of unsatisfactory services. The deathreate remains high, and the condition
• 1:20:02
  Speaker 4: seemed little improved throughout the next winter. In sheer desperation
• 1:20:07
  Speaker 4: the following spring, when the city contracts were awarded for
• 1:20:10
  Speaker 4: the removal of garbage, with the backing of two well
• 1:20:13
  Speaker 4: known businessmen, I put in a bid for the garbage
• 1:20:16
  Speaker 4: removal of the nineteenth ward. My paper was thrown out
• 1:20:19
  Speaker 4: on a technicality, but the incident induced the mayor to
• 1:20:22
  Speaker 4: appoint me the garbage inspector of the ward. The salary
• 1:20:27
  Speaker 4: was one thousand dollars a year, and the loss of
• 1:20:29
  Speaker 4: that political plumb made a great stir among the politicians.
• 1:20:34
  Speaker 4: The position was so sinecure, whether regarded from the point
• 1:20:37
  Speaker 4: of view of getting up at six in the morning
• 1:20:39
  Speaker 4: to see that the men were elliott work, or of
• 1:20:42
  Speaker 4: following the loaded wagons uneasily dropping a contents at intervals
• 1:20:46
  Speaker 4: to their dreary destination at the dump, or off consisting
• 1:20:50
  Speaker 4: that the contractor must increase the number of his wagons
• 1:20:53
  Speaker 4: from nine to thirteen from thirteen to seventeen. Although he
• 1:20:56
  Speaker 4: assured me that he lost money on everyone, and that
• 1:20:59
  Speaker 4: the former is doctor had let him off with seven
• 1:21:02
  Speaker 4: or of taking careless landlords into court because they would
• 1:21:05
  Speaker 4: not provide the proper garbage receptacles, or of arresting the
• 1:21:09
  Speaker 4: tenant who tried to make the garbage wagons carry away
• 1:21:11
  Speaker 4: contents of his stable. With the two or three residents
• 1:21:15
  Speaker 4: who nobody stood by, we set up six of those
• 1:21:18
  Speaker 4: doleful incinerators, which are supposed to burn garbage, with the
• 1:21:21
  Speaker 4: fuel collected in the alley itself. The one factory in
• 1:21:25
  Speaker 4: town which could utilize all tin cans was a window
• 1:21:28
  Speaker 4: weeight factory, and we deluged that with ten times as
• 1:21:32
  Speaker 4: many tin cans as it could use, much less would
• 1:21:35
  Speaker 4: pay for. We made desperate attempts to have the dead
• 1:21:38
  Speaker 4: animals removed by the contractor, who was paid most liberally
• 1:21:41
  Speaker 4: by the city for that purpose, but who we slowly
• 1:21:44
  Speaker 4: discovered always made the police ambulances do the work, delivering
• 1:21:48
  Speaker 4: the carcasses upon freight cars for shipment to a soap
• 1:21:51
  Speaker 4: factory in Indiana, where they were sold for a good price,
• 1:21:55
  Speaker 4: although the contractor himself was the largest stockholder in the concern.
• 1:21:59
  Speaker 4: Perhaps our greatest achievement was the discovery of a pavement
• 1:22:02
  Speaker 4: eighteen inches under the surface of the narrow street, although
• 1:22:06
  Speaker 4: after it was found. We triumphantly discovered a record of
• 1:22:09
  Speaker 4: its existence in the city archives. The Italians living on
• 1:22:13
  Speaker 4: the street were much interested, but displayed little astonishment, perhaps
• 1:22:17
  Speaker 4: because they were accustomed to see burns cities exhamed. This
• 1:22:21
  Speaker 4: pavement became the cassabelly between myself and the street commissioner
• 1:22:25
  Speaker 4: when I insisted that his restoration belonged to him. After
• 1:22:28
  Speaker 4: I had removed the first eight inches of garbage. The
• 1:22:32
  Speaker 4: matter was finally settled by the man himself, who permitted
• 1:22:36
  Speaker 4: me to drive him to the entrance of the street
• 1:22:38
  Speaker 4: in what the children called my garbage fighting, and who
• 1:22:42
  Speaker 4: took my side of the controversy. A graduate of the
• 1:22:45
  Speaker 4: University of Wisconsin, who had done some excellent volunteer inspection
• 1:22:49
  Speaker 4: in both Chicago and Pittsburgh, became my deputy and performed
• 1:22:53
  Speaker 4: the work in a most thoroughgoing manner for three years.
• 1:22:57
  Speaker 4: During the last two she was under the regime of
• 1:22:59
  Speaker 4: civil sets from in eighteen ninety five, to the great
• 1:23:02
  Speaker 4: joy of many citizens, the Illinois Legislator made that possible.
• 1:23:08
  Speaker 4: Many of the foreign born women of the ward were
• 1:23:11
  Speaker 4: much shocked by this abrupt departure into the ways of men,
• 1:23:14
  Speaker 4: and it took a great deal of explanation to convey
• 1:23:17
  Speaker 4: the idea even remotely that if it were a womanly
• 1:23:20
  Speaker 4: task to go about in tenement houses in order to
• 1:23:22
  Speaker 4: nurse the sick, it might be quite as womanly to
• 1:23:25
  Speaker 4: go through the same district in order to prevent the
• 1:23:27
  Speaker 4: breeding of so called still diseases. While some of the
• 1:23:31
  Speaker 4: women enthusiastically approved the slowly changing conditions and saw that
• 1:23:35
  Speaker 4: their housewifely duties logically extended to the adjacent alleys and streets,
• 1:23:39
  Speaker 4: they were quite certain that it was not a lady's job.
• 1:23:43
  Speaker 4: A revelation of this attitude was made one day in
• 1:23:45
  Speaker 4: a conversation which the inspector heard vigorously carried on in
• 1:23:49
  Speaker 4: a laundry. One of the employees was leaving and was
• 1:23:52
  Speaker 4: expressing her mind concerning the place in no measured terms,
• 1:23:56
  Speaker 4: summing up her contempt for it as follows, I would
• 1:23:59
  Speaker 4: rather be the good peril who goes about in the
• 1:24:01
  Speaker 4: alleys than to stay here any longer. And yet the
• 1:24:04
  Speaker 4: spectacle of eight hours work for eight hours pay the
• 1:24:07
  Speaker 4: even handed justice to all citizens irrespectable of pool, the
• 1:24:12
  Speaker 4: dividing of responsibility between landlord and tenant, and the readiness
• 1:24:16
  Speaker 4: to enforce obedience to law from both was perhaps one
• 1:24:20
  Speaker 4: of the most valuable demonstrations which could have been made.
• 1:24:24
  Speaker 4: Such daily living on the part of the officeholder as
• 1:24:27
  Speaker 4: if indefinitely more value than many talks on civics. For
• 1:24:31
  Speaker 4: after all, we credit most easily that which we see.
• 1:24:36
  Speaker 4: The careful inspection, combined with other causes, brought about a
• 1:24:40
  Speaker 4: great improvement in the cleanliness and comfort of the neighborhood.
• 1:24:43
  Speaker 4: And one happy day when the deathread of our ward
• 1:24:46
  Speaker 4: was found to have dropped from third to siventh in
• 1:24:48
  Speaker 4: the list of city wards, and was so reported to
• 1:24:51
  Speaker 4: our women's club. The applause which followed recorded the genuine
• 1:24:55
  Speaker 4: science of participation in the result, and a public spirit
• 1:24:59
  Speaker 4: which had made good. But the cleanliness of the ward
• 1:25:03
  Speaker 4: was becoming much too popular to suit her all powerful aldermen.
• 1:25:07
  Speaker 4: And although we felt fatuously secure under the regime of
• 1:25:10
  Speaker 4: civil service, he found a way to circumvent us by
• 1:25:13
  Speaker 4: eliminating the position altogether. He introduced an ordinance into the
• 1:25:18
  Speaker 4: City Council which combined the collection of refuse with the
• 1:25:22
  Speaker 4: cleaning and repairing of the streets. The hall to be
• 1:25:25
  Speaker 4: placed under a ward superintendent. The office, of course, was
• 1:25:29
  Speaker 4: to be filled under civil service regulations, but only men
• 1:25:33
  Speaker 4: were eligible to the examination. Although this latter regulation was
• 1:25:37
  Speaker 4: afterwards modified in favor of one woman, it was retained
• 1:25:41
  Speaker 4: long enough to put the nineteenth ward inspector out of office.
• 1:25:45
  Speaker 4: Of course, our experience and inspecting only made us more
• 1:25:48
  Speaker 4: conscious of the wretched house and conditions over which we
• 1:25:52
  Speaker 4: had been distressed from the first. It was during the
• 1:25:55
  Speaker 4: World's Fair summer that one of the Hull House residents,
• 1:25:57
  Speaker 4: in a public address upon housing reform, used as an
• 1:26:01
  Speaker 4: example of indifferent landlordism a large block in the neighborhood
• 1:26:05
  Speaker 4: occupied by small tenements and stables, unconnected with the street
• 1:26:09
  Speaker 4: sore as was much similar property in the vicinity. In
• 1:26:14
  Speaker 4: the lecture, the residents spared neither a description of the
• 1:26:17
  Speaker 4: property nor the name of the owner. The young man
• 1:26:20
  Speaker 4: who owned the property was justly indignant at this public
• 1:26:23
  Speaker 4: method of attack, and probably came to investigate the condition
• 1:26:26
  Speaker 4: of the property. Together we made a careful tour of
• 1:26:30
  Speaker 4: the house and stables, and in the face of the
• 1:26:32
  Speaker 4: conditions that we found there, I could not but agree
• 1:26:35
  Speaker 4: with him that supplying South Italian peasants with sanitary appliances
• 1:26:39
  Speaker 4: seemed a difficult undertaking. Nevertheless, he was unwilling that the
• 1:26:44
  Speaker 4: block should remain in its deplorable state, and he finally
• 1:26:47
  Speaker 4: cut through the dilemma with the rash proposition that he
• 1:26:50
  Speaker 4: would give a free lease of the entire track to
• 1:26:53
  Speaker 4: Hull House. Accompanying the offer, however, with the warning the
• 1:26:56
  Speaker 4: mark that if we should choose to use the income
• 1:26:59
  Speaker 4: from the rest and sanitary improvements, we should be throwing
• 1:27:02
  Speaker 4: our money away. Even when we decided that the houses
• 1:27:06
  Speaker 4: were so bad that we could not undertake the task
• 1:27:08
  Speaker 4: of improving them, he was game and stuck to his
• 1:27:12
  Speaker 4: proposition that we should have a free lease. We finally
• 1:27:15
  Speaker 4: submitted a plan that the houses should be torn down
• 1:27:17
  Speaker 4: and the entire tracts turned into a playground. Although cautious
• 1:27:21
  Speaker 4: advisers intimated that it would be very inconsistent to ask
• 1:27:24
  Speaker 4: for subscriptions for the support of Hull House when we
• 1:27:27
  Speaker 4: were known to have thrown away an income of two
• 1:27:29
  Speaker 4: thousand dollars a year, we however, felt that a spectacle
• 1:27:33
  Speaker 4: of inconsistency was better than one of bad landlordism, and
• 1:27:37
  Speaker 4: so the worst of the houses were demolished. The best
• 1:27:40
  Speaker 4: three were sold and moved across the street under careful
• 1:27:43
  Speaker 4: provision that they might never be used for junk shops
• 1:27:45
  Speaker 4: or saloons, and a public playground was finally established. Hull
• 1:27:50
  Speaker 4: House became responsible for its management for ten years, at
• 1:27:54
  Speaker 4: the end of which time it was turned over to
• 1:27:56
  Speaker 4: the City Playground Commission, although from the first the city
• 1:27:59
  Speaker 4: detailed policeman who was responsible for its general order and
• 1:28:03
  Speaker 4: who became a valued adjunct of the house. During fifteen years,
• 1:28:07
  Speaker 4: this public spirited owner of the property paid all the taxes,
• 1:28:11
  Speaker 4: and when the block was finally sold, he made possible
• 1:28:14
  Speaker 4: the playground equipment of a nearby school yard. On the
• 1:28:17
  Speaker 4: other hand, the dispossessed tenants, a group of whom had
• 1:28:20
  Speaker 4: to be evicted by legal process before their houses could
• 1:28:23
  Speaker 4: be torn down, had never ceased to mourn their former estates.
• 1:28:27
  Speaker 4: Only the other day I met upon the street an All,
• 1:28:29
  Speaker 4: the Italian harnessmaker, who said he had never succeeded so
• 1:28:33
  Speaker 4: well anywhere else, nor found a place that seemed so
• 1:28:36
  Speaker 4: much like Italy. Festivities of various sorts were held on
• 1:28:40
  Speaker 4: this Ellly playground, always a May Day celebration with its
• 1:28:44
  Speaker 4: maple dance and its May Queen. I remember that one
• 1:28:48
  Speaker 4: year that honor of being Queen was offered to the
• 1:28:50
  Speaker 4: little girl who should pick up the largest number of
• 1:28:53
  Speaker 4: scraps of paper which littered all the streets in alleys.
• 1:28:56
  Speaker 4: The children that spring had been organized into a league,
• 1:29:00
  Speaker 4: and each member had been provided with a stiff piece
• 1:29:02
  Speaker 4: of wire, upon the sharpened point of which stray bits
• 1:29:06
  Speaker 4: of paper were impaled and later soberly counted off into
• 1:29:09
  Speaker 4: a large box in the hull House alley. The little
• 1:29:13
  Speaker 4: Italian girl, who thus won the scepter, took it very
• 1:29:16
  Speaker 4: gravely as the just reward of hard labor. And we
• 1:29:19
  Speaker 4: were all so absorbed in the desire for cleaning tidy
• 1:29:22
  Speaker 4: streets that we were wholly oblivious to the incongruity of
• 1:29:26
  Speaker 4: thus selecting the Queen of love and beauty. It was
• 1:29:29
  Speaker 4: at the end of the second year that we've received
• 1:29:31
  Speaker 4: a visit from the Warden of Toynbee Hall and his wife,
• 1:29:35
  Speaker 4: as they were returning to England from a journey around
• 1:29:37
  Speaker 4: the world. They had lived in East London for many
• 1:29:41
  Speaker 4: years and had been identified with the public movement for
• 1:29:43
  Speaker 4: its betterment. They were much shocked that, in a new country,
• 1:29:48
  Speaker 4: with conditions still plastic and hopeful, so little attention had
• 1:29:52
  Speaker 4: been paid to experiments and methods of amelioration which had
• 1:29:56
  Speaker 4: been already tried, and they looked in vain through our
• 1:29:59
  Speaker 4: library for blue books and governmental reports, which recorded painstaking
• 1:30:03
  Speaker 4: study into the conditions of English cities. They were the
• 1:30:07
  Speaker 4: first of a long line of English visitors to express
• 1:30:10
  Speaker 4: the convictions that many things in Chicago were untoward, not
• 1:30:14
  Speaker 4: through a pacity of public spirit, but through a lack
• 1:30:17
  Speaker 4: of political machinery adapted to modern life. This was not
• 1:30:21
  Speaker 4: all the situation, but perhaps no casual visitor could be
• 1:30:24
  Speaker 4: expected to see that these matters of details seemed unimportant
• 1:30:29
  Speaker 4: to a city in the first slush of youth, impatient
• 1:30:32
  Speaker 4: of correction and convinced that all would be well in
• 1:30:34
  Speaker 4: its future. The most obvious thoughts were those connected with
• 1:30:39
  Speaker 4: the congested housing of the immigrant population, nine tenths of
• 1:30:43
  Speaker 4: them from the country, who carried on all sorts of
• 1:30:45
  Speaker 4: traditional activities in the crowded tenements that a group of
• 1:30:49
  Speaker 4: Greeks should be permitted to slaughter sheep and abasement, that
• 1:30:52
  Speaker 4: Italian women should be allowed to sort over rags collected
• 1:30:56
  Speaker 4: from the city dumps, not only within the city limits
• 1:30:59
  Speaker 4: but in a court warming with little children. That immigrant
• 1:31:02
  Speaker 4: bakers should continue unmolested to bake bread for their neighbors
• 1:31:05
  Speaker 4: in unspeakably filled the spaces under the pavement appeared incredible
• 1:31:09
  Speaker 4: to visitors accustomed to careful city regulations. I recalled two
• 1:31:14
  Speaker 4: visits made to the Italian Quarter by John Burns, the
• 1:31:17
  Speaker 4: second thirteen years after the first. During the latter visit,
• 1:31:22
  Speaker 4: it seemed to him unbelievable that a certain house owned
• 1:31:25
  Speaker 4: by a rich Italian should have been permitted to survive.
• 1:31:28
  Speaker 4: He remembered with the greatest minuteness the positions of the
• 1:31:31
  Speaker 4: houses on the court, the exact space between the front
• 1:31:34
  Speaker 4: and rear tenements, and he asked at once whether we
• 1:31:38
  Speaker 4: had been able to cut a window into a dark hall,
• 1:31:40
  Speaker 4: as he had recommended thirteen years before. Although we were
• 1:31:44
  Speaker 4: obliged to confess that the landlord would not permit the
• 1:31:47
  Speaker 4: window to be cut, we were able to report that
• 1:31:49
  Speaker 4: a City Helm's Association had existed for ten years, but
• 1:31:54
  Speaker 4: following a careful study of tenement conditions of Chicago, the
• 1:31:57
  Speaker 4: text of which had been written by a Hull House resident,
• 1:32:00
  Speaker 4: the association had obtained the enactment of a model tenement
• 1:32:04
  Speaker 4: house code, and that their secretary had carefully watched the
• 1:32:07
  Speaker 4: administration of the law for years, so that its operation
• 1:32:10
  Speaker 4: might not be minimized by the granting too many exceptions
• 1:32:13
  Speaker 4: in the City Council. Our progress still seems slow to
• 1:32:17
  Speaker 4: mister Burns, because in Chicago the actual houses were quite unchanged,
• 1:32:21
  Speaker 4: embodying features long since declared the legal. In London, only
• 1:32:27
  Speaker 4: this year could we have reported to him, had he
• 1:32:30
  Speaker 4: again come to challengers, that the provisions of the law
• 1:32:33
  Speaker 4: had at last been extended to existing houses, and that
• 1:32:36
  Speaker 4: a conscientious corpse of inspectors under an inefficient chief were
• 1:32:40
  Speaker 4: fast remedying the most glaring evils, while a band of
• 1:32:43
  Speaker 4: nurses and doctors were following hard upon the trail of
• 1:32:46
  Speaker 4: the white Horse. The mere consistent enforcement of existing laws
• 1:32:51
  Speaker 4: and efforts for their advance often placed Hull House, at
• 1:32:55
  Speaker 4: least temporarily into strange relations with its neighbors. I recall
• 1:33:01
  Speaker 4: a continuous warfare against local landlords who would move wrecks
• 1:33:05
  Speaker 4: of old houses as a nucleus for new ones in
• 1:33:07
  Speaker 4: order to evade the provisions of the building Code, and
• 1:33:10
  Speaker 4: a certain Italian neighbor who was filled with bitterness because
• 1:33:13
  Speaker 4: his new rear tenement was discovered to be illegal. It
• 1:33:17
  Speaker 4: seemed impossible to make him understand that the health of
• 1:33:20
  Speaker 4: the tenants was as any wise as important as his
• 1:33:23
  Speaker 4: undisturbed rents. Nevertheless, many evils constantly arise in Chicago from
• 1:33:28
  Speaker 4: congested housing, which wiser cities forestall and prevent. The inevitable
• 1:33:34
  Speaker 4: boarders crowded into a dark tenement already too small for
• 1:33:38
  Speaker 4: the use of the emigrant family occupying it, the surprisingly
• 1:33:41
  Speaker 4: large number of delinquent girls who have become priminently involved
• 1:33:45
  Speaker 4: with their own fathers and uncles. The school children who
• 1:33:48
  Speaker 4: cannot find a quiet spottom which to read or study,
• 1:33:51
  Speaker 4: and who perforce go into the streets each evening. The
• 1:33:55
  Speaker 4: tuberculosis induced and fostered by the inadequate rooms and breathing spaces.
• 1:34:00
  Speaker 4: One of the hull House residents, under the direction of
• 1:34:03
  Speaker 4: a Chicago physician who stands as an authority on tuberculosis,
• 1:34:07
  Speaker 4: and who devotes the large proportion of his time to
• 1:34:10
  Speaker 4: our vicinity, made an investigation into housing conditions as related
• 1:34:15
  Speaker 4: to tuberculosis. Was a result as startling as that of
• 1:34:19
  Speaker 4: the Lung Block in New York. It is these subtle
• 1:34:23
  Speaker 4: evils of wretched and inadequate housing which are often the
• 1:34:26
  Speaker 4: most disastrous In the summer of nineteen oh two, during
• 1:34:30
  Speaker 4: an epidemic of typhoid fever in which our ward, although
• 1:34:33
  Speaker 4: containing but one thirty six of the population of the city,
• 1:34:37
  Speaker 4: registered one six of the total number of deaths. Two
• 1:34:41
  Speaker 4: hull house residents made an investigation of the methods of
• 1:34:44
  Speaker 4: plumbing and the houses adjacent to conspicuous groups of fever cases.
• 1:34:49
  Speaker 4: They discovered among the people who had been exposed to
• 1:34:51
  Speaker 4: the infection a widow who had lived in the ward
• 1:34:54
  Speaker 4: for a number of years in a comfortable little house
• 1:34:57
  Speaker 4: of her own. Although the Italian immigrant were clothing in
• 1:35:00
  Speaker 4: all around her, she was not willing to sell her
• 1:35:03
  Speaker 4: property and to move away until she had finished the
• 1:35:06
  Speaker 4: education of her children. In the meantime, she held herself
• 1:35:09
  Speaker 4: quite aloof through her Italian neighbors, and could never be
• 1:35:12
  Speaker 4: drawn into any of the public efforts to secure a
• 1:35:14
  Speaker 4: better code of tenement house sanitation. Her two daughters were
• 1:35:19
  Speaker 4: sent to an Eastern college. One June, when one of
• 1:35:22
  Speaker 4: them had graduated and the other still had two years
• 1:35:25
  Speaker 4: before she took her degree, they came to the spotless
• 1:35:28
  Speaker 4: little house and their self sacrificing mother for the summer holiday.
• 1:35:32
  Speaker 4: They both fell ill with typhoid fever and one daughter
• 1:35:35
  Speaker 4: died because the mother's utmost efforts could not keep the
• 1:35:38
  Speaker 4: infection out of her own house. The entire disaster affords
• 1:35:42
  Speaker 4: perhaps a fair illustration of the futility of the individual
• 1:35:46
  Speaker 4: conscience which could isolate a family from the rest of
• 1:35:49
  Speaker 4: the community and its interests. The careful information collected concerning
• 1:35:55
  Speaker 4: the juxtaposition of the typhoid cases to the various systems
• 1:35:59
  Speaker 4: of plumbing it non plumbing was made the basis of
• 1:36:02
  Speaker 4: a bacteriological study by another resident, doctor, Alice Hamilton, as
• 1:36:07
  Speaker 4: to the possibility of the infection having been carried by flies.
• 1:36:11
  Speaker 4: Her researchers were so convincing that they have been incorporated
• 1:36:15
  Speaker 4: into the body of scientific data supporting that theory. But
• 1:36:18
  Speaker 4: they were also practical results. From the investigation, it was
• 1:36:22
  Speaker 4: discovered that the wretched sanitary appliances through which alone the
• 1:36:26
  Speaker 4: infection could have become so widely spread, would not have
• 1:36:29
  Speaker 4: been permitted to remain unless the city inspector had been
• 1:36:32
  Speaker 4: criminally careless or open to the arguments of favored landlords.
• 1:36:37
  Speaker 4: The agitation finally resulted in a long and stirring trial
• 1:36:40
  Speaker 4: before the Civil Service Board of half of the employees
• 1:36:44
  Speaker 4: in the sanitary Bureau with the final discharge of a
• 1:36:47
  Speaker 4: living out of the entire force of twenty four. The
• 1:36:50
  Speaker 4: inspector in our neighborhood was a kindly old man, greatly
• 1:36:54
  Speaker 4: distressed over the affair, and quite unable to understand why
• 1:36:57
  Speaker 4: he should have not used his discretion as to the
• 1:37:00
  Speaker 4: time when a landlord should be forced to put in
• 1:37:02
  Speaker 4: modern appliances. If he was very poor, or just about
• 1:37:06
  Speaker 4: to sell his place, or sure that the house would
• 1:37:09
  Speaker 4: be torn down to make room for a factory, why
• 1:37:11
  Speaker 4: should one inconvenience him. The old man died soon after
• 1:37:15
  Speaker 4: the trial, failing, persecuted to the very last, and not
• 1:37:19
  Speaker 4: in the least understanding what it was all about. We
• 1:37:22
  Speaker 4: were amazed at the commercial ramifications which graft in the
• 1:37:26
  Speaker 4: city Hall involved, and at the indignation which interference with
• 1:37:30
  Speaker 4: it produced. Hull House lost some large subscriptions as the
• 1:37:34
  Speaker 4: result of this investigation, a loss which, if not easy
• 1:37:38
  Speaker 4: to bear, was at least comprehensible. We also uncovered unexpected
• 1:37:43
  Speaker 4: graft in connection with the plumbers unions, and but for
• 1:37:46
  Speaker 4: the fearless testimony of one of their members, could never
• 1:37:49
  Speaker 4: have brought the trial to a successful issue. Inevitable misunderstandings
• 1:37:54
  Speaker 4: also developed in connection with the attempt on the part
• 1:37:58
  Speaker 4: of Hull House residents to prohibit the sale of cocaine
• 1:38:00
  Speaker 4: to miners. Also brought us into sharp conflict with many druggists.
• 1:38:05
  Speaker 4: I recall an Italian druggists living on the edge of
• 1:38:08
  Speaker 4: the neighborhood, who finally came with the committee of his
• 1:38:11
  Speaker 4: countrymen to see what Hull House wanted of him, thoroughly
• 1:38:14
  Speaker 4: convinced that no such effort could be disinterested. One dreary
• 1:38:19
  Speaker 4: trial after another had been lost through the inadequacy of
• 1:38:22
  Speaker 4: the existing legislation, and after many attempts to secure better
• 1:38:26
  Speaker 4: legal regulation of its sale, a new law, with the
• 1:38:29
  Speaker 4: cooperation of many agencies, was finally secured in nineteen o seven.
• 1:38:34
  Speaker 4: Throughout all this, the Italian druggist, who had greatly profited
• 1:38:37
  Speaker 4: by the sale of cocaine to boys, only fell outraged
• 1:38:41
  Speaker 4: and abused. And yet the thought of this campaign brings
• 1:38:44
  Speaker 4: before my mind with irresistible force, a young Italian boy
• 1:38:48
  Speaker 4: who died a victim of the drug at the age
• 1:38:50
  Speaker 4: of seventeen. He had been in her kindergarten as a handsome,
• 1:38:54
  Speaker 4: merry child, in our clubs as a vivacious boy, and
• 1:38:58
  Speaker 4: then gradually there was a c of all that was
• 1:39:00
  Speaker 4: animated and joyous in promising, And when I at last
• 1:39:04
  Speaker 4: saw him in his coffin, it was impossible to connect
• 1:39:07
  Speaker 4: that Haggard's shriveled body with what I had known before.
• 1:39:12
  Speaker 4: A midwife investigation undertaken in connection with the Chicago Medical Society,
• 1:39:18
  Speaker 4: while showing the great need of further state regulation and
• 1:39:21
  Speaker 4: the interests of most ignorant mothers and helpless children, brought
• 1:39:25
  Speaker 4: us into conflict with one of the most venerable of
• 1:39:27
  Speaker 4: all customs. Was all this part of the unending struggle
• 1:39:32
  Speaker 4: between the old and new? Or were these oppositions so
• 1:39:35
  Speaker 4: unexpected and so unlooked for that merely a reminder of
• 1:39:39
  Speaker 4: that old bit of wisdom that there is no guarding
• 1:39:43
  Speaker 4: against interpretations. Perhaps more subtle still, they were due to
• 1:39:48
  Speaker 4: this very super refinement of disinterestedness, which will not justify
• 1:39:52
  Speaker 4: itself that it may feel superior to public opinion. Some
• 1:39:58
  Speaker 4: of our investigations, of course, had no such untoward result,
• 1:40:02
  Speaker 4: such as an intensive study of truancy undertaken by a
• 1:40:06
  Speaker 4: resident of Hull House in connection with the Compulsory Education
• 1:40:09
  Speaker 4: Department of the Board of Education and the visiting Nurses Association.
• 1:40:15
  Speaker 4: The resident Missus Brittain, who having had charge of the
• 1:40:19
  Speaker 4: Children's club for many years new thousands of children in
• 1:40:22
  Speaker 4: the neighborhood, made a detailed study of three hundred families
• 1:40:26
  Speaker 4: tracing back the habital truancy of the child to economic
• 1:40:30
  Speaker 4: and social causes. This investigation proceeded a most interesting conference
• 1:40:35
  Speaker 4: on truancy held by a committee of which I was
• 1:40:38
  Speaker 4: a member for the Chicago Board of Education. It left
• 1:40:42
  Speaker 4: lasting results upon the administration of the truancy law as
• 1:40:45
  Speaker 4: well as the cooperation of volunteer bodies. We continually conduct
• 1:40:51
  Speaker 4: small but careful investigations at Hull House which may guide
• 1:40:55
  Speaker 4: us in our immediate doings, such as too recently undertaken
• 1:40:59
  Speaker 4: by Missus Britain, one upon the reading of school children
• 1:41:02
  Speaker 4: before new books were bought for the Children's Club libraries,
• 1:41:05
  Speaker 4: and another on the proportion of tuberculosis among school children
• 1:41:09
  Speaker 4: before we opened a little experimental outdoor school on one
• 1:41:13
  Speaker 4: of our own balconies. Some of the Hull House investigations
• 1:41:17
  Speaker 4: are purely negative and result We once made an attempt
• 1:41:20
  Speaker 4: to test the fatigue of factory girls in order to
• 1:41:23
  Speaker 4: determine how far over work superinduced the tuberculosis, to which
• 1:41:28
  Speaker 4: a surprising number of them were victims. The one scientific
• 1:41:32
  Speaker 4: instrument it seemed possible to use was an ergograph, a
• 1:41:36
  Speaker 4: complicated and expensive instrument kindly lent to us from the
• 1:41:39
  Speaker 4: physiological laboratory of the University of Chicago. I remember the
• 1:41:45
  Speaker 4: imposing procession we made from Hull House to the factory
• 1:41:48
  Speaker 4: full of working women, in which the proprietor allowed us
• 1:41:51
  Speaker 4: to make the tests. First there was the precious instrument
• 1:41:55
  Speaker 4: on a hand truck, guarded by an anxious student and
• 1:41:57
  Speaker 4: the young physician who was going to take the test
• 1:42:00
  Speaker 4: every afternoon. Then there was doctor Hamilton, the resident in
• 1:42:04
  Speaker 4: charge of the investigation, walking with the scientist, who was
• 1:42:07
  Speaker 4: interested to see that the instrument was properly installed. I
• 1:42:11
  Speaker 4: followed in the rear to talk once more to the
• 1:42:13
  Speaker 4: propriety of the factory, to be quite sure that he
• 1:42:15
  Speaker 4: would permit the experiment to go on. The result of
• 1:42:19
  Speaker 4: all this preparation, however, was to have the instrument record
• 1:42:22
  Speaker 4: less fatigue at the end of the day than at
• 1:42:24
  Speaker 4: the beginning, not because the girls had not worked hard
• 1:42:27
  Speaker 4: and were not dog tired, as they confessed, but because
• 1:42:30
  Speaker 4: the instrument was not fitted to find it out For
• 1:42:34
  Speaker 4: many years we have administered a branch station of the
• 1:42:37
  Speaker 4: Federal Post Office at Hull House, which we applied for
• 1:42:40
  Speaker 4: in the first instance because our neighbors lost such a
• 1:42:42
  Speaker 4: large percentage of the money they sent to Europe through
• 1:42:45
  Speaker 4: the commissions to middlemen. The experience in the post Office
• 1:42:49
  Speaker 4: constantly gives us data for urging the establishment of postal savings.
• 1:42:53
  Speaker 4: As we saw one perplexed immigrant after another turning away
• 1:42:56
  Speaker 4: in bewilderment and he was told that the United States
• 1:42:59
  Speaker 4: Post Office did not receive savings. We find, increasingly, however,
• 1:43:05
  Speaker 4: that the best results are to be obtained in investigations,
• 1:43:08
  Speaker 4: as in other undertakings, by combining our researches with those
• 1:43:12
  Speaker 4: of other public bodies or with the state itself. When
• 1:43:16
  Speaker 4: all the Chicago settlements found themselves distressed over the condition
• 1:43:19
  Speaker 4: of the newsboys, who, because they are merchants and not employees,
• 1:43:23
  Speaker 4: do not come under the provision of the Illinois child
• 1:43:25
  Speaker 4: Labor Law, they united in the investigation of a thousand
• 1:43:29
  Speaker 4: young newsboys who were all interviewed on the street during
• 1:43:32
  Speaker 4: the same twenty four hours. Their school and domestic status
• 1:43:36
  Speaker 4: were easily determined. Later, for many of the boys lived
• 1:43:40
  Speaker 4: in the immediate neighborhoods of the ten settlements which had
• 1:43:43
  Speaker 4: undertaken the investigation. The report embodying the results of the
• 1:43:47
  Speaker 4: investigation recommended a city ordinance containing features from the Boston
• 1:43:52
  Speaker 4: and the Buffalo regulations. And although an ordinance was drawn
• 1:43:55
  Speaker 4: up an a strenuous effort was made to bring it
• 1:43:57
  Speaker 4: to the attention of the aldermen. None of then would
• 1:44:00
  Speaker 4: introduce it into the City Council without newspaper backing. We
• 1:44:04
  Speaker 4: were able to agitate it for it again at the
• 1:44:07
  Speaker 4: annual meeting of the National Child Labor Committee, which was
• 1:44:10
  Speaker 4: held in Chicago in nineteen o eight, and which was
• 1:44:13
  Speaker 4: of course reported in the papers throughout the entire country.
• 1:44:17
  Speaker 4: This meeting also demonstrated that local measures can sometimes be
• 1:44:21
  Speaker 4: urged most effectively when joined to the efforts of the
• 1:44:24
  Speaker 4: national body. Undoubtedly, the best discussions ever held upon the
• 1:44:28
  Speaker 4: operations and the state of the Illinois law were those
• 1:44:31
  Speaker 4: which took place then. The needs of the Illinois children
• 1:44:35
  Speaker 4: were regarded in connection with the children of the nation,
• 1:44:38
  Speaker 4: and advanced health measures for Illinois were compared with those
• 1:44:42
  Speaker 4: of other states. The investigations of Hull House thus tended
• 1:44:46
  Speaker 4: to be merged with those of larger organizations, from the
• 1:44:49
  Speaker 4: investigation of the Social Value of saloons made for the
• 1:44:52
  Speaker 4: Committee of Fifty in eighteen ninety six to the one
• 1:44:56
  Speaker 4: on Infant Mortality in relation to Nationality made for the
• 1:45:00
  Speaker 4: American Academy of Science in nineteen oh nine. This is
• 1:45:04
  Speaker 4: also true of Hull House activities in regard to public movements,
• 1:45:07
  Speaker 4: some of which are inaugurated by residents of other settlements,
• 1:45:11
  Speaker 4: as the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, founded by
• 1:45:15
  Speaker 4: the splendid efforts of doctor Graham Taylor, for many years
• 1:45:18
  Speaker 4: head of Chicago Commons. All of our recent investigations into
• 1:45:23
  Speaker 4: housing have been under the Department of Investigation of the Soul,
• 1:45:26
  Speaker 4: with which several of the Hull House residents are identified,
• 1:45:30
  Speaker 4: quite as their active measures to secure better housing conditions
• 1:45:34
  Speaker 4: have been carried on with the City Homes Association and
• 1:45:37
  Speaker 4: through the cooperation of one of our residents, who several
• 1:45:40
  Speaker 4: years ago was appointed a sanitary Inspector on the City staff.
• 1:45:45
  Speaker 4: Perhaps doctor Taylor himself offers the best possible example of
• 1:45:49
  Speaker 4: the value of settlement experience to public undertakings in his
• 1:45:53
  Speaker 4: manifold public activities, of which one might instance his work
• 1:45:57
  Speaker 4: at the moment upon a commission recently appointed by the
• 1:46:00
  Speaker 4: Governor of Illinois to report upon the best method of
• 1:46:03
  Speaker 4: industrial insurance or employer's liability acts, and his influence in
• 1:46:08
  Speaker 4: securing another to study into the subject of industrial diseases.
• 1:46:12
  Speaker 4: The actual factory investigation under the latter is in charge
• 1:46:16
  Speaker 4: of doctor Hamilton of Hull House, whose long residence in
• 1:46:19
  Speaker 4: an industrial neighborhood, as well as her scientific attainment, gave
• 1:46:23
  Speaker 4: her regular qualifications for the undertaking. And so a settlement
• 1:46:28
  Speaker 4: is led along from the concrete to the abstract, as
• 1:46:31
  Speaker 4: may easily be illustrated. Many years ago, a tailor's union
• 1:46:35
  Speaker 4: meeting at Hull House asked our cooperation in tagging the
• 1:46:39
  Speaker 4: various parts of a man's coat in such wise as
• 1:46:42
  Speaker 4: to show the money paid to the people who made it.
• 1:46:45
  Speaker 4: One tag for the cutting, and another for the buttonholes,
• 1:46:48
  Speaker 4: another for the finishing, and so on, the resulting total
• 1:46:51
  Speaker 4: to be compared with the selling price of the coat itself.
• 1:46:55
  Speaker 4: It quickly became evident that we had no way of
• 1:46:57
  Speaker 4: computing how much of this larger balance was spent for salesmen,
• 1:47:01
  Speaker 4: commercial travelers, rent and management, and the poor tagged coat
• 1:47:05
  Speaker 4: was finally left hanging limply in a closet, as if
• 1:47:08
  Speaker 4: discouraged with the attempt. But the desire of the manual
• 1:47:13
  Speaker 4: worker to know the relation of his own labor to
• 1:47:15
  Speaker 4: the whole is not only legitimate, but must form the
• 1:47:18
  Speaker 4: basis of any intelligent action for his movement. It was therefore,
• 1:47:23
  Speaker 4: with the hope of reforming swing trades, that the Hull
• 1:47:25
  Speaker 4: House residents testify before the Federal Industrial Commission in nineteen hundred,
• 1:47:30
  Speaker 4: and much later, with genuine enthusiasm, joined the trades, unionists
• 1:47:35
  Speaker 4: and other public spirited citizens in an industrial exhibit and
• 1:47:39
  Speaker 4: made a graphic presentation of the conditions and rewards of labor.
