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36 - Woman Suffrage and Politics by Carrie Chapman Catt, Nettie Rogers Shuler · Woman Suffrage and Politics

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  Speaker 1: Chapter thirty, Part two of Woman Suffrage and Politics. This
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  Speaker 1: is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the
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  Speaker 1: public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit
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  Speaker 1: LibriVox dot org. Recording by Cassiopeia Sparks. Woman Suffrage and Politics,
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  Speaker 1: The Inner Story of the Suffrage Movement by Carrie Chapman
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  Speaker 1: Cat and Nettie Rogers Schuller Tennessee Part two. That very day,
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  Speaker 1: the ominous possibilities of the invisible government were made manifest.
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  Speaker 1: Seth Walker, Speaker of the House, who had willingly joined
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  Speaker 1: the Men's ratification Committee and had not only pledged his
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  Speaker 1: vote verbally and in writing to several persons, but had
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  Speaker 1: accepted the invitation to introduce the resolution, sought out the
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  Speaker 1: president of the League of Women Voters and announced a
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  Speaker 1: change of mind. By evening, it had become clear that
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  Speaker 1: he would assume the floor leadership against the amendment. Before midnight,
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  Speaker 1: suffragists had other worries. During the evening, groups of legislators,
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  Speaker 1: under escort of strange men, had left the foyer and
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  Speaker 1: gone to a room on the eighth floor. As the
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  Speaker 1: evening grew late, legislators both suffrage and anti suffrage men
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  Speaker 1: were realing through the hall in a state of advanced intoxication,
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  Speaker 1: a sight no suffragist had before witnessed in a sixty
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  Speaker 1: years of suffrage struggle. Sunday passed, and Monday, August ninth came.
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  Speaker 1: The legislature met at noon. The Governor's message recommending ratification
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  Speaker 1: was delivered, and both houses adjourned for the day. With
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  Speaker 1: nothing to do, members again accepted the invitation to the
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  Speaker 1: eighth floor, where a group of anti suffrage men dispensed
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  Speaker 1: old bourbon and moonshine whisky with lavish insistence. Tennessee had
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  Speaker 1: been a prohibition state before the eighteenth Amendment had been submitted,
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  Speaker 1: and the state had also ratified that amendment. Why was
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  Speaker 1: not the law enforced? Asked the women. Now see here
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  Speaker 1: was the answer. In Tennessee, whisky and legislation go hand
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  Speaker 1: in hand, especially when controversial questions are urged. Denial of
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  Speaker 1: this traditional license when a great issue was at stake
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  Speaker 1: would be resented as an interference with established custom by
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  Speaker 1: suffragists and anti suffragists. This is the Tennessee way Suffragists
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  Speaker 1: were plunged into helpless despair hour by hour. Suffragemen and
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  Speaker 1: women who went to the different hotels of the city
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  Speaker 1: to talk with the legislators, came back to the Hermitage
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  Speaker 1: headquarters to report, and every report told the same story.
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  Speaker 1: The legislature was drunk. How many let legislators? Was the
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  Speaker 1: abashed query. No one knew our none sober? Was next asked,
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  Speaker 1: possibly was the answer? In agony of soul. Suffragists went
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  Speaker 1: to bed in the early morning, but not to sleep.
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  Speaker 1: The members of the Tennessee Legislature, however, largely slept themselves
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  Speaker 1: sober during the night, and hope revived. Presiding Officer Todd
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  Speaker 1: introduced the resolution in the Senate on the tenth according
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  Speaker 1: to agreement, and the entire Shelby County delegation introduced it
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  Speaker 1: in the House. At the request of the anties, the
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  Speaker 1: Senate and House committees to which the resolution had been
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  Speaker 1: referred granted a hearing on the evening of the twelfth. Meantime,
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  Speaker 1: the opponents tested their strength in the House by introducing
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  Speaker 1: a resolution referring the amendment to county conventions in order
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  Speaker 1: to hear from the people. Suffrage legislators promptly tabled it
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  Speaker 1: by a vote of fifty to thirty seven. The suffragemen
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  Speaker 1: also tabled another resolution declaring ratification of any amendment in
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  Speaker 1: that session to be in violation of the spirit of
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  Speaker 1: the state Constitution. One of the largest crowds ever assembled
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  Speaker 1: in the Capitol attended the suffrage hearing. The suffragists entrusted
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  Speaker 1: their side to a group of brilliant and distinguished Tennessee lawyers.
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  Speaker 1: The evening furnished the suffrage side with two disagreeable surprises.
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  Speaker 1: Major Stallman of the Nashville Banner, who had faithfully promised
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  Speaker 1: support to suffragists at the Kawanis Club, spoke for the anties.
