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Why Did God Harden Pharaoh's Heart? | Romans 9:17-18 (Exodus 4-15)

Did God only begin to harden Pharaoh's heart *after* Pharaoh had first independently hardened his own heart, as is often thought? A careful reading of the Exodus story may contain surprises as to when, how, and why God hardened Pharaoh's heart. Why did Paul, in Romans 9:14-18, refer to this particular story to explain that God is righteous in election and reprobation?

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