• 1:47:44
  Speaker 4: The large casino building in which it was held was
• 1:47:46
  Speaker 4: filled every day in evenings for two weeks, showing how
• 1:47:50
  Speaker 4: popular such information is if it can be presented graphically
• 1:47:55
  Speaker 4: as an illustration of this same moving from smaller to
• 1:47:58
  Speaker 4: the larger. I might instance the efforts of Miss McDowell
• 1:48:02
  Speaker 4: of the University of Chicago, Settlement and others in urging
• 1:48:05
  Speaker 4: upon Congress the necessity for a special investigation into the
• 1:48:10
  Speaker 4: conditions of women and children in industry, because we had
• 1:48:13
  Speaker 4: discovered the insuperable difficulties of smaller investigations notably one undertaken
• 1:48:19
  Speaker 4: for the Illinois Bureau of Labor by Missus van der
• 1:48:22
  Speaker 4: Wart of Neighborhood House and by Missus Breckenridge of the
• 1:48:26
  Speaker 4: University of Chicago. This investigation made clear that it was
• 1:48:31
  Speaker 4: possible to detach the girls working in the stockyard from
• 1:48:34
  Speaker 4: their sisters and industry, as it was to urge specialization
• 1:48:37
  Speaker 4: on their behalf. In the earlier years of the American settlements,
• 1:48:42
  Speaker 4: the residents were sometimes impatient with the accepted methods of
• 1:48:45
  Speaker 4: charitable administration and hoped, through residence in an industrial neighborhood,
• 1:48:50
  Speaker 4: to discover more cooperative and advanced methods of dealing with
• 1:48:53
  Speaker 4: the problems of poverty which were so dependent upon industrial
• 1:48:57
  Speaker 4: mal adjustment. But during into years the settlements have been
• 1:49:01
  Speaker 4: the charitable people, through their very acknowledgment of the poor,
• 1:49:05
  Speaker 4: constantly approach nearer to those methods formally designed as radical.
• 1:49:10
  Speaker 4: The residents, so far from holding aloof from organized charity,
• 1:49:14
  Speaker 4: find testimony certainly in the national conferences that out of
• 1:49:18
  Speaker 4: the most persistent and intelligent efforts to alleviate poverty, while
• 1:49:22
  Speaker 4: in all probability arise the most significant suggestions for eradicating
• 1:49:27
  Speaker 4: poverty in the hearing before a Congressional committee for the
• 1:49:31
  Speaker 4: establishment of a Children's Bureau, residents and American settlements joined
• 1:49:35
  Speaker 4: their fellow philanthropists and urging the need of indispensable instrument
• 1:49:40
  Speaker 4: for collecting and disseminating information which would make possible concerted,
• 1:49:45
  Speaker 4: intelligent action on behalf of children. Mister Hills has said
• 1:49:50
  Speaker 4: that we are also besotted with our novel, reading that
• 1:49:52
  Speaker 4: we have lost the power of seeing certain aspects of
• 1:49:55
  Speaker 4: life with any sense of reality, because we are continually
• 1:49:58
  Speaker 4: looking for the possible room. The description might apply to
• 1:50:03
  Speaker 4: the earlier years of the American settlement, but certainly the
• 1:50:06
  Speaker 4: later years are filled with discoveries in actual life as
• 1:50:10
  Speaker 4: romantic as they are expected. If I may illustrate one
• 1:50:13
  Speaker 4: of these romantic discoveries from my own experience, I would
• 1:50:17
  Speaker 4: cite the indications of an internationalism as sturdy and buryle,
• 1:50:21
  Speaker 4: as it is unprecedented which I have seen in our
• 1:50:24
  Speaker 4: cosmopolitan neighborhood when a South Italian Catholic is forced, by
• 1:50:29
  Speaker 4: the very exigencies of the situation to make friends with
• 1:50:32
  Speaker 4: their Austrian jew representing another nationality and another religion, both
• 1:50:38
  Speaker 4: of which cut into all his most cherished prejudices. He
• 1:50:42
  Speaker 4: finds it harder to utilize them a second time, and
• 1:50:44
  Speaker 4: gradually loses them. He thus modifies his provincialism, for if
• 1:50:49
  Speaker 4: an old enemy working by his side has turned into
• 1:50:52
  Speaker 4: a friend, almost anything may happen. When therefore, I became
• 1:50:56
  Speaker 4: identified with the peace movement, both in its international and
• 1:51:00
  Speaker 4: national conventions. I hope that this internationalism engendered in the
• 1:51:04
  Speaker 4: immigrant quarters of American cities might be recognized as an
• 1:51:08
  Speaker 4: effective instrument in the cause of peace. I first set
• 1:51:11
  Speaker 4: it forth with some misgivings before the convention held in
• 1:51:15
  Speaker 4: Boston in nineteen oh four, and it has always been
• 1:51:18
  Speaker 4: a pleasure to recall a hearty assent given to it
• 1:51:20
  Speaker 4: by Professor William James. I have always objected to the
• 1:51:25
  Speaker 4: phrase sociological laboratory applied to us, because settlements should be
• 1:51:29
  Speaker 4: something much more human and spontaneous than such Afraid's connotes.
• 1:51:33
  Speaker 4: And yet it is inevitable that the residents should know
• 1:51:36
  Speaker 4: their own neighborhoods more thoroughly than any other, and that
• 1:51:39
  Speaker 4: their experiences there should affect the convictions. Years ago, I
• 1:51:44
  Speaker 4: was much entertained by a story at the Chicago Women's
• 1:51:46
  Speaker 4: Club by one of its ablest members. In the discussion
• 1:51:50
  Speaker 4: following a paper on mine of the outgrowth of Toynbee Hall,
• 1:51:54
  Speaker 4: she said that when she was a little girl playing
• 1:51:56
  Speaker 4: in her mother's garden, she one day discovered a small
• 1:51:59
  Speaker 4: toad who to her very forlorn and lonely. Although she
• 1:52:02
  Speaker 4: did not in the least know how to comfort in,
• 1:52:05
  Speaker 4: she reluctantly left him to his fate. Later in the day,
• 1:52:09
  Speaker 4: quite at the other end of the garden, she found
• 1:52:11
  Speaker 4: a large toad, also apparently without family and friends. With
• 1:52:14
  Speaker 4: a heart full of tender sympathy, she took a stick,
• 1:52:17
  Speaker 4: and by exercising infinite patience and some skill, she finally
• 1:52:21
  Speaker 4: pushed the toad throughout the entire length of the garden
• 1:52:24
  Speaker 4: into the company of the big toad, when, to her
• 1:52:27
  Speaker 4: inexpressible horror and surprise, the big toad opened his mouth
• 1:52:30
  Speaker 4: and swallowed a little one. The moral of the tale
• 1:52:34
  Speaker 4: was clear, applied to people who live where they did
• 1:52:36
  Speaker 4: not actually belong. Although I protested that this was exactly
• 1:52:40
  Speaker 4: what we wanted to be swallowed and digested to disappear
• 1:52:44
  Speaker 4: into the bulk of people. Twenty years later, I am
• 1:52:48
  Speaker 4: willing to testify that something of the sort does take place.
• 1:52:51
  Speaker 4: After years of identification with an industrial community end of
• 1:52:57
  Speaker 4: Chapter thirteen, Civic cooperation. One of the first lessons we
• 1:53:05
  Speaker 4: learned at Hull House was that private beneficience is totally
• 1:53:09
  Speaker 4: inadequate to deal with the vast numbers of the cities disinherited.
• 1:53:14
  Speaker 4: We also quickly came to realize that there are certain
• 1:53:17
  Speaker 4: types of wretchedness from which every private philanthropy shrinks, and
• 1:53:21
  Speaker 4: which are cared for only in those wards of the
• 1:53:23
  Speaker 4: county Hospital provided for the wrecks of vicious living, or
• 1:53:27
  Speaker 4: in the city's isolation hospital for smallpox patients. I have
• 1:53:33
  Speaker 4: heard a broken hearted mother exclaim when her airing daughter
• 1:53:36
  Speaker 4: came home at last, too broken and two disease to
• 1:53:39
  Speaker 4: be taken into the family she had disgraced. There is
• 1:53:42
  Speaker 4: no place for her but the top floor of the
• 1:53:44
  Speaker 4: county hospital. They will have to take her there. And
• 1:53:48
  Speaker 4: this was only after every possible experience had been tried
• 1:53:51
  Speaker 4: or suggested. This aspect of governmental responsibility was unforgettably borne
• 1:53:58
  Speaker 4: in upon me during the small pot of epidemic during
• 1:54:01
  Speaker 4: the World's there, when one of the residents, Missus Kelly,
• 1:54:05
  Speaker 4: as State factory Inspector, was much concerned in discovering and
• 1:54:09
  Speaker 4: destroying clothing which had been finished in houses containing unreported
• 1:54:13
  Speaker 4: cases of smallpox. The duty most successful in locating such
• 1:54:18
  Speaker 4: cases lived at Hull House during the epidemic because he
• 1:54:21
  Speaker 4: did not wish to expose his own family. Another resident,
• 1:54:26
  Speaker 4: Miss Lathrop, as a member of the State Board of Charities,
• 1:54:29
  Speaker 4: went back and forth to the crowded pest house, which
• 1:54:32
  Speaker 4: had been hastily constructed on a stretch of prairie west
• 1:54:36
  Speaker 4: of the city. As Hull House was already so exposed,
• 1:54:40
  Speaker 4: it seemed best for the smallpox inspectors from the Board
• 1:54:43
  Speaker 4: of Health to take their meals and change their clothing
• 1:54:46
  Speaker 4: there before they went to their respective homes. All of
• 1:54:50
  Speaker 4: these officials had accepted, without question, and as implicit in
• 1:54:54
  Speaker 4: public office, the obligation to carry on the dangerous and
• 1:54:57
  Speaker 4: difficult undertakings for which private philanthropy is unfitted, as if
• 1:55:02
  Speaker 4: the commonalty of compassion represented by the state was much
• 1:55:07
  Speaker 4: more comprehending than that of any individual group. It was
• 1:55:11
  Speaker 4: as early as our second winter on Halstead Street that
• 1:55:14
  Speaker 4: one of the Hull House residents received an appointment from
• 1:55:17
  Speaker 4: the Cook County Agent as a county advisor. She reported
• 1:55:21
  Speaker 4: at the agency each morning and all the cases within
• 1:55:24
  Speaker 4: a radius of ten blocks from Hull House were given
• 1:55:27
  Speaker 4: to her for investigation. This gave her a legitimate opportunity
• 1:55:31
  Speaker 4: for knowing the poorest people in the neighborhood and also
• 1:55:34
  Speaker 4: for understanding the county method of outdoor relief. The commissioners
• 1:55:39
  Speaker 4: were at first dubias with the value of such a visitor,
• 1:55:42
  Speaker 4: and predicted that a woman would be a perfect call
• 1:55:45
  Speaker 4: shoot for giving away county supplies, but they gradually came
• 1:55:49
  Speaker 4: to depend on her suggestion and advice. In eighteen ninety three,
• 1:55:55
  Speaker 4: this same resident, Miss Julia C. Lathrop, was appointed by
• 1:55:59
  Speaker 4: the governor a member of the Illinois State Board of Charities.
• 1:56:04
  Speaker 4: She served in this capacity for two consecutive terms and
• 1:56:07
  Speaker 4: was later reappointed to a third term. Perhaps her most
• 1:56:11
  Speaker 4: valuable contribution towards the enlargement and reorganization of the chanceful
• 1:56:16
  Speaker 4: institutions of the state came through her intimate knowledge of
• 1:56:19
  Speaker 4: the beneficiaries, and her experience demonstrated that it is only
• 1:56:23
  Speaker 4: through residents among the poor that an official could have
• 1:56:26
  Speaker 4: learned to view public institutions as she did, from the
• 1:56:30
  Speaker 4: standpoint of the inmates, rather than that of the managers.
• 1:56:34
  Speaker 4: Since that early day, residents of Hull House have spent
• 1:56:37
  Speaker 4: much time in working for the civil service, methods of
• 1:56:40
  Speaker 4: appointment for employees in the country, and state institutions, for
• 1:56:45
  Speaker 4: the establishment of state colonies for the care of epileptics,
• 1:56:49
  Speaker 4: and for a dozen other enterprises which occupy that border
• 1:56:52
  Speaker 4: land between charitable effort and legislation. In this border lands
• 1:56:57
  Speaker 4: we cooperate in many civic enterprises. For I think that
• 1:57:01
  Speaker 4: we may claim that a Hull House has always held
• 1:57:03
  Speaker 4: its activities highly ready to hand them over to whosoever
• 1:57:07
  Speaker 4: could carry them on properly. Miss Starr had eli made
• 1:57:12
  Speaker 4: a collection of framed photographs, largely of the paintings studied
• 1:57:16
  Speaker 4: in her art class, which became the basis of a
• 1:57:19
  Speaker 4: loan collection first used by the Hull House students and
• 1:57:22
  Speaker 4: later extended to the public schools. It may be fair
• 1:57:26
  Speaker 4: to suggest that this effort was the nucleus of the
• 1:57:28
  Speaker 4: Public School Art Society, which was later formed in the city,
• 1:57:32
  Speaker 4: and of which Miss Starr was the first president. In
• 1:57:35
  Speaker 4: our two summers we had maintained three baths in the
• 1:57:38
  Speaker 4: basement of our own house for the use of the neighborhood,
• 1:57:41
  Speaker 4: and they afforded some experience and argument for the erection
• 1:57:44
  Speaker 4: of the first public bathhouse in Chicago, which was built
• 1:57:47
  Speaker 4: on a neighboring street and opened under the City Board
• 1:57:51
  Speaker 4: of Health. The laws upon which it was erected belonged
• 1:57:54
  Speaker 4: to a friend of Hull House, who offered it to
• 1:57:56
  Speaker 4: the city without rent, and this enabled the city to
• 1:58:00
  Speaker 4: wrecked the first bath from the small appropriation of ten
• 1:58:03
  Speaker 4: thousand dollars. Great fear was expressed by the public authorities
• 1:58:07
  Speaker 4: that the baths would not be used, and the old
• 1:58:10
  Speaker 4: story of the bathtubs and model tenements which had been
• 1:58:13
  Speaker 4: turned into Colvin's was often quoted to us. We were supplied, however,
• 1:58:18
  Speaker 4: with the incontrovertible arguments that in our adjacent third square
• 1:58:22
  Speaker 4: mile there were in eighteen ninety two but three bathtubs,
• 1:58:26
  Speaker 4: and that this fact was much complained of by many
• 1:58:29
  Speaker 4: of the tenement house dwellers. Our contention was justified by
• 1:58:33
  Speaker 4: the immediate and overflowing use of the public baths. As
• 1:58:37
  Speaker 4: we had before been sustained in the contention that an
• 1:58:40
  Speaker 4: immigrant population would respond to opportunities for reading. When the
• 1:58:44
  Speaker 4: Public Library Board had established a branch reading room at
• 1:58:48
  Speaker 4: Hull House. We also quickly discovered that nothing brought us
• 1:58:52
  Speaker 4: so absolutely into comradeship with our neighbors as mutual and
• 1:58:56
  Speaker 4: sustained effort, such as the paving of the street, the
• 1:58:59
  Speaker 4: closing of a gambling house, or the restoration of a
• 1:59:02
  Speaker 4: veteran police sergeant. Several of these earlier attempts at civic
• 1:59:07
  Speaker 4: cooperation were undertaken in connection with the Hull House Men's Club,
• 1:59:11
  Speaker 4: which had been organized in the spring of eighteen ninety three,
• 1:59:15
  Speaker 4: had been incorporated under a state charter of its own,
• 1:59:19
  Speaker 4: and had occupied a club room in the Gymnasium building.
• 1:59:23
  Speaker 4: This club obtained an early success in one of the
• 1:59:26
  Speaker 4: political struggles in the Ward, and thus fastened upon itself
• 1:59:30
  Speaker 4: a spacious reputation for political power. It was at last
• 1:59:35
  Speaker 4: so torn by the dissensions of two political factions which
• 1:59:38
  Speaker 4: attempted to capture it, that, although it is still an
• 1:59:41
  Speaker 4: existing organization, it has never regained the prestige of its
• 1:59:45
  Speaker 4: first five years. Its early political success came in a
• 1:59:50
  Speaker 4: campaign Hull House had instigated against a powerful alderman who
• 1:59:54
  Speaker 4: had held office for more than twenty years in the
• 1:59:57
  Speaker 4: nineteenth Ward, and who, although theybiously corrupt, is still firmly
• 2:00:02
  Speaker 4: entrenched among his constituents. Hull House has had to do
• 2:00:07
  Speaker 4: with three campaigns organized against him. In the first one,
• 2:00:12
  Speaker 4: he was apparently only amused at her Sunday School effort
• 2:00:15
  Speaker 4: and did little to oppose the election to the aldermanic
• 2:00:18
  Speaker 4: office of a member of the Hull House Men's Club,
• 2:00:22
  Speaker 4: who thus became his colleague in the City Council. When
• 2:00:25
  Speaker 4: Hull House, however, made an effort in the following spring
• 2:00:29
  Speaker 4: against the re election of the Alderman himself, we encountered
• 2:00:32
  Speaker 4: the most determined and skillful opposition. In these campaigns, We
• 2:00:38
  Speaker 4: doubtless depended too much on the idealistic appeal, for we
• 2:00:42
  Speaker 4: did not yet comprehend the element of reality always brought
• 2:00:46
  Speaker 4: into the political struggle in such a neighborhood, where politics
• 2:00:50
  Speaker 4: deal so directly with getting a job and earning a living.
• 2:00:54
  Speaker 4: We soon discovered that approximately one out of every five
• 2:00:58
  Speaker 4: voters in the nineteenth ward at the time held a
• 2:01:00
  Speaker 4: job dependent upon the goodwill of the aldermen. There were
• 2:01:04
  Speaker 4: no several service rules to interfere, and the unskilled voter
• 2:01:08
  Speaker 4: swept the street, and Douglaser as securing his position as
• 2:01:12
  Speaker 4: the most sophisticated voter who tended a bridge or occupied
• 2:01:16
  Speaker 4: an office chair in the city Hall. The Alderman was
• 2:01:20
  Speaker 4: even more fortunate in finding places with the franchise seeking corporations.
• 2:01:25
  Speaker 4: It took us some time to understand why so large
• 2:01:27
  Speaker 4: a proportion of our neighbors were street car employees, and
• 2:01:31
  Speaker 4: why we had such a large club composed solely of
• 2:01:33
  Speaker 4: telephone girls. Our powerful aldermen had various methods of entrenching himself.
• 2:01:40
  Speaker 4: Many people were indebted to him for his kindly services
• 2:01:43
  Speaker 4: in the police station and the justice courts, For in
• 2:01:46
  Speaker 4: those days Irish constituents easily broke the peace, and before
• 2:01:50
  Speaker 4: the establishment of the Juvenile court, boys were arrested for
• 2:01:54
  Speaker 4: very trivial offenses. Added to those where hundreds of constituents
• 2:01:58
  Speaker 4: indebted to him for personal kindness, from the peddler who
• 2:02:02
  Speaker 4: received a free license, to the businessman who had the
• 2:02:05
  Speaker 4: railroad passed to New York. Our third campaign against him,
• 2:02:10
  Speaker 4: when we succeeded in making a serious impression upon his
• 2:02:13
  Speaker 4: majority and wrote from his henchmen. The same sort of
• 2:02:16
  Speaker 4: hostility which a striker so inevitably feels against the man
• 2:02:20
  Speaker 4: who would take his job, even sharpened by the sense
• 2:02:24
  Speaker 4: that the movement for reform came from an alien source.
• 2:02:29
  Speaker 4: Another result of the campaign was an expectation on the
• 2:02:33
  Speaker 4: part of our new political friends that a hull House
• 2:02:35
  Speaker 4: would perform like offices for them, and there resulted endless
• 2:02:39
  Speaker 4: confusion and misunderstanding, because in many cases we could not
• 2:02:44
  Speaker 4: even attempt to do what the old woman constantly did
• 2:02:47
  Speaker 4: with a right good will. When he protected a lawbreaker
• 2:02:52
  Speaker 4: from the legal consequences of his act, his kindness appeared
• 2:02:56
  Speaker 4: not only to himself but to all beholders, like the
• 2:02:59
  Speaker 4: data a powerful and kindly statesman. When hull House, on
• 2:03:03
  Speaker 4: the other hand, insisted that the law must be enforced,
• 2:03:07
  Speaker 4: it could but appear like persecution of the offender. We
• 2:03:11
  Speaker 4: were certainly not anxious for consistency nor for individual achievement,
• 2:03:16
  Speaker 4: but in a desire to foster a higher political morality
• 2:03:20
  Speaker 4: and not to lower our standards, we constantly clashed with
• 2:03:23
  Speaker 4: the existing political code. We also, unwittingly stumbled upon a
• 2:03:28
  Speaker 4: powerful combination of which our Elderman was the political head,
• 2:03:32
  Speaker 4: with its banking, its ecclesiastical and its journalistic representatives. And
• 2:03:38
  Speaker 4: as we followed up the clue and naively told all
• 2:03:41
  Speaker 4: we discovered, we have coarse laid the foundations for opposition
• 2:03:45
  Speaker 4: which had manifested itself in many forms. The most striking
• 2:03:49
  Speaker 4: expression of it was an attack upon Hull House, lasting
• 2:03:52
  Speaker 4: through weeks and months by a Chicago daily newspaper, which
• 2:03:56
  Speaker 4: has since ceased publication. During the third campaign, I received
• 2:04:02
  Speaker 4: many anonymous letters, those from the men, offer of scene,
• 2:04:06
  Speaker 4: those from the women, revealing that curious connection between prostitution
• 2:04:11
  Speaker 4: and the lowest type of politics which every city tries
• 2:04:14
  Speaker 4: in vain to hide. I had offers from the men
• 2:04:17
  Speaker 4: in the city prison to vote properly if released, various
• 2:04:21
  Speaker 4: communications from lodging housekeepers as to the prices of the
• 2:04:25
  Speaker 4: vote they were ready to deliver. Everywhere appeared that animosity
• 2:04:30
  Speaker 4: which is invoked only when a man feels that his
• 2:04:32
  Speaker 4: means of livelihood is threatened. As I look back, I
• 2:04:37
  Speaker 4: am reminded of the state of mind Kipling's newspaperman who
• 2:04:41
  Speaker 4: witnessed a volcanic corruption at sea, and which unbelievable deep
• 2:04:45
  Speaker 4: sea creatures were expelled to the surface, among them an
• 2:04:48
  Speaker 4: enormous white serpent, blind and smelling of musk, whose death
• 2:04:52
  Speaker 4: throws bashed to see into a fury. With professional instinct unimpaired,
• 2:04:58
  Speaker 4: the journalists carefully observed the uncanny creature, never designed for
• 2:05:02
  Speaker 4: the eyes of men. But a few days later, when
• 2:05:05
  Speaker 4: they found themselves in a comfortable second class carriage traveling
• 2:05:09
  Speaker 4: from Southampton to London, between trim hedgerows and smug English villages,
• 2:05:14
  Speaker 4: they concluded that the experience was too sensational to be
• 2:05:18
  Speaker 4: put before the British public, and it became improbable even
• 2:05:21
  Speaker 4: to themselves. Many subsequent years of living in kindly neighborhood
• 2:05:27
  Speaker 4: fashion with the people of the nineteenth Ward has produced
• 2:05:30
  Speaker 4: upon my memory the soothing effect of the second class
• 2:05:34
  Speaker 4: railroad carriage, and many of these political experiences have not
• 2:05:38
  Speaker 4: only become remote, but already seen improbable. On the other hand,
• 2:05:44
  Speaker 4: these campaigns were not without their reward. One of them
• 2:05:48
  Speaker 4: was a quickened friendship both with the most substantial citizens
• 2:05:52
  Speaker 4: in the Ward and with a group of fine young
• 2:05:54
  Speaker 4: voters whose devotion to Hull House has never since failed.
• 2:05:59
  Speaker 4: Another was a set of identification with the public spirited
• 2:06:02
  Speaker 4: men throughout the city who contributed money and time to
• 2:06:06
  Speaker 4: what they considered a gallant effort against political corruption. I
• 2:06:10
  Speaker 4: remember a young professor from the University of Chicago who
• 2:06:14
  Speaker 4: with his wife, came to live at the Hull House,
• 2:06:17
  Speaker 4: traveling a long distance every day throughout the autumn and
• 2:06:20
  Speaker 4: winter that he might qualify as a nineteenth ward voter.
• 2:06:24
  Speaker 4: In the String campaign, he served as a watcher at
• 2:06:27
  Speaker 4: the polls, and it was but a poor reward for
• 2:06:30
  Speaker 4: his devotion that he was literally set upon and beating up.
• 2:06:33
  Speaker 4: For in those good old days, such things frequently occurred
• 2:06:38
  Speaker 4: many Another case of devotion to our standards so recklessly
• 2:06:41
  Speaker 4: raised might be cited, But perhaps more valuable than any
• 2:06:45
  Speaker 4: of these, was the sensif identification we obtained with the
• 2:06:49
  Speaker 4: rest of Chicago. So far as settlement can discern and
• 2:06:52
  Speaker 4: bring to local consciousness neighborhood needs which are common needs,
• 2:06:56
  Speaker 4: and can give vigorous help to the municipal measures to
• 2:06:59
  Speaker 4: what which such needs shall be met, it fulfills its
• 2:07:02
  Speaker 4: most valuable function to illustrate. From our first effort to
• 2:07:07
  Speaker 4: improve the street paving in the vicinity, we found that
• 2:07:10
  Speaker 4: we had secured the consent of the majority of the
• 2:07:13
  Speaker 4: property owners on a given street for new paving. The
• 2:07:17
  Speaker 4: alderman checked the entire plan through his kindly service to
• 2:07:20
  Speaker 4: one man who had appealed to him to keep the
• 2:07:23
  Speaker 4: assessments down. The street long remained a shocking mass of wet,
• 2:07:28
  Speaker 4: dilapidated cedar blocks where children were sometimes marred as they
• 2:07:32
  Speaker 4: floated a surviving block in the water, which speedily filled
• 2:07:36
  Speaker 4: the holes, whence other blocks had been extracted for fuel.
• 2:07:40
  Speaker 4: And yet when we were able to demonstrate that the
• 2:07:43
  Speaker 4: street paving had thus been reduced into cedar pulp by
• 2:07:47
  Speaker 4: the heavily loaded wagons of an adjacent factory, that the
• 2:07:50
  Speaker 4: expense of its repaving should be borne from a general
• 2:07:54
  Speaker 4: fund and not by the poor property owners, we found
• 2:07:57
  Speaker 4: that we could unite in advocating them in the method
• 2:08:01
  Speaker 4: of repaving assessments. And the Alderman himself was obliged to
• 2:08:05
  Speaker 4: come into such a popular movement. The nineteenth Ward Improvement Association,
• 2:08:11
  Speaker 4: which met at Hull House during two winters, was the
• 2:08:14
  Speaker 4: first body of citizens able to make a real impression
• 2:08:17
  Speaker 4: upon the local paving situation. They secured an expert to
• 2:08:21
  Speaker 4: watch the paving as it went down, to be sure
• 2:08:23
  Speaker 4: that their half of the paving money was well expended.
• 2:08:27
  Speaker 4: In the belief that property values would thus be enhanced.
• 2:08:30
  Speaker 4: The common aim brought together the most prosperous people of
• 2:08:33
  Speaker 4: the vicinity, some pot as the Hull House Cooperative Coal Association,
• 2:08:38
  Speaker 4: brought together the poorer ones. I remember that during the
• 2:08:42
  Speaker 4: second campaign against our aldermen. Governor Pingree of Michigan came
• 2:08:47
  Speaker 4: to visited Hull House. He said that the stronghold of
• 2:08:51
  Speaker 4: such a man was not the place in which to
• 2:08:53
  Speaker 4: start municipal regeneration, that good aldermen should be elected from
• 2:08:58
  Speaker 4: the promising wars first, until a majority of honest men
• 2:09:02
  Speaker 4: in the City Council should make politics unprofitable for corrupt men.
• 2:09:07
  Speaker 4: We replied that it was difficult to divide Chicago into
• 2:09:11
  Speaker 4: good and bad wards, but that a new organization called
• 2:09:14
  Speaker 4: the Municipal Voters League was attempting to give to the
• 2:09:18
  Speaker 4: well meaning voter in each ward throughout the city, accurate
• 2:09:21
  Speaker 4: information concerning the candidates and their relation passed and present
• 2:09:26
  Speaker 4: to vital issues. One of our trustees, who was most
• 2:09:30
  Speaker 4: active in inaugurating this league, always said that his nineteenth
• 2:09:34
  Speaker 4: board experience had convinced him of the unity of city politics,
• 2:09:38
  Speaker 4: and that he constantly used our campaign as a challenge
• 2:09:42
  Speaker 4: to the unaroused citizens living in the wars less conspicuously corrupt. Certainly,
• 2:09:48
  Speaker 4: the need for civic cooperation was obvious in many directions,
• 2:09:52
  Speaker 4: and in none more striking than in that organized effort
• 2:09:55
  Speaker 4: which must be carried on unceasingly if young people are
• 2:09:59
  Speaker 4: to be protended from the darker and coarser dangers of
• 2:10:02
  Speaker 4: the city. The cooperation between Hull House and the Juvenile
• 2:10:07
  Speaker 4: Protective Association came about gradually, and it seems now almost inevitably.
• 2:10:13
  Speaker 4: From the earliest days we saw many boys constantly arrested,
• 2:10:17
  Speaker 4: and I had a number of most enlightening experiences in
• 2:10:20
  Speaker 4: the police station with an Irish lad whose mother, upon
• 2:10:24
  Speaker 4: her deathbed, had led me to look after him. We
• 2:10:28
  Speaker 4: were distressed by the gangs of very little boys who
• 2:10:31
  Speaker 4: would sally forth with an enterprising leader in search of
• 2:10:34
  Speaker 4: old brass and iron, sometimes breaking into empty houses for
• 2:10:38
  Speaker 4: the sake of the faucets or lead pipe, which they
• 2:10:41
  Speaker 4: would sell for a good price to a junk dealer.
• 2:10:44
  Speaker 4: With the money thus obtained, they would buy cigarettes and beer,
• 2:10:48
  Speaker 4: or even candy, which could be conspicuously consumed in alleys
• 2:10:52
  Speaker 4: where they might enjoy the excitement of being seen and
• 2:10:54
  Speaker 4: suspected by the coppers. From the third year of Hull House,
• 2:10:59
  Speaker 4: one of the red had a semi official position on
• 2:11:02
  Speaker 4: the nearest police station. At least the sergeant agreed to
• 2:11:06
  Speaker 4: give her provisional charge of every boy and girl under
• 2:11:09
  Speaker 4: arrest for any trivial events. Missus Stevens, who performed this
• 2:11:13
  Speaker 4: work for several years, became the first probation officer of
• 2:11:17
  Speaker 4: the Juvenile Court when it was established in Cook County
• 2:11:21
  Speaker 4: in eighteen ninety nine. She was the sole probation officer
• 2:11:24
  Speaker 4: at first, but at the time of her death, which
• 2:11:27
  Speaker 4: occurred at Hull House in nineteen hundred, she was the
• 2:11:30
  Speaker 4: senior officer of a corpse of six. Her entire experience
• 2:11:34
  Speaker 4: had fitted her to deal wisely with wayward children. She
• 2:11:38
  Speaker 4: had gone into a New England cotton mill at the
• 2:11:40
  Speaker 4: age of thirteen, where she had promptly lost the index
• 2:11:43
  Speaker 4: finger on her right hand through carelessness, she was told,
• 2:11:48
  Speaker 4: and no one then seemed to understand that freedom from
• 2:11:51
  Speaker 4: care was the prerogative of childhood. Later, she became a
• 2:11:55
  Speaker 4: typesetter and was one of the first women in America
• 2:11:59
  Speaker 4: to become a member of the Typographical Union, retaining her
• 2:12:02
  Speaker 4: card through all the later years of editorial work. As
• 2:12:07
  Speaker 4: the Juvenile Court developed, the Committee of Public Spirited Citizens,
• 2:12:11
  Speaker 4: who first supplied only Missus Stevens's salary, later maintained a
• 2:12:15
  Speaker 4: corpse of twenty two such officers. Several of these were
• 2:12:19
  Speaker 4: Hull House residents who brought to the house for many
• 2:12:22
  Speaker 4: years a sad little procession of children struggling against all
• 2:12:26
  Speaker 4: sorts of handicaps. When legislation was secured which placed the
• 2:12:31
  Speaker 4: probation officers upon the peril of the county, it was
• 2:12:35
  Speaker 4: a challenge to the efficiency of the Civil Service method
• 2:12:38
  Speaker 4: of appointment to obtain by examination men and women fit
• 2:12:42
  Speaker 4: for this delicate human task. As one of five people
• 2:12:47
  Speaker 4: asked by the Civil Service Commission to conduct this first
• 2:12:50
  Speaker 4: examination for probation officers, I became convinced that we were
• 2:12:54
  Speaker 4: but at the beginning of the non political method of
• 2:12:57
  Speaker 4: selecting public servance. As if and unbending as the examination
• 2:13:02
  Speaker 4: may be, it is still our hope of political salvation.
• 2:13:06
  Speaker 4: In nineteen oh seven, the Juvenile Court was housed in
• 2:13:09
  Speaker 4: a model court building of its own, containing a detention
• 2:13:12
  Speaker 4: home and equipped with competent staff. The Committee of Citizens
• 2:13:17
  Speaker 4: largely responsible for this result, thereupon, under attention to the
• 2:13:21
  Speaker 4: conditions which the record of the Court indicated had led
• 2:13:25
  Speaker 4: to the alarming amount of juvenile delinquentcy and crime, they
• 2:13:29
  Speaker 4: organized the Juvenile Protective Association, whose twenty two officers met
• 2:13:33
  Speaker 4: weekly at Hull House with their executive committee to report
• 2:13:37
  Speaker 4: what they have found and to discuss city conditions affecting
• 2:13:40
  Speaker 4: the lives of children and young people. The Association discovers
• 2:13:45
  Speaker 4: that there are certain temptations into which children so habitually
• 2:13:49
  Speaker 4: fall that it is evident that the average child cannot
• 2:13:52
  Speaker 4: withstand them. An overwhelming massive data is accumulated showing the
• 2:13:57
  Speaker 4: need of enforcing existing legislation and of securing new legislation.
• 2:14:02
  Speaker 4: But it also indicates a hundred other directions in which
• 2:14:06
  Speaker 4: the young people who saw gaily walker streets, often to
• 2:14:09
  Speaker 4: their own destruction, need safeguarding and protection. The effort of
• 2:14:15
  Speaker 4: the Association to treat the youth of the city with
• 2:14:17
  Speaker 4: consideration and understanding has rallied the most unexpected forces to
• 2:14:22
  Speaker 4: its standard. Quite as the basic needs of life are
• 2:14:25
  Speaker 4: supplied solely by those who make money out of the business,
• 2:14:29
  Speaker 4: so the modern city has assumed that the craving for
• 2:14:31
  Speaker 4: pleasure must be ministered to only by the sordid. This assumption, however,
• 2:14:36
  Speaker 4: in a large measure, broke down as soon as the
• 2:14:38
  Speaker 4: Juvenile Protective Association courageously put it to the test. After
• 2:14:44
  Speaker 4: persistent prosecutions, but also after many friendly interviews, the Druggist's
• 2:14:49
  Speaker 4: association itself prosecutes those of its members who sell indecent
• 2:14:53
  Speaker 4: postal cards. The saloon keepers. That protective association not only
• 2:14:58
  Speaker 4: declines to protect members who sell to miners, but now
• 2:15:01
  Speaker 4: takes drastic action to prevent such sales. The Retail Roasters
• 2:15:05
  Speaker 4: Association forbids the selling of tobacco to miners. The Association
• 2:15:10
  Speaker 4: of Department Store Managers not only increased the vigilance in
• 2:15:13
  Speaker 4: their waiting rooms by supplying more matrons, but as a body,
• 2:15:17
  Speaker 4: they have become regular contributors to the association. The Special
• 2:15:21
  Speaker 4: Watchmen and all the railroad yards agree not to arrest
• 2:15:24
  Speaker 4: trespassing boys, but to report them to the Association. The
• 2:15:28
  Speaker 4: firm's manufacturing moving picture films not only submit their films
• 2:15:32
  Speaker 4: to a volunteer inspection committee, but ask for suggestions in
• 2:15:36
  Speaker 4: regard to new matter, and the five cent theaters arrange
• 2:15:40
  Speaker 4: for stunts which shall deal with the subject of public
• 2:15:43
  Speaker 4: health and morals. When the lecturers provided are entertaining as
• 2:15:47
  Speaker 4: well as instructive, it is not difficult to arouse the
• 2:15:52
  Speaker 4: impulse of protection for the young, which would doubtless dictate
• 2:15:56
  Speaker 4: the daily acts of many a bartender and a pool
• 2:15:59
  Speaker 4: room keeper if they could only indulge it without giving
• 2:16:02
  Speaker 4: their rivals an advantage. When there's difficulty is removed by
• 2:16:06
  Speaker 4: an even handed enforcement of the law. That simple kindliness
• 2:16:10
  Speaker 4: which the innocent always goes from one to another like
• 2:16:14
  Speaker 4: a slowly spreading flame of goodwill. Doubtless, the most rewarding
• 2:16:19
  Speaker 4: experience in any such undertaking is that of the Juvenile
• 2:16:22
  Speaker 4: Protective Association is the warm and intelligent cooperation coming from
• 2:16:27
  Speaker 4: unexpected sources, official and commercial, as well as philanthropic. Upon
• 2:16:32
  Speaker 4: the suggestion of the Association, social centers have been opened
• 2:16:36
  Speaker 4: in various parts of the city, Disused buildings turned into
• 2:16:40
  Speaker 4: recreation rooms, vacant lots made into gardens, hiking parties organized
• 2:16:45
  Speaker 4: for country excursions, varying beaches established on the lake front,
• 2:16:50
  Speaker 4: and public schools opened for social purposes. Through the efforts
• 2:16:54
  Speaker 4: of public spirited citizens, a medical clinic and a psychopathic
• 2:16:59
  Speaker 4: institute have become associated with the Juvenile Court of Chicago,
• 2:17:03
  Speaker 4: in addition to which an exhaustive study of court records
• 2:17:07
  Speaker 4: has been completed. To this carefully collected data concerning the
• 2:17:11
  Speaker 4: abnormal child, The Juvenile Protective Association hope in time to
• 2:17:16
  Speaker 4: add knowledge of the normal child who lives under the
• 2:17:19
  Speaker 4: most adverse city conditions. It was not without hope that
• 2:17:24
  Speaker 4: I might be able to forward in the public school
• 2:17:26
  Speaker 4: system the solution of some of these problems of delinquency
• 2:17:30
  Speaker 4: so dependent upon truancy and ill adapted education, that I
• 2:17:34
  Speaker 4: became a member of the Chicago Board of Education in
• 2:17:38
  Speaker 4: July nineteen o five. It is impossible to write of
• 2:17:42
  Speaker 4: the situation as it became dramatized in a half a
• 2:17:45
  Speaker 4: dozen strong personalities. But the entire experience was so illuminating
• 2:17:50
  Speaker 4: as to the difficulties and limitations of democratic government that
• 2:17:54
  Speaker 4: it would be unfair in a chapter on civic coordination
• 2:17:57
  Speaker 4: not to attempt an outline. Even the briefest statement, however,
• 2:18:02
  Speaker 4: necessitates the review of the preceding few years. For a decade,
• 2:18:06
  Speaker 4: the Chicago school teachers, or rather a majority of them,
• 2:18:09
  Speaker 4: who were organized into the Teacher's Federation, had been engaged
• 2:18:13
  Speaker 4: in a conflict with the Board of Education, both for
• 2:18:16
  Speaker 4: the more adequate salaries and for more self direction in
• 2:18:20
  Speaker 4: the conduct of the schools. In pursuance of the first object,
• 2:18:24
  Speaker 4: they had attacked the tax dodger along the entire lines
• 2:18:27
  Speaker 4: of his defense from the curbstone to the Supreme Court.
• 2:18:31
  Speaker 4: They began with an intricate investigation which uncovered the fact
• 2:18:35
  Speaker 4: that in eighteen ninety nine, two hundred thirty five million
• 2:18:39
  Speaker 4: dollars of value of public unity cooperations paid nothing in taxes.
• 2:18:44
  Speaker 4: The Teacher's Federation brought a suit, which was prosecuted through
• 2:18:48
  Speaker 4: the Supreme Court of Illinois and resulted in an order
• 2:18:51
  Speaker 4: entered against the State Board of Equalization demanding that it
• 2:18:55
  Speaker 4: tax the corporations mentioned in the bill in spite of
• 2:18:59
  Speaker 4: the fact that they did. Defendant companies sought federal aid
• 2:19:02
  Speaker 4: and obtained an order which restrained the payment of a
• 2:19:05
  Speaker 4: portion of the tax. Each year since nineteen hundred, the
• 2:19:09
  Speaker 4: Chicago Board of Education has benefited to the extent of
• 2:19:12
  Speaker 4: more than a quarter of a million dollars, although this
• 2:19:16
  Speaker 4: result had been attained through the unaided efforts of the teachers.
• 2:19:19
  Speaker 4: To their surprise and indignation, their salaries were not increased.
• 2:19:24
  Speaker 4: The Teacher's Federation therefore brought a suit against the Board
• 2:19:27
  Speaker 4: of Education for the advance which had been promised them
• 2:19:30
  Speaker 4: three years earlier but never paid. The decision of the
• 2:19:34
  Speaker 4: lower court was in their favor, but the Board of
• 2:19:36
  Speaker 4: Education appealed the case, and this was the situation with
• 2:19:40
  Speaker 4: the seven new members appointed by Mayor June and nineteen
• 2:19:43
  Speaker 4: oh five took their seats. The conservative public suspected that
• 2:19:48
  Speaker 4: these new members were merely representatives as the teacher's federation.
• 2:19:52
  Speaker 4: This opinion was founded upon the fact that Judge Down
• 2:19:55
  Speaker 4: had rendered a favorable decision in the teacher's suit, and
• 2:19:58
  Speaker 4: that the teachers had been very active in the campaign
• 2:20:01
  Speaker 4: which had resulted in his election as may of the city.
• 2:20:05
  Speaker 4: It seemed obvious that the teachers had entered into politics
• 2:20:08
  Speaker 4: for the sake of securing their own representatives on the
• 2:20:11
  Speaker 4: Board of Education. These suspicions were, of course, only confirmed
• 2:20:15
  Speaker 4: when the new board voted to withdraw the suit of
• 2:20:17
  Speaker 4: their predecessors from their appellate court and to act upon
• 2:20:21
  Speaker 4: the decision of the lower court. The teachers, on the
• 2:20:24
  Speaker 4: other hand, defended their long efforts in the courts the
• 2:20:28
  Speaker 4: State Board of Equalization and Legislative against the charge of
• 2:20:32
  Speaker 4: dragging the schools into politics, and declared that the exposure
• 2:20:35
  Speaker 4: of the indifference and cupidity of the politicians was a
• 2:20:39
  Speaker 4: well deserved rebuke, and that it was the politicians who
• 2:20:42
  Speaker 4: had brought the school to the verge of financial ruin.
• 2:20:46
  Speaker 4: They further insisted that the levy and collection of taxes,
• 2:20:49
  Speaker 4: tenure of office, and pensions to civil servants in Chicago
• 2:20:53
  Speaker 4: were all entangled with the traction situation, which, in their
• 2:20:56
  Speaker 4: minds had at least come to be an example of
• 2:20:58
  Speaker 4: the struggle between the democratic and plutocratic administration of city affairs.
• 2:21:04
  Speaker 4: The new appointees to the school Board represented no concerted
• 2:21:08
  Speaker 4: policy of any kind, but were for the most part's
• 2:21:11
  Speaker 4: adherence to the New Education. The teachers, confident that their
• 2:21:15
  Speaker 4: cause was identical with the principles advocated by such educators
• 2:21:19
  Speaker 4: as Colonel Parker, were therefore sure that their plans of
• 2:21:23
  Speaker 4: the New Education members would have necessity coincide with the
• 2:21:26
  Speaker 4: plans of the Teacher's Federation. In one sense, the situation
• 2:21:30
  Speaker 4: was an epitome of Mayor June's entire administration, which was
• 2:21:34
  Speaker 4: founded upon the belief that if those citizens representing social
• 2:21:38
  Speaker 4: ideas and reformed principles were but appointed to office, public
• 2:21:42
  Speaker 4: welfare must be established. During my tenure of office, I
• 2:21:47
  Speaker 4: many times talked to the officers of the Teacher's Federation,
• 2:21:51
  Speaker 4: but I was seldom able to follow their suggestions, and
• 2:21:54
  Speaker 4: although I gladly cooperated in their plans for a better
• 2:21:57
  Speaker 4: pension system and other matters. Only once did I try
• 2:22:01
  Speaker 4: to influence the policy of the Federation, when they withheld
• 2:22:05
  Speaker 4: salaries were finally paid to the representatives of the Federation
• 2:22:09
  Speaker 4: who had brought suit and were divided among the members
• 2:22:12
  Speaker 4: who had suffered both financially and professionally during this long
• 2:22:16
  Speaker 4: legal struggle. I was most anxious that the division should
• 2:22:20
  Speaker 4: voluntarily be extended to all of the teachers who had
• 2:22:23
  Speaker 4: experienced a loss of salary, although they were not members
• 2:22:27
  Speaker 4: of the Federation. It seemed to me a striking opportunity
• 2:22:31
  Speaker 4: to refute the charge that the Federation was self seeking,
• 2:22:34
  Speaker 4: and to put the whole long effort in the minds
• 2:22:36
  Speaker 4: of the public exactly where it belonged, as one of
• 2:22:39
  Speaker 4: devoted public service. But it was doubtless much easier for
• 2:22:44
  Speaker 4: me to urge this altruistic policy than it was for
• 2:22:47
  Speaker 4: those who had borne the heat and the burden of
• 2:22:49
  Speaker 4: the day to act upon it. The second object of
• 2:22:53
  Speaker 4: the Teacher's Federation also entailed much stress and storm. At
• 2:22:57
  Speaker 4: the time of the financial stringency, and largely as a
• 2:23:00
  Speaker 4: result of it, the Board had made first substantial advance
• 2:23:04
  Speaker 4: in a teacher's salary dependent upon a so called promotional examination,
• 2:23:09
  Speaker 4: half of which was upon academic subjects, entailing a long
• 2:23:13
  Speaker 4: and severe preparation. The teachers resented this upon two lines
• 2:23:17
  Speaker 4: of argument, first that the scheme was unprofessional, in that
• 2:23:21
  Speaker 4: the teacher was advanced on her capacity as a student
• 2:23:24
  Speaker 4: rather than on her professional ability, and seconds that it
• 2:23:28
  Speaker 4: added an intolerable and unnecessary burden to her already over
• 2:23:31
  Speaker 4: full day. The administration, on the other hand, contended with
• 2:23:36
  Speaker 4: much justice, that there was a constant danger in the
• 2:23:39
  Speaker 4: great public school system, that teachers lose cliency and the
• 2:23:42
  Speaker 4: open mind, and that many of them had obviously grown
• 2:23:45
  Speaker 4: mechanical and indifferent. The conservative public approved the promotional examinations
• 2:23:52
  Speaker 4: as the symbol of an advancing educational standard, and their
• 2:23:55
  Speaker 4: sympathy with the superintendent was increased because they continually resented
• 2:24:00
  Speaker 4: the affiliation of the Teacher's Federation with the Chicago Federation
• 2:24:04
  Speaker 4: of Labor, which had taken place several years before the
• 2:24:07
  Speaker 4: election of Mayor June on his traction platform. This much
• 2:24:12
  Speaker 4: talked of affiliation between the teachers and the trade unionists
• 2:24:16
  Speaker 4: had been, at least in the first instance, but one
• 2:24:19
  Speaker 4: more tactic in the long struggling against the tax dodging corporations.
• 2:24:24
  Speaker 4: The Teacher's Federation had won in the first skirmish against
• 2:24:27
  Speaker 4: the public indifference which is generated in the accumulation of wealth,
• 2:24:31
  Speaker 4: and which has for its nucleus successful commercial men. When
• 2:24:36
  Speaker 4: they found themselves in need of further legislation to keep
• 2:24:40
  Speaker 4: the offending corporations under control, they naturally turned for political
• 2:24:44
  Speaker 4: influence and votes to the organization representing working men. The
• 2:24:49
  Speaker 4: affiliation had none of the sinister meanings so often attached
• 2:24:53
  Speaker 4: to it. The Teacher's Federation never obtained a charter from
• 2:24:56
  Speaker 4: the American Federation of Labor, and its main interest always
• 2:25:00
  Speaker 4: centered in the legislative committee. And yet this statement of
• 2:25:05
  Speaker 4: the difference between the majority of the grade school teachers
• 2:25:09
  Speaker 4: and the Chicago school Board is totally inadequate, for the
• 2:25:12
  Speaker 4: difficulties were stubborn and lay far back in the long
• 2:25:15
  Speaker 4: efforts of public school administration in America to free itself
• 2:25:19
  Speaker 4: from the rule and exploitation of politics in every city.
• 2:25:24
  Speaker 4: For many years, the politician had secured positions for his
• 2:25:27
  Speaker 4: friends as teachers and janitors. He had received a rake
• 2:25:31
  Speaker 4: off in the contract for every new building, or coal supply,
• 2:25:34
  Speaker 4: or adoption of school books. In the long struggle against
• 2:25:38
  Speaker 4: the political corruption. The one remedy continually advocated was the
• 2:25:42
  Speaker 4: transfer of authority in all educational matters from the board
• 2:25:46
  Speaker 4: to the superintendent. The one cure for pool and corruption
• 2:25:50
  Speaker 4: was the authority of the expert. The rules and records
• 2:25:54
  Speaker 4: of the Chicago Board of Education are full of relics
• 2:25:57
  Speaker 4: of this long struggle, honestly waged by honest men who
• 2:26:01
  Speaker 4: unfortunately became content with the ideals of an efficient business administration.
• 2:26:07
  Speaker 4: These businessmen established and able superintendent with a large salary,
• 2:26:12
  Speaker 4: with his tenure of office secured by state law, so
• 2:26:15
  Speaker 4: that he would not be disturbed by the wrath of
• 2:26:17
  Speaker 4: the balked politician. They instituted impersonal examinations for the teachers,
• 2:26:23
  Speaker 4: both as to entrance into the system and promotion, and
• 2:26:26
  Speaker 4: they proceeded to hold the superintendent responsible for smooth running schools.
• 2:26:32
  Speaker 4: All of this, however, dangerously approximated the commercialistic ideas of
• 2:26:37
  Speaker 4: high salaries only for the management, with the final test
• 2:26:41
  Speaker 4: of a small expense account and a large output. In
• 2:26:45
  Speaker 4: this long struggle, for a quarter of a century to three,
• 2:26:48
  Speaker 4: the public schools from political interference in Chicago. At least
• 2:26:53
  Speaker 4: the high wall defense erected around the school system in
• 2:26:56
  Speaker 4: order to keep the rascals out. Unfortunately, so restrict the
• 2:27:00
  Speaker 4: teachers inside the system that they had no space in
• 2:27:03
  Speaker 4: which to move about freely, and the more adventurous of
• 2:27:06
  Speaker 4: them fairly panted for light and air. Any attempt to
• 2:27:10
  Speaker 4: lower the wall for the sake of the teachers within
• 2:27:13
  Speaker 4: was regarded as giving an opportunity to the politicians without,
• 2:27:16
  Speaker 4: and they were often openly accused, with the show of truth,
• 2:27:20
  Speaker 4: of being in league with each other. Whenever the gune
• 2:27:23
  Speaker 4: members of the board attempted to secure more liberty for
• 2:27:26
  Speaker 4: the teachers, we were warned by tales of former difficulties
• 2:27:29
  Speaker 4: with the politicians, and it seemed impossible that the struggle,
• 2:27:33
  Speaker 4: so long the focus of attention should recede into the
• 2:27:36
  Speaker 4: dullness of the achieved and allow the energy of the
• 2:27:39
  Speaker 4: board to be free for new effort. The whole situation
• 2:27:44
  Speaker 4: between the superintendents, supported by a majority of the board,
• 2:27:48
  Speaker 4: and the teacher's Federation had become an epitome of the
• 2:27:51
  Speaker 4: struggle between efficiency and democracy. On one side, a well
• 2:27:55
  Speaker 4: intentioned expression of the bureaucracy necessary and a large system,
• 2:28:00
  Speaker 4: but which under pressure had become unnecessarily self assertive and
• 2:28:04
  Speaker 4: on the other side, a fairly militant demand for self
• 2:28:07
  Speaker 4: government made in the name of freedom. Both sides inevitably
• 2:28:12
  Speaker 4: exaggerated the difficulties of the situation, and both felt that
• 2:28:16
  Speaker 4: they were standing by important principles. I certainly played a
• 2:28:20
  Speaker 4: most inglorious part in the unnecessary conflict. I was chairman
• 2:28:25
  Speaker 4: of the School Management Committee during one year when a
• 2:28:28
  Speaker 4: majority of members seemed to me exasperatingly conservative, and during
• 2:28:33
  Speaker 4: another year when they were frustratingly radical, and I was
• 2:28:36
  Speaker 4: of course highly unsatisfactory to both. Certainly, a plan to
• 2:28:41
  Speaker 4: retain the undoubted benefits of required study for teachers in
• 2:28:45
  Speaker 4: such wise as to lessen its burden, and various schemes
• 2:28:49
  Speaker 4: devised to shift the emphasis from scholarship to professional work.
• 2:28:52
  Speaker 4: We were most impatiently repudiated by the Teacher's Federation, and when
• 2:28:57
  Speaker 4: one badly mutilated plan finally passed board, it was most
• 2:29:01
  Speaker 4: reluctantly administered by the superintendent. I at least became convinced
• 2:29:07
  Speaker 4: that partisans would never tolerate the use of stepping stones.
• 2:29:10
  Speaker 4: They are much too impatient to look on while their
• 2:29:13
  Speaker 4: beloved scheme is unstably balanced, and they would rather say
• 2:29:16
  Speaker 4: it tumble into the stream at once, than to have
• 2:29:19
  Speaker 4: it brought to dry land in any such half hearted fashion.
• 2:29:23
  Speaker 4: Before my school board experience, I thought that life had
• 2:29:27
  Speaker 4: taught me at least one hard earn lessened that existing
• 2:29:30
  Speaker 4: arrangements and the hope for improvements must be mediated and
• 2:29:34
  Speaker 4: reconciled to each other, and that the new must be
• 2:29:37
  Speaker 4: dovetailed into the old, as it were if it were
• 2:29:40
  Speaker 4: to endure. But on the school board I discerned that
• 2:29:43
  Speaker 4: all such efforts were looked upon as compromising and unworthy
• 2:29:47
  Speaker 4: by both partisans. In the general disorder and public excitement
• 2:29:52
  Speaker 4: resulting from the illegal dismissal of a majority of the
• 2:29:55
  Speaker 4: June Board and their reinstatement by a court decision, I
• 2:29:59
  Speaker 4: found myself belonging to neither party. During the months following
• 2:30:03
  Speaker 4: the upheaval and the loss of my most vigorous colleagues,
• 2:30:07
  Speaker 4: under the regime of men representing the leading commercial club
• 2:30:10
  Speaker 4: of the city, who honestly believed that they were rescuing
• 2:30:13
  Speaker 4: the schools from a condition of chaos, I saw one
• 2:30:16
  Speaker 4: beloved measure after another withdrawn. Although the new President scrupulously
• 2:30:21
  Speaker 4: gave me the foreign defense of each, it was impossible
• 2:30:24
  Speaker 4: to consider them upon their merits and the lurid light,
• 2:30:27
  Speaker 4: which at the moment enveloped all of the plans of
• 2:30:30
  Speaker 4: the uplifters. Thus, the building of smaller school rooms, such
• 2:30:34
  Speaker 4: as in New York, mechanically avoid overcrowding. The extension of
• 2:30:38
  Speaker 4: the truant rooms so successfully inaugurated the multiplication of school playgrounds,
• 2:30:43
  Speaker 4: and many another cherish plan was thrown out or at
• 2:30:47
  Speaker 4: least indefinitely postponed. The final discrediting of Mayor June's appointees
• 2:30:53
  Speaker 4: to the school board affords a very interesting study in
• 2:30:55
  Speaker 4: social psychology. The newspapers had so constantly reflected and intensified
• 2:31:02
  Speaker 4: the ideals of a business board, and had so persistently
• 2:31:05
  Speaker 4: ridiculed various administration plans for the municipal ownership of street railways,
• 2:31:10
  Speaker 4: that from the beginning any attempts the new board made
• 2:31:13
  Speaker 4: to discuss educational matters only excited the derision and contempt.
• 2:31:19
  Speaker 4: Some of these discussions were lengthy and disorderly, and deserved
• 2:31:23
  Speaker 4: a discipline of ridicule. But others, which were well conducted
• 2:31:26
  Speaker 4: and in which educational problems were seriously set forth by
• 2:31:30
  Speaker 4: men of authority, were ridiculed quite as sharply. I recall
• 2:31:34
  Speaker 4: the surprise and indignation of a university professor who had
• 2:31:38
  Speaker 4: consented to speak at a meeting arranged in the boardrooms,
• 2:31:41
  Speaker 4: when next morning his nonpartisan and careful disquisition had been
• 2:31:46
  Speaker 4: twisted into the most arrant uplift nonsense, and so connected
• 2:31:50
  Speaker 4: with a fake newspaper report of a trial marriage address
• 2:31:53
  Speaker 4: delivered not by himself but by a colleague. This leading
• 2:31:57
  Speaker 4: clergyman of the board, having read the newspaper account, felt
• 2:32:01
  Speaker 4: impelled to preach a sermon calling upon all decent people
• 2:32:05
  Speaker 4: to rally against the doctrines which were being taught to
• 2:32:08
  Speaker 4: the children buying a moral school board. As the bewildered
• 2:32:13
  Speaker 4: professor had lectured in response to my invitation, I endeavored
• 2:32:16
  Speaker 4: to find the aramis of the complication, But neither from
• 2:32:20
  Speaker 4: editor in chief nor from the reporter could I discover
• 2:32:23
  Speaker 4: anything more sinister than the public expected a good story
• 2:32:27
  Speaker 4: out of these school board talk fests, and that any
• 2:32:30
  Speaker 4: man who even momentarily allowed himself with a radical administration
• 2:32:35
  Speaker 4: must expect to be ridiculed by those papers which considered
• 2:32:38
  Speaker 4: the traction policy of the administration both foolish and dangerous.
• 2:32:44
  Speaker 4: As I myself was treated with uniform courtesy, by the
• 2:32:47
  Speaker 4: leading papers. I may perhaps here record my discouragement over
• 2:32:51
  Speaker 4: the complicated necessity of open discussion. For democratic government is
• 2:32:56
  Speaker 4: founded upon the assumption that differing policies shall be freely discussed,
• 2:33:00
  Speaker 4: and that each party shall have an opportunity for at
• 2:33:03
  Speaker 4: least a partisan presentation of its contentions. This attitude of
• 2:33:08
  Speaker 4: the newspapers was doubtless intensified because the June school board
• 2:33:12
  Speaker 4: had instituted a lawsuit challenging the validity of the lease
• 2:33:16
  Speaker 4: for the school ground occupied by a newspaper building. This
• 2:33:20
  Speaker 4: suit had been decided in favor of the newspaper, and
• 2:33:23
  Speaker 4: it may be that in their resentment, they felt justified
• 2:33:26
  Speaker 4: in doing everything possible to minimize the prosecuting school board.
• 2:33:30
  Speaker 4: I am, however, inclined to think that the newspapers but
• 2:33:33
  Speaker 4: reflected an opinion honestly held by many people, and that
• 2:33:37
  Speaker 4: their constant and partisan presentation of this opinion clearly demonstrates
• 2:33:42
  Speaker 4: one of the greatest difficulties of governmental administration in a
• 2:33:46
  Speaker 4: city grown too large for verbal discussions of public affairs.
• 2:33:51
  Speaker 4: It is difficult to close this chapter without a reference
• 2:33:54
  Speaker 4: to the efforts made in Chicago to secure the municipal
• 2:33:58
  Speaker 4: franchise for women. During two long periods of agitation for
• 2:34:02
  Speaker 4: a new city charter, a representative body of women appealed
• 2:34:06
  Speaker 4: to the public, to the Charter Convention, and to the
• 2:34:09
  Speaker 4: Illinois Legislature for this very reasonable provision. During the campaign,
• 2:34:14
  Speaker 4: when they acted as chairman of the Federation of one
• 2:34:17
  Speaker 4: hundred women's organizations, nothing impressed me so forcibly as the
• 2:34:21
  Speaker 4: fact that the response came from bodies of women representing
• 2:34:24
  Speaker 4: the most varied traditions. We were joined by a church
• 2:34:28
  Speaker 4: society of hundreds of Lutherian women because Scandinavian women had
• 2:34:33
  Speaker 4: exercised a municipal franchise since the seventeenth century and had
• 2:34:37
  Speaker 4: found American cities strangely conservative. By organizations of working women
• 2:34:42
  Speaker 4: who had keenly felt the need of municipal franchise in
• 2:34:46
  Speaker 4: order to secure for their workshops the most rudimented sanitation
• 2:34:50
  Speaker 4: and the consideration which the vote alone obtains for working men.
• 2:34:54
  Speaker 4: By federations of mothers meetings who were interested in clean milk,
• 2:34:58
  Speaker 4: and the extension of kindergarten by property owning women who
• 2:35:02
  Speaker 4: had been powerless to protest against unjust taxation, by organizations
• 2:35:07
  Speaker 4: of professional women of university students, and of college at
• 2:35:10
  Speaker 4: alumni and by women's clubs interested in municipal reforms. There
• 2:35:16
  Speaker 4: was a complete absence of the traditional women's rights clamor,
• 2:35:19
  Speaker 4: but much impressive testimony from busy and useful women that
• 2:35:23
  Speaker 4: they had reached the place where they needed the franchise
• 2:35:26
  Speaker 4: in order to carry on their own affairs. A striking
• 2:35:29
  Speaker 4: witness as to the need of the ballots, even for
• 2:35:32
  Speaker 4: the women who were restricted to the most primitive and
• 2:35:34
  Speaker 4: traditional activities, occurred when some Russian women waited upon me
• 2:35:38
  Speaker 4: to ask whether under the new charter they could vote
• 2:35:42
  Speaker 4: for covered markets and so get rid of the shocking
• 2:35:44
  Speaker 4: Chicago grime upon all their food, And when some neighboring
• 2:35:48
  Speaker 4: Italian women sent me word that they would certainly vote
• 2:35:51
  Speaker 4: for public wash houses if they ever had the chance
• 2:35:54
  Speaker 4: to vote at all. It was also human, so spontaneous
• 2:35:58
  Speaker 4: and so direct, that it really seemed as if the
• 2:36:01
  Speaker 4: time must be right for political expression of that public
• 2:36:04
  Speaker 4: concern on the part of women which had so long
• 2:36:07
  Speaker 4: been forced to seek indirection. None of these busy women
• 2:36:11
  Speaker 4: wished to take the place of men, nor to influence
• 2:36:14
  Speaker 4: them in the direction of men's affairs, but they did
• 2:36:17
  Speaker 4: seek an opportunity to cooperate directly in civic life through
• 2:36:21
  Speaker 4: the use of the ballots in regard to their own affairs.
• 2:36:24
  Speaker 4: A municipal museum, which was established in the Chicago Public
• 2:36:28
  Speaker 4: Library Building several years ago, largely through the activity of
• 2:36:32
  Speaker 4: a group of women who had served as jurors and
• 2:36:34
  Speaker 4: departments of social economy, of education, and of sanitation in
• 2:36:39
  Speaker 4: the World's Fair at Saint Lewis, showed nothing more clearly
• 2:36:42
  Speaker 4: than it is impossible to divide any of these departments
• 2:36:45
  Speaker 4: from the political life of the modern city, which is
• 2:36:48
  Speaker 4: constantly forced to enlarge the boundary of its activity. End
• 2:36:55
  Speaker 4: of Chapter.
• 2:36:56
  Speaker 5: Fourteen fifteen The value of social class. From the early
• 2:37:02
  Speaker 5: days at Hull House, social clubs composed of English speaking
• 2:37:06
  Speaker 5: American born young people grew apace. So eager were they
• 2:37:11
  Speaker 5: for social life that no mistakes in management could drive
• 2:37:14
  Speaker 5: them away. I remember one enthusiastic leader who read aloud
• 2:37:20
  Speaker 5: to a club a translation of Antigony, which she had
• 2:37:24
  Speaker 5: selected because she believed that the great themes of the
• 2:37:28
  Speaker 5: Greek poets were best suited to young people. She came
• 2:37:33
  Speaker 5: into the club one evening in time to hear the
• 2:37:35
  Speaker 5: president call the restive members to order with the statement
• 2:37:39
  Speaker 5: you might just as well keep quiet, for shoes bound
• 2:37:42
  Speaker 5: to finish it, and the quicker she gets to reading,
• 2:37:46
  Speaker 5: the longer time will have for dancing. And yet the
• 2:37:51
  Speaker 5: same club leader had the pleasure of lending four copies
• 2:37:54
  Speaker 5: of the drama two four of the members, and one
• 2:37:57
  Speaker 5: young man almost literally committed the entire play to memory.
• 2:38:04
  Speaker 5: On the whole we were much impressed by the great
• 2:38:07
  Speaker 5: desire for self improvement, for study and debate exhibited by
• 2:38:12
  Speaker 5: many of the young men. This very tendency, in fact,
• 2:38:17
  Speaker 5: brought one of the most promising of our earlier clubs
• 2:38:20
  Speaker 5: to an untimely end. The young men in the club,
• 2:38:24
  Speaker 5: twenty in number, had grown much irritated by the frivolity
• 2:38:28
  Speaker 5: of the girls during their long debates, and finally proposed
• 2:38:32
  Speaker 5: that three of the most frivolous be expelled. Pending a
• 2:38:38
  Speaker 5: final vote. The three culprits appealed to certain of their
• 2:38:41
  Speaker 5: friends who were members of the Hull House Men's Club,
• 2:38:45
  Speaker 5: between whom and the debating young men, the incident became
• 2:38:49
  Speaker 5: the cause of a quarrel so bitter that at length
• 2:38:53
  Speaker 5: it led to a shooting. Fortunately the shot missed fire,
• 2:38:58
  Speaker 5: or it may have been true that it was only
• 2:39:01
  Speaker 5: intended for a scare, but at any rate, we were
• 2:39:05
  Speaker 5: all thoroughly frightened by this manifestation of the hot blood
• 2:39:09
  Speaker 5: which the defensive women has so often evoked. After many
• 2:39:14
  Speaker 5: efforts to bring about a reconciliation, the debating club, of
• 2:39:18
  Speaker 5: twenty young men and seventeen young women, who either were
• 2:39:22
  Speaker 5: or pretended to be sober minded, rented a hall a
• 2:39:26
  Speaker 5: mile west of Hull House, severing their connection with us
• 2:39:30
  Speaker 5: because their ambitious and right minded efforts had been unappreciated.
• 2:39:36
  Speaker 5: Basing this on the ground that we had not urged
• 2:39:38
  Speaker 5: the expulsion of the so called tough members of the
• 2:39:42
  Speaker 5: men's club who had been involved in the difficulty, the
• 2:39:46
  Speaker 5: succeeding club invited me to the first member in their
• 2:39:49
  Speaker 5: new quarters, that I might present to them my version
• 2:39:53
  Speaker 5: of the situation and set forth the incident from the
• 2:39:56
  Speaker 5: standpoint of Hull House. The discuss wish I had with
• 2:40:00
  Speaker 5: the young people that evening has always remained with me
• 2:40:05
  Speaker 5: as one of the moments of illumination which life in
• 2:40:08
  Speaker 5: a settlement so often affords. In response to my position
• 2:40:14
  Speaker 5: that a desire to avoid all that was tough meant
• 2:40:17
  Speaker 5: to walk only in the paths of smug self seeking
• 2:40:21
  Speaker 5: and personal improvement, leading straight into the pit of self
• 2:40:25
  Speaker 5: righteousness and petty achievement, and was exactly what the settlement
• 2:40:30
  Speaker 5: did not stand for. They contended with much justice that
• 2:40:34
  Speaker 5: ambitious young people were obliged for their own reputation, if
• 2:40:39
  Speaker 5: not for their own morals, to avoid all connection with
• 2:40:43
  Speaker 5: that which bordered on the tough, and that it was
• 2:40:46
  Speaker 5: quite another matter for the Hull House residents, who could
• 2:40:50
  Speaker 5: afford a more generous judgment. It was in vain. I
• 2:40:55
  Speaker 5: urged that life teaches us nothing more inevitably than that
• 2:40:59
  Speaker 5: right and wrong are most confusingly confounded, that the blackest
• 2:41:04
  Speaker 5: wrong may be within our own motives, and that at
• 2:41:07
  Speaker 5: the best right will not dazzle us with its radiant shining,
• 2:41:12
  Speaker 5: and can only be found by exerting patience and discrimination.
• 2:41:18
  Speaker 5: They still maintain their wholesome bourgeois position, which I am
• 2:41:22
  Speaker 5: now quite ready to admit was most reasonable. Of course,
• 2:41:27
  Speaker 5: there were many disappointments connected with these clubs, when the
• 2:41:30
  Speaker 5: rewards of political and commercial life easily drew the members
• 2:41:34
  Speaker 5: away from the principles advocated in club meetings. One of
• 2:41:40
  Speaker 5: the young men who had been a shining light in
• 2:41:42
  Speaker 5: the advocacy of municipal reform, deserted in the middle of
• 2:41:46
  Speaker 5: a reform campaign because he had been offered a lucrative
• 2:41:50
  Speaker 5: office in the city hall. Another, even after a course
• 2:41:54
  Speaker 5: of lectures on business morality, worked the club itself to
• 2:41:59
  Speaker 5: secure orders for custom made clothing from samples of cloth
• 2:42:03
  Speaker 5: he displayed. Although the orders were filled by ready made suits,
• 2:42:09
  Speaker 5: slightly refitted and delivered at double their original price. But nevertheless,
• 2:42:15
  Speaker 5: there was much to cheer us as we gradually became
• 2:42:18
  Speaker 5: acquainted with the daily living of the vigorous young men
• 2:42:22
  Speaker 5: and women who filled to overflowing all the social clubs.
• 2:42:27
  Speaker 5: We have been much impressed during our twenty years by
• 2:42:30
  Speaker 5: the ready adaptation of city young people to the prosperity
• 2:42:34
  Speaker 5: arising from their own increased wages or from the commercial
• 2:42:38
  Speaker 5: success of their families. This quick adaptability is the great
• 2:42:43
  Speaker 5: gift of the city child, his one reward for the hurried,
• 2:42:47
  Speaker 5: changing life which he has always led. The working girl
• 2:42:52
  Speaker 5: has a distinct advantage in the task of transforming her
• 2:42:55
  Speaker 5: whole family into the ways and connections of the prosperous.
• 2:42:58
  Speaker 5: When she works down town and becomes conversant with the
• 2:43:02
  Speaker 5: manners and conditions of a cosmopolitan community. Therefore, having lived
• 2:43:07
  Speaker 5: in a settlement twenty years, I see scores of young
• 2:43:10
  Speaker 5: people who have successfully established themselves in life, and in
• 2:43:15
  Speaker 5: my travels in the city and outside, I am constantly
• 2:43:18
  Speaker 5: cheered by greetings from the rising young lawyer, the scholarly rabbi,
• 2:43:23
  Speaker 5: the successful teacher, the prosperous young matron buying clothes for
• 2:43:27
  Speaker 5: blooming children. Don't you remember me, I used to belong
• 2:43:32
  Speaker 5: to a Hull House club. I once asked one of
• 2:43:36
  Speaker 5: these young people, a man who held a good position
• 2:43:39
  Speaker 5: in the Chicago Daily, what special thing Hull House had
• 2:43:42
  Speaker 5: meant to him, and he promptly replied it was the
• 2:43:46
  Speaker 5: first house I had ever been in where books and
• 2:43:49
  Speaker 5: magazines just lay around, as if there were plenty of
• 2:43:53
  Speaker 5: them in the world. Don't you remember how much I
• 2:43:57
  Speaker 5: used to read at that little round table at the
• 2:43:59
  Speaker 5: back of the library. To have people regard reading as
• 2:44:03
  Speaker 5: a reasonable occupation changed the whole aspect of life to me,
• 2:44:08
  Speaker 5: and I began to have confidence in what I could do.
• 2:44:13
  Speaker 5: Among the young men of the social clubs, a large
• 2:44:16
  Speaker 5: proportion of the Jewish ones at least obtained the advantages
• 2:44:19
  Speaker 5: of a higher education. The parents make every sacrifice to
• 2:44:24
  Speaker 5: help them through the high school, after which the young
• 2:44:26
  Speaker 5: men attend universities and professional schools, largely through their own efforts.
• 2:44:32
  Speaker 5: From time to time they come back to us with
• 2:44:34
  Speaker 5: their honors thick upon them. I remember one who returned
• 2:44:39
  Speaker 5: with the prize and oratory from a contest between several
• 2:44:42
  Speaker 5: Western state universities, proudly testifying that he had obtained his
• 2:44:47
  Speaker 5: confidence in our Henry Clay Club. Another came back with
• 2:44:52
  Speaker 5: a degree from Harvard University, saying that he had made
• 2:44:55
  Speaker 5: up his mind to go there. The summer I read
• 2:44:58
  Speaker 5: Royce's Aspects of myne honored Philosophy with a group of
• 2:45:02
  Speaker 5: young men who had challenged my scathing remark that Herbert
• 2:45:05
  Speaker 5: Spencer was not the only man who had ventured a
• 2:45:08
  Speaker 5: solution of the riddles of the universe. Occasionally one of
• 2:45:14
  Speaker 5: these learned young folks does not like to be reminded
• 2:45:17
  Speaker 5: he once lived in our vicinity. But that happens rarely,
• 2:45:21
  Speaker 5: and for the most part they are loyal to us
• 2:45:24
  Speaker 5: in much the same spirit they are to their own
• 2:45:26
  Speaker 5: families and traditions. Sometimes they go further and tell us
• 2:45:31
  Speaker 5: that the standards of tastes and code of manners which
• 2:45:34
  Speaker 5: Hull House has enabled them to form, has made a
• 2:45:38
  Speaker 5: very great difference in their perceptions and estimates of the
• 2:45:42
  Speaker 5: larger world, as well as their own reception. There five
• 2:45:46
  Speaker 5: out of one club of twenty five young men who
• 2:45:49
  Speaker 5: held together for eleven years, entered the University of Chicago,
• 2:45:53
  Speaker 5: But although the rest of the club called them the intellectuals,
• 2:45:57
  Speaker 5: the old friendships still held. In addition to these rising
• 2:46:02
  Speaker 5: young people given to debate and dramatics, and to the
• 2:46:05
  Speaker 5: members of the Public School Alumni Association which meet in
• 2:46:08
  Speaker 5: our rooms, there are hundreds of others who, for years
• 2:46:12
  Speaker 5: have come to Hull House frankly in search of that
• 2:46:15
  Speaker 5: pleasure and recreation which all young things crave, and which
• 2:46:20
  Speaker 5: those who have spent long hours in a factory or
• 2:46:22
  Speaker 5: shop demand as a right. For these young people, all
• 2:46:26
  Speaker 5: sorts of pleasure clubs have been cherished, and large dancing
• 2:46:31
  Speaker 5: clubs have been organized. One supreme gaiety has come to
• 2:46:35
  Speaker 5: be an annual event of such importance that it is
• 2:46:38
  Speaker 5: talked of from year to year. For six weeks before
• 2:46:43
  Speaker 5: Saint Patrick's Day, a small group of residents put their
• 2:46:46
  Speaker 5: best powers of invention and construction into preparation for a cotillion,
• 2:46:51
  Speaker 5: which is like a pageant in its gaiety and vigor.
• 2:46:55
  Speaker 5: The parents sit in the gallery, and the mothers appreciate
• 2:46:59
  Speaker 5: more than any one else, perhaps the value of this
• 2:47:02
  Speaker 5: ball to which an invitation is so highly prized. Although
• 2:47:06
  Speaker 5: their standards of manners may differ wildly from the conventional,
• 2:47:10
  Speaker 5: they know full well when the companionship of the young
• 2:47:13
  Speaker 5: people is safe and unsullied. As an illustration of this
• 2:47:18
  Speaker 5: difference in standard, I may instance an early Hull House
• 2:47:21
  Speaker 5: picnic arranged by a club of young people who found
• 2:47:24
  Speaker 5: at the last moment that the club director could not go,
• 2:47:27
  Speaker 5: and accepted the offer of the mother of one of
• 2:47:29
  Speaker 5: the club members to take charge of them. When they
• 2:47:33
  Speaker 5: trooped back in the evening, tired and happy, they displayed
• 2:47:36
  Speaker 5: a photograph of the group, wherein each man's arm was
• 2:47:39
  Speaker 5: carefully placed about a girl. No feminine waist lacked an
• 2:47:43
  Speaker 5: arm save that of the proud chaperone, who sat in
• 2:47:46
  Speaker 5: the middle smiling upon all. Seeing that the photographs somewhat
• 2:47:51
  Speaker 5: surprised us, the chaperone stoutly explained, this may look queer
• 2:47:57
  Speaker 5: to you, but there wasn't one thing about that piic
• 2:47:59
  Speaker 5: m that wasn't nice. And her statement was a perfectly
• 2:48:05
  Speaker 5: truthful one. Although more conventional customs are carefully enforced at
• 2:48:10
  Speaker 5: our many parties and festivities, and while the dancing classes
• 2:48:14
  Speaker 5: are as highly prized for the opportunity they afford for
• 2:48:17
  Speaker 5: enforcing standards as for their ostensible aim, the residents at
• 2:48:22
  Speaker 5: Hull House, in their efforts to provide opportunities for clean recreation,
• 2:48:26
  Speaker 5: receive the most valued help from the experienced wisdom of
• 2:48:30
  Speaker 5: the older women of the neighborhood. Bowen Hall is constantly
• 2:48:35
  Speaker 5: used for dancing parties, with soft drinks established in its foyer.
• 2:48:40
  Speaker 5: The parties given by the Hull House clubs are by invitation,
• 2:48:44
  Speaker 5: and the young people themselves carefully maintain their standard of entrance,
• 2:48:48
  Speaker 5: so that the most cautious mother may feel safe when
• 2:48:51
  Speaker 5: her daughter goes to one of our parties. No club
• 2:48:55
  Speaker 5: festivity is permitted without the presence of a director. No
• 2:48:59
  Speaker 5: young man under the influence of liquor is allowed. Certain
• 2:49:03
  Speaker 5: types of dancing, often innocently started, are strictly prohibited, and
• 2:49:09
  Speaker 5: above all, early closing is insisted upon. This standardization of
• 2:49:15
  Speaker 5: pleasure has always seemed an obligation to the residence of
• 2:49:18
  Speaker 5: Hull House. But we are, I hope, saved from that
• 2:49:22
  Speaker 5: priggishness which young people so heartily resent by the Mardi Gras,
• 2:49:27
  Speaker 5: dance and other festivities which the residents themselves arrange and
• 2:49:31
  Speaker 5: successfully carry out. In spite of our belief that the
• 2:49:35
  Speaker 5: standards of a ball may be almost as valuable to
• 2:49:38
  Speaker 5: those without as to those within. The residents are constantly
• 2:49:42
  Speaker 5: concerned for those many young people in the neighborhood who
• 2:49:46
  Speaker 5: are too hedonistic to submit to the discipline of a
• 2:49:49
  Speaker 5: dancing class, or even to the claim of a pleasure club,
• 2:49:53
  Speaker 5: but who go about in free booter fashion to find
• 2:49:56
  Speaker 5: pleasure wherever it may be cheaply on sale. Such young people,
• 2:50:02
  Speaker 5: well meaning but impatient of control, become the easy victims
• 2:50:07
  Speaker 5: of the worst type of public dance halls, and of
• 2:50:10
  Speaker 5: even darker places whose purposes are hidden under music and dancing.
• 2:50:16
  Speaker 5: We were thoroughly frightened when we learned that during the
• 2:50:19
  Speaker 5: year which ended last December, more than twenty five thousand
• 2:50:23
  Speaker 5: young people under the age of twenty five passed through
• 2:50:26
  Speaker 5: juvenile and municipal courts of Chicago, approximately one out of
• 2:50:31
  Speaker 5: every eighty of the entire population, or one out of
• 2:50:35
  Speaker 5: every fifty two of those under twenty five years of age.
• 2:50:39
  Speaker 5: One's heart aches for these young people caught by the
• 2:50:42
  Speaker 5: outside glitter of city gaiety, who make such a feverish
• 2:50:46
  Speaker 5: attempt to snatch it for themselves. The young people in
• 2:50:51
  Speaker 5: our clubs are comparatively safe, but many instances come to
• 2:50:55
  Speaker 5: the knowledge of hull house residents which make us long
• 2:50:57
  Speaker 5: for the time when the city, through more so small parks,
• 2:51:01
  Speaker 5: municipal gymnasium and school rooms open for recreation, can guard
• 2:51:05
  Speaker 5: from disaster. These young people who walk so carelessly on
• 2:51:09
  Speaker 5: the edge of the pit. The heedless girls believed if
• 2:51:14
  Speaker 5: they lived in big houses and possessed pianos and jewelry,
• 2:51:18
  Speaker 5: the coveted social life would come to them. I know
• 2:51:22
  Speaker 5: a bohemian girl who surreptitiously saved her overtime wages until
• 2:51:27
  Speaker 5: she had enough money to hire for a week a
• 2:51:29
  Speaker 5: room with a piano in it, where young men might
• 2:51:32
  Speaker 5: come to call, as they could not do in her crowded,
• 2:51:35
  Speaker 5: untidy home. Of course, she had no way of knowing
• 2:51:40
  Speaker 5: the sort of young men who quickly discover an unprotected girl.
• 2:51:45
  Speaker 5: Another girl of American parentage who had come to Chicago
• 2:51:49
  Speaker 5: to seek her fortune, found at the end of a
• 2:51:51
  Speaker 5: year that sorting shipping receipts in a dark corner of
• 2:51:55
  Speaker 5: a warehouse not only failed to accumulate riches, but did
• 2:51:59
  Speaker 5: not even bring the attention which her quiet country home afforded.
• 2:52:03
  Speaker 5: By dint of long sacrifice, she had saved fifteen dollars,
• 2:52:09
  Speaker 5: with five she bought an imitation sapphire necklace, and the
• 2:52:12
  Speaker 5: balance she changed into a ten dollar bill. The evening,
• 2:52:17
  Speaker 5: her pathetic little snare was set. She walked home with
• 2:52:20
  Speaker 5: one of the clerks in the establishment, told him that
• 2:52:24
  Speaker 5: she had come into a fortune and was obliged to
• 2:52:26
  Speaker 5: wear the heirloom necklace to insure its safety. Permitted him
• 2:52:30
  Speaker 5: to see that she carried ten dollars in her glove
• 2:52:32
  Speaker 5: for car fare, and conducted him to a handsome prairie
• 2:52:36
  Speaker 5: Avenue residence. There she gaily bade him goodbye and ran
• 2:52:41
  Speaker 5: up the steps, shutting herself in the vestibule, from which
• 2:52:44
  Speaker 5: she did not obnerge until the dazzled and bewildered young
• 2:52:47
  Speaker 5: man had vanished down the street. Then there is the
• 2:52:53
  Speaker 5: ever recurring difficulty about dress, the insistence of the young
• 2:52:59
  Speaker 5: to be gaily, to the utter consternation of the hard
• 2:53:03
  Speaker 5: working parents who are paying for a house and a lot.
• 2:53:08
  Speaker 5: The Polish girl who stole five dollars from her employers
• 2:53:11
  Speaker 5: till with which to buy a white dress for a
• 2:53:14
  Speaker 5: church picnic, was turned away from home by her indignant father,
• 2:53:18
  Speaker 5: who replaced the money to save the family honor, but
• 2:53:21
  Speaker 5: would harbour no thief. In a household of growing children, who,
• 2:53:25
  Speaker 5: in spite of the sister's revolt, continue to be dressed
• 2:53:29
  Speaker 5: in dark, heavy clothes through all the hot summer, there
• 2:53:34
  Speaker 5: are a multitude of working girls who for hours carry hair,
• 2:53:38
  Speaker 5: ribbons and jewelry in their pockets or stockings, for they
• 2:53:42
  Speaker 5: can wear them only during the journey to and from work.
• 2:53:46
  Speaker 5: Sometimes this desire to take pleasure, to escape into a
• 2:53:50
  Speaker 5: world of congenial companionship takes more elaborate forms, and often
• 2:53:55
  Speaker 5: ends disastrously. I recall a charming young girl, the oldest
• 2:54:00
  Speaker 5: daughter of a respectable German family, who I first saw
• 2:54:04
  Speaker 5: one spring afternoon, issuing from a tall factory. She wore
• 2:54:08
  Speaker 5: a blue print gown which so deepened the blue of
• 2:54:11
  Speaker 5: her eyes that Wordsworth's line fairly sung itself. The pliant
• 2:54:17
  Speaker 5: harebell swinging in the breeze on some gray rock. I
• 2:54:23
  Speaker 5: was grimly reminded of that moment A year later, when
• 2:54:26
  Speaker 5: I heard the tale of this seventeen year old girl
• 2:54:29
  Speaker 5: who had worked steadily in this same factory for four
• 2:54:32
  Speaker 5: years before she resolved to see life. In order not
• 2:54:37
  Speaker 5: to arouse her parents suspicions, she borrowed thirty dollars from
• 2:54:41
  Speaker 5: one of those loan sharks who require no security from
• 2:54:44
  Speaker 5: a pretty girl, so that she might start from her
• 2:54:47
  Speaker 5: home every morning as if to go to work. For
• 2:54:51
  Speaker 5: three weeks, she spent the first part of each dearly
• 2:54:55
  Speaker 5: bought day in a department store, where she lunched and
• 2:54:59
  Speaker 5: unfortunately made some dubious acquaintances. In the afternoon, she established
• 2:55:04
  Speaker 5: herself in the theater and sat contentedly hour after hour,
• 2:55:08
  Speaker 5: watching the endless vaudeville until the usual time for returning home.
• 2:55:14
  Speaker 5: At the end of each week, she gave her parents
• 2:55:16
  Speaker 5: her usual wage, but when her thirty dollars was exhausted,
• 2:55:20
  Speaker 5: it seemed unendurable that she should return to the monotony
• 2:55:24
  Speaker 5: of the factory. In the light of her newly acquired experience,
• 2:55:28
  Speaker 5: she had learned that possibility which the city ever holds
• 2:55:31
  Speaker 5: open to the restless girl, that more such girls do
• 2:55:35
  Speaker 5: not come to grief is due to those mothers who
• 2:55:38
  Speaker 5: understand the insatiable demand for a good time, and if
• 2:55:42
  Speaker 5: all of the mothers did understand, those pathetic statistics which
• 2:55:46
  Speaker 5: show that four fifths of all prostitutes are under twenty
• 2:55:50
  Speaker 5: years of age, would be marvelously changed. We are told
• 2:55:55
  Speaker 5: that the will to live is aroused in each baby
• 2:55:58
  Speaker 5: by his mother's irresistible desire to play with him, the
• 2:56:02
  Speaker 5: physiological value of joy that a child is born, and
• 2:56:07
  Speaker 5: that the high death rate in institutions is increased by
• 2:56:10
  Speaker 5: the discontented babies whom no one persuades into living. Something
• 2:56:16
  Speaker 5: of the same sort is necessary in that second birth.
• 2:56:19
  Speaker 5: At adolescence, the young people need affection and understanding, each
• 2:56:24
  Speaker 5: one for himself, if they are to be induced to
• 2:56:27
  Speaker 5: live in an inheritance of decorum, in safety, and to
• 2:56:31
  Speaker 5: understand the foundation upon which this orderly world rests. No
• 2:56:36
  Speaker 5: one comprehends their needs so sympathetically as those mothers who
• 2:56:41
  Speaker 5: iron the flimsy starch finery of their grown up daughters
• 2:56:44
  Speaker 5: late into the night, and who pay for a red
• 2:56:47
  Speaker 5: velvet parlor set an installment plan. Although the younger children
• 2:56:51
  Speaker 5: may sadly need new shoes, these mothers apparently understand the
• 2:56:57
  Speaker 5: sharp demand for social pleasure and do their best to
• 2:57:00
  Speaker 5: respond to it, although at the same time they constantly
• 2:57:03
  Speaker 5: minister due to all the physical needs of an exigent
• 2:57:06
  Speaker 5: family of little children. We often come to a realization
• 2:57:11
  Speaker 5: of the truth of Walt Whitman's statement that one of
• 2:57:14
  Speaker 5: the surest sources of wisdom is the mother of a
• 2:57:17
  Speaker 5: large family. It is but natural, perhaps, that the members
• 2:57:20
  Speaker 5: of the Hull House Women's Club, whose prosperity has given
• 2:57:24
  Speaker 5: them some leisure and a chance to remove their own
• 2:57:26
  Speaker 5: families to neighborhoods less full of temptations, should have offered
• 2:57:31
  Speaker 5: their assistance in our attempt to provide recreation for these
• 2:57:34
  Speaker 5: restless young people. In many instances, their experience in the
• 2:57:39
  Speaker 5: club itself has enabled them to perceive these needs. One day,
• 2:57:44
  Speaker 5: a juvenile court officer told me that a Woman's Club member,
• 2:57:47
  Speaker 5: who has a large family of her own and one
• 2:57:49
  Speaker 5: boy sufficiently difficult, had undertaken to care for a ward
• 2:57:53
  Speaker 5: of the Juvenile Court who lived only a block from
• 2:57:56
  Speaker 5: her house, and that she had kept him in the
• 2:57:58
  Speaker 5: path of rectitude for sars six months. In reply to
• 2:58:02
  Speaker 5: my congratulations upon this successful bit of reform to the
• 2:58:06
  Speaker 5: club woman herself, she said that she was quite ashamed
• 2:58:09
  Speaker 5: that she had not undertaken the task earlier, for she
• 2:58:13
  Speaker 5: had known for years the boy's mother, who scrubbed a
• 2:58:16
  Speaker 5: downtown office building, leaving home every evening at five and
• 2:58:20
  Speaker 5: returning at eleven, during the very time the boy could
• 2:58:23
  Speaker 5: most easily find opportunities for wrongdoing. She said that her
• 2:58:29
  Speaker 5: obligation towards this boy had not occurred to her until
• 2:58:32
  Speaker 5: one day, when the club members were making pillow cases
• 2:58:35
  Speaker 5: for the detention home of the juvenile court. It suddenly
• 2:58:39
  Speaker 5: seemed perfectly obvious that her share in the salvation of
• 2:58:43
  Speaker 5: wayward children was to care for this particular boy, and
• 2:58:47
  Speaker 5: she had asked the juvenile court officer to commit him
• 2:58:50
  Speaker 5: to her. She invited the boy to her house to
• 2:58:53
  Speaker 5: supper every day that she might know just where he
• 2:58:57
  Speaker 5: was at the crucial moment of twilight, and she adroitly
• 2:59:00
  Speaker 5: managed to keep him under her own roof for the
• 2:59:02
  Speaker 5: evening if she did not approve of the plans he
• 2:59:05
  Speaker 5: had made. She concluded with the remark that it was
• 2:59:09
  Speaker 5: queer that the sight of the boy himself hadn't appealed
• 2:59:12
  Speaker 5: to her, but that the suggestion had come to her
• 2:59:15
  Speaker 5: in such a roundabout way. She was of course, reflected
• 2:59:21
  Speaker 5: upon a common trait in human nature, that we much
• 2:59:25
  Speaker 5: more easily see the duty at hand when we see
• 2:59:27
  Speaker 5: it in relation to the social duty of which it
• 2:59:30
  Speaker 5: is a part. When she knew that an effort was
• 2:59:33
  Speaker 5: being made throughout all large cities in the United States
• 2:59:37
  Speaker 5: to reclaim the wayward boy, to provide him with a
• 2:59:40
  Speaker 5: reasonable amusement, to give him a chance for growth and development,
• 2:59:44
  Speaker 5: and when she became ready to take her share in
• 2:59:47
  Speaker 5: that movement, she suddenly saw the concrete case which she
• 2:59:50
  Speaker 5: had not recognized before. We are slowly learning that social
• 2:59:55
  Speaker 5: advance depends quite as much upon an increase in moral
• 2:59:58
  Speaker 5: sensibility as it does upon as sense of duty, and
• 3:00:01
  Speaker 5: of this one can cite many illustrations. I was at
• 3:00:05
  Speaker 5: one time a chairman of the Child Labor Committee in
• 3:00:07
  Speaker 5: the General Federation of Women's Clubs, which sent out a
• 3:00:11
  Speaker 5: schedule asking each club in the United States to report
• 3:00:14
  Speaker 5: as nearly as possible all the working children under fourteen
• 3:00:19
  Speaker 5: living in its vicinity. A Florida club filled out the
• 3:00:23
  Speaker 5: schedule with an astonishing number of Cuban children who were
• 3:00:27
  Speaker 5: at work in sugar mills, and the club members registered
• 3:00:30
  Speaker 5: a complaint that our committee had sent the schedule too late,
• 3:00:34
  Speaker 5: for if they had realized the conditions earlier, they might
• 3:00:38
  Speaker 5: have presented a bill to the legislature, which had now adjourned.
• 3:00:42
  Speaker 5: Of course, the children had been working in the sugar
• 3:00:45
  Speaker 5: mills for years and had probably gone back and forth
• 3:00:48
  Speaker 5: under the very eyes of the club women. But the
• 3:00:51
  Speaker 5: women had never seen them, much less felt any obligation
• 3:00:54
  Speaker 5: to protect them until they joined a club, and the
• 3:00:57
  Speaker 5: club joined a federation, and the federal duration appointed a
• 3:01:01
  Speaker 5: child Labor Committee, who send them a schedule. With their
• 3:01:05
  Speaker 5: quickened perceptions, they then saw the rescue of these familiar
• 3:01:09
  Speaker 5: children in the light of a social obligation. Though some
• 3:01:14
  Speaker 5: such experiences, the members of the Hull House Women's Club
• 3:01:17
  Speaker 5: have obtained the power of seeing the concrete through the
• 3:01:21
  Speaker 5: general and have entered into various undertakings. Very early in
• 3:01:27
  Speaker 5: its history the club formed what was called a Social
• 3:01:30
  Speaker 5: Extension Committee. Once a month, this committee gives parties to
• 3:01:35
  Speaker 5: people in the neighborhood who, for any reason seem forloren
• 3:01:38
  Speaker 5: and without much social pleasure. One evening they invited only
• 3:01:42
  Speaker 5: Italian women, thereby crossing a distinct social gulf, for there
• 3:01:47
  Speaker 5: certainly exists as great a sense of social difference between
• 3:01:51
  Speaker 5: the prosperous Irish American women and the South Italian peasants,
• 3:01:56
  Speaker 5: as between any two sets of people in the city
• 3:01:58
  Speaker 5: of Chicago. The Italian women, who were almost Eastern in
• 3:02:03
  Speaker 5: their habits, all stayed at home and sent their husbands,
• 3:02:08
  Speaker 5: and the Social Extension Committee entered the drawing room to
• 3:02:12
  Speaker 5: find it occupied by rows of Italian working men, who
• 3:02:16
  Speaker 5: seemed to prefer to sit in chairs along the wall.
• 3:02:19
  Speaker 5: They were quite ready to be socially extended, but plainly
• 3:02:22
  Speaker 5: puzzled as to what it was all about. The evening
• 3:02:26
  Speaker 5: finally developed into a very successful party, not so much
• 3:02:30
  Speaker 5: because the committee were equal to it, as because the
• 3:02:33
  Speaker 5: Italian men rose to the occasion. Untiring pairs of them
• 3:02:38
  Speaker 5: danced the tarantella, They sang Neapolitan songs. One of them
• 3:02:42
  Speaker 5: performed some of those wonderful sleight of hand tricks so
• 3:02:46
  Speaker 5: often seen on the street of Naples. They explained the
• 3:02:49
  Speaker 5: carl finger of Saint Januaris, which they wore. They politely
• 3:02:53
  Speaker 5: ate the strange American refreshments, and when the evening was over,
• 3:02:57
  Speaker 5: one of the committees said to me, Gee, you know,
• 3:03:00
  Speaker 5: I am ashamed of the way I have always talked
• 3:03:03
  Speaker 5: about dagoes. They are quite like other people, only one
• 3:03:08
  Speaker 5: must take little more pains with them. I have been
• 3:03:11
  Speaker 5: nagging my husband to move off m Street because they
• 3:03:15
  Speaker 5: are moving in. But I am going to try staying
• 3:03:18
  Speaker 5: awhile and see if I can make a real acquaintance
• 3:03:20
  Speaker 5: with some of them. To my mind, at that moment,
• 3:03:24
  Speaker 5: the speaker had passed from the region of the uncultivated
• 3:03:27
  Speaker 5: person into the possibilities of the cultivated person. The former
• 3:03:32
  Speaker 5: is bounded by a narrow outlook on life, unable to
• 3:03:36
  Speaker 5: overcome differences of dress and habit, and his interests are
• 3:03:40
  Speaker 5: slowly contracting within a circumscribed area, while the latter constantly
• 3:03:44
  Speaker 5: tends to be a more citizen of the world because
• 3:03:47
  Speaker 5: of his growing understanding of all kinds of people with
• 3:03:51
  Speaker 5: their varying experiences. We send our young people to Europe
• 3:03:56
  Speaker 5: that they may lose their provincialism and be able to
• 3:03:59
  Speaker 5: judge their fellows by more universal tests. As we send
• 3:04:03
  Speaker 5: them to college, that they may attain the cultural background
• 3:04:06
  Speaker 5: and a larger outlook. All of these it is possible
• 3:04:09
  Speaker 5: to acquire in other ways. As this member of the
• 3:04:11
  Speaker 5: women's club has discovered for herself, the social extension committee
• 3:04:16
  Speaker 5: under the leadership of an ext president of the club.
• 3:04:18
  Speaker 5: A hull House resident with a wide acquaintance also discover
• 3:04:22
  Speaker 5: many of those lonely people of which every city contains
• 3:04:26
  Speaker 5: so large a number. We are only slowly apprehending the
• 3:04:30
  Speaker 5: very real danger to the individual who fails to establish
• 3:04:33
  Speaker 5: some sort of general relation with the people who surround him.
• 3:04:38
  Speaker 5: We are all more or less familiar with the results
• 3:04:41
  Speaker 5: of isolation in rural districts. The Bronte Sisters have portrayed
• 3:04:45
  Speaker 5: the hideous immorality and savagery of the remote dwellers on
• 3:04:49
  Speaker 5: the bleak moorlands of northern England. Miss Wilkins has written
• 3:04:54
  Speaker 5: of the over developed will of the solitary New Englander,
• 3:04:57
  Speaker 5: but tales still wait to be told of the isolation
• 3:05:00
  Speaker 5: city dweller. In addition to the lonely young men recently
• 3:05:05
  Speaker 5: come to our town and the country family who have
• 3:05:07
  Speaker 5: not yet made their connections, are many other people who,
• 3:05:11
  Speaker 5: because of temperament, or from an estimate of themselves which
• 3:05:14
  Speaker 5: will not permit them to make friends with people around here,
• 3:05:18
  Speaker 5: or who because they are victim to a combination of circumstances,
• 3:05:23
  Speaker 5: leave a life as lonely and untouched by the city
• 3:05:26
  Speaker 5: about them as if they were in remote country districts.
• 3:05:30
  Speaker 5: The very fact that it requires an effort to preserve
• 3:05:33
  Speaker 5: isolation from the tenement home life which flows all around
• 3:05:37
  Speaker 5: them makes the character stiffer and harsher the mere country
• 3:05:41
  Speaker 5: solitude could do. Many instances of this come to mind
• 3:05:46
  Speaker 5: the faded ladylike hairdresser who came and went to her
• 3:05:49
  Speaker 5: work for twenty years, carefully concealing her dwelling place from
• 3:05:53
  Speaker 5: the other people in the shop, moving whenever they seem
• 3:05:56
  Speaker 5: too curious about it, and priding herself that no needs
• 3:06:00
  Speaker 5: labor had ever stepped inside her door. And yet when
• 3:06:04
  Speaker 5: discovered through an asthma which forced her to crave friendly offices,
• 3:06:08
  Speaker 5: she was most responsive and even gay in a social atmosphere.
• 3:06:13
  Speaker 5: Another woman made a long effort to conceal the poverty
• 3:06:16
  Speaker 5: resulting from her husband's inveterate gambling and to secure for
• 3:06:21
  Speaker 5: her children the educational advantages to which her family had
• 3:06:24
  Speaker 5: always been accustomed. Her five children, who are now university graduates,
• 3:06:30
  Speaker 5: do not realize how hard and solitary was her early
• 3:06:33
  Speaker 5: married life. When we first knew her, and she was
• 3:06:36
  Speaker 5: beginning to regret the isolation in which her children were
• 3:06:39
  Speaker 5: being reared for. She saw that their lack of early
• 3:06:43
  Speaker 5: companionship would always cripple their power to make friends. She
• 3:06:48
  Speaker 5: was glad to avail herself of the social resources of
• 3:06:51
  Speaker 5: Hull House for them, and at last, even for herself.
• 3:06:55
  Speaker 5: The leader of the Social Extension Committee has also been able,
• 3:06:58
  Speaker 5: through her connections with the vacant lot garden movement in Chicago,
• 3:07:02
  Speaker 5: to maintain a most flourishing friendly club, largely composed of
• 3:07:07
  Speaker 5: people who cultivate these garden plots. During the club evening,
• 3:07:11
  Speaker 5: at least they regain something of the ease of the
• 3:07:14
  Speaker 5: man who is being estimated by bushels per acre of
• 3:07:17
  Speaker 5: potatoes he has raised, and not by the flimsy city
• 3:07:21
  Speaker 5: judgment often based upon store clothes. Their jollity and enthusiasm
• 3:07:27
  Speaker 5: are unbounded, expressing itself in clog dances and rousing old
• 3:07:31
  Speaker 5: songs in sharp contrast to the overworked, worn aspect of
• 3:07:35
  Speaker 5: the members. Of course, there are surprising possibilities discovered through
• 3:07:40
  Speaker 5: other clubs, in one of Greek Women or in the
• 3:07:43
  Speaker 5: Circulo Italiano, for a social club often affords a sheltered
• 3:07:47
  Speaker 5: space in which the gentler social usages may be exercised,
• 3:07:52
  Speaker 5: as the more vigorous clubs afford a point of departure
• 3:07:55
  Speaker 5: into larger social concerns. The experiences of the Hull House
• 3:07:59
  Speaker 5: Women's Club constantly react upon the family life of the members.
• 3:08:04
  Speaker 5: Their husbands come with them to the annual midwinter reception,
• 3:08:07
  Speaker 5: to club concerts and entertainments. The little children come to
• 3:08:11
  Speaker 5: the May party with its dancing and games, and the
• 3:08:14
  Speaker 5: older children to the day in June when prizes are
• 3:08:17
  Speaker 5: given to those sons and daughters of the members who
• 3:08:20
  Speaker 5: present a good school record as graduates, either from the
• 3:08:23
  Speaker 5: eighth grade or from a high school. It seemed therefore
• 3:08:28
  Speaker 5: but a fit recognition of their efforts when the president
• 3:08:31
  Speaker 5: of the club erected a building planned especially for their needs,
• 3:08:35
  Speaker 5: with their own library and a hall large enough for
• 3:08:38
  Speaker 5: their various social undertakings. Although of course Bowen Hall is
• 3:08:42
  Speaker 5: constantly put to many other uses. It was under the
• 3:08:46
  Speaker 5: leadership of this same able president that the club achieved
• 3:08:50
  Speaker 5: wider purposes and took its place with the other forces
• 3:08:53
  Speaker 5: for city betterment. The club had begun, as nearly all
• 3:08:57
  Speaker 5: women's clubs do, upon the basis of silk improvement, although
• 3:09:01
  Speaker 5: the foundations for this later development had been laid by
• 3:09:04
  Speaker 5: one of their earlier presidents, who was the first probation
• 3:09:07
  Speaker 5: officer of the Juvenile Court, and who had so shared
• 3:09:11
  Speaker 5: her experiences with the club that each member felt the
• 3:09:14
  Speaker 5: truth as well as the pathos of the lines inscribed
• 3:09:18
  Speaker 5: in her memorial tablet erected in their club library. As
• 3:09:22
  Speaker 5: more exposed to suffering and distress, thence also more alive
• 3:09:27
  Speaker 5: to tenderness, each women had discovered opportunities in her own
• 3:09:32
  Speaker 5: experience for this same tender understanding, and under its succeeding president,
• 3:09:38
  Speaker 5: Missus Pellham, in its determination to be of use to
• 3:09:41
  Speaker 5: the needy and distress, the club developed many philanthropic undertakings
• 3:09:46
  Speaker 5: from the humble beginnings of a linen chest kept constantly
• 3:09:49
  Speaker 5: filled with clothing for sick and poor. It required, however,
• 3:09:55
  Speaker 5: an adequate knowledge of adverse city conditions so productive to
• 3:09:59
  Speaker 5: juvenile desas delinquency, and a sympathy which could enkindle itself
• 3:10:03
  Speaker 5: in many others of diverse faiths, and training to arouse
• 3:10:07
  Speaker 5: the club to its finest public spirit. This was done
• 3:10:11
  Speaker 5: by a later president, Missus Bowen, who, as head of
• 3:10:14
  Speaker 5: the Juvenile Protective Association, had learned that the moralized energy
• 3:10:19
  Speaker 5: of a group is best fitted to cope with the
• 3:10:21
  Speaker 5: complicated problems of a city. But it required an ability
• 3:10:25
  Speaker 5: of unusual order to evoke a sense of social obligation
• 3:10:29
  Speaker 5: from the very knowledge of adverse city conditions which the
• 3:10:32
  Speaker 5: club members possessed, and to connect it with the many
• 3:10:35
  Speaker 5: civic and philanthropic organizations of this city in such wise
• 3:10:40
  Speaker 5: as to make it socially useful. This financial and representative
• 3:10:45
  Speaker 5: connection with outside organizations is valuable to the club only
• 3:10:49
  Speaker 5: as it expresses its sympathy and kindliness. At the same time,
• 3:10:53
  Speaker 5: in concrete form, a group of members who lunch with
• 3:10:57
  Speaker 5: Missus Bowen each week at Hull House discussed not only
• 3:11:00
  Speaker 5: topics of public interest, sometimes with experts whom they have
• 3:11:04
  Speaker 5: long known through their mutual undertakings, but also their own
• 3:11:07
  Speaker 5: club affairs. In light of this larger knowledge, Thus, the
• 3:11:11
  Speaker 5: value of social clubs broadens out in one's mind to
• 3:11:14
  Speaker 5: an instrument of companionship through which many may be led
• 3:11:18
  Speaker 5: from a sense of isolation to one of civic responsibility,
• 3:11:22
  Speaker 5: even as another type of club provides recreational facilities for
• 3:11:26
  Speaker 5: those who have had only meaningless excitements, or as a
• 3:11:30
  Speaker 5: third type opens new and interesting vistas of life to
• 3:11:33
  Speaker 5: those who are ambitious. The entire organization of the social
• 3:11:39
  Speaker 5: life at Hull House, while it has been fostered and
• 3:11:42
  Speaker 5: directed by residents and others, has been largely pushed and
• 3:11:46
  Speaker 5: vitalized from within by the club members themselves. Sir Walter
• 3:11:50
  Speaker 5: Bessant once told me that Hull House stood in his
• 3:11:54
  Speaker 5: mind more nearly for the ideal of the Palace of
• 3:11:57
  Speaker 5: Delight than did the London People's Palace, because we had
• 3:12:01
  Speaker 5: depended upon the social resources of the people using it.
• 3:12:05
  Speaker 5: He begged me not to allow Hull House to become
• 3:12:07
  Speaker 5: too educational. He believed it much easier to develop a
• 3:12:12
  Speaker 5: polytechnic institute than a large recreational center, but he doubted
• 3:12:16
  Speaker 5: whether the former was as useful. The social clubs form
• 3:12:21
  Speaker 5: a basis of acquaintanceship for many people living in other
• 3:12:24
  Speaker 5: parts of this city. Through friendly relations with individuals, which
• 3:12:28
  Speaker 5: is perhaps the sanest method of approach, they are thus
• 3:12:31
  Speaker 5: brought into contact, many of them for the first time,
• 3:12:34
  Speaker 5: with the industrial and social problems challenging the moral resources
• 3:12:38
  Speaker 5: of our contemporary life. During our twenty years, hundreds of
• 3:12:43
  Speaker 5: these non residents have directed clubs and classes, and have
• 3:12:47
  Speaker 5: increased the number of Chicago citizens who are conversant with
• 3:12:51
  Speaker 5: adverse social conditions, and conscious that only by the unceasing
• 3:12:55
  Speaker 5: devotion of each according to his strength, shall the compulsions
• 3:12:59
  Speaker 5: and hardships, the stupidities and cruelties of life, be overcome.
• 3:13:05
  Speaker 5: The number of people thus informed is constantly increasing in
• 3:13:09
  Speaker 5: all our American cities, and they may in time remove
• 3:13:13
  Speaker 5: the reproach of social neglect and indifference which has so
• 3:13:16
  Speaker 5: long rested upon the citizens of the New World. I
• 3:13:21
  Speaker 5: recall the experience of an Englishman, who, not only because
• 3:13:24
  Speaker 5: he was a member of the Queen's cabinet and bore
• 3:13:27
  Speaker 5: a title, but also because he was an able statesman,
• 3:13:30
  Speaker 5: was entertained with great enthusiasm by the leading citizens of
• 3:13:34
  Speaker 5: Chicago at a large dinner party. He asked the lady
• 3:13:38
  Speaker 5: sitting next to him what our tenement house legislation was
• 3:13:42
  Speaker 5: in regard to the cubic feet of air required for
• 3:13:45
  Speaker 5: each occupant of a tenement bedroom. Upon disclaiming any knowledge
• 3:13:50
  Speaker 5: of the subject, the inquiry was put to all the
• 3:13:52
  Speaker 5: diners at the long table, all of whom showed surprise
• 3:13:55
  Speaker 5: that they should be expected to possess this information. In
• 3:14:00
  Speaker 5: telling me the incident afterward, the English guests said that
• 3:14:03
  Speaker 5: such indifference could not have been found among the leading
• 3:14:06
  Speaker 5: citizens of London, whose public spirit had been aroused to
• 3:14:10
  Speaker 5: provide such housing conditions as should protect tenement dwellers at
• 3:14:14
  Speaker 5: least from wanton loss of vitality and lowered industrial efficiency.
• 3:14:20
  Speaker 5: When I met the same Englishman in London five years afterward,
• 3:14:24
  Speaker 5: he immediately asked me whether Chicago's citizens were still so
• 3:14:27
  Speaker 5: indifferent to the conditions of the poor that they took
• 3:14:30
  Speaker 5: no interest in their proper housing. I was quick with
• 3:14:33
  Speaker 5: that defense, which an American is obliged to you so
• 3:14:36
  Speaker 5: often in Europe, that our varied democracy so long presupposed
• 3:14:40
  Speaker 5: that each citizen could care for himself, that we are
• 3:14:43
  Speaker 5: slow to develop a sense of social obligation. He smiled
• 3:14:49
  Speaker 5: at the familiar phrases, and was still inclined to attribute
• 3:14:52
  Speaker 5: our indifference to sheer ignorance of social conditions. The entire
• 3:14:57
  Speaker 5: social development of Hull House is so unlike what I
• 3:14:59
  Speaker 5: pre addicted twenty years ago that I ventured to quote
• 3:15:02
  Speaker 5: from that ancient writing as an end to this chapter.
• 3:15:07
  Speaker 5: The social organism has broken down through large districts of
• 3:15:11
  Speaker 5: our great city. Many of the people living there are
• 3:15:14
  Speaker 5: very poor, the majority of them without leisure or energy
• 3:15:18
  Speaker 5: for anything but the gain of subsistence. They live for
• 3:15:22
  Speaker 5: the moment, side by side, many of them without knowledge
• 3:15:25
  Speaker 5: of each other, without fellowship, without local tradition or public spirit,
• 3:15:30
  Speaker 5: without social organization of any kind. Practically nothing is done
• 3:15:35
  Speaker 5: to remedy this. The people who might do it, who
• 3:15:38
  Speaker 5: have the social tact and training, the large houses and
• 3:15:41
  Speaker 5: the traditions and customs of hospitality, live in other parts
• 3:15:45
  Speaker 5: of the city. The clubhouses, libraries, galleries, and semi public
• 3:15:50
  Speaker 5: conveniences for social life are also blocks away. We find
• 3:15:55
  Speaker 5: working men organized into armies of producers, because men of
• 3:15:59
  Speaker 5: executive ability and business sagacity have found it to their
• 3:16:03
  Speaker 5: interest thus to organize them. But these workingmen are not
• 3:16:07
  Speaker 5: organized socially. Although lodging in crowded tenement houses, they are
• 3:16:11
  Speaker 5: living without a corresponding social contract. The chaos is as
• 3:16:15
  Speaker 5: great as it would be were they working in huge
• 3:16:18
  Speaker 5: factories without foremen or superintendent. Their ideas and resources are cramped,
• 3:16:24
  Speaker 5: and the desire for higher social pleasure becomes extinct. They
• 3:16:28
  Speaker 5: have no share in the traditions and social energy which
• 3:16:31
  Speaker 5: make for progress. Too often their only place of meaning
• 3:16:35
  Speaker 5: is a saloon. Their only hosts the bar tender, a
• 3:16:38
  Speaker 5: local demagogue forms their public opinion. Men of ability and
• 3:16:42
  Speaker 5: refinement of social power and university cultivation stay away from them. Personally,
• 3:16:47
  Speaker 5: I believe the men who lose the most are those
• 3:16:50
  Speaker 5: who stay away. But the paradox is here when cultivated
• 3:16:53
  Speaker 5: people do stay away from a certain portion of the population.
• 3:16:57
  Speaker 5: When all social advantages are persistently withheld, it may be
• 3:17:01
  Speaker 5: for years. The result itself is pointed to as a
• 3:17:04
  Speaker 5: reason and is used as an argument for the continued withholding.
• 3:17:09
  Speaker 5: It is constantly said that because the masses have never
• 3:17:12
  Speaker 5: had social advantages, they do not want them, that they
• 3:17:15
  Speaker 5: are heavy and dull, and that it will take political
• 3:17:18
  Speaker 5: or philanthropic machinery to change them. This devises a city
• 3:17:23
  Speaker 5: into rich and poor, into the favored who express their
• 3:17:26
  Speaker 5: sense of social obligation by gifts of money, and to
• 3:17:30
  Speaker 5: the unfavored, who express it by clamoring for a share,
• 3:17:34
  Speaker 5: both of them actuated by a vague sense of justice.
• 3:17:38
  Speaker 5: This division of the city would be more justifiable, however,
• 3:17:42
  Speaker 5: if the people who thus isolate themselves on certain streets
• 3:17:46
  Speaker 5: and use their social ability for each other gained enough
• 3:17:49
  Speaker 5: thereby and added sufficient to the sum total of social progress.
• 3:17:53
  Speaker 5: To justify the withholding of the pleasure and results of
• 3:17:56
  Speaker 5: that progress from so many people who ought to have them,
• 3:18:00
  Speaker 5: but they cannot accomplish this. For the social spirit discharges
• 3:18:03
  Speaker 5: itself in many forms, and no one form is adequate
• 3:18:08
  Speaker 5: to its total expression. End of Chapter fifteen.
• 3:18:13
  Speaker 2: Chapter sixteen Arts at Hull House. The first building erected
• 3:18:19
  Speaker 2: for Hull House contained an art gallery, well lighted for
• 3:18:22
  Speaker 2: day and evening use, and our first exhibit of loaned
• 3:18:26
  Speaker 2: pictures was opened in June eighteen ninety one by mister
• 3:18:30
  Speaker 2: and Missus Barnett of London. It is always pleasant to
• 3:18:34
  Speaker 2: associate their hearty sympathy with that first exhibit, and thus
• 3:18:38
  Speaker 2: to connect it with their pioneer efforts at Toynbee Hall
• 3:18:41
  Speaker 2: to secure for working people the opportunity to know the
• 3:18:44
  Speaker 2: best art, and with their establishment of the first permanent
• 3:18:48
  Speaker 2: art gallery in an industrial quarter. We took pride in
• 3:18:52
  Speaker 2: the fact that our first exhibit contained some of the
• 3:18:55
  Speaker 2: best pictures Chicago afforded, and we conscientiously insured them against
• 3:19:00
  Speaker 2: fire and carefully guarded them by night and day. We
• 3:19:04
  Speaker 2: had five of these exhibits during two years after the
• 3:19:07
  Speaker 2: gallery was completed. Two of oil paintings one of old
• 3:19:11
  Speaker 2: engravings and etchings, one of water colors, and one of
• 3:19:15
  Speaker 2: pictures especially selected for use in the public schools. These
• 3:19:20
  Speaker 2: exhibits were surprisingly well attended and thousands of votes were
• 3:19:24
  Speaker 2: cast for the most popular pictures. Their value to the neighborhood,
• 3:19:28
  Speaker 2: of course, had to be determined by each one of us,
• 3:19:31
  Speaker 2: according to the value he attached to beauty and the
• 3:19:35
  Speaker 2: escape it offers from dreary reality into the realm of
• 3:19:38
  Speaker 2: the imagination. Miss Starr always insisted that the arts should
• 3:19:43
  Speaker 2: receive adequate recognition at Hull House, and urged that one
• 3:19:47
  Speaker 2: must always remember the hungry individual soul, which without art
• 3:19:52
  Speaker 2: will have passed unsolaced and unfed, followed by other souls
• 3:19:56
  Speaker 2: who lack the impulse his should have given. The exhibits
• 3:20:00
  Speaker 2: afforded pathetic evidence that the older immigrants do not expect
• 3:20:04
  Speaker 2: the solace of art in this country. An Italian expressed
• 3:20:08
  Speaker 2: great surprise when he found that we, although Americans, still
• 3:20:13
  Speaker 2: liked pictures, and said quite naively that he didn't know
• 3:20:17
  Speaker 2: that Americans cared for anything but dollars, that looking at
• 3:20:20
  Speaker 2: pictures was something people only did in Italy. The extreme
• 3:20:25
  Speaker 2: isolation of the Italian colony was demonstrated by the fact
• 3:20:28
  Speaker 2: that he did not know that there was a public
• 3:20:31
  Speaker 2: art gallery in the city, nor any houses in which
• 3:20:34
  Speaker 2: pictures were regarded as treasures. A Greek was much surprised
• 3:20:39
  Speaker 2: to see a photograph of the Acropolis at Hull House,
• 3:20:41
  Speaker 2: because he had lived in Chicago for thirteen years and
• 3:20:45
  Speaker 2: had never before met any Americans who knew about this
• 3:20:48
  Speaker 2: foremost glory of the world. Before he left Greece, he
• 3:20:52
  Speaker 2: had imagined that Americans would be most eager to see
• 3:20:55
  Speaker 2: pictures of Athens, and as he was a graduate of
• 3:20:58
  Speaker 2: a school of technology, he had prepared a book of
• 3:21:01
  Speaker 2: colored drawings and had made a collection of photographs, which
• 3:21:05
  Speaker 2: he was sure Americans would enjoy. But although from his
• 3:21:09
  Speaker 2: fruit stand near one of the large railroad stations, he
• 3:21:12
  Speaker 2: had conversed with many Americans and had often tried to
• 3:21:15
  Speaker 2: lead the conversation back to ancient Greece, no one had responded,
• 3:21:20
  Speaker 2: and he had at last concluded that the people of
• 3:21:23
  Speaker 2: Chicago knew nothing of ancient times. The Lone exhibits were
• 3:21:28
  Speaker 2: continued until the Chicago Art Institute was opened free to
• 3:21:32
  Speaker 2: the public on Sunday afternoons, and parties were arranged at
• 3:21:36
  Speaker 2: Hull House and conducted there by a guide. In time,
• 3:21:39
  Speaker 2: even these parties were discontinued as the galleries became better
• 3:21:43
  Speaker 2: known in all parts of the city, and the Art
• 3:21:46
  Speaker 2: Institute management did much to make pictures popular. From the
• 3:21:50
  Speaker 2: first a studio was maintained at Hull House, which has
• 3:21:54
  Speaker 2: developed through the changing years under the direction of Miss Benedict,
• 3:21:57
  Speaker 2: one of the residents, who was a member of the
• 3:21:59
  Speaker 2: fee faculty. In the Art Institute buildings on the Hull
• 3:22:03
  Speaker 2: House Quadrangle furnish studios for artists who find something of
• 3:22:07
  Speaker 2: the same spirit in the contiguous Italian colony that the
• 3:22:11
  Speaker 2: French artist is traditionally supposed to discover in his beloved
• 3:22:15
  Speaker 2: Latin quarter. These artists uncover something of the picturesque in
• 3:22:20
  Speaker 2: the foreign colonies which they have reproduced in painting, etching
• 3:22:24
  Speaker 2: and lithography. They find their classes filled not only by
• 3:22:28
  Speaker 2: young people possessing facility and sometimes talent, but also by
• 3:22:32
  Speaker 2: older people, to whom the studio affords the one opportunity
• 3:22:36
  Speaker 2: of escape from dreariness. A widow with four children who
• 3:22:40
  Speaker 2: supplemented a very inadequate income by teaching the piano for
• 3:22:44
  Speaker 2: six years, never missed her weekly painting lesson because it
• 3:22:47
  Speaker 2: was her one pleasure. Another woman, whose youth and strength
• 3:22:52
  Speaker 2: had gone into the care of an invalid father, poured
• 3:22:56
  Speaker 2: into her afternoon in the studio once a week, all
• 3:22:59
  Speaker 2: the longing for self expression which she habitually suppressed. Perhaps
• 3:23:04
  Speaker 2: the most satisfactory results of the studio have been obtained
• 3:23:08
  Speaker 2: through the classes of young men who were engaged in
• 3:23:10
  Speaker 2: the commercial arts and who are glad to have an
• 3:23:13
  Speaker 2: opportunity to work out their own ideas. This is true
• 3:23:17
  Speaker 2: of young engravers and lithographers, of the men who have
• 3:23:21
  Speaker 2: to do with posters and illustrations in various ways. The
• 3:23:25
  Speaker 2: little pile of stones and the lithographer's hand press in
• 3:23:29
  Speaker 2: a corner of the studio have been used in many
• 3:23:32
  Speaker 2: an experiment, as has a set of beautiful type loaned
• 3:23:35
  Speaker 2: to Hull House by a bibliophile. The work of the
• 3:23:38
  Speaker 2: studio almost imperceptibly merged into the crafts and well. Within
• 3:23:43
  Speaker 2: the first decade a shop was opened at Hull House
• 3:23:47
  Speaker 2: under the direction of several residents who are also members
• 3:23:50
  Speaker 2: of the Chicago Arts and Crafts Society. This shop is
• 3:23:54
  Speaker 2: not merely a school where people are taught and then
• 3:23:56
  Speaker 2: sent forth to use their teaching in art according to
• 3:23:59
  Speaker 2: their individual initiative and opportunity, but where those who have
• 3:24:03
  Speaker 2: already been carefully trained may express the best they can
• 3:24:07
  Speaker 2: in wood or metal. The settlement soon discovers how difficult
• 3:24:11
  Speaker 2: it is to put a fringe of art. On the
• 3:24:13
  Speaker 2: end of a day spent in a factory. We constantly
• 3:24:17
  Speaker 2: see young people doing overhurried work. Wrapping bars of soap
• 3:24:21
  Speaker 2: in pieces of paper might at least give the pleasure
• 3:24:24
  Speaker 2: of accuracy and repetition if it could be done at
• 3:24:27
  Speaker 2: a normal pace, but when paid for by the peace,
• 3:24:31
  Speaker 2: speed becomes the sole requirement, and the last suggestion of
• 3:24:35
  Speaker 2: human interest is taken away. In contrast to this, the
• 3:24:39
  Speaker 2: Hull House shop affords many examples of the restorative power
• 3:24:43
  Speaker 2: in the exercise of a genuine craft. A young Russian, who,
• 3:24:47
  Speaker 2: like too many of his countrymen, had made a desperate
• 3:24:49
  Speaker 2: effort to fit himself for a learned profession, and who
• 3:24:53
  Speaker 2: had almost finished his course in a night law school,
• 3:24:56
  Speaker 2: used to watch constantly the work being done in the
• 3:24:58
  Speaker 2: metal shop at Hull House. One evening, in a moment
• 3:25:01
  Speaker 2: of sudden resolve, he took off his coat, sat down
• 3:25:04
  Speaker 2: at one of the benches, and began to work, obviously
• 3:25:07
  Speaker 2: as a very clever silversmith. He had long concealed his
• 3:25:11
  Speaker 2: craft because he thought it would hurt his efforts as
• 3:25:13
  Speaker 2: a lawyer, and because he imagined an office more honorable
• 3:25:18
  Speaker 2: and more American than a shop. As he worked on
• 3:25:21
  Speaker 2: during his two leisure evenings each week, his entire bearing
• 3:25:24
  Speaker 2: and conversation registered the relief of one who abandons the
• 3:25:28
  Speaker 2: effort he is not fitted for, and becomes a man
• 3:25:31
  Speaker 2: on his own feet, expressing himself through a familiar and
• 3:25:35
  Speaker 2: delicate technique. Miss Starr at length found herself quite impatient
• 3:25:39
  Speaker 2: with her role of lecturer on the arts, while all
• 3:25:42
  Speaker 2: the handicraft about her was untouched by beauty and did
• 3:25:46
  Speaker 2: not even reflect the interest of the workmen. She took
• 3:25:49
  Speaker 2: a training in book binding in London under mister Cobden Sanderson,
• 3:25:53
  Speaker 2: and established her bindery at Hull House, in which design
• 3:25:56
  Speaker 2: and workmanship, beauty and thoroughness are taught to small number
• 3:26:00
  Speaker 2: of apprentices. From the very first winter concerts, which are
• 3:26:05
  Speaker 2: still continued, were given every Sunday afternoon in the Hull
• 3:26:08
  Speaker 2: House Drawing Room, and later as the audiences increased, in
• 3:26:12
  Speaker 2: the larger halls. For these we are indebted to musicians
• 3:26:16
  Speaker 2: from every part of the city. Mister William Tomlins early
• 3:26:19
  Speaker 2: trained large choruses of adults, as his assistants did of children,
• 3:26:24
  Speaker 2: and the response to all of these showed that while
• 3:26:27
  Speaker 2: the number of people in our vicinity caring for the
• 3:26:29
  Speaker 2: best music was not large, they constituted a steady and
• 3:26:33
  Speaker 2: appreciative group. It was in connection with these first choruses
• 3:26:37
  Speaker 2: that a public spirited citizen of Chicago offered a prize
• 3:26:40
  Speaker 2: for the best labor song, competition to be opened to
• 3:26:44
  Speaker 2: the entire country. The responses to the offer literally filled
• 3:26:48
  Speaker 2: three large barrels, and speaking at least for myself as
• 3:26:51
  Speaker 2: one of the bewildered judges, we were more disheartened by
• 3:26:55
  Speaker 2: their quality than even by their overwhelming bulk. Apparently, the
• 3:26:59
  Speaker 2: work of America are not yet ready to sing, although
• 3:27:03
  Speaker 2: I recall a creditable chorus trained at Hull House for
• 3:27:06
  Speaker 2: a large meeting in sympathy with the Anthracite coal strike,
• 3:27:10
  Speaker 2: in which the swinging lines who was it made the
• 3:27:13
  Speaker 2: coal our God as well as theirs, seemed to relieve
• 3:27:17
  Speaker 2: the tension of the moment. Miss Eleanor Smith, the head
• 3:27:20
  Speaker 2: of the Hull House Music School, who had put the
• 3:27:23
  Speaker 2: words to music performed the same office for the sweatshop
• 3:27:27
  Speaker 2: of the Yiddish poet, the translation of which presents so
• 3:27:31
  Speaker 2: graphically the bewilderment and tedium of the New York shop
• 3:27:35
  Speaker 2: that it might be applied to almost any other machinery industry.
• 3:27:39
  Speaker 2: As the first verse indicates, the roaring of the wheels
• 3:27:43
  Speaker 2: has filled my ears. The clashing and the clamor shut
• 3:27:47
  Speaker 2: me in myself. My soul in chaos disappears. I cannot
• 3:27:52
  Speaker 2: think or feel amid the din It may be that
• 3:27:56
  Speaker 2: this plaint explains the lack of labor songs in this
• 3:27:59
  Speaker 2: way period of industrial maladjustment, when the worker is overmastered
• 3:28:04
  Speaker 2: by his very tools. In addition to sharing with our
• 3:28:07
  Speaker 2: neighborhood the best music we could procure, we have conscientiously
• 3:28:11
  Speaker 2: provided careful musical instruction that at least a few young
• 3:28:15
  Speaker 2: people might understand those old usages of art, that they
• 3:28:19
  Speaker 2: might master its trade secrets. For after all, it is
• 3:28:23
  Speaker 2: only through a careful technique that artistic ability can express
• 3:28:27
  Speaker 2: itself and be preserved. From the beginning, we had classes
• 3:28:31
  Speaker 2: in music, and the Hull House Music School, which is
• 3:28:35
  Speaker 2: housed in quarters of its own in our quieter court,
• 3:28:38
  Speaker 2: was opened in eighteen ninety three. The school is designed
• 3:28:42
  Speaker 2: to give a thorough musical instruction to a limited number
• 3:28:45
  Speaker 2: of children. From the first lessons, they are taught to
• 3:28:48
  Speaker 2: compose and to reduce to order the musical suggestions which
• 3:28:52
  Speaker 2: may come to them, and in this wise the school
• 3:28:55
  Speaker 2: has sometimes been able to recover the songs of the
• 3:28:58
  Speaker 2: immigrants through their children. Some of these folk songs have
• 3:29:02
  Speaker 2: never been committed to paper, but have survived through the
• 3:29:05
  Speaker 2: centuries because of a touch of undying poetry which the
• 3:29:08
  Speaker 2: world has always cherished, as in the song of a
• 3:29:11
  Speaker 2: Russian who is digging a post hole and finds his
• 3:29:14
  Speaker 2: task dull and difficult, until he strikes a stratum of
• 3:29:18
  Speaker 2: red sand, which, in addition to making digging easy, reminds
• 3:29:22
  Speaker 2: him of the red hair of his sweetheart, and all
• 3:29:25
  Speaker 2: goes merrily. As the song lifts into a joyous melody.
• 3:29:30
  Speaker 2: I recall again the almost hilarious enjoyment of the adult
• 3:29:33
  Speaker 2: audience to whom it was sung by the children who
• 3:29:36
  Speaker 2: had revived it, as well as the more sober appreciation
• 3:29:40
  Speaker 2: of the hymns taken from the lips of the canter,
• 3:29:42
  Speaker 2: whose father before him had officiated in the synagogue. The
• 3:29:47
  Speaker 2: recitals and concerts given by the school are attended by
• 3:29:50
  Speaker 2: large and appreciative audiences. On the Sunday before Christmas, the
• 3:29:54
  Speaker 2: program of Christmas Songs draws together people of the most
• 3:29:57
  Speaker 2: diverging faiths. In the deep tone of the memorial organ
• 3:30:01
  Speaker 2: erected at Hull House, we realized that music is perhaps
• 3:30:05
  Speaker 2: the most potent agent for making the universal appeal and
• 3:30:09
  Speaker 2: inducing men to forget their differences. Some of the pupils
• 3:30:13
  Speaker 2: in the music school have developed during the years into
• 3:30:16
  Speaker 2: trained musicians and are supporting themselves in their chosen profession.
• 3:30:21
  Speaker 2: On the other hand, we constantly see the most promising
• 3:30:24
  Speaker 2: musical ability extinguished when the young people enter industries which
• 3:30:29
  Speaker 2: so sap their vitality that they cannot carry on serious
• 3:30:33
  Speaker 2: study in the scanty hours outside of factory work. Many
• 3:30:37
  Speaker 2: cases indisputably illustrate this. A bohemian girl, who, in order
• 3:30:42
  Speaker 2: to earn money for pressing family needs, first ruined her
• 3:30:46
  Speaker 2: voice in a six months constant Vaudeville engagement, returned to
• 3:30:50
  Speaker 2: her trade, working overtime in a vain effort to continue
• 3:30:54
  Speaker 2: the Vaudeville income. Another young girl whom Hull House had
• 3:30:57
  Speaker 2: sent to the high school so long as her parents
• 3:31:00
  Speaker 2: consented because we realized that a beautiful voice is often
• 3:31:04
  Speaker 2: unavailable through lack of the informing mind, later extinguished her
• 3:31:08
  Speaker 2: promise in a tobacco factory. A third girl, who had
• 3:31:12
  Speaker 2: supported her little sisters since she was fourteen, eagerly used
• 3:31:16
  Speaker 2: her fine voice for earning money at entertainments held late
• 3:31:19
  Speaker 2: after her day's work, until exposure and fatigue ruined her
• 3:31:24
  Speaker 2: health as well as a musician's future. A young man
• 3:31:28
  Speaker 2: whose music loving family gave him every possible opportunity, and
• 3:31:32
  Speaker 2: who produced some charming and even joyous songs during the
• 3:31:35
  Speaker 2: long struggle with tuberculosis which preceded his death, had made
• 3:31:40
  Speaker 2: a brave beginning not only as a teacher of music,
• 3:31:43
  Speaker 2: but as a composer. In the little service held at
• 3:31:46
  Speaker 2: Hull House in his memory, when the children sang his
• 3:31:49
  Speaker 2: composition how Sweet is the Shepherd's Sweet Lot? It was
• 3:31:54
  Speaker 2: hard to realize that such an interpretive pastoral could have
• 3:31:57
  Speaker 2: been produced by one whose childhood had been passed in
• 3:32:01
  Speaker 2: a crowded city quarter. Even that bitter experience did not
• 3:32:05
  Speaker 2: prepare us for the sorrowful year when six promising pupils
• 3:32:09
  Speaker 2: out of a class of fifteen developed tuberculosis. It required
• 3:32:13
  Speaker 2: but little penetration to see that during the eight years
• 3:32:16
  Speaker 2: the class of fifteen school children had come together to
• 3:32:19
  Speaker 2: the music school, they had approximately an even chance. But
• 3:32:24
  Speaker 2: as soon as they reached the legal working age, only
• 3:32:27
  Speaker 2: a scanty moiety of those who had become self supporting
• 3:32:30
  Speaker 2: could endure the strain of long hours and bad air.
• 3:32:34
  Speaker 2: Thus the average human youths, with all the sweetness of
• 3:32:38
  Speaker 2: the common dawn, is flung into the vortex of industrial life,
• 3:32:42
  Speaker 2: wherein the every day tragedy escapes us, save when one
• 3:32:46
  Speaker 2: of them becomes conspicuously unfortunate. Twice in one year we
• 3:32:51
  Speaker 2: were compelled to find the inheritance of this poor child,
• 3:32:55
  Speaker 2: his little kingdom of a forced grave. It has been
• 3:32:58
  Speaker 2: pointed out men many times that art lives by devouring
• 3:33:02
  Speaker 2: her own offspring, and the world has come to justify
• 3:33:06
  Speaker 2: even that sacrifice. But we are unfortified and unsolaced when
• 3:33:11
  Speaker 2: we see the children of art devoured not by her,
• 3:33:15
  Speaker 2: but by the uncouth stranger. Modern industry, who needlessly, ruthless
• 3:33:20
  Speaker 2: and brutal to her own children, is quickly fatal to
• 3:33:24
  Speaker 2: the offspring of the gentler mother, and so schools in
• 3:33:28
  Speaker 2: art for those who go to work at the age
• 3:33:30
  Speaker 2: when more fortunate young people are still sheltered and educated.
• 3:33:35
  Speaker 2: Constantly epitomize one of the haunting problems of life. Why
• 3:33:39
  Speaker 2: do we permit the waste of this most precious human faculty,
• 3:33:43
  Speaker 2: this consummate possession of civilization. When we fail to provide
• 3:33:48
  Speaker 2: the vessel in which it may be treasured, it runs
• 3:33:51
  Speaker 2: out upon the ground and is irretrievably lost. The universal
• 3:33:56
  Speaker 2: desire for the portrayal of life, lying quite outside of
• 3:33:59
  Speaker 2: personally experience, evinces itself in many forms. One of the
• 3:34:03
  Speaker 2: conspicuous features of our neighborhood, as of all industrial quarters,
• 3:34:08
  Speaker 2: is the persistency with which the entire population attends the theater.
• 3:34:13
  Speaker 2: The very first day I saw Halsted Street, a long
• 3:34:17
  Speaker 2: line of young men and boys stood outside the gallery
• 3:34:20
  Speaker 2: entrance of the Bijou Theater, waiting for the Sunday matinee
• 3:34:24
  Speaker 2: to begin at two o'clock. Although it was only high noon.
• 3:34:28
  Speaker 2: This waiting crowd might have been seen every Sunday afternoon
• 3:34:31
  Speaker 2: during the twenty years which have elapsed since then. Our
• 3:34:35
  Speaker 2: first Sunday evening in Hull House, when a group of
• 3:34:38
  Speaker 2: small boys sat on our piazza and told us about
• 3:34:41
  Speaker 2: things around here. Their talk was all of the theater
• 3:34:45
  Speaker 2: and of the astonishing things they had seen that afternoon.
• 3:34:49
  Speaker 2: But quite as it was difficult to discover the habits
• 3:34:52
  Speaker 2: and purposes of this group of boys, because they much
• 3:34:56
  Speaker 2: preferred talking about the theater to contemplating their own lives.
• 3:35:00
  Speaker 2: So it was all along the line the young men
• 3:35:03
  Speaker 2: told us their ambitions in the phrases of stage heroes
• 3:35:07
  Speaker 2: and the girls, so far as their romantic dreams could
• 3:35:10
  Speaker 2: be shyly put into words, possessed no others but those
• 3:35:14
  Speaker 2: soiled by long use in the melodrama. All of these
• 3:35:18
  Speaker 2: young people looked upon an afternoon a week in the
• 3:35:20
  Speaker 2: gallery of a Halsted Street theater as their one opportunity
• 3:35:24
  Speaker 2: to see life. The sort of melodrama they see there
• 3:35:28
  Speaker 2: has recently been described as the Ten Commandments written in
• 3:35:32
  Speaker 2: red fire. Certainly, the villain always comes to a violent end,
• 3:35:37
  Speaker 2: and the young and handsome hero is rewarded by marriage
• 3:35:40
  Speaker 2: with a beautiful girl, usually the daughter of a millionaire.
• 3:35:44
  Speaker 2: But after all, that is not a portrayal of the
• 3:35:47
  Speaker 2: morality of the Ten Commandments any more than of life itself. Nevertheless,
• 3:35:52
  Speaker 2: the theater, such as it was, appeared to be the
• 3:35:55
  Speaker 2: one agency which freed the boys and girls from that
• 3:35:58
  Speaker 2: destructive isolation of those who dragged themselves up to maturity
• 3:36:02
  Speaker 2: by themselves, and it gave them a glimpse of that
• 3:36:05
  Speaker 2: order and beauty into which even the poorest drama endeavors
• 3:36:08
  Speaker 2: to restore the bewildering facts of life. The most prosaic
• 3:36:12
  Speaker 2: young people bear testimony to this overmastering desire. A striking
• 3:36:17
  Speaker 2: illustration of this came to us during our second year's
• 3:36:20
  Speaker 2: residence on Halsted Street, through an incident in the Italian colony,
• 3:36:24
  Speaker 2: where the men have always boasted that they were able
• 3:36:27
  Speaker 2: to guard their daughters from the dangers of city life,
• 3:36:30
  Speaker 2: and until evil Italians entered the business of the white
• 3:36:33
  Speaker 2: slave traffic, their boast was well founded. The first Italian
• 3:36:37
  Speaker 2: girl to go astray, known to the residence of Hull House,
• 3:36:41
  Speaker 2: was so fascinated by the stage that on our way
• 3:36:43
  Speaker 2: home from work, she always loitered outside a theater before
• 3:36:46
  Speaker 2: the enticing posters. Three months after her elopement with an actor,
• 3:36:51
  Speaker 2: her distracted mother received a picture of her dressed in
• 3:36:54
  Speaker 2: the men's clothes in which she appeared in vaudeville. Her
• 3:36:58
  Speaker 2: family mourned her as dead and her name was never
• 3:37:00
  Speaker 2: mentioned among them, nor in the entire colony. In further
• 3:37:05
  Speaker 2: illustration of an overmastering desire to see life as portrayed
• 3:37:08
  Speaker 2: on the stage, are two young girls whose sober parents
• 3:37:11
  Speaker 2: did not approve of the theater and who would allow
• 3:37:14
  Speaker 2: no money for such foolish purposes. In sheer desperation, the
• 3:37:18
  Speaker 2: sisters evolved a plot that one of them would feign
• 3:37:21
  Speaker 2: a toothache, and while she was having her tooth pulled
• 3:37:24
  Speaker 2: by a neighboring dentist, the other would steal the gold
• 3:37:27
  Speaker 2: crowns from his table, and with the money thus procured,
• 3:37:30
  Speaker 2: they could attend the vaudeville theater every night on their
• 3:37:33
  Speaker 2: way home from work. Apparently, the pain and wrongdoing did
• 3:37:37
  Speaker 2: not weigh for a moment against the anticipated pleasure. The
• 3:37:41
  Speaker 2: plan was carried out to the point of selling the
• 3:37:43
  Speaker 2: gold crowns to a pawnbroker when the disappointed girls were arrested.
• 3:37:48
  Speaker 2: All this effort to see the play took place in
• 3:37:51
  Speaker 2: the years before the five cent theaters had become a
• 3:37:53
  Speaker 2: feature of every crowded city thoroughfare, and before their popularity
• 3:37:58
  Speaker 2: had induced the attendance of twos two and a quarter
• 3:38:00
  Speaker 2: million people in the United States every twenty four hours.
• 3:38:04
  Speaker 2: The eagerness of the penniless children to get into these
• 3:38:07
  Speaker 2: magic spaces is responsible for an entire crop of petty crimes,
• 3:38:11
  Speaker 2: made more easy because two children are admitted for one nickel.
• 3:38:15
  Speaker 2: At the last performance, when the hour is late and
• 3:38:18
  Speaker 2: the theater nearly deserted. The Hull House residents were aghast
• 3:38:22
  Speaker 2: at the early popularity of these mimic shows, and in
• 3:38:25
  Speaker 2: the days before the inspection of films and the present
• 3:38:28
  Speaker 2: regulations for the five cent theaters, we established at Hull
• 3:38:32
  Speaker 2: House a moving picture show. Although its success justified its existence,
• 3:38:37
  Speaker 2: it was so obviously but one in the midst of hundreds,
• 3:38:41
  Speaker 2: that it seemed much more advisable to turn our attention
• 3:38:43
  Speaker 2: to the improvement of all of them, or rather to
• 3:38:46
  Speaker 2: assist as best we could the successful efforts in this
• 3:38:50
  Speaker 2: direction by the Juvenile Protective Association. However, long before the
• 3:38:55
  Speaker 2: five cent theater was even heard of, we had accumulated
• 3:38:58
  Speaker 2: much testimony as to the power of the drama, and
• 3:39:01
  Speaker 2: we would have been dull, indeed, if we had not
• 3:39:04
  Speaker 2: availed ourselves of the use of the play at Hull House,
• 3:39:07
  Speaker 2: not only as an agent of recreation and education, but
• 3:39:11
  Speaker 2: as a vehicle of self expression for the teeming young
• 3:39:14
  Speaker 2: life all about us. Long before the Hull House Theater
• 3:39:18
  Speaker 2: was built, we had many plays, first in the drawing
• 3:39:21
  Speaker 2: room and later in the gymnasium. The young people's clubs
• 3:39:25
  Speaker 2: never tired of rehearsing and preparing for these dramatic occasions,
• 3:39:29
  Speaker 2: and we also discovered that older people were almost equally
• 3:39:32
  Speaker 2: ready and talented. We quickly learned that no celebration at
• 3:39:36
  Speaker 2: Thanksgiving one so popular as a graphic portrayal on the
• 3:39:40
  Speaker 2: stage of the Pilgrim Fathers, and we were often put
• 3:39:43
  Speaker 2: to it to reduce to dramatic effects the great days
• 3:39:47
  Speaker 2: of patriotism and religion. At one of our early Christmas celebrations,
• 3:39:51
  Speaker 2: Longfellow's Golden Legend was given, the actors portraying it with
• 3:39:56
  Speaker 2: the touch of the miracle play spirit which it reflects.
• 3:40:00
  Speaker 2: I remember, an old blind man who took the part
• 3:40:03
  Speaker 2: of a shepherd, said, at the end of the last performance,
• 3:40:06
  Speaker 2: kind Heart, a name by which he always addressed me.
• 3:40:10
  Speaker 2: It seems to me that I have been waiting all
• 3:40:13
  Speaker 2: my life to hear some of these things, said, I
• 3:40:15
  Speaker 2: am glad we had so many performances, for I think
• 3:40:18
  Speaker 2: I can remember them to the end. It is getting
• 3:40:21
  Speaker 2: hard for me to listen to reading. But the different
• 3:40:24
  Speaker 2: voices and all made this very plain. Had he not
• 3:40:28
  Speaker 2: perhaps made a legitimate demand upon the drama that it
• 3:40:32
  Speaker 2: shall express for us that which we have not been
• 3:40:35
  Speaker 2: able to formulate for ourselves, that it shall warm us
• 3:40:38
  Speaker 2: with a sense of companionship with the experiences of others.
• 3:40:43
  Speaker 2: Does not every genuine drama present our relations to each
• 3:40:46
  Speaker 2: other and to the world in which we find ourselves,
• 3:40:49
  Speaker 2: in such wise as may fortify us to the end
• 3:40:53
  Speaker 2: of the journey. The immigrants in the neighborhood of Hull
• 3:40:56
  Speaker 2: House have utilized our little stage in an endeavor to
• 3:40:59
  Speaker 2: reproduce them past of their own nations through those immortal
• 3:41:02
  Speaker 2: dramas which have escaped from the restraining bond of one
• 3:41:05
  Speaker 2: country into the land of the universal. A large colony
• 3:41:09
  Speaker 2: of Greeks near Hull House, who often feel that their
• 3:41:13
  Speaker 2: history and classic background are completely ignored by Americans, and
• 3:41:17
  Speaker 2: that they are easily confused with the more ignorant immigrants
• 3:41:20
  Speaker 2: from the other parts of Southeastern Europe, welcome an occasion
• 3:41:24
  Speaker 2: to present Greek plays in the ancient text with expert
• 3:41:28
  Speaker 2: help in the difficulties of staging and rehearsing a classic play.
• 3:41:32
  Speaker 2: They reproduced the Ajax of Sophocles upon the hull House stage.
• 3:41:37
  Speaker 2: It was a genuine triumph to the actors, who felt
• 3:41:40
  Speaker 2: that they were showing forth the glory of Greece to
• 3:41:43
  Speaker 2: ignorant Americans. The scholar, who came with a copy of
• 3:41:46
  Speaker 2: Sophocles in hand and followed the play with real enjoyment,
• 3:41:50
  Speaker 2: did not in the least realize that the revelation of
• 3:41:53
  Speaker 2: the love of Greek poets was mutual between the audience
• 3:41:57
  Speaker 2: and the actors. The Greeks have quite recently assisted an
• 3:42:01
  Speaker 2: enthusiast in producing Electra, while the Lithuanians, the Poles, and
• 3:42:06
  Speaker 2: other Russian subjects often used the hull House stage to
• 3:42:09
  Speaker 2: present plays in their own tongue, which shall, at one
• 3:42:12
  Speaker 2: and the same time keep alive their sense of participation
• 3:42:15
  Speaker 2: in the Great Russian Revolution and relieve their feelings in
• 3:42:18
  Speaker 2: regard to it. There is something still more appealing in
• 3:42:22
  Speaker 2: the yearning efforts the immigrants sometimes make to formulate their
• 3:42:25
  Speaker 2: situation in America. I recall a play written by an
• 3:42:29
  Speaker 2: Italian playwright of our neighborhood, which depicted the insolent break
• 3:42:33
  Speaker 2: between americanized sons and old country parents so touchingly that
• 3:42:37
  Speaker 2: it moved two tears all the older Italians in the audience.
• 3:42:42
  Speaker 2: Did the tears of each express relief in finding that
• 3:42:44
  Speaker 2: others had had the same experience as himself, And did
• 3:42:48
  Speaker 2: the knowledge free each one from a sense of isolation
• 3:42:51
  Speaker 2: and an injured belief that his children were the worst
• 3:42:54
  Speaker 2: of all. This effort to understand life through its dramatic portrayal,
• 3:42:59
  Speaker 2: to see one's our own participation intelligibly set forth, becomes
• 3:43:03
  Speaker 2: difficult when one enters the field of social development. But
• 3:43:07
  Speaker 2: even here it is not impossible if a settlement group
• 3:43:10
  Speaker 2: is constantly searching for new material. A labour story appearing
• 3:43:15
  Speaker 2: in the Atlantic Monthly, was kindly dramatized for us by
• 3:43:19
  Speaker 2: the author, who also superintended its presentation upon the Hull
• 3:43:23
  Speaker 2: House stage. The little drama presented the untutored effort of
• 3:43:27
  Speaker 2: a trade's union man to secure for his side the
• 3:43:30
  Speaker 2: beauty of self sacrifice the glamour of martyrdom, which so
• 3:43:34
  Speaker 2: often seems to belong solely to the non union forces.
• 3:43:38
  Speaker 2: The presentation of the play was attended by an audience
• 3:43:41
  Speaker 2: of trades unionists and employers and those other people who
• 3:43:45
  Speaker 2: are supposed to make public opinion. Together, they felt the
• 3:43:49
  Speaker 2: moral beauty of the man's conclusion that it's the side
• 3:43:53
  Speaker 2: that suffers most that will win out in this war.
• 3:43:56
  Speaker 2: The Saints is the only ones that has got the
• 3:43:59
  Speaker 2: world under their feet. We've got to do the way
• 3:44:02
  Speaker 2: they done if the unions is to stand so completely
• 3:44:06
  Speaker 2: that it seemed quite natural that he should forfeit his
• 3:44:09
  Speaker 2: life upon the truth of this statement. The dramatic arts
• 3:44:14
  Speaker 2: have gradually been developed at Hull House through amateur companies,
• 3:44:18
  Speaker 2: one of which has held together for more than fifteen years.
• 3:44:21
  Speaker 2: The members were originally selected from the young people who
• 3:44:24
  Speaker 2: had evinced talent in the plays. The social clubs were
• 3:44:27
  Speaker 2: always giving, but the association now adds to itself only
• 3:44:32
  Speaker 2: as vacancy occurs. Some of them have developed almost a
• 3:44:36
  Speaker 2: professional ability, although contrary to all predictions and in spite
• 3:44:40
  Speaker 2: of several offers, none of them have taken to a
• 3:44:43
  Speaker 2: stage career. They present all sorts of plays, from melodrama
• 3:44:47
  Speaker 2: and comedy to those of shaw Ibsen and Gaulsworthy. The
• 3:44:51
  Speaker 2: latter are surprisingly popular, perhaps because of their sincere attempt
• 3:44:56
  Speaker 2: to expose the shams and pretenses of contemporary life. And
• 3:45:00
  Speaker 2: to penetrate into some of its perplexing social and domestic situations.
• 3:45:05
  Speaker 2: Through such plays, the stage may become a pioneer teacher
• 3:45:08
  Speaker 2: of social righteousness. I have come to believe, however, that
• 3:45:13
  Speaker 2: the stage may do more than teach, that much of
• 3:45:16
  Speaker 2: our current moral instruction will not endure the test of
• 3:45:19
  Speaker 2: being cast into a lifelike mold, and when presented in
• 3:45:23
  Speaker 2: dramatic form, will reveal itself as platitudinous and defeat. That
• 3:45:28
  Speaker 2: which may have sounded like righteous teaching when it was
• 3:45:30
  Speaker 2: remote and worthy, will be challenged afresh when it is
• 3:45:34
  Speaker 2: obliged to simulate life itself. This function of the stage
• 3:45:38
  Speaker 2: as a reconstructing and reorganizing agent of accepted moral truths
• 3:45:43
  Speaker 2: came to me with overwhelming force as I listened to
• 3:45:46
  Speaker 2: the Passion play at Oberammergau one beautiful summer's Day in
• 3:45:50
  Speaker 2: nineteen hundred. The peasants, who portray exactly the successive scenes
• 3:45:54
  Speaker 2: of the Wonderful Life, who used only the very words
• 3:45:57
  Speaker 2: found in the accepted version of the Gospel's, yet curiously
• 3:46:01
  Speaker 2: modernized and reoriented the message. They made clear that the
• 3:46:05
  Speaker 2: opposition to the young Teacher sprang from the merchants whose
• 3:46:09
  Speaker 2: traffic in the temple he had disturbed, and from the
• 3:46:12
  Speaker 2: Pharisees who were dependent upon them for support. Their query
• 3:46:16
  Speaker 2: was curiously familiar, as they demanded the antecedents of the radical,
• 3:46:20
  Speaker 2: who dared to touch vested interests, who presumed to dictate
• 3:46:25
  Speaker 2: the morality of trade, and who insulted the marts of
• 3:46:28
  Speaker 2: honest merchants by calling them a den of thieves. As
• 3:46:33
  Speaker 2: the play developed, it became clear that this powerful opposition
• 3:46:36
  Speaker 2: had friends in church and state, that they controlled influences
• 3:46:40
  Speaker 2: which ramified in all directions. They obviously believed in their
• 3:46:44
  Speaker 2: statement of the case, and their very wealth and position
• 3:46:48
  Speaker 2: in the community gave their words such weight that finally
• 3:46:51
  Speaker 2: all of their hearers were convinced that the young agitator
• 3:46:55
  Speaker 2: must be done away with in order that the highest
• 3:46:57
  Speaker 2: interests of society might be concerned. These simple peasants made
• 3:47:02
  Speaker 2: it clear that it was the money power which induced
• 3:47:05
  Speaker 2: one of the agitator's closest friends to betray him, and
• 3:47:08
  Speaker 2: the villain of the peace, Judas himself, was only a
• 3:47:12
  Speaker 2: man who was so dazzled by money, so under the
• 3:47:15
  Speaker 2: domination of all it represented that he was perpetually blind
• 3:47:19
  Speaker 2: to the spiritual vision unrolling before him. As I sat
• 3:47:23
  Speaker 2: through the long summer day, seeing the shadows on the
• 3:47:26
  Speaker 2: beautiful mountain back of the open stage shift from one
• 3:47:29
  Speaker 2: side to the other, and finally grow long and pointed
• 3:47:33
  Speaker 2: in the soft evening light, my mind was filled with
• 3:47:36
  Speaker 2: perplexing questions. Did the dramatization of the life of Jesus
• 3:47:41
  Speaker 2: set forth its meaning more clearly and conclusively than talking
• 3:47:45
  Speaker 2: and preaching could possibly do. As a shadowy following of
• 3:47:49
  Speaker 2: the command to do the will, the peasant actors whom
• 3:47:53
  Speaker 2: I had seen returning from Mass that morning, had prayed
• 3:47:56
  Speaker 2: only to portray the life as he had lived it,
• 3:47:58
  Speaker 2: and behold out of their simplicity and piety, arose this
• 3:48:02
  Speaker 2: modern version, which even Harnack was only then venturing to
• 3:48:06
  Speaker 2: suggest to his advanced colleagues in Berlin. Yet the ober
• 3:48:10
  Speaker 2: Emergau Fold were very like thousands of immigrant men and
• 3:48:13
  Speaker 2: women of Chicago, both in their experiences and their familiarity
• 3:48:18
  Speaker 2: with the hard facts of life. And throughout that day,
• 3:48:21
  Speaker 2: as my mind dwelt on my far away neighbors, I
• 3:48:24
  Speaker 2: was reproached with the sense of an ungarnered harvest. Of course,
• 3:48:29
  Speaker 2: such a generally uplifted state comes only at rare moments.
• 3:48:33
  Speaker 2: While the development of the Little Theater at Hull House
• 3:48:36
  Speaker 2: has not depended on the moods of any one, but
• 3:48:39
  Speaker 2: upon the genuine enthusiasm and sustained effort of a group
• 3:48:42
  Speaker 2: of residents, several of them artists, who have ungrudgingly given
• 3:48:46
  Speaker 2: their time to it year after year. This group has
• 3:48:49
  Speaker 2: long fostered junior dramatic associations through which it seems possible
• 3:48:53
  Speaker 2: to give a training in manners and morals. More directly
• 3:48:56
  Speaker 2: than through any other medium. They have learned to determine
• 3:49:00
  Speaker 2: and very cleverly the ages at which various types of
• 3:49:03
  Speaker 2: the drama are most congruous and expressive of the sentiments
• 3:49:06
  Speaker 2: of the little troops. From the fairy plays such as
• 3:49:10
  Speaker 2: No White and Puss in Boots which appeal to the
• 3:49:12
  Speaker 2: youngest children, to the heroic plays of William Tell, King
• 3:49:17
  Speaker 2: John and Watt Tyler for the older lads, and to
• 3:49:20
  Speaker 2: the romances and comedies which set forth in stately fashion
• 3:49:24
  Speaker 2: the elaborated life which so many young people admire. A
• 3:49:28
  Speaker 2: group of Jewish boys gave a dramatic version of the
• 3:49:30
  Speaker 2: story of Joseph and his Brethren, and again of Queen
• 3:49:34
  Speaker 2: Esther They had almost a sense of proprietorship in the
• 3:49:37
  Speaker 2: fine old lines, and were pleased to bring from home
• 3:49:40
  Speaker 2: bits of Talmudic lore for the stage setting. The same
• 3:49:44
  Speaker 2: club of boys at one time will buoyantly give a
• 3:49:46
  Speaker 2: roaring comedy, and five years later will solemnly demand a
• 3:49:50
  Speaker 2: drama dealing with modern industrial conditions. The Hull House Theater
• 3:49:55
  Speaker 2: is also rented from time to time to members of
• 3:49:57
  Speaker 2: the Young People's Socialist League, who give plays both in
• 3:50:01
  Speaker 2: Yiddish and English, which reduced their propaganda to conversation. Through
• 3:50:06
  Speaker 2: such humble experiments as the Hull House Stage, as well
• 3:50:09
  Speaker 2: as through the more ambitious reforms which are attempted in
• 3:50:12
  Speaker 2: various parts of the country, the theater may at last
• 3:50:15
  Speaker 2: be restored to its rightful place in the community. There
• 3:50:19
  Speaker 2: have been times when our little stage was able to
• 3:50:21
  Speaker 2: serve the Tiatre Libre. A Chicago troupe, finding it difficult
• 3:50:26
  Speaker 2: to break into a trust theater used it one winter
• 3:50:29
  Speaker 2: twice a week for the presentation of Vibsen and old
• 3:50:32
  Speaker 2: French comedy. A visit from the Irish poet Yates inspired
• 3:50:36
  Speaker 2: us to do our share towards freeing the stage from
• 3:50:39
  Speaker 2: its slavery to expensive scene setting, and a forest of
• 3:50:42
  Speaker 2: stiff conventional trees against a gilt sky still remains with
• 3:50:46
  Speaker 2: us as a reminder of an attempt not wholly unsuccessful.
• 3:50:50
  Speaker 2: In this direction. This group of Hull House artists have
• 3:50:53
  Speaker 2: filled our little foyer with a series of charming play bills,
• 3:50:57
  Speaker 2: and by dint of painting their own scenery and may
• 3:51:00
  Speaker 2: making their own costumes, have obtained beguiling results in stage setting.
• 3:51:05
  Speaker 2: Sometimes all the artistic resources of the house unite in
• 3:51:08
  Speaker 2: a Wagnerian combination. Thus, the text of the Troll's Holiday
• 3:51:13
  Speaker 2: was written by one resident, set to music by another,
• 3:51:17
  Speaker 2: sung by the music school, and placed upon the stage
• 3:51:19
  Speaker 2: under the careful direction and training of the Dramatic Committee.
• 3:51:23
  Speaker 2: And the little brown Trolls could never have tumbled about
• 3:51:26
  Speaker 2: so gracefully in their gleaming caves unless they had been
• 3:51:30
  Speaker 2: taught in the gymnasium. Some such synthesis takes place every
• 3:51:34
  Speaker 2: year at the Hull House Annual Exhibition, when an effort
• 3:51:38
  Speaker 2: is made to bring together in a spirit of holiday,
• 3:51:41
  Speaker 2: the nine thousand people who come to the house every
• 3:51:43
  Speaker 2: week during dullar times. Curiously enough, the central feature at
• 3:51:47
  Speaker 2: the annual Exhibition seems to be the brass band of
• 3:51:50
  Speaker 2: the Boys Club, which apparently dominates the situation by sheer
• 3:51:54
  Speaker 2: size and noise, But perhaps their fresh, boyish enthusiasm expresses
• 3:51:59
  Speaker 2: that which the old, older people take more soberly. As
• 3:52:02
  Speaker 2: the stage of our little theater had attempted to portray
• 3:52:05
  Speaker 2: the heroes of many lands, so we planned one early
• 3:52:08
  Speaker 2: spring seven years ago to carry out a scheme of
• 3:52:11
  Speaker 2: mural decoration upon the walls of the theater itself, which
• 3:52:15
  Speaker 2: should portray those cosmopolitan heroes who have become great through
• 3:52:19
  Speaker 2: their identification with the common lot, in preference to the
• 3:52:23
  Speaker 2: heroes of mere achievement. In addition to the group of
• 3:52:26
  Speaker 2: artists living at Hull House, several others were in temporary residents,
• 3:52:30
  Speaker 2: and they all threw themselves enthusiastically into the plan. The
• 3:52:34
  Speaker 2: series began with Tolstoy plowing his field, which was painted
• 3:52:38
  Speaker 2: by an artist of the Glasgow School, and the next
• 3:52:41
  Speaker 2: was of the young Lincoln pushing his flat boat down
• 3:52:44
  Speaker 2: the Mississippi River at the moment he received his first
• 3:52:46
  Speaker 2: impression of the great iniquity. This was done by a
• 3:52:50
  Speaker 2: promising young artist of Chicago, and the wall spaces nearest
• 3:52:55
  Speaker 2: to the two selected heroes were quickly filled with their
• 3:52:58
  Speaker 2: immortal sayings. A spirited discussion thereupon ensued in regard to
• 3:53:03
  Speaker 2: the heroes for the two remaining large wall spaces, when,
• 3:53:07
  Speaker 2: to the surprise of all of us, the group of
• 3:53:09
  Speaker 2: twenty five residents, who had lived in unbroken harmony for
• 3:53:12
  Speaker 2: more than ten years, suddenly broke up into colts and
• 3:53:16
  Speaker 2: even camps of hero worship. Each cult exhibited drawings of
• 3:53:20
  Speaker 2: its own hero in his most heroic moment, and of
• 3:53:23
  Speaker 2: course each drawing received enthusiastic backing from the neighborhood, each
• 3:53:27
  Speaker 2: according to the nationality of the hero. Thus Phidious standing
• 3:53:32
  Speaker 2: high on his scaffold as he finished the heroic Head
• 3:53:35
  Speaker 2: of Athene, the young David dreamily playing his harp as
• 3:53:39
  Speaker 2: he tended his father's sheep at Bethlehem. Saint Francis washing
• 3:53:43
  Speaker 2: the feet of the leper, the young slave Patrick guiding
• 3:53:46
  Speaker 2: his master through the bogs of Ireland, which he later
• 3:53:49
  Speaker 2: rid of their dangers. The poet Hans Socks cobbling shoes,
• 3:53:54
  Speaker 2: Jean Dark dropping her spindle in startled wonder before the
• 3:53:58
  Speaker 2: heavenly visitants. Naturally, all obtained such enthusiastic following from our
• 3:54:04
  Speaker 2: cosmopolitan neighborhood that it was certain to give offense if
• 3:54:07
  Speaker 2: any two were selected. Then there was the cult of
• 3:54:11
  Speaker 2: residents who wished to keep the series contemporaneous, with the
• 3:54:14
  Speaker 2: two heroes already painted, and they advocated William Morse at
• 3:54:18
  Speaker 2: his loom, Walt Whitman tramping the open road pasture in
• 3:54:23
  Speaker 2: his laboratory, of Florence Nightingale seeking the wounded on the
• 3:54:27
  Speaker 2: field of battle. But beyond the Socialists, few of the
• 3:54:31
  Speaker 2: neighbors had heard of William Morris, and the fame of
• 3:54:34
  Speaker 2: Walt Whitman was still more apocryphal. Pasteur was considered merely
• 3:54:39
  Speaker 2: a clever scientist without the romance which evokes popular affection.
• 3:54:44
  Speaker 2: And in the provisional drawing submitted for votes, gentle Florence
• 3:54:48
  Speaker 2: Nightingale was said to look more as if she were
• 3:54:51
  Speaker 2: robbing the dead than succoring the wounded. The remark shows
• 3:54:55
  Speaker 2: how high the feeling ran. And then, as something must
• 3:54:59
  Speaker 2: be done quickly, we try to unite upon strictly local heroes,
• 3:55:03
  Speaker 2: such as the famous fire Marshal who had lived for
• 3:55:05
  Speaker 2: many years in our neighborhood. But why prolong this description,
• 3:55:09
  Speaker 2: which demonstrates once more that art, if not always the
• 3:55:13
  Speaker 2: handmaid of religion, yet insists upon serving those deeper sentiments
• 3:55:18
  Speaker 2: for which we unexpectedly find ourselves ready to fight. When
• 3:55:22
  Speaker 2: we were all fatigued and hopeless of compromise, we took
• 3:55:25
  Speaker 2: refuge in a series of landscapes, connected with our two
• 3:55:28
  Speaker 2: heroes by a quotation from Wordsworth, slightly distorted to meet
• 3:55:33
  Speaker 2: our dire need, but still stating his impassioned belief in
• 3:55:37
  Speaker 2: the efficacious spirit, capable of companionship with man, which resides
• 3:55:42
  Speaker 2: in particular spots. Certainly peace emanates from the particular folding
• 3:55:47
  Speaker 2: of the hills in one of our treasured mural landscapes.
• 3:55:51
  Speaker 2: Yet occasionally, when a guest with a bewildered air looks
• 3:55:54
  Speaker 2: from one side of the theater to the other, we
• 3:55:57
  Speaker 2: are forced to conclude that the connection is not convincing.
• 3:56:01
  Speaker 2: In spite of its stormy career, this attempt at mural
• 3:56:04
  Speaker 2: decoration connects itself quite naturally with the spirit of our
• 3:56:08
  Speaker 2: earlier efforts to make Hull House as beautiful as we could,
• 3:56:12
  Speaker 2: which had in it a desire to embody in the
• 3:56:14
  Speaker 2: outward aspect of the house something of the reminiscence and
• 3:56:18
  Speaker 2: aspiration of the neighborhood life. As the house enlarged for
• 3:56:22
  Speaker 2: new needs and mellowed through slow growing associations, we endeavored
• 3:56:27
  Speaker 2: to fashion it from without, as it were, as well
• 3:56:30
  Speaker 2: as from within. A tiny wall fountain modeled in classic
• 3:56:34
  Speaker 2: pattern for us penetrates into the world of the past,
• 3:56:38
  Speaker 2: but for the Italian immigrant it may defy distance and barriers,
• 3:56:42
  Speaker 2: as he dimly responds to that typical beauty in which
• 3:56:45
  Speaker 2: Italy has ever written its message. Even as classic art
• 3:56:48
  Speaker 2: knew no region of the gods which was not also sensuous,
• 3:56:52
  Speaker 2: and as the art of Dante mysteriously blended the material
• 3:56:56
  Speaker 2: and the spiritual, perhaps the early devotion of the Hull
• 3:57:00
  Speaker 2: House residence to the pre Raphaelites recognized that they, above
• 3:57:05
  Speaker 2: all English speaking poets and painters, reveal the sense of
• 3:57:08
  Speaker 2: the expressiveness of outward things, which is at once the
• 3:57:12
  Speaker 2: glory and the limitation of the arts. End of Chapter sixteen.
• 3:57:19
  Speaker 4: Chapter seventeen, Echoes of the Russian Revolution. The residents of
• 3:57:26
  Speaker 4: Hull House have always seen many evidences of the Russian Revolution.
• 3:57:30
  Speaker 4: A forlorn family of little children whose parents have been
• 3:57:33
  Speaker 4: massacred at Kishnev are received and supported by their relatives
• 3:57:37
  Speaker 4: in our Chicago neighborhood. Or a Russian woman, her face
• 3:57:42
  Speaker 4: streaming with tears of indignation and pity, asks you to
• 3:57:45
  Speaker 4: look at the scarred back of her sister, a young
• 3:57:48
  Speaker 4: girl who has escaped with her life from the whips
• 3:57:51
  Speaker 4: of the Cossack soldiers. Or a studious young woman suddenly
• 3:57:55
  Speaker 4: disappears from the hull house classes because she has returned
• 3:57:59
  Speaker 4: to Kiev to be near her brother while he is
• 3:58:01
  Speaker 4: in prison, that she may earn money for the nourishing
• 3:58:04
  Speaker 4: food which alone will keep him from contracting tuberculosis. Or
• 3:58:09
  Speaker 4: we attend a protest meeting against the newest outrages of
• 3:58:12
  Speaker 4: the Russian government, in which the speeches are interrupted by
• 3:58:16
  Speaker 4: the grows whose sons have been sacrificed, and by the
• 3:58:19
  Speaker 4: hisses of others who cannot repress their indignation. At such moments,
• 3:58:24
  Speaker 4: an American is acutely conscious of her ignorance of the
• 3:58:26
  Speaker 4: greatest tragedy of modern times, and at our indifference to
• 3:58:30
  Speaker 4: the waste of perhaps the noblest human material among our contemporaries.
• 3:58:35
  Speaker 4: Certain it is as the distinguished Russian revolutionists have come
• 3:58:39
  Speaker 4: to Chicago. They have impressed me as no one else
• 3:58:42
  Speaker 4: has ever done, as belonging to that noble company of
• 3:58:46
  Speaker 4: martyrs who have ever again poured forth blood that human
• 3:58:50
  Speaker 4: progress might be advanced. Sometimes these men and women have
• 3:58:54
  Speaker 4: addressed audiences gathered quite outside the Russian colony, and have
• 3:58:58
  Speaker 4: filled to overflowing chicago largest halls with American citizens deeply
• 3:59:03
  Speaker 4: touched by this message of martyrdom. One significant meeting was
• 3:59:07
  Speaker 4: addressed by a member of the Russian Duma and by
• 3:59:10
  Speaker 4: one of Russia's oldest and sanest revolutionists. Another by Madame Breshkovsky,
• 3:59:16
  Speaker 4: who later languished a prisoner in the Fortress of Saint
• 3:59:19
  Speaker 4: Peter and Saint Paul. In this wonderful procession of revolutionists,
• 3:59:24
  Speaker 4: Prince Kropotkin, or as he prefers to be called Peter Kroptkin,
• 3:59:29
  Speaker 4: was doubtless the most distinguished. When he came to America
• 3:59:33
  Speaker 4: to lecture. He was heard throughout the country with great
• 3:59:35
  Speaker 4: interest and respect. That he was a guest of Hull
• 3:59:38
  Speaker 4: House during his stay in Chicago attracted little attention at
• 3:59:42
  Speaker 4: the time, but two years later, when the assassination of
• 3:59:45
  Speaker 4: President McKinley occurred, the visit of this kindly scholar, who
• 3:59:49
  Speaker 4: had always called himself an anarchist and had certainly written
• 3:59:53
  Speaker 4: fiery tracts in his younger manhood was made the basis
• 3:59:56
  Speaker 4: of an attack upon Hull House by a daily newspaper,
• 4:00:00
  Speaker 4: which ignored the fact that Prince Kropkin had addressed the
• 4:00:03
  Speaker 4: Chicago Arts and Craft Society at Hull House, giving a
• 4:00:07
  Speaker 4: digest of his remarkable books on fields, factories and workshops.
• 4:00:11
  Speaker 4: He had also spoken at state universities of Illinois and Wisconsin,
• 4:00:16
  Speaker 4: and before the leading literary and scientific societies of Chicago.
• 4:00:20
  Speaker 4: Reed institutions and societies were not therefore called anarchistic. Hull
• 4:00:26
  Speaker 4: House had undoubtedly laid itself open to this attack through
• 4:00:29
  Speaker 4: an incident connected with the imprisonment of the editor on
• 4:00:32
  Speaker 4: an anarchistic paper, who was arrested in Chicago immediately after
• 4:00:37
  Speaker 4: the assassination of President McKinley. In the excitement following the
• 4:00:41
  Speaker 4: national calamity and the avowal by the assassin of the
• 4:00:45
  Speaker 4: influence of the anarchistic lecture to which he had listened,
• 4:00:48
  Speaker 4: arrests were made in Chicago of everyone suspected of anarchy.
• 4:00:53
  Speaker 4: In the belief that a widespread plot would be uncovered.
• 4:00:56
  Speaker 4: The editor's house was searched for incriminating literature. His wife
• 4:01:00
  Speaker 4: and daughter taken to a police station, and his son
• 4:01:03
  Speaker 4: and himself, with several other suspected anarchists, were placed in
• 4:01:08
  Speaker 4: the disused cells in the basement of the city Hall.
• 4:01:12
  Speaker 4: It is impossible to overstate the public excitement of the
• 4:01:15
  Speaker 4: moment and the unfathomable sense of horror with which the
• 4:01:19
  Speaker 4: community regarded an attack upon the chief execution of the
• 4:01:23
  Speaker 4: nation as a crime against government itself, which compels an
• 4:01:27
  Speaker 4: instinctive recoil from all law abiding citizens. Doubtless, both the
• 4:01:31
  Speaker 4: horror and recoil have their roots deep down in human experience.
• 4:01:35
  Speaker 4: The earliest forms of government implied a group which offered
• 4:01:39
  Speaker 4: competent resistance to outsiders, but, assuming no protection was necessary
• 4:01:43
  Speaker 4: between any two of its own members, promptly punished with
• 4:01:47
  Speaker 4: death the traitor who had assaulted any one within. An
• 4:01:51
  Speaker 4: anarchistic attack against an official thus furnishes an accredited basis
• 4:01:56
  Speaker 4: both for unreasoning hatred and for prompt punishment. Both the
• 4:02:01
  Speaker 4: hatred and a determination to punish reached the highest pitch
• 4:02:04
  Speaker 4: in Chicago after the assassination of President McKinley and the
• 4:02:08
  Speaker 4: group of wretched men detained and the old fashioned, scarcely
• 4:02:11
  Speaker 4: habitable cells had not the least idea of their ultimate fate.
• 4:02:17
  Speaker 4: They were not allowed to see an attorney and were
• 4:02:19
  Speaker 4: kept in communicado, as their excited friends called it. I
• 4:02:24
  Speaker 4: had seen the editor and his family only during Prince
• 4:02:26
  Speaker 4: Kropotkin's stay at Hull House, when they had come to
• 4:02:30
  Speaker 4: visit him several times. The editor had impressed me as
• 4:02:33
  Speaker 4: a quiet, scholarly man challenging the social order by the
• 4:02:37
  Speaker 4: philosophic touchstone of Bakunin and Herbert Spencer, somewhat startled by
• 4:02:42
  Speaker 4: the radicalism of his fiery young son and much comforted
• 4:02:46
  Speaker 4: by the German domesticity of his wife and daughter. Perhaps
• 4:02:50
  Speaker 4: it was but my hysterical symptom of the universal excitement,
• 4:02:54
  Speaker 4: but it certainly seemed to me more than I could bear.
• 4:02:56
  Speaker 4: When a group of his individualistic friends who had come
• 4:03:00
  Speaker 4: to ask for help, said, you see what becomes of
• 4:03:03
  Speaker 4: your boasted law. The authorities won't even allow an attorney,
• 4:03:07
  Speaker 4: nor will they accept bail for these men, against whom
• 4:03:10
  Speaker 4: nothing can be proved. Although the veriest criminals are not
• 4:03:13
  Speaker 4: denied such a right, challenged by an anarchist, one is
• 4:03:18
  Speaker 4: always sensitive for the honor of legally constituted society, and
• 4:03:22
  Speaker 4: I replied that of course, the men could have an attorney,
• 4:03:25
  Speaker 4: that the assassin himself would eventually be furnished with one.
• 4:03:28
  Speaker 4: That the fact that a man was an anarchist had
• 4:03:31
  Speaker 4: nothing to do with his rights before the law. I
• 4:03:34
  Speaker 4: was met with the retort that might do for a theory,
• 4:03:37
  Speaker 4: but that the fact still remained that these men had
• 4:03:40
  Speaker 4: been absolutely isolated, seeing no one but policemen who constantly
• 4:03:45
  Speaker 4: frightened them with tales of public clamor and threatened lynching.
• 4:03:49
  Speaker 4: The conversation took place on Saturday night, and as the
• 4:03:53
  Speaker 4: final police authority rests in the Mayor, with a friend
• 4:03:56
  Speaker 4: who was equally disturbed over the situation, I repaired to
• 4:04:00
  Speaker 4: his house on Sunday morning to appeal to him in
• 4:04:02
  Speaker 4: the interest of a law and order that should not
• 4:04:05
  Speaker 4: yield to panic. We contended that to the anarchist, above
• 4:04:09
  Speaker 4: all men, it must be demonstrated that law is impartial
• 4:04:13
  Speaker 4: and stands the test of every strain. The mayor herders
• 4:04:17
  Speaker 4: through with the ready sympathy of the successful politician. He insisted, however,
• 4:04:22
  Speaker 4: that the men thus far had merely been properly protected
• 4:04:25
  Speaker 4: against lynching, but that it might now be safe to
• 4:04:28
  Speaker 4: allow them to see one He would not yet, however,
• 4:04:31
  Speaker 4: take the responsibility of permitting an attorney. But if I
• 4:04:36
  Speaker 4: myself chose to see them on the humanitarian errand of
• 4:04:39
  Speaker 4: an assurance of fair play, he would write me a
• 4:04:42
  Speaker 4: permit at once. I promptly fell into the trap, if
• 4:04:46
  Speaker 4: trap it was, and within half an hour was in
• 4:04:49
  Speaker 4: a corridor in the City Hall basement, talking to the
• 4:04:52
  Speaker 4: distracted editor, and surrounded by a cordon of police, who
• 4:04:55
  Speaker 4: assured me that it was not safe to permit him
• 4:04:58
  Speaker 4: out of his cell. The editor, who had grown thin
• 4:05:02
  Speaker 4: and haggard under his suspense, asked immediately as to the
• 4:05:05
  Speaker 4: whereabouts of his wife and daughter, concerning whom he had
• 4:05:09
  Speaker 4: heard not a word since he had seen them arrested. Gradually,
• 4:05:12
  Speaker 4: he became composed as he learned not that his testimony
• 4:05:16
  Speaker 4: had been believed to the effect that he had never
• 4:05:18
  Speaker 4: seen the assassin but once, and had then considered him
• 4:05:21
  Speaker 4: a foolish, half witted creature, but that the most thoroughgoing
• 4:05:25
  Speaker 4: dragnet investigations on the part of the United Police of
• 4:05:28
  Speaker 4: the country had failed to discover a plot. That the
• 4:05:31
  Speaker 4: public was gradually becoming convinced that the dastardly act was
• 4:05:35
  Speaker 4: that of a solitary man with no political or social affiliations.
• 4:05:40
  Speaker 4: The entire conversation was simple and did not seem to
• 4:05:43
  Speaker 4: me unlike in motive or character interviews I had had
• 4:05:46
  Speaker 4: with many another forlorn man who had fallen into prison.
• 4:05:50
  Speaker 4: I had scarce returned to Hull House, however, before it
• 4:05:54
  Speaker 4: was filled with reporters, and I at once discovered that
• 4:05:57
  Speaker 4: whether or not I had helped a brother out of
• 4:05:59
  Speaker 4: a pit, I had fallen into a deep one myself.
• 4:06:03
  Speaker 4: A period of sharp public opprobrium followed, traces of which
• 4:06:08
  Speaker 4: I suppose will always remain. And yet in the midst
• 4:06:11
  Speaker 4: of the letters of protest and accusation, which made my
• 4:06:14
  Speaker 4: mail a horror every morning, came a few letters of
• 4:06:17
  Speaker 4: another sort, one from a federal judge whom I had
• 4:06:20
  Speaker 4: never seen, and another from a distinguished professor in the
• 4:06:24
  Speaker 4: constituental law, who congratulated me on what they termed a
• 4:06:28
  Speaker 4: sane attempt to uphold the law in time of panic.
• 4:06:33
  Speaker 4: Although one or two ardent young people rushed into print
• 4:06:36
  Speaker 4: to defend me from the charge of a betting anarchy,
• 4:06:39
  Speaker 4: it seemed to me at the time that mere words
• 4:06:41
  Speaker 4: could not avail. I had felt that the protection of
• 4:06:45
  Speaker 4: the law itself extended to the most unpopular citizen, was
• 4:06:48
  Speaker 4: the only reply to the anarchistic argument to the effect
• 4:06:52
  Speaker 4: that this moment of panic revealed the truth of their
• 4:06:55
  Speaker 4: theory of government, that the custodians of law and order
• 4:06:58
  Speaker 4: have become the government itself, quite as the armed men
• 4:07:02
  Speaker 4: hired by the medieval guards to protect them in the
• 4:07:04
  Speaker 4: peaceful pursuit of their avocations through sheer possession of arms,
• 4:07:09
  Speaker 4: finally made themselves rulers of the city. At that moment,
• 4:07:13
  Speaker 4: I was firmly convinced that the public could only be
• 4:07:16
  Speaker 4: convicted of the blindness of its course when a body
• 4:07:19
  Speaker 4: of people with one hundredfold of the moral energy possessed
• 4:07:22
  Speaker 4: by a settlement group should make clear that there is
• 4:07:25
  Speaker 4: no method by which any community can be guarded against
• 4:07:29
  Speaker 4: sporadic efforts on the part of half crazed, discouraged men,
• 4:07:33
  Speaker 4: save by a sense of mutual rights and securities, which
• 4:07:36
  Speaker 4: will include the veriest outcast. It seemed to me, then,
• 4:07:40
  Speaker 4: that in the millions of words uttered and written at
• 4:07:43
  Speaker 4: the time, no one adequately urged that public spirited citizens
• 4:07:48
  Speaker 4: set themselves the task of patiently discovering how these sporadic
• 4:07:52
  Speaker 4: acts of violence against government may be understood and averted.
• 4:07:56
  Speaker 4: We do not know whether they accre among the discouraged
• 4:07:59
  Speaker 4: and the honest, similated immigrants who might be cared for
• 4:08:02
  Speaker 4: in such a way as enormously to lessen the probability
• 4:08:05
  Speaker 4: of these acts, or whether they are the result of
• 4:08:08
  Speaker 4: anarchistic teaching. By hastily concluding the latter and the sole
• 4:08:13
  Speaker 4: explanation for them, we make no attempt to heal and
• 4:08:17
  Speaker 4: cure the situation. Failure to make a proper diagnosis may
• 4:08:21
  Speaker 4: mean treatment of a disease which does not exist, or
• 4:08:24
  Speaker 4: it may, furthermore mean that the dire malady from which
• 4:08:27
  Speaker 4: the patient is suffering be permitted to develop unchecked. And yet,
• 4:08:32
  Speaker 4: as the details of the meager life of the President's
• 4:08:35
  Speaker 4: assassin were disclosed, they were a challenge to the forces
• 4:08:39
  Speaker 4: for social betterment in American cities. Was it not an
• 4:08:42
  Speaker 4: indictment to all those whose business it is to interpret
• 4:08:45
  Speaker 4: and solace the wretched that a boy should have grown
• 4:08:48
  Speaker 4: up in an American city so uncared for, so untouched
• 4:08:51
  Speaker 4: by higher issues, his wounds of life, so unhealed by religion,
• 4:08:56
  Speaker 4: that the first talk he ever heard dealing with life
• 4:08:58
  Speaker 4: strongs Although anarchistic and violence should yet appear to point
• 4:09:02
  Speaker 4: away of relief. The conviction that the sense of fellowship
• 4:09:07
  Speaker 4: is the only implement which will break into the locked
• 4:09:10
  Speaker 4: purpose of a half crazed creature bent upon destruction in
• 4:09:13
  Speaker 4: the name of justice came to me through an experience
• 4:09:16
  Speaker 4: recited to me at this time by an old anarchist.
• 4:09:20
  Speaker 4: He was a German cobbler who, through all the changes
• 4:09:23
  Speaker 4: in the manufacturing of shoes, had steadily clung to his
• 4:09:26
  Speaker 4: little shop on a Chicago thoroughfare, partly as an expression
• 4:09:30
  Speaker 4: of his individualism, and partly because he preferred bitter poverty
• 4:09:34
  Speaker 4: in a place of his own to good wages under
• 4:09:37
  Speaker 4: a disciplinary foreman, the assassin of President McKinley, on his
• 4:09:41
  Speaker 4: way through Chicago only a few days before he had
• 4:09:44
  Speaker 4: committed his dastardly deed, had visited all of the anarchists
• 4:09:47
  Speaker 4: whom he could find in the city, asking them for
• 4:09:50
  Speaker 4: the password, as he called it. They, of course possessed
• 4:09:53
  Speaker 4: no such thing, and had turned him away, some with disgust,
• 4:09:57
  Speaker 4: and all with a certain degree of impatience, as a
• 4:10:00
  Speaker 4: type of the ill balanced man, who, as they put it,
• 4:10:03
  Speaker 4: was always hanging around the movement without the slightest concept
• 4:10:06
  Speaker 4: of its meaning among other people. He visited the German cobbler,
• 4:10:12
  Speaker 4: who treated him much as the others had done, but
• 4:10:15
  Speaker 4: who after the event had made clear the identity of
• 4:10:18
  Speaker 4: his visitor, was filled with the most bitter remorse that
• 4:10:21
  Speaker 4: he had failed to utilize his chance meeting with the
• 4:10:24
  Speaker 4: assassin to deter him from his purpose. He knew, as
• 4:10:27
  Speaker 4: well as any psychologist who had read the history of
• 4:10:30
  Speaker 4: such solitary men, that the only possible way to break
• 4:10:33
  Speaker 4: down such a persistent and secretive purpose was by the
• 4:10:37
  Speaker 4: kindliness which might have induced confession, which might have restored
• 4:10:41
  Speaker 4: the assassin into fellowship with normal men. In the midst
• 4:10:45
  Speaker 4: of his bitter remorse, the cobbler told me a tale
• 4:10:48
  Speaker 4: of his own youth. That years before, when an ardent
• 4:10:51
  Speaker 4: young fellow in Germany newly converted to the philosophy of anarchism,
• 4:10:54
  Speaker 4: as he called it, he had made up his mind
• 4:10:57
  Speaker 4: that the church, as much as the state, was response
• 4:11:00
  Speaker 4: usible for human oppression, and that this fact could best
• 4:11:03
  Speaker 4: be set forth in the deed by the public destruction
• 4:11:06
  Speaker 4: of a clergyman or priest. That he had carried firearms
• 4:11:10
  Speaker 4: for a year with this purpose in mind, but that
• 4:11:12
  Speaker 4: one pleasant summer evening, in a moment of weakness, he
• 4:11:15
  Speaker 4: had confided his intentions to a friend, and that from
• 4:11:19
  Speaker 4: that moment he not only lost all desire to carry
• 4:11:22
  Speaker 4: it out, but it seemed to him the most preposterous
• 4:11:25
  Speaker 4: thing imaginable. In concluding the story, he said that poor
• 4:11:29
  Speaker 4: fellow just sat beside me on the bench. If I
• 4:11:32
  Speaker 4: had only put my hand on his shoulder and said,
• 4:11:35
  Speaker 4: now look here, brother, what is on your mind? What
• 4:11:38
  Speaker 4: makes you talk of such nonsense? Tell me I have
• 4:11:41
  Speaker 4: seen much of life, and understand all kinds of men.
• 4:11:44
  Speaker 4: I have been young, and hot headed and foolish myself.
• 4:11:47
  Speaker 4: If he had told me of his purpose then and there,
• 4:11:50
  Speaker 4: he would never have carried it out. The whole nation
• 4:11:53
  Speaker 4: would have been spared this horror. As he continued, he
• 4:11:57
  Speaker 4: shook his gray head and sighed, as if the whole
• 4:12:00
  Speaker 4: incident were more than he could bear, one of those
• 4:12:03
  Speaker 4: terrible sins of omission, one of those things he ought
• 4:12:06
  Speaker 4: to have done, the memory of which is so hard
• 4:12:09
  Speaker 4: to endure. The attempt to settlement makes to interpret American
• 4:12:14
  Speaker 4: institutions to those who are bewildered concerning them, either because
• 4:12:18
  Speaker 4: of their personal experiences or because of preconceived theories would
• 4:12:22
  Speaker 4: seem to lie in the direct path of its public obligations.
• 4:12:26
  Speaker 4: And yet it is apparently impossible for the overwrought community
• 4:12:30
  Speaker 4: to distinguish between the excitement the settlements are endeavoring to understand,
• 4:12:34
  Speaker 4: and to ally the attitude of the settlement itself. At
• 4:12:38
  Speaker 4: times a public panic, fervid denunciation is held to be
• 4:12:41
  Speaker 4: the duty of every good citizen. And if a settlement
• 4:12:45
  Speaker 4: is convinced that the idea should be used to vindicate
• 4:12:48
  Speaker 4: the law, and does not, at the moment give its
• 4:12:50
  Speaker 4: strength to denunciation, his attitude is at once taken to
• 4:12:54
  Speaker 4: imply a championship of anarchy itself. The public mind at
• 4:12:59
  Speaker 4: such a moment falls into the old medieval confusion. He
• 4:13:02
  Speaker 4: who feeds our shelters a heretic, is, upon prima facy
• 4:13:06
  Speaker 4: evidence a heretic himself. He who knows intimately people among
• 4:13:10
  Speaker 4: whom anarchists arise, is therefore an anarchist. I personally am
• 4:13:15
  Speaker 4: convinced that Anarchias' philosophy is dying down, not only in
• 4:13:19
  Speaker 4: Chicago but everywhere, that their leading organs have discontinued publication,
• 4:13:24
  Speaker 4: and that their most eminent men in America have deserted them.
• 4:13:28
  Speaker 4: Even those groups which have continued to meet are dividing,
• 4:13:32
  Speaker 4: and the major half in almost every instant calls itself
• 4:13:35
  Speaker 4: socialist anarchists, an apparent contradiction of terms, whose members insist
• 4:13:40
  Speaker 4: that the socialistic organization of society must be the next
• 4:13:45
  Speaker 4: stage of social development and must be gone through with,
• 4:13:48
  Speaker 4: so to speak, before the ideal state of society can
• 4:13:52
  Speaker 4: be reached, so nearly begging the question that some unorthodox
• 4:13:56
  Speaker 4: socialists are willing to recognize them. It is certainly true
• 4:14:00
  Speaker 4: that just because anarchy questions the very foundations of society,
• 4:14:05
  Speaker 4: the most elemental sense of protection demands that the methods
• 4:14:08
  Speaker 4: of meeting the challenge should be intelligently considered. Whether or
• 4:14:13
  Speaker 4: not Hull House has accomplished anything by its method of
• 4:14:16
  Speaker 4: meeting such a situation, or at least attempting to treat
• 4:14:20
  Speaker 4: it in a way which will not destroy confidence in
• 4:14:22
  Speaker 4: the American institutions so adored by refugees from foreign governmental oppression,
• 4:14:28
  Speaker 4: it is of course impossible for me to say. And
• 4:14:32
  Speaker 4: yet it was in connection with an effort to pursue
• 4:14:34
  Speaker 4: an intelligent policy in regard to so called foreign anarchist
• 4:14:39
  Speaker 4: that the Hull House again became associated with that creed.
• 4:14:42
  Speaker 4: Six years later, this again was an echo of the
• 4:14:45
  Speaker 4: Russian Revolution, but in connection with one of its humblest representatives.
• 4:14:51
  Speaker 4: A young Russian Jew named Averbuch appeared in the early
• 4:14:55
  Speaker 4: morning at the house of the Chicago Chief of Police
• 4:14:58
  Speaker 4: upon an obscure errand it was a moment of panic
• 4:15:01
  Speaker 4: everywhere in regard to anarchists because of a recent murder
• 4:15:05
  Speaker 4: in Denver which had been charged to an Italian anarchist,
• 4:15:08
  Speaker 4: and a chief of police, assuming that the dark young
• 4:15:11
  Speaker 4: man standing in his hallway was an anarchist bent upon
• 4:15:13
  Speaker 4: his assassination, hastily called for help. In a panic born
• 4:15:18
  Speaker 4: of fear and self defense, young Avarbuch was shot to death.
• 4:15:23
  Speaker 4: The members of the Russian Jewish colony on the West
• 4:15:26
  Speaker 4: side of Chicago were thrown into a state of intense
• 4:15:29
  Speaker 4: excitement as soon as the nationality of the young man
• 4:15:31
  Speaker 4: became known. They were filled with dark forebodings from a
• 4:15:35
  Speaker 4: swift precedence of what it would mean to them where
• 4:15:38
  Speaker 4: the odium of anarchy, rightly or wrongly attached to one
• 4:15:41
  Speaker 4: of their members. It seemed to the residence of Hull
• 4:15:44
  Speaker 4: House most important that every effort should be made to
• 4:15:47
  Speaker 4: ascertain just what did happen, that every means of securing
• 4:15:51
  Speaker 4: information should be exhausted before a final opinion should be formed,
• 4:15:55
  Speaker 4: and this odium fastened upon a colony of law abiding citizens.
• 4:16:00
  Speaker 4: The police might be right or wrong in their accession
• 4:16:02
  Speaker 4: that the man was an anarchist. It was to our
• 4:16:05
  Speaker 4: minds also most unfortunate that the Chicago police, and the
• 4:16:09
  Speaker 4: determination to uncover an anarchistic plot, should have utilized the
• 4:16:13
  Speaker 4: most drastic methods of search within the Russian Jewish colony,
• 4:16:16
  Speaker 4: composed of families only too familiar with the methods of
• 4:16:20
  Speaker 4: Russian police. Therefore, when the Chicago police ransacked all the
• 4:16:25
  Speaker 4: printing offices they could locate in the colony, when they
• 4:16:28
  Speaker 4: raided a restaurant which they regarded as suspicious because it
• 4:16:32
  Speaker 4: had been supplying food at cost to the unemployed, When
• 4:16:35
  Speaker 4: they searched through private houses for papers and photographs of revolutionaries,
• 4:16:39
  Speaker 4: When they seized the library of the Edelstat group and
• 4:16:42
  Speaker 4: carried the books, including Shakespeare and Herbert Spencer to the
• 4:16:46
  Speaker 4: city hall. When they arrested two friends of young Averbuch
• 4:16:50
  Speaker 4: and kept them in the police station forty eight hours,
• 4:16:53
  Speaker 4: when they mercilessly sweated the sister Oga that she might
• 4:16:57
  Speaker 4: be startled into a confession. These things so poignantly reminded
• 4:17:02
  Speaker 4: them of Russian methods that the indignation fed both old
• 4:17:05
  Speaker 4: memory and bitter disappointment in America, swept over the entire colony.
• 4:17:11
  Speaker 4: The older men asked whether constitutional rights gave no guarantee
• 4:17:15
  Speaker 4: against such violent aggression of police power, and the hot
• 4:17:19
  Speaker 4: headed younger ones cried out at once that the only
• 4:17:21
  Speaker 4: way to deal with the police was to defy them,
• 4:17:24
  Speaker 4: which was true of police the world over. It was
• 4:17:27
  Speaker 4: said many times that those who are without influence and
• 4:17:30
  Speaker 4: protection in a strange country fair exactly as hard as
• 4:17:34
  Speaker 4: do the poor in Europe. That all the talk of
• 4:17:37
  Speaker 4: guaranteed protection through political institutions is nonsense. Every settlement has
• 4:17:43
  Speaker 4: classes and citizenship in which the principles of American institutions
• 4:17:48
  Speaker 4: are expounded, and of these the community as a whole approves.
• 4:17:52
  Speaker 4: But the settlements no better than anyone else, that while
• 4:17:55
  Speaker 4: these classes and lectures are useful, nothing can possibly give
• 4:17:59
  Speaker 4: lessons in citiesationship so effectively and makes so clear the
• 4:18:03
  Speaker 4: constitutional basis of a self governing community as the current
• 4:18:07
  Speaker 4: event itself. The treatment at a given moment of that
• 4:18:10
  Speaker 4: foreign colony which feels itself outraged and misunderstood, either makes
• 4:18:15
  Speaker 4: its constitutional rights clear to it or forever confuses it
• 4:18:19
  Speaker 4: on the subject. The only method by which a reasonable
• 4:18:24
  Speaker 4: and loyal conception of government may be substituted for the
• 4:18:28
  Speaker 4: one formed upon Russian experiences is that the actual experience
• 4:18:32
  Speaker 4: of refugees with government in America shall gradually demonstrate what
• 4:18:36
  Speaker 4: a very different thing government means here. Such an event
• 4:18:40
  Speaker 4: as the Avarbook affair accords an unprecedented opportunity to make
• 4:18:45
  Speaker 4: clear this difference, and to demonstrate, beyond the possibility of misunderstanding,
• 4:18:50
  Speaker 4: that the guarantee of constitutional rights implies that officialism shall
• 4:18:54
  Speaker 4: be restrained and guarded at every point, that the official
• 4:18:58
  Speaker 4: represents not the will of small administrative body, but the
• 4:19:02
  Speaker 4: will of the entire people, and that methods therefore have
• 4:19:05
  Speaker 4: been constituted by which official aggression may be restrained. The
• 4:19:10
  Speaker 4: Averbook incident gave an opportunity to demonstrate this to that
• 4:19:14
  Speaker 4: very body of people who need it most, to those
• 4:19:17
  Speaker 4: who have lived in Russia, where the autocratic officers represent
• 4:19:21
  Speaker 4: autocratic power, and where government is officialism. It seemed to
• 4:19:26
  Speaker 4: the residents in the settlements the nearest the Jewish Russian colony,
• 4:19:30
  Speaker 4: that it was an obvious piece of public spirit to
• 4:19:33
  Speaker 4: try out all the legal value involved to insist that
• 4:19:37
  Speaker 4: American institutions were stout enough to break down in times
• 4:19:40
  Speaker 4: of stress and public panic. The belief of many Russians
• 4:19:45
  Speaker 4: that the Averbook incident would be made a prelude to
• 4:19:48
  Speaker 4: the constant use of the extradition Treaty for the sake
• 4:19:51
  Speaker 4: of terrorizing revolutionists both at home and abroad received a
• 4:19:55
  Speaker 4: certain corroboration when an attempt was made in nineteen o
• 4:19:59
  Speaker 4: eight to ect extradite a Russian revolutionist named Rudovitz who
• 4:20:03
  Speaker 4: was living in Chicago. The first hearing before a United
• 4:20:08
  Speaker 4: States commissioner gave a verdict favorable to the Russian government,
• 4:20:12
  Speaker 4: although this was afterwards reversed by the Department of State
• 4:20:16
  Speaker 4: in Washington, partly to educate the American sentiment, partly to
• 4:20:20
  Speaker 4: express sympathy with the Russian refugees in their dire need.
• 4:20:24
  Speaker 4: A series of public meetings was arranged in which the
• 4:20:27
  Speaker 4: operations of the Extradition Treaty were discussed by many of
• 4:20:31
  Speaker 4: us who had spoken at a meeting held in protest
• 4:20:33
  Speaker 4: against its ratification fifteen years before. It is impossible for
• 4:20:38
  Speaker 4: anyone unacquainted with the Russian colony to realize the consternation
• 4:20:42
  Speaker 4: produced by this attempted extradition. I acted as a treasurer
• 4:20:47
  Speaker 4: of the fund collected to defray the expenses of halls
• 4:20:50
  Speaker 4: and printing in the campaign against a policy of extradition,
• 4:20:54
  Speaker 4: and had many opportunities to talk with members of the colony.
• 4:20:58
  Speaker 4: One old man, tearing his heren beard as he spoke,
• 4:21:01
  Speaker 4: declared that all his sons and grandsons might thus be
• 4:21:04
  Speaker 4: sent back to Russia. In fact, all the younger men
• 4:21:07
  Speaker 4: in the colony might be extradited, for every high spirited
• 4:21:11
  Speaker 4: Russian was, in a sense a revolutionist. Would it not
• 4:21:15
  Speaker 4: provoke to ironic laughter that very nemesis which presides over
• 4:21:19
  Speaker 4: the destinies of nations. If the most autocratic government yet
• 4:21:23
  Speaker 4: remaining in civilization should succeed in utilizing for its own
• 4:21:27
  Speaker 4: autocratic methods the youngest and most daring experiment in democratic
• 4:21:32
  Speaker 4: government which the world has ever seen, stranger results have
• 4:21:36
  Speaker 4: followed a course of stupidity and injustice resulting from blindness
• 4:21:40
  Speaker 4: and panic. It is certainly true that if the decision
• 4:21:44
  Speaker 4: of the Federal Office in Chicago had not been reversed
• 4:21:47
  Speaker 4: by the Department of State in Washington, the United States
• 4:21:51
  Speaker 4: government would have been committed to return thousands of spirited
• 4:21:54
  Speaker 4: young refugees to the punishments of Russian autocracy. It was
• 4:21:59
  Speaker 4: perhaps a gain if I can offer our need of
• 4:22:01
  Speaker 4: what Napoleon called a revivalist civil morals, that the public
• 4:22:05
  Speaker 4: appealed against. Such a reversal of our traditions had to
• 4:22:08
  Speaker 4: be based largely upon the contributions to American progress made
• 4:22:12
  Speaker 4: from other revolutionists, the Puritans from the English, Lafayette from
• 4:22:16
  Speaker 4: the French, Carol Schrews, and many another able man from
• 4:22:20
  Speaker 4: the German upheavals. In the middle of the century. A
• 4:22:24
  Speaker 4: distinguished German scholar, writing at the end of his long life,
• 4:22:27
  Speaker 4: a description of his friends of eighteen forty eight, who
• 4:22:31
  Speaker 4: made a gallant, although premature effort to unite the German
• 4:22:35
  Speaker 4: states and to secure a constitutional government, thus concludes, but
• 4:22:40
  Speaker 4: not a few saw the whole of their lives wrecked,
• 4:22:44
  Speaker 4: either in prison or poverty. Though they had done no wrong,
• 4:22:48
  Speaker 4: and in many cases were the finest characters. It has
• 4:22:50
  Speaker 4: been my good fortune to know they were before their time.
• 4:22:54
  Speaker 4: The fruit was not ripe as it was in eighteen
• 4:22:56
  Speaker 4: seventy one, and Germany lost her best sons in those
• 4:23:00
  Speaker 4: miserable years, when the time is ripe in Russia, when
• 4:23:05
  Speaker 4: she finally yields to those great forces which are molding
• 4:23:08
  Speaker 4: and renovating contemporary life, when her Cavar and her Bismarck
• 4:23:13
  Speaker 4: finally throw into the first governmental forms, all that yearning
• 4:23:17
  Speaker 4: for just a human relations which the idealistic Russian revolutionists
• 4:23:21
  Speaker 4: and body. We may look back upon these miserable years
• 4:23:25
  Speaker 4: with a sense of chagrin at our lack of sympathy
• 4:23:28
  Speaker 4: and understanding. Again, it is far from easy to comprehend
• 4:23:32
  Speaker 4: the Great Russian struggle. I recall a visit from the
• 4:23:36
  Speaker 4: famous revolutionist Gushuni, who had escaped from Siberia and a
• 4:23:40
  Speaker 4: barrel of cabbage rolled under the very fortress of the
• 4:23:43
  Speaker 4: commandant himself, had made his way through Manchuria and China
• 4:23:48
  Speaker 4: to San Francisco, and on his way back to Russia,
• 4:23:51
  Speaker 4: had stopped in Chicago for a few days. Three months
• 4:23:54
  Speaker 4: later we heard of his death, and whenever I recall
• 4:23:57
  Speaker 4: the conversation held with him, I find invested with that
• 4:24:01
  Speaker 4: dignity which his last words imply. Upon the request of
• 4:24:06
  Speaker 4: a comrade Gershune had repeated the substance of the famous
• 4:24:10
  Speaker 4: speech he had made to the court which sentenced him
• 4:24:12
  Speaker 4: to Siberia. As representing the government against which he had rebelled,
• 4:24:17
  Speaker 4: he told the court that he might in time be
• 4:24:19
  Speaker 4: able to forgive all of their outrages and injustices, save one,
• 4:24:23
  Speaker 4: the unforgivable outcry would remain that hundreds of men like himself,
• 4:24:28
  Speaker 4: who were vegetarians because they were not willing to participate
• 4:24:31
  Speaker 4: in the destruction of living creatures, who had never struck
• 4:24:34
  Speaker 4: a child even in punishment, who were so consumed with
• 4:24:37
  Speaker 4: tenderness for the outcast and oppressed that they lived for
• 4:24:41
  Speaker 4: weeks among starving peasants only that they might cheer and
• 4:24:44
  Speaker 4: solace them. That these men should have been driven into
• 4:24:47
  Speaker 4: terrorism until it impelled to execute, as they call it,
• 4:24:51
  Speaker 4: assassinate the Anglo Saxon would term it public officials, was
• 4:24:56
  Speaker 4: something for which he would never forgive the Russian government.
• 4:25:00
  Speaker 4: It was perhaps the heat of argument as much as conviction,
• 4:25:03
  Speaker 4: which led me to reply that it would be equally
• 4:25:06
  Speaker 4: difficult for society to forgive these very revolutionists for one thing.
• 4:25:10
  Speaker 4: They had done their institution of the use of force,
• 4:25:13
  Speaker 4: in such wise that it would inevitably be imitated by
• 4:25:17
  Speaker 4: men of less scrupul and restraint, that to have revived
• 4:25:20
  Speaker 4: such a method in civilization, to have justified it by
• 4:25:24
  Speaker 4: their disinterestings of purpose and nobility of character, was perhaps
• 4:25:28
  Speaker 4: the gravest responsibility that any group of men could assume,
• 4:25:32
  Speaker 4: with a smile of indulgent pity, such as one might
• 4:25:34
  Speaker 4: grant to a mistaken child. He replied that Tolstoyan principles
• 4:25:38
  Speaker 4: were as fitted to Russians as these toilets, pointing to
• 4:25:42
  Speaker 4: the thin summer grounds of the listeners, were fitted to
• 4:25:45
  Speaker 4: a Siberian winter. And yet I held the belief then,
• 4:25:49
  Speaker 4: as I certainly do now, that when the sense of
• 4:25:52
  Speaker 4: justice seeks to express itself quite outside the regular channels
• 4:25:55
  Speaker 4: of established government, it has set forth on a dangerous journey,
• 4:25:59
  Speaker 4: inevitably ending in disaster. And that this is true in
• 4:26:03
  Speaker 4: spite of the fact that the adventure may have been
• 4:26:05
  Speaker 4: inspired by noble motives. Still more perplexing than the use
• 4:26:10
  Speaker 4: of force by the revolutionists is the employment of the
• 4:26:14
  Speaker 4: agent provocateur on the part of the Russian government. The
• 4:26:18
  Speaker 4: visit of Vladimir Bordzev to Chicago just after his exposure
• 4:26:22
  Speaker 4: of the famous secret agent, as if filled one with
• 4:26:25
  Speaker 4: perplexity in regard to a government which would connive to
• 4:26:29
  Speaker 4: the violent death of a faithful official, and as a
• 4:26:32
  Speaker 4: member of the royal household for the sake of bringing
• 4:26:34
  Speaker 4: a probrium and punishment to the revolutionists and credit to
• 4:26:38
  Speaker 4: the secret police. The Settlement has also suffered through its
• 4:26:42
  Speaker 4: effort to secure open discussion of the methods of the
• 4:26:45
  Speaker 4: Russian government. During the excitement connected with the visit of
• 4:26:49
  Speaker 4: Gorky to this country, three different committees of Russians came
• 4:26:52
  Speaker 4: to Hull House begging that I would secure a statement
• 4:26:56
  Speaker 4: and at least one of the Chicago dailies of their
• 4:26:58
  Speaker 4: own view that the agents of the Kazaar had cleverly
• 4:27:01
  Speaker 4: centered public attention upon Gorky's private life and fermented a
• 4:27:05
  Speaker 4: scandal so successfully that the object of Gorky's visit to
• 4:27:09
  Speaker 4: America had been foiled. He who had known immediately the
• 4:27:12
  Speaker 4: most wretched of the Kazar's subjects, who was best able
• 4:27:16
  Speaker 4: to sympathetically portray their wretchedness, not only failed to get
• 4:27:20
  Speaker 4: a hearing before an American audience, but could scarcely find
• 4:27:23
  Speaker 4: the shelter of a roof. I told two of the
• 4:27:26
  Speaker 4: Russian committees that it was hopeless to undertake any explanation
• 4:27:29
  Speaker 4: of the bitter attack until public excitement had somewhat subsided.
• 4:27:34
  Speaker 4: But one Sunday afternoon, when a third committee arrived, I
• 4:27:37
  Speaker 4: said that I would endeavor to have reprinted in a
• 4:27:39
  Speaker 4: Chicago daily the few scattered articles written for the magazines
• 4:27:44
  Speaker 4: which tried to explain the situation won by the head
• 4:27:46
  Speaker 4: professor and political economy of a leading university, and others
• 4:27:51
  Speaker 4: by publicists well informed as to Russian affairs. I hoped
• 4:27:55
  Speaker 4: that a cosmopolitan newspaper might feel an obligation to recognize
• 4:27:59
  Speaker 4: the desire for her fair play on the part of
• 4:28:01
  Speaker 4: thousands of his readers among the Russians, Polls and Finns,
• 4:28:05
  Speaker 4: at least to the extent of reproducing these magazine articles
• 4:28:09
  Speaker 4: under a non committal caption. That same Sunday evening, in
• 4:28:13
  Speaker 4: company with one of the residents, I visited a newspaper office,
• 4:28:17
  Speaker 4: only to hear its representatives say that my plan was
• 4:28:19
  Speaker 4: quite out of the question, as the whole subject was
• 4:28:22
  Speaker 4: what newspaper men called a sacred cow. He said, however,
• 4:28:26
  Speaker 4: that he would willingly print an article which I myself
• 4:28:29
  Speaker 4: should write and sign. I declined this offer with the
• 4:28:32
  Speaker 4: statement that one who had my opportunities to see the
• 4:28:35
  Speaker 4: struggles of poor women and securing support for their children,
• 4:28:39
  Speaker 4: found it impossible to write anything which would, however, remotely
• 4:28:43
  Speaker 4: justify the loosening of marriage bonds, even if the defense
• 4:28:47
  Speaker 4: of Gorky made by Russian committees was sound. We left
• 4:28:51
  Speaker 4: the newspaper office somewhat discouraged with what we thought was
• 4:28:54
  Speaker 4: one more unsuccessful effort to procure a hearing for the immigrants.
• 4:28:58
  Speaker 4: I had considered the incident closed, when, to my horror
• 4:29:01
  Speaker 4: and surprise, several months afterwards, it was made the basis
• 4:29:05
  Speaker 4: of a story with every possible vicious interpretation. One of
• 4:29:09
  Speaker 4: the Chicago newspapers had been indicted by Mayor June for
• 4:29:12
  Speaker 4: what he considered an actionable attack upon his appointees to
• 4:29:16
  Speaker 4: the Chicago school Board, of whom I was one, and
• 4:29:19
  Speaker 4: the incident, enlarged and coursened, was submitted as evidence to
• 4:29:23
  Speaker 4: the grand jury in regard to my views and influence.
• 4:29:26
  Speaker 4: Although the evidence was thrown out, an attempt was made
• 4:29:29
  Speaker 4: again to revive the story by the managers of Mayor
• 4:29:31
  Speaker 4: June's second campaign, this time to show how the protector
• 4:29:35
  Speaker 4: of their press was produced. The incident is related here
• 4:29:40
  Speaker 4: as an example of the clever use of that old
• 4:29:42
  Speaker 4: device which throws upon the radical and religion in education
• 4:29:46
  Speaker 4: and in social reform, the odium of encouraging harlots and
• 4:29:49
  Speaker 4: sinners and of defending their doctrines. If the underdog were
• 4:29:54
  Speaker 4: always right, one might easily try to defend him. The
• 4:29:57
  Speaker 4: trouble is that very often he is but obscure right,
• 4:30:00
  Speaker 4: sometimes only partially right, and quite often wrong. But perhaps
• 4:30:04
  Speaker 4: he is never so altogether wrong and pig headed and
• 4:30:07
  Speaker 4: utterly reprehensible as he is represented to be by those
• 4:30:11
  Speaker 4: who add a possession of prejudices to the other most
• 4:30:14
  Speaker 4: unsuperable difficulties of understanding him. It was perhaps not surprising that,
• 4:30:19
  Speaker 4: with these excellent opportunities for misjudging Hull House, we should
• 4:30:23
  Speaker 4: have suffered attack from time to time whenever any untoward
• 4:30:27
  Speaker 4: event gave an opening, as when an Italian immigrant murdered
• 4:30:30
  Speaker 4: a priest in Denver, Colorado. Although the wretched man had
• 4:30:34
  Speaker 4: never been in Chicago, much less at Hull House. A
• 4:30:37
  Speaker 4: Chicago ecclesiastic asserted that he had learned hatred of the
• 4:30:41
  Speaker 4: church as a member of the Cabano Bruno Club, an
• 4:30:44
  Speaker 4: Italian Club, one of whose members lived at a Hull
• 4:30:47
  Speaker 4: House in which had occasionally met there, although it had
• 4:30:49
  Speaker 4: long maintained clubrooms of its own. This club had its
• 4:30:54
  Speaker 4: origins and the old struggles of United Italy against the
• 4:30:57
  Speaker 4: temporal power of the Pope, one of the un echoes
• 4:31:01
  Speaker 4: with which Chicago resounds. The Italian resident, as the editor
• 4:31:05
  Speaker 4: of a paper representing New Italy, had come in sharp
• 4:31:08
  Speaker 4: conflict with the Chicago Ecclesiastic, first in regard to naming
• 4:31:12
  Speaker 4: a public school of the Vicinity after Gary Baldi, which
• 4:31:16
  Speaker 4: was of course not tolerated by the Church, and then
• 4:31:19
  Speaker 4: in regard to many another issue arising in anti clericalism, which,
• 4:31:24
  Speaker 4: although a political party, is constantly involved from the very
• 4:31:27
  Speaker 4: nature of the case and theological difficulties. The contest had
• 4:31:32
  Speaker 4: been carried on with a bitterness impossible for an American
• 4:31:35
  Speaker 4: to understand, but its origin and implications were so obvious
• 4:31:39
  Speaker 4: that it did not occur to any of us that
• 4:31:41
  Speaker 4: it would be associated with Hull House, either in its
• 4:31:44
  Speaker 4: motive or direction. The Ecclesiastic himself had lived for many
• 4:31:49
  Speaker 4: years in Rome, and as I had often discussed the
• 4:31:52
  Speaker 4: problem of Italian politics with him, I was quite sure
• 4:31:56
  Speaker 4: he understood the raison deter for the giro Dano Bruno club. Fortunately,
• 4:32:00
  Speaker 4: in the midst of the rhetorical attack, our friendly relations
• 4:32:04
  Speaker 4: remained unbroken with the neighboring priests, from whom we continued
• 4:32:07
  Speaker 4: to receive uniform courtesy as we cooperated in cases of
• 4:32:11
  Speaker 4: sorrow and need. Hundreds of devout communicants identified with the
• 4:32:15
  Speaker 4: Hull House clubs and classes were deeply distressed by the incident,
• 4:32:19
  Speaker 4: but assured us it was all a misunderstanding. Easter came
• 4:32:23
  Speaker 4: soon afterwards, and it was not difficult to make a
• 4:32:25
  Speaker 4: connection between the attack and the myriad of Easter cards
• 4:32:29
  Speaker 4: which filled my mail. Thus a settlement becomes involved in
• 4:32:33
  Speaker 4: the many difficulties of its neighbors, as its experiences make
• 4:32:37
  Speaker 4: vivid the consciousness of modern internationalism. And yet the very
• 4:32:41
  Speaker 4: fact that the sense of reality is so keen, and
• 4:32:44
  Speaker 4: the obligation of the settlement so obvious, may perhaps in
• 4:32:48
  Speaker 4: itself explain the opposition Hull House had encountered when it
• 4:32:52
  Speaker 4: expressed its sympathy with the Russian Revolution. We were much entertained, and,
• 4:32:57
  Speaker 4: although somewhat ruefully, when a Chicago woman withdrew from us
• 4:33:00
  Speaker 4: a large annual subscription because Hull House had defended a
• 4:33:04
  Speaker 4: Russian refugee, while she, who had seen much of the
• 4:33:07
  Speaker 4: Russian aristocracy in Europe, knew from them that all the
• 4:33:11
  Speaker 4: revolutionary agitation was both unreasonable and unnecessary. It is, of
• 4:33:16
  Speaker 4: course impossible to say whether these oppositions were inevitable, or
• 4:33:20
  Speaker 4: whether they were indications that a Hull House had somehow
• 4:33:23
  Speaker 4: bungled at its task. Many times I had been driven
• 4:33:26
  Speaker 4: to the confession of the blundering emal. It requires ability
• 4:33:31
  Speaker 4: to make what we seem agree with what we are.
• 4:33:36
  Speaker 4: End of Chapter seventeen, Chapter eighteen Socialized Education. In a
• 4:33:43
  Speaker 4: paper written years ago, I deplored at some length the
• 4:33:47
  Speaker 4: fact that educational matters are more democratic and their political
• 4:33:52
  Speaker 4: than in their social aspect, and I quote the following
• 4:33:55
  Speaker 4: extract from it as throwing some light upon the earlier
• 4:33:59
  Speaker 4: educational life undertakings at Hull House. Teaching in the settlement
• 4:34:04
  Speaker 4: requires distinct methods, for it is true of people who
• 4:34:07
  Speaker 4: have been allowed to remain undeveloped, and whose facilities are
• 4:34:11
  Speaker 4: inert and sterile, that they cannot take their learning heavily.
• 4:34:15
  Speaker 4: It has to be diffused in a social atmosphere. Information
• 4:34:19
  Speaker 4: must be held in solution in a medium of fellowship
• 4:34:23
  Speaker 4: and goodwill. Intellectual life requires for its expansion and manifestation,
• 4:34:29
  Speaker 4: the influences and assimilations of the interests and affections of others. Mizzini,
• 4:34:35
  Speaker 4: that greatest of all democrats, who broke his heart over
• 4:34:38
  Speaker 4: the condition of the South European peasantry, said, education is
• 4:34:42
  Speaker 4: not merely a necessity of true life, by which the
• 4:34:45
  Speaker 4: individual reviews his vital force and the vital force of humanity.
• 4:34:50
  Speaker 4: It is a holy communion with generations dead and living,
• 4:34:53
  Speaker 4: by which he forsundates all his faculties. When he is
• 4:34:57
  Speaker 4: withheld from this communion of generations, as the Italian peasant
• 4:35:01
  Speaker 4: has been, we say he is like a beast of
• 4:35:04
  Speaker 4: the field. He must be controlled by force. Even to this,
• 4:35:08
  Speaker 4: it is sometimes added that it is absurd to educate
• 4:35:11
  Speaker 4: him a moral to disturb his content. We stupidly use
• 4:35:16
  Speaker 4: the effect as an argument for a continuance of the cause.
• 4:35:20
  Speaker 4: It is needless to say that a settlement is a
• 4:35:22
  Speaker 4: protest against a restricted view of education. In line with
• 4:35:26
  Speaker 4: this declaration, hull House, in the very beginning, opened what
• 4:35:30
  Speaker 4: we called college extension classes, with a faculty finally numbering
• 4:35:35
  Speaker 4: thirty five college men and women, many of whom held
• 4:35:38
  Speaker 4: their pupils for consecutive years. As these classes attendated in
• 4:35:44
  Speaker 4: Chicago the University Extension and Normal Extension classes and supplied
• 4:35:49
  Speaker 4: a demand for stimulating instruction, the attendants strained to their
• 4:35:52
  Speaker 4: utmost capacity the specious rooms in the old House. The
• 4:35:57
  Speaker 4: relation of students and faculty to each other and to
• 4:36:00
  Speaker 4: the residents was that of guests and hostess, and at
• 4:36:04
  Speaker 4: the close of each term, the residents gave a reception
• 4:36:07
  Speaker 4: to students and faculty, which was one of the chief
• 4:36:10
  Speaker 4: social events of the season. Upon this comfortable social basis,
• 4:36:15
  Speaker 4: some very good work was done in connection with these classes.
• 4:36:20
  Speaker 4: A hull house summer school was instituted at Rockford College,
• 4:36:24
  Speaker 4: which was most generously placed at her disposal by the trustees.
• 4:36:28
  Speaker 4: For ten years, one hundred women gathered there for six weeks.
• 4:36:32
  Speaker 4: In addition, there were always men on the faculty and
• 4:36:35
  Speaker 4: a group of young men among the students who were
• 4:36:37
  Speaker 4: lodged in the gymnasium building. The outdoor classes in bird
• 4:36:41
  Speaker 4: study and botany, the serious reading of literary masterpieces, the
• 4:36:46
  Speaker 4: boat excursions on the Rock River, the cooperative spirit of
• 4:36:50
  Speaker 4: doing the housework together, the satirical commencements in party colored
• 4:36:54
  Speaker 4: caps and gowns led themselves towards a reproduction of the
• 4:36:58
  Speaker 4: comrade ship which college life fosters. As each member of
• 4:37:03
  Speaker 4: the faculty as well as students, paid three dollars a week,
• 4:37:07
  Speaker 4: and as we had little outlay beyond the actual cost
• 4:37:10
  Speaker 4: of food, we easily defraed our expenses. The undertaking was
• 4:37:14
  Speaker 4: so simple and gratifying and results that it might well
• 4:37:18
  Speaker 4: be reproduced in many college buildings, which are set in
• 4:37:21
  Speaker 4: the midst of beautiful surroundings, unused during the two months
• 4:37:25
  Speaker 4: of the year when hundreds of people able to pay
• 4:37:28
  Speaker 4: only moderate price for lodgings in the country can find
• 4:37:31
  Speaker 4: a humfortable and no mental food more satisfying than piaza
• 4:37:35
  Speaker 4: gossip every Thursday evening. During the first years, a public
• 4:37:40
  Speaker 4: lecture came to be an expected event in the neighborhood,
• 4:37:44
  Speaker 4: and Hull House became one of the early university extension centers,
• 4:37:48
  Speaker 4: first in connection with the Independent Society and later with
• 4:37:52
  Speaker 4: the University of Chicago. One of the Hull House trustees
• 4:37:56
  Speaker 4: was so impressed with the value of this orderly and
• 4:37:59
  Speaker 4: continuous presentation of economic subjects that he endowed three courses
• 4:38:04
  Speaker 4: in a downtown center, in which the lectures were free
• 4:38:07
  Speaker 4: to anyone who chose to come. He was much pleased
• 4:38:11
  Speaker 4: that these lectures were largely attended by working men, who
• 4:38:15
  Speaker 4: ordinarily prefer that economic subjects shall be presented by a
• 4:38:19
  Speaker 4: partisan and who are supremely indifferent to examinations and credits.
• 4:38:24
  Speaker 4: They also dislike the balancing of pro and con which
• 4:38:27
  Speaker 4: scholarly instruction implies, and prefer to be inebriated on raw
• 4:38:32
  Speaker 4: truth rather than to sit a carefully prepared draft of knowledge. Nevertheless,
• 4:38:38
  Speaker 4: Bowen Hall, which seats seven hundred and fifty people, is
• 4:38:42
  Speaker 4: often none too large to hold the audiences of men
• 4:38:45
  Speaker 4: who come to Hull House every Sunday evening during their
• 4:38:48
  Speaker 4: winter to attend the illustrated lectures provided by the faculty
• 4:38:52
  Speaker 4: of the University of Chicago and others who kindly give
• 4:38:55
  Speaker 4: their services. These courses differ in normal in their popularity.
• 4:39:01
  Speaker 4: One on European capitals and their social significance was followed
• 4:39:05
  Speaker 4: with the most vivid attention and sense of participation, indicted
• 4:39:09
  Speaker 4: by groans and hisses when the audience was reminded of
• 4:39:12
  Speaker 4: an unforgettable feud between Austria and her Slavic subjects, or
• 4:39:16
  Speaker 4: when they widely applauded a Polish hero and dared through
• 4:39:20
  Speaker 4: his tragic failure. In spite of the success of these
• 4:39:24
  Speaker 4: Sunday evening courses, it has never been an easy undertaking
• 4:39:28
  Speaker 4: to find suitable lectures. A course of lectures on astronomy,
• 4:39:32
  Speaker 4: illustrated by stereoptician slides will attract a large audience the
• 4:39:36
  Speaker 4: first week, who hope to hear of the wonders of
• 4:39:39
  Speaker 4: the heavens and the relation of our earth there too,
• 4:39:42
  Speaker 4: but instead are treated to spectrum analysis of stardust or
• 4:39:45
  Speaker 4: the latest theory concerning the Milky Way. The habits of research,
• 4:39:50
  Speaker 4: and the desire to say the latest word upon any
• 4:39:52
  Speaker 4: subject often overcomes the sympathetic understanding of his audience which
• 4:39:57
  Speaker 4: the lecturer might otherwise develop, and he insensibly drops into
• 4:40:02
  Speaker 4: the dull terminology of the classroom. There are, of course,
• 4:40:05
  Speaker 4: notable exceptions. We had twelve gloriously popular talks on organic evolution,
• 4:40:11
  Speaker 4: but the lecturer was not yet a professor, merely a
• 4:40:13
  Speaker 4: university instructor, and his mind was still eager over the
• 4:40:17
  Speaker 4: marvelffet all. Fortunately, there is an increasing number of lectures
• 4:40:21
  Speaker 4: whose matter is so real, so definite, and so valuable that,
• 4:40:25
  Speaker 4: in an attempt to give it an exact equivalence in words,
• 4:40:29
  Speaker 4: they utilize the most direct form of expression. It sometimes
• 4:40:34
  Speaker 4: seems as if the men of substantial scholarship were content
• 4:40:38
  Speaker 4: to leave to the charlatan the teaching of those things
• 4:40:40
  Speaker 4: which deeply concern the welfare of mankind, and that the
• 4:40:44
  Speaker 4: massive men get their intellectual food from the outcasts of scholarship,
• 4:40:48
  Speaker 4: who provide millions of books, pictures, and shows, not to
• 4:40:52
  Speaker 4: instruct and guide, but for the sake of their own
• 4:40:55
  Speaker 4: financial profit. A settlement soon discovers that a simple people
• 4:41:00
  Speaker 4: are interested in large and vital subjects, and the Hull
• 4:41:03
  Speaker 4: House residents themselves, at one time, with only partial success,
• 4:41:08
  Speaker 4: undertook to give a series of lectures on the history
• 4:41:11
  Speaker 4: of the world, beginning with the nebular hypothesis and reaching
• 4:41:15
  Speaker 4: Chicago itself in the twenty fifth lecture. Absurd as the
• 4:41:19
  Speaker 4: hasty review appears, there is no doubt that the beginner
• 4:41:22
  Speaker 4: and knowledge is always eager for the general statement, as
• 4:41:26
  Speaker 4: those wise old teachers of the people who knew when
• 4:41:29
  Speaker 4: they put the history of creation on the stage, and
• 4:41:32
  Speaker 4: the monks themselves became the actors. I recall that in
• 4:41:36
  Speaker 4: planning my first European journey, I had soberly hoped in
• 4:41:39
  Speaker 4: two years to trace the entire pattern of human excellence
• 4:41:43
  Speaker 4: as we passed from one country to another. And the
• 4:41:45
  Speaker 4: shrines of popular affection had consecrated to the saints, and
• 4:41:49
  Speaker 4: the frequented statues erected to heroes, and in the worn
• 4:41:52
  Speaker 4: blazonry of funeral brasiers an illustration that when we are young,
• 4:41:57
  Speaker 4: we all long for those mountain tops upon which we
• 4:42:00
  Speaker 4: may soberly stand and dream of our own ethereal and
• 4:42:03
  Speaker 4: uncertain attempts at righteousness. I have had many other illustrations
• 4:42:08
  Speaker 4: of this. A statement was recently made to me by
• 4:42:11
  Speaker 4: a member of Hull House Boys Club, who had been
• 4:42:14
  Speaker 4: unjustly arrested as an accomplice to a young thief and
• 4:42:17
  Speaker 4: held in the police station for three days, that during
• 4:42:20
  Speaker 4: his detention he had remembered the way Jean Villain behaved
• 4:42:24
  Speaker 4: when he was everlastingly pursued by that policeman who was
• 4:42:28
  Speaker 4: only trying to do right. I kept seeing the pictures
• 4:42:31
  Speaker 4: in that illustrated lecture you gave about him, and I
• 4:42:35
  Speaker 4: thought it would be queer if I couldn't behave well
• 4:42:37
  Speaker 4: for three days when he had kept it up for years.
• 4:42:42
  Speaker 4: The power of dramatic action may, unfortunately be illustrated in
• 4:42:45
  Speaker 4: other ways. During the weeks when all the daily newspapers
• 4:42:49
  Speaker 4: were full of the details of a notorious murder trial
• 4:42:51
  Speaker 4: in New York and all the hideous events which preceded
• 4:42:54
  Speaker 4: the crime, one evening I saw on the street a
• 4:42:57
  Speaker 4: not of working girls leaning over a newspaper, admiring the clothes,
• 4:43:01
  Speaker 4: the beauty, and the sorrowful expression of the unhappy heroine.
• 4:43:05
  Speaker 4: In the midst of the trial, a woman whom I
• 4:43:07
  Speaker 4: had known for years came to talk to me about
• 4:43:09
  Speaker 4: her daughter, shamefacedly confessing that the girl was trying to
• 4:43:13
  Speaker 4: dress and look like the notorious girl in New York,
• 4:43:16
  Speaker 4: and that she had even said to her mother in
• 4:43:18
  Speaker 4: a moment of defiance, someday I shall be taken into court,
• 4:43:21
  Speaker 4: and then I shall dress just as Evelyn did, and
• 4:43:24
  Speaker 4: face my accusers as she did in Innocence and Beauty.
• 4:43:28
  Speaker 4: If one makes calls on a Sunday afternoon in the
• 4:43:31
  Speaker 4: homes of the immigrants colonies near Hull House, one finds
• 4:43:34
  Speaker 4: the family absorbed in the Sunday edition of a sensational
• 4:43:37
  Speaker 4: daily newspaper. Even those who cannot read quite easily follow
• 4:43:42
  Speaker 4: the comic adventures portrayed in the colorful pictures of the supplement,
• 4:43:46
  Speaker 4: or tracing the clue of a murder carefully depicted by
• 4:43:49
  Speaker 4: a black line drawn through a plan of houses and streets.
• 4:43:53
  Speaker 4: Sometimes lessons in the great loyalties and group affections come
• 4:43:56
  Speaker 4: through life itself, and yet in such a manner that
• 4:44:00
  Speaker 4: one cannot but deplore it. During the teamster strike in
• 4:44:03
  Speaker 4: Chicago several years ago, when class bitterness rose to a
• 4:44:07
  Speaker 4: dramatic climax, I remember going to visit a neighborhood boy
• 4:44:11
  Speaker 4: who had been severely injured when he had taken the
• 4:44:14
  Speaker 4: place of a union driver upon a coal wagon. As
• 4:44:17
  Speaker 4: I approached the house in which he lived, a large
• 4:44:20
  Speaker 4: group of boys and girls, some of them very little children,
• 4:44:23
  Speaker 4: surrounded me to convey the exciting information that Jack t
• 4:44:27
  Speaker 4: was a scab and that I couldn't go in there.
• 4:44:31
  Speaker 4: I explained to the excited children that his mother, who
• 4:44:34
  Speaker 4: was a friend of mine, was in trouble quite irrespective
• 4:44:37
  Speaker 4: of the way her boy had been hurt. The crowd
• 4:44:40
  Speaker 4: around me outside of the house of the scab constantly
• 4:44:43
  Speaker 4: grew larger, and I finally abandoning my attempt at explanation,
• 4:44:48
  Speaker 4: walked in, only to have the mother say, please, don't
• 4:44:51
  Speaker 4: come here, you will only get hurt too. Of course
• 4:44:54
  Speaker 4: I did not get hurt, but the episode left upon
• 4:44:57
  Speaker 4: my mind one of the most painful impressions I have
• 4:44:59
  Speaker 4: ever received in connection with the children of the neighborhood.
• 4:45:03
  Speaker 4: In addition to all else are the lessons of loyalty
• 4:45:06
  Speaker 4: and comradeship to come to them as the mere reversal
• 4:45:10
  Speaker 4: of class antagonism. And yet it was but a trifling
• 4:45:13
  Speaker 4: incident out of the Great General's spirit of bitterness and
• 4:45:16
  Speaker 4: strife which filled the city. Therefore, the residence of Hull
• 4:45:20
  Speaker 4: House placed increasing emphasis upon the great inspirations and solaces
• 4:45:25
  Speaker 4: of literature, and are unwilling that it should ever languish
• 4:45:28
  Speaker 4: as a subject for class instruction or for reading parties.
• 4:45:33
  Speaker 4: The Shakespeare Club has lived a continuous existence at Hull
• 4:45:36
  Speaker 4: House for sixteen years, during which time its members have
• 4:45:39
  Speaker 4: heard the leading interpreters of Shakespeare, both among scholars and players.
• 4:45:45
  Speaker 4: I recall that one of its earliest members said that
• 4:45:47
  Speaker 4: her mind was peopled with Shakespeare characters during her long
• 4:45:51
  Speaker 4: hours of sewing in a shop that she couldn't remember
• 4:45:54
  Speaker 4: what she thought it about before she joined the club,
• 4:45:57
  Speaker 4: and concluded that she hadn't thought about anything at all.
• 4:46:00
  Speaker 4: To feed the mind of the worker, to lift it
• 4:46:03
  Speaker 4: above the monotony of his task, and to connect it
• 4:46:06
  Speaker 4: with the larger world outside of his immediate surroundings has
• 4:46:09
  Speaker 4: always been the objective art, perhaps never more nobly fulfilled
• 4:46:13
  Speaker 4: than by the great English bard. Miss Starr has held
• 4:46:17
  Speaker 4: classes in Dante and Browning for many years, and the
• 4:46:20
  Speaker 4: great lines are conned with never failing enthusiasm. I recall
• 4:46:25
  Speaker 4: Miss Lathrop's Plato Club and an audience who listened to
• 4:46:28
  Speaker 4: a series of lectures by doctor John Dewey on social
• 4:46:32
  Speaker 4: psychology as genuine intellectual groups consisted largely of people from
• 4:46:37
  Speaker 4: the immediate neighborhood who were willing to make that effort
• 4:46:40
  Speaker 4: from which we all shrink, the effort of thought. But
• 4:46:44
  Speaker 4: while we prize these classes as we do the help
• 4:46:47
  Speaker 4: we are able to give to the exceptional young man
• 4:46:49
  Speaker 4: or woman who reaches the college and university and leaves
• 4:46:53
  Speaker 4: the neighborhood of his childhood behind him. The residence of
• 4:46:56
  Speaker 4: Hull House feel increasingly that the educational efforts of a
• 4:46:59
  Speaker 4: settle should not be directed primarily to reproduce the college
• 4:47:03
  Speaker 4: type of culture, but to work out a method and
• 4:47:06
  Speaker 4: an ideal adapted to the immediate situation. They feel that
• 4:47:10
  Speaker 4: they should promote a culture which will not set its
• 4:47:13
  Speaker 4: possessor aside in a class with others like himself, but
• 4:47:17
  Speaker 4: which will, on the contrary, connecting with all sorts of
• 4:47:20
  Speaker 4: people by his ability to understand them, as well as
• 4:47:23
  Speaker 4: his power to supplement their present surroundings with the historic background.
• 4:47:28
  Speaker 4: Among the hundreds of immigrants who have for years attended
• 4:47:31
  Speaker 4: classes at Hull House designed primarily to teach the English language,
• 4:47:35
  Speaker 4: dozens of them have struggled to express in the newly
• 4:47:38
  Speaker 4: acquired tongue some of those hopes and longings which had
• 4:47:42
  Speaker 4: so much to do with their emigration. A series of
• 4:47:47
  Speaker 4: plays was thus written by a young Bohemian Essays by
• 4:47:50
  Speaker 4: a Russian youth, outpouring sorrow's rivaling worther himself, and yet
• 4:47:55
  Speaker 4: containing the precious stuff of youth's perennial revolt against accepted wrongs,
• 4:48:01
  Speaker 4: stories of Russian oppression and petty injustices, throughout which the
• 4:48:05
  Speaker 4: desire for free America became a crystallized hope. An attempt
• 4:48:09
  Speaker 4: to portray the Jewish day of Atonement, in such wise
• 4:48:12
  Speaker 4: that even individualistic Americans may catch a glimpse of that
• 4:48:15
  Speaker 4: deeper national life which has survived all transplanting and expresses
• 4:48:20
  Speaker 4: itself and forms so ancient that they appear grotesque to
• 4:48:23
  Speaker 4: the ignorant spectator. I remember a pathetic effort on the
• 4:48:27
  Speaker 4: part of a young Russian Jewess to describe the vivid
• 4:48:31
  Speaker 4: inner life of an old Talmud scholar, probably her uncle
• 4:48:35
  Speaker 4: or father, as one of persistently occupied with the grave
• 4:48:39
  Speaker 4: and important things of the spirit, although when brought into
• 4:48:42
  Speaker 4: sharp contact with busy and overworked people, he inevitably appeared
• 4:48:47
  Speaker 4: self absorbed and slothful. Certainly, no one who had read
• 4:48:51
  Speaker 4: her paper could again see such an old man in
• 4:48:53
  Speaker 4: his praying shawl, bent over his crabbed book, without a
• 4:48:56
  Speaker 4: sense of understanding. On the other and, one of the
• 4:49:01
  Speaker 4: most pitiful periods in the drama of the much praised
• 4:49:04
  Speaker 4: youth American who attempts to rise in life is the
• 4:49:07
  Speaker 4: time when his educational requirements seem to have locked him
• 4:49:10
  Speaker 4: up and made him rigid. He fancies himself shut off
• 4:49:13
  Speaker 4: from his uneducated family and misunderstood by his friends. He
• 4:49:18
  Speaker 4: is bowed down by his mental accumulations, and often gets
• 4:49:21
  Speaker 4: no farther than to carry them through life as a
• 4:49:24
  Speaker 4: great burden, and not once does he obtain a glimpse
• 4:49:27
  Speaker 4: of the delights of knowledge. The teacher in the settlement
• 4:49:31
  Speaker 4: is constantly put upon his metal to discover methods of
• 4:49:34
  Speaker 4: instruction which shall make knowledge quickly available to his pupils.
• 4:49:39
  Speaker 4: And I should like to hear pay my tribute of
• 4:49:41
  Speaker 4: admiration to the dean of our educational department, Miss Landsberg,
• 4:49:46
  Speaker 4: and to the many men and women who every winter
• 4:49:48
  Speaker 4: come regularly to Hull House, putting untiring effort into the
• 4:49:52
  Speaker 4: endless task of teaching the newly arrived immigrant the first
• 4:49:56
  Speaker 4: use of a language of which he has been in
• 4:49:58
  Speaker 4: desperate need. Even a meager knowledge of English may mean
• 4:50:02
  Speaker 4: an opportunity to work in a factory versus non employments,
• 4:50:06
  Speaker 4: or it may mean a question of life or death
• 4:50:08
  Speaker 4: when a sharp command must be understood in order to
• 4:50:11
  Speaker 4: avoid the danger of a descending crane. In response to
• 4:50:15
  Speaker 4: demand for an education which should be immediately available, classes
• 4:50:19
  Speaker 4: have been established and grown a pace in cooking, dressmaking
• 4:50:23
  Speaker 4: and millinery. A girl who attends them, what all would
• 4:50:26
  Speaker 4: say that she expects to marry a working man next spring,
• 4:50:30
  Speaker 4: and because she has worked in a factory so long,
• 4:50:33
  Speaker 4: she knows little about a house. Sometimes classes are composed
• 4:50:37
  Speaker 4: of young matrons of like factory experiences. I recall one
• 4:50:41
  Speaker 4: of them whose husband had become so desperate after two
• 4:50:44
  Speaker 4: years of her unskilled cooking that he had threatened to
• 4:50:47
  Speaker 4: desert her and go where he could get decent food.
• 4:50:50
  Speaker 4: As she confided to me in a tearful interview, when
• 4:50:53
  Speaker 4: she followed my advice to take the Hull House courses
• 4:50:56
  Speaker 4: in cooking and at the end of six months reported
• 4:50:58
  Speaker 4: a united and happy home. Two distinct trends are found
• 4:51:03
  Speaker 4: in response to these classes. The first is for domestic training,
• 4:51:07
  Speaker 4: and the other is for trade teaching, which shall enable
• 4:51:10
  Speaker 4: the poor little milliner and dressmaker apprentices to shorten the
• 4:51:13
  Speaker 4: years of errand running, which is supposed to make them
• 4:51:16
  Speaker 4: teach their trade. The beginning of trade instruction has been
• 4:51:20
  Speaker 4: already evolved in connection with the Hull House Boys Club.
• 4:51:24
  Speaker 4: The Ample Boys Club building, presented Hull House three years
• 4:51:27
  Speaker 4: ago by one of our trustees, has afforded well equipped
• 4:51:31
  Speaker 4: shops for work in wood, iron and brass for smithing,
• 4:51:35
  Speaker 4: and copper and tin for commercial photography. For printing, for
• 4:51:39
  Speaker 4: telegraphy and electrical construction. These shops have been filled with
• 4:51:44
  Speaker 4: boys who are eager for that which seems to give
• 4:51:46
  Speaker 4: them a clue to the industrial life.
• 4:51:48
  Speaker 3: All about them.
• 4:51:49
  Speaker 4: These classes meet twice a week and are taught by
• 4:51:52
  Speaker 4: intelligent working men who apparently give the boys what they
• 4:51:55
  Speaker 4: want better than do the strictly professional teachers. While these
• 4:51:59
  Speaker 4: classes is in no sense provider trade training, they often
• 4:52:02
  Speaker 4: enable a boy to discover his aptitude and help him
• 4:52:06
  Speaker 4: in the selection of what he wants to be by
• 4:52:08
  Speaker 4: reducing the trade to embryonic forms. The factories are so
• 4:52:12
  Speaker 4: complicated that the boy brought in contact with them, unless
• 4:52:16
  Speaker 4: he has some preliminary preparation, is apt to become confused.
• 4:52:21
  Speaker 4: In pedagogical terms, he loses his power of orderly reaction,
• 4:52:25
  Speaker 4: and is often so discouraged or so overstimulated in his
• 4:52:29
  Speaker 4: very first years of factory life that his future usefulness
• 4:52:33
  Speaker 4: is seriously impaired. One of Chicago's most significant experiments in
• 4:52:39
  Speaker 4: the direction of correlating the schools with actual industry was
• 4:52:43
  Speaker 4: for several years carried out in a public school building
• 4:52:46
  Speaker 4: situated near Hull House, in which the bricklayers apprentices were
• 4:52:50
  Speaker 4: taught eight hours a day in special classes during the
• 4:52:53
  Speaker 4: non brick laying season. This early public school venture anticipated
• 4:52:58
  Speaker 4: the very successful arrangement later carried on in Cincinnati, in Pittsburgh,
• 4:53:03
  Speaker 4: and in Chicago itself, whereby a group of boys that
• 4:53:06
  Speaker 4: work in a factory alternate month by month with another
• 4:53:09
  Speaker 4: group who are in school, and are thus intelligently conducted
• 4:53:13
  Speaker 4: into the complicated process of modern industry. But for a
• 4:53:17
  Speaker 4: certain type of boy who has been demoralized by the
• 4:53:19
  Speaker 4: constant change and excitement of street life, even these apprenticeship
• 4:53:23
  Speaker 4: classes are too strenuous, and he has to be lured
• 4:53:26
  Speaker 4: into the path of knowledge by all sorts of appeals.
• 4:53:31
  Speaker 4: It sometimes happens that boys are held in the hull
• 4:53:33
  Speaker 4: house classes for weeks by their desire for the excitement
• 4:53:37
  Speaker 4: of placing burglar alarms under the door mats. But to
• 4:53:40
  Speaker 4: enable the professor of even a little knowledge to thus
• 4:53:43
  Speaker 4: play with it is to decoy his fate, at least
• 4:53:46
  Speaker 4: through the first steps of the long, hard road of learning,
• 4:53:49
  Speaker 4: although even in this the teacher must proceed warily. A
• 4:53:53
  Speaker 4: typical street boy who was utterly absorbed in a wood
• 4:53:56
  Speaker 4: carving class abruptly left, never to return when he was
• 4:54:00
  Speaker 4: told to use some simple calculations in laying out of
• 4:54:03
  Speaker 4: the points. He evidently scented the approach of his old enemy, arithmetic,
• 4:54:08
  Speaker 4: and fled the field. On the other hand, we have
• 4:54:11
  Speaker 4: come across many cases in which boys have vainly tried
• 4:54:14
  Speaker 4: to secure such opportunities for themselves. During the trial of
• 4:54:18
  Speaker 4: a boy of ten recently arrested for truancy, it developed
• 4:54:22
  Speaker 4: that he had spent many long hours watching the electrical
• 4:54:25
  Speaker 4: construction in a downtown building, and many others in the
• 4:54:28
  Speaker 4: public library, reading about electricity. Another boy, who was taken
• 4:54:33
  Speaker 4: from school early when his father lost both of his
• 4:54:36
  Speaker 4: legs in a factory accident, tried in vain to find
• 4:54:39
  Speaker 4: a place for himself with machinery. He was declared too
• 4:54:42
  Speaker 4: small for any such position, and for four years worked
• 4:54:45
  Speaker 4: as an errand boy, during which time he steadily turned
• 4:54:48
  Speaker 4: in his unopened pay envelope for the use of the household.
• 4:54:52
  Speaker 4: At the end of the fourth year, the boy disappeared,
• 4:54:55
  Speaker 4: to the great distress of his invalid father and his
• 4:54:58
  Speaker 4: poor mother, whose day washings became the sole support of
• 4:55:01
  Speaker 4: the family. He had beaten his way to Kansas City,
• 4:55:05
  Speaker 4: hoping that they wouldn't be so particular, they are about
• 4:55:08
  Speaker 4: a fellow's size. He came back at the end of
• 4:55:11
  Speaker 4: six weeks because he felt sorry for his mother, who
• 4:55:14
  Speaker 4: aroused at last to a realization of his unbending purpose,
• 4:55:17
  Speaker 4: applied for help to the Juvenile Protection Association. They found
• 4:55:21
  Speaker 4: a position for the boy in a machine shop and
• 4:55:24
  Speaker 4: an opportunity for evening classes. Out of the fifteen hundred
• 4:55:28
  Speaker 4: members of Hull House Boys Club, hundreds seemed to respond
• 4:55:32
  Speaker 4: only to the opportunities for recreation, and many of the
• 4:55:35
  Speaker 4: older ones apparently cared only for the bowling and the billiards.
• 4:55:39
  Speaker 4: And yet tournaments and match games under supervision and regulated hours,
• 4:55:43
  Speaker 4: and a great advance over the essential and exhausting pleasures
• 4:55:46
  Speaker 4: to be found so easily outside the club. These organized
• 4:55:50
  Speaker 4: sports readily connect themselves with the Hull House Gymnasium and
• 4:55:53
  Speaker 4: with all these enthusiasms which are so mysteriously aroused by athletics.
• 4:56:00
  Speaker 4: Our gymnasium has been filled with large and enthusiastic classes
• 4:56:03
  Speaker 4: for eighteen years, in spite of the popularity of dancing
• 4:56:06
  Speaker 4: and other possible substitutes. While the Saturday evening athletic contests
• 4:56:11
  Speaker 4: have become a feature of the neighborhood the settlement strives
• 4:56:15
  Speaker 4: for that type of gymnastics which is at least partly
• 4:56:17
  Speaker 4: a master of character, for that training which presupposes abstinence
• 4:56:22
  Speaker 4: and the curbing of impulse, as well as for those
• 4:56:24
  Speaker 4: athletic contests in which the mind of the contestant must
• 4:56:27
  Speaker 4: be vigilant to keep the body closely to the rules
• 4:56:30
  Speaker 4: of the game. As one sees in rhythmic motion, the
• 4:56:34
  Speaker 4: slim bodies of a class of lads, that scrupulous and
• 4:56:38
  Speaker 4: uncontaminate purity of form, which recommended itself even to the Greeks,
• 4:56:42
  Speaker 4: as befitting messengers from the gods. If such messengers should come,
• 4:56:47
  Speaker 4: one offers up an awkward prosaic from the very essence
• 4:56:50
  Speaker 4: of that old prayer, grant them with feats so light
• 4:56:53
  Speaker 4: to pass through life. But while the glory stored up
• 4:56:56
  Speaker 4: for Olympian winners, was it the most a handful of
• 4:56:58
  Speaker 4: parsley and fame for family and city. On the other hand,
• 4:57:03
  Speaker 4: when the men and boys from the Hull House Gymnasium
• 4:57:05
  Speaker 4: bring back their cups and medals, one's mind is filled
• 4:57:08
  Speaker 4: with something like foreboding and the reflection that too many
• 4:57:11
  Speaker 4: successes may lead the winners into the professionalism which is
• 4:57:15
  Speaker 4: so associated with betting and so close to pugilism. Candor, however,
• 4:57:20
  Speaker 4: compels me to state that a long acquaintance with the
• 4:57:23
  Speaker 4: acrobatic folk who have to do with the circus, a
• 4:57:26
  Speaker 4: large number of whom practice in our gymnasium every winter,
• 4:57:29
  Speaker 4: has raised our estimate of that profession. Young people who
• 4:57:33
  Speaker 4: work long hours at sedentary occupations, factories and offices, need,
• 4:57:38
  Speaker 4: perhaps more than anything else, the freedom and ease to
• 4:57:41
  Speaker 4: be acquired from a symmetrical muscular development, and are quick
• 4:57:45
  Speaker 4: to respond to that fellowship which athletics apparently affords more
• 4:57:49
  Speaker 4: easily than anything else. The Greek immigrants from large classes
• 4:57:53
  Speaker 4: are eager to reproduce the remnants of old methods of
• 4:57:55
  Speaker 4: wrestling and other bits of classic lore which they still possess.
• 4:57:59
  Speaker 4: And when one of the Greeks won a medal in
• 4:58:01
  Speaker 4: a wrestling match which represented the championship of the entire city,
• 4:58:06
  Speaker 4: it was quite impossible that he should present it at
• 4:58:08
  Speaker 4: the Hull House trophy chest without a classic phrase, which
• 4:58:12
  Speaker 4: he recited most gravely and charmingly. It was in connection
• 4:58:16
  Speaker 4: with a large association of Greek lads that a Hull
• 4:58:19
  Speaker 4: House finally lifted its long restriction against military drill. If
• 4:58:24
  Speaker 4: athletic contests are the residium of warfare, first waged against
• 4:58:29
  Speaker 4: the conqueror without and then against the tyrants within the state,
• 4:58:33
  Speaker 4: the modern Greek youth is still in the first stage,
• 4:58:36
  Speaker 4: so far as his inherited attitude against the Turk is concerned.
• 4:58:40
  Speaker 4: Each lad believes that at any moment he may be
• 4:58:43
  Speaker 4: called home to fight this long time enemy of Greece.
• 4:58:47
  Speaker 4: With such a genuine motive at hand, it seemed mere
• 4:58:50
  Speaker 4: affection to deny the use of our boys club building
• 4:58:53
  Speaker 4: and gymnasium for organized drill, although happily it forms but
• 4:58:57
  Speaker 4: a small part of the activities of the Greek Education Association.
• 4:59:02
  Speaker 4: Having thus confessed to military drill countenanced, if not encouraged,
• 4:59:06
  Speaker 4: at hull House, it is perhaps only fair to relate
• 4:59:10
  Speaker 4: an early experience of mine with the Columbian Guards and
• 4:59:13
  Speaker 4: organization of the World's Fair Summer. Although the hull House
• 4:59:18
  Speaker 4: squad was organized as the others were, with the motto
• 4:59:21
  Speaker 4: of a clean city, it was very anxious for military drill.
• 4:59:25
  Speaker 4: This request not only shocked my non resistant principles, but
• 4:59:29
  Speaker 4: seemed to afford an opportunity to find a substitute for
• 4:59:32
  Speaker 4: the military tactics which were used in the boys brigades everywhere,
• 4:59:36
  Speaker 4: even in those connected with churches at the cleaning of
• 4:59:41
  Speaker 4: the filthy streets and alleys was the obstinate purpose of
• 4:59:44
  Speaker 4: the Columbian Guards. I suggested to the boys that we
• 4:59:47
  Speaker 4: work out a drill with sewer speed, which, with their long,
• 4:59:50
  Speaker 4: narrow blades and shortened handles, were not so unlike beingetted
• 4:59:54
  Speaker 4: guns in size, weight and general appearance, but that much
• 4:59:57
  Speaker 4: of the usual military drill could be readapted. While I
• 5:00:01
  Speaker 4: myself was present at the gymnasium to explain that it
• 5:00:04
  Speaker 4: was nobler to drill and imitation of removing disease, breeding
• 5:00:07
  Speaker 4: filth than to drill and simulation of warfare. While I
• 5:00:11
  Speaker 4: distractedly readapted tales of chivalry to this modern rescuing of
• 5:00:15
  Speaker 4: the endangered and distressed. The new drill went forward in
• 5:00:19
  Speaker 4: some sort of fashion, but so surely as I withdrew,
• 5:00:22
  Speaker 4: drill Master would complain that our troops would first grow
• 5:00:25
  Speaker 4: self conscious, then demoralized, and finally flatly refused to go on.
• 5:00:30
  Speaker 4: Throughout the years since the failure of this quixotic experiment,
• 5:00:34
  Speaker 4: I occasionally find one of these sewer spades in a
• 5:00:37
  Speaker 4: Hull House store Room two, trunctuated to be used for
• 5:00:40
  Speaker 4: its original purpose, and too prosaic to serve the purpose
• 5:00:43
  Speaker 4: for which it was bought. I can only look at
• 5:00:46
  Speaker 4: it in the forlorn hope that it may foreshadow that
• 5:00:49
  Speaker 4: piping time when the weapons of warfare shall be turned
• 5:00:52
  Speaker 4: into the implements of civic salvation. Before closing this chapter
• 5:00:58
  Speaker 4: on socialized education, it is only fair to speak of
• 5:01:02
  Speaker 4: the education occurring to the Hull House residents themselves during
• 5:01:06
  Speaker 4: their years of living, and what at least purports to
• 5:01:08
  Speaker 4: be a center for social and educational activity. While a
• 5:01:13
  Speaker 4: certain number of residents are primarily interested in charitable administration
• 5:01:17
  Speaker 4: and the amelioration which can be suggested only by those
• 5:01:21
  Speaker 4: who know actual conditions, there are other residents identified with
• 5:01:24
  Speaker 4: the house from its earlier years, to whom the group
• 5:01:27
  Speaker 4: of immigrants make the historical appeal, and who use not
• 5:01:31
  Speaker 4: only their linguistic ability, but all the resource they can
• 5:01:34
  Speaker 4: command of travel and reading, to qualify themselves for intelligent
• 5:01:38
  Speaker 4: living in the immigrant quarter of the city. I remember
• 5:01:42
  Speaker 4: one resident lately returned from a visit in Sicily, who
• 5:01:45
  Speaker 4: was able to interpret to a bewildered judge the ancient
• 5:01:48
  Speaker 4: privilege of a jilted lover to scratch the cheek of
• 5:01:51
  Speaker 4: his faithless sweetheart with the edge of a coin. Although
• 5:01:54
  Speaker 4: the custom in America has degenerated into a knife slashing
• 5:01:57
  Speaker 4: after the manner of foreign customs here, and although this
• 5:02:01
  Speaker 4: Sicilian deserved punishment, the incident was yet lifted out of
• 5:02:05
  Speaker 4: the slew of mere brutal assault, and the interpretation won
• 5:02:09
  Speaker 4: the gratitude of many Sicilians. There is no doubt that
• 5:02:13
  Speaker 4: residence in a settlement too often moved towards their ends
• 5:02:16
  Speaker 4: with hurried and ignoble gait, putting forth thorns in their
• 5:02:20
  Speaker 4: eagerness to bear grapes. It is always easy for those
• 5:02:23
  Speaker 4: in pursuit of ends which they consider of overwhelming importance,
• 5:02:27
  Speaker 4: to become themselves thin and impoverished in spirit, and to
• 5:02:31
  Speaker 4: temper to gradually develop a dark, mistaken eagerness, alternating with fatigue,
• 5:02:36
  Speaker 4: which supersedes the great and gracious ways so much more
• 5:02:39
  Speaker 4: than congruous with worthy aims. Partly because of this universal tendency,
• 5:02:45
  Speaker 4: partly because the settlement shares the perplexities of its times
• 5:02:49
  Speaker 4: and is never too dogmatic concerning the final truth, the
• 5:02:52
  Speaker 4: residents would be glad to make the daily life of
• 5:02:55
  Speaker 4: the settlement conform to every shape and mode of excellence.
• 5:02:59
  Speaker 4: It may not be true that the good are always
• 5:03:01
  Speaker 4: the mery saved by an evil chance, but a settlement
• 5:03:05
  Speaker 4: would make clear that one need not be heartless and
• 5:03:08
  Speaker 4: flippant in order to be merry, nor solemn in order
• 5:03:11
  Speaker 4: to be wise. Therefore, quite as Hull House tries to
• 5:03:14
  Speaker 4: redeem billiard tables from the association of gambling and dancing
• 5:03:18
  Speaker 4: from the temptations of the public dance halls, so it
• 5:03:21
  Speaker 4: would associate with a life of upright purpose those more
• 5:03:24
  Speaker 4: engaging qualities which, in the experience of the neighborhood are
• 5:03:28
  Speaker 4: too often connected with dubious aims. Throughout the history of
• 5:03:33
  Speaker 4: Hull House, many inquiries have been made concerning their religion
• 5:03:36
  Speaker 4: of the residents, and the reply that there is diversified
• 5:03:40
  Speaker 4: in belief and in the ardor of the inner life,
• 5:03:42
  Speaker 4: as like any number of people in a college or
• 5:03:45
  Speaker 4: similar group, apparently does not carry conviction. I recall that
• 5:03:49
  Speaker 4: after a house for men residents had been opened on
• 5:03:52
  Speaker 4: Polk Street, and the residential force at a Hull House
• 5:03:55
  Speaker 4: number twenty, we made an effort to come together on
• 5:03:58
  Speaker 4: Sunday evenings in a household service, hoping thus to express
• 5:04:02
  Speaker 4: our moral unity in spite of the fact that we
• 5:04:04
  Speaker 4: represented many creeds. But although all of us reverently knelt
• 5:04:09
  Speaker 4: when the high Church resident read the evening service, and
• 5:04:12
  Speaker 4: bowed our heads when the evangelical resident led in prayer
• 5:04:15
  Speaker 4: after his chapter, and although we sat respectfully through the
• 5:04:19
  Speaker 4: twilight when a resident read her favorite passages from Plato
• 5:04:23
  Speaker 4: and another from Apt. Vulgar, we concluded at the end
• 5:04:26
  Speaker 4: of the winter that this was not religious fellowship, and
• 5:04:29
  Speaker 4: that we did not care for another reading club. So
• 5:04:32
  Speaker 4: it was reluctantly given up, and we found that it
• 5:04:35
  Speaker 4: was quite as necessary to come together on the basis
• 5:04:38
  Speaker 4: of the deed in our common aim inside the house
• 5:04:41
  Speaker 4: as it was in the neighborhood itself. I once had
• 5:04:44
  Speaker 4: a conversation on the subject with the warden of Oxford House,
• 5:04:47
  Speaker 4: who kindly invited me to the evening service held for
• 5:04:50
  Speaker 4: the residence in the little chapel on the top floor
• 5:04:53
  Speaker 4: of the settlement. All the residents were high churchmen, to
• 5:04:57
  Speaker 4: whom the service was important and reverent part of their day.
• 5:05:01
  Speaker 4: Upon my reply to a query of the warden that
• 5:05:03
  Speaker 4: the residents of Hull House could not come together for
• 5:05:06
  Speaker 4: religious worship because there were among us Jews, Roman Catholics,
• 5:05:10
  Speaker 4: English Churchmen, to Centers, and a few agnostics, and that
• 5:05:14
  Speaker 4: we had found unsatisfactory the diluted form of worship which
• 5:05:17
  Speaker 4: we could carry on together. He replied that it must
• 5:05:20
  Speaker 4: be most difficult to work in a group so diversified,
• 5:05:24
  Speaker 4: for he depended upon the evening service to clear away
• 5:05:27
  Speaker 4: any difficulties which the day had involved, and to bring
• 5:05:30
  Speaker 4: the residents to a religious consciousness of their common aim.
• 5:05:34
  Speaker 4: I replied that the diversity of creed was part of
• 5:05:36
  Speaker 4: the situation in American settlements, as it was our task
• 5:05:40
  Speaker 4: to live in a neighborhood of many nationalities and faiths,
• 5:05:43
  Speaker 4: and that it might be possible that among such diversified
• 5:05:46
  Speaker 4: group it was better than the settlement corps should also
• 5:05:49
  Speaker 4: represent the varying beliefs. A wise man has told us
• 5:05:53
  Speaker 4: that men are once for all so made that they
• 5:05:56
  Speaker 4: prefer a rational world to believe in and to live in.
• 5:06:00
  Speaker 4: But that is no easy matter to find a world
• 5:06:02
  Speaker 4: rational as to its intellectual, esthetic, moral, and practical aspects. Certainly,
• 5:06:08
  Speaker 4: it is no matter if the place selected is the
• 5:06:10
  Speaker 4: very sort where the four aspects are apparently fur this
• 5:06:14
  Speaker 4: from perfection, but an undertaking resembling This is what the
• 5:06:18
  Speaker 4: settlement gradually becomes committed to, as its function is revealed
• 5:06:22
  Speaker 4: through the reaction on its consciousness of its own experiences.
• 5:06:26
  Speaker 4: Because of this fourfold undertaking, the Settlement has gathered into
• 5:06:30
  Speaker 4: residents people of widely diversified tastes and interest, and in
• 5:06:34
  Speaker 4: Hull House at least, the group has been surprisingly permanent.
• 5:06:38
  Speaker 4: The majority of the present corp of forty residents support
• 5:06:41
  Speaker 4: themselves by their business and professional occupations in the city,
• 5:06:45
  Speaker 4: giving only their leisure time to settlement undertakings. This in
• 5:06:49
  Speaker 4: itself tends to continuity of residence and has certain advantages.
• 5:06:54
  Speaker 4: Among the present staff, of whom the larger number have
• 5:06:57
  Speaker 4: been in residence for more than twelve years, there are
• 5:07:00
  Speaker 4: the Secretary of the City Club, two practicing physicians, several attorneys, newspapermen, businessmen, teachers, scientists, artists, musicians, lecturers,
• 5:07:12
  Speaker 4: and the School of Civics and Philanthropy, officers and the
• 5:07:16
  Speaker 4: Juvenile Protective Association, and in the League for the Protection
• 5:07:20
  Speaker 4: of Immigrants, a visiting nurse, a sanitary inspector and others.
• 5:07:25
  Speaker 4: We have also worked out during our years of residents
• 5:07:28
  Speaker 4: a plan of living which may be called cooperative. For
• 5:07:31
  Speaker 4: the families and individuals who rent the hull house apartments
• 5:07:35
  Speaker 4: have the use of the central kitchen and dining room
• 5:07:37
  Speaker 4: so far as they care for them. Many of them
• 5:07:40
  Speaker 4: work for hours every week in the studios and shops.
• 5:07:43
  Speaker 4: The theater and the drawing rooms are available for such
• 5:07:46
  Speaker 4: organization as they care to form. The entire group of
• 5:07:49
  Speaker 4: thirteen buildings is heated and lighted from a central plant.
• 5:07:53
  Speaker 4: During the years the common human experience have gathered about
• 5:07:56
  Speaker 4: the house. Funeral services have been held there, marriages and christenings,
• 5:08:01
  Speaker 4: and many memories hold us to each other as well
• 5:08:03
  Speaker 4: as to our neighbors. Each resident, of course, carefully defrays
• 5:08:07
  Speaker 4: his own expenses, and his relations to his fellow residents
• 5:08:11
  Speaker 4: are not unlike those of a college professor to his colleagues.
• 5:08:16
  Speaker 4: The depth and strength of his relation to the neighborhood
• 5:08:19
  Speaker 4: must depend very largely upon himself and upon the genuine
• 5:08:23
  Speaker 4: friendships that has been able to make. His relation to
• 5:08:27
  Speaker 4: the city as a whole comes largely through his identification
• 5:08:31
  Speaker 4: with those groups who are carrying forward the reforms which
• 5:08:34
  Speaker 4: a settlement neighborhood so sadly needs, and with which residence
• 5:08:38
  Speaker 4: has made him familiar. Life in the Settlement discovers above
• 5:08:42
  Speaker 4: all what has been called the extraordinary pliability of human nature,
• 5:08:47
  Speaker 4: And it seems impossible to set any bounds to the
• 5:08:51
  Speaker 4: moral capabilities which might unfold under ideal, civic and educational conditions.
• 5:08:56
  Speaker 4: But in order to obtain these conditions, the Settlement recognizes
• 5:09:00
  Speaker 4: the need of cooperation both with the radical and the conservative,
• 5:09:04
  Speaker 4: And from the very nature of the case, the Settlement
• 5:09:07
  Speaker 4: cannot limit its friends to any one political party or
• 5:09:10
  Speaker 4: economic group. The Settlement cast aside none of those things
• 5:09:14
  Speaker 4: which cultivated men have come to consider reasonable and goodly,
• 5:09:18
  Speaker 4: But it insists that those belong as well to that
• 5:09:21
  Speaker 4: great body of people, who, because of toilsome and underpaid labor,
• 5:09:26
  Speaker 4: are unable to procure them for themselves. Added to this
• 5:09:30
  Speaker 4: is a profound conviction that the common stock of intellectual
• 5:09:34
  Speaker 4: enjoyment should not be difficult to assess because of the
• 5:09:37
  Speaker 4: economic position of him who would support it. That those
• 5:09:41
  Speaker 4: best results of civilization upon which depend definer and freer
• 5:09:45
  Speaker 4: aspects of living, must be incorporated into our common life
• 5:09:50
  Speaker 4: and have free mobility through all elements of society. If
• 5:09:53
  Speaker 4: we would have our democracy endure. The educational activities of
• 5:09:59
  Speaker 4: a settlement, as well as its philanthropic, civil, and social undertakings,
• 5:10:04
  Speaker 4: are but differing manifestations of the attempt to socialized democracy,
• 5:10:09
  Speaker 4: as is the very existence of the settlement itself. End
• 5:10:15
  Speaker 4: of Chapter eighteen.