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  Speaker 1: Later it was learned that he had assumed direction of
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  Speaker 1: the opposition lobby. His sudden change of position was regarded
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  Speaker 1: as another ominous sign. The other incident that startled the
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  Speaker 1: suffragists was this A man arose and read a letter
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  Speaker 1: from presidential candidate Harding. I beg to ignowl your esteemed
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  Speaker 1: favor of August fourth. Your letter is the first bit
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  Speaker 1: of information I have had concerning the provision in your
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  Speaker 1: state constitution. I have heard something about a constitutional inhibition
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  Speaker 1: against your legislature acting upon the federal Amendment, but I
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  Speaker 1: did not know of the explicit provision to which your
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  Speaker 1: letter makes reference. I quite agree with you that members
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  Speaker 1: of the General Assembly cannot ignore the State Constitution without
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  Speaker 1: having seen the document myself, I should be reluctant to
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  Speaker 1: undertake to construe it. I have felt for some time
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  Speaker 1: that it would be very fortunate if we could dispose
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  Speaker 1: of the suffrage Amendment, and I have done what I
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  Speaker 1: could in a consistent way to bring about the consummation
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  Speaker 1: of ratification. I have tried throughout it all to avoid
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  Speaker 1: trespassing upon the rights of state officials. It has not
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  Speaker 1: seemed to me a proper thing for a candidate on
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  Speaker 1: the federal ticket to assume an undue authority in directing
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  Speaker 1: state officials as to the performance of their constitutional duties.
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  Speaker 1: I did say, and I still believe it would be
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  Speaker 1: a fortunate thing for Republicans to play their full part
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  Speaker 1: in bringing about ratification. I should be very unfair to
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  Speaker 1: you and should very much misrepresent my own convictions if
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  Speaker 1: I urged you to vote for ratification when you hold
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  Speaker 1: to a very conscientious belief that there is a constitutional
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  Speaker 1: inhibition which prevents your doing so until after an election
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  Speaker 1: has been held italics hours. I hope I make myself
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  Speaker 1: reasonably clear on this subject. I do not want you
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  Speaker 1: to have any doubt about my belief in the desirability
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  Speaker 1: of completing the ratification. But I am just as earnest
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  Speaker 1: about expressing myself in favor of fidelity to conscience in
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  Speaker 1: the performance of a public service. Candidates Harding and Cox
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  Speaker 1: had both been fully informed of the alleged technical obstruction
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  Speaker 1: in the Tennessee Constitution and of the campaign among the
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  Speaker 1: lawyers of the state to offset it. In the flood
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  Speaker 1: of impression circling around a presidential candidate, the explanation had
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  Speaker 1: apparently slipped away in mister Hardinge's case, and the effect
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  Speaker 1: of this letter upon the campaign was to hand a
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  Speaker 1: cudgel to the opponents. It opened the way for Republicans
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  Speaker 1: to creep out of their pledged obligations with a pose
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  Speaker 1: of extra conscientiousness, and for a return of the argument
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  Speaker 1: which had been largely eliminated by intensive effort to watching suffragists.
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  Speaker 1: That letter came like a bolt from a blue sky,
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  Speaker 1: and again there was no sleep. The anxiety was stilled
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  Speaker 1: for a time by the prompt and generous act of
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  Speaker 1: the Tennessee Senate. The Senate Committee met immediately after the
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  Speaker 1: hearing on the twelfth and voted to report the amendment
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  Speaker 1: favorably by a vote of eight to two. The two
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  Speaker 1: dissenters made ready to present a minority report. Although the
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  Speaker 1: debate in the Senate on the thirteenth had been awaited
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  Speaker 1: with anxiety, only two speeches were made in opposition. One
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  Speaker 1: of these was so vituperative and vulgar that it not
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  Speaker 1: only aroused the fighting qualities of the friends of Suffrage,
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  Speaker 1: but called forth denunciation from the entire state. Many were
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  Speaker 1: the letters of apology sent to Suffrage headquarters from prominent
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  Speaker 1: men on behalf of the state for this attack upon
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  Speaker 1: individual suffragists. Senator Collins, who had been brought from a
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  Speaker 1: sick bed to cast his vote for ratification, stood tremblingly,
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  Speaker 1: clinging to his desk as with shaking voice, he eloquently
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  Speaker 1: defended women against the attack. Senator Monroe, who was carried
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  Speaker 1: on the anti poll, created a sensation when he announced
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  Speaker 1: that he had been reminded of the fourteenth and fifteenth
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  Speaker 1: amendments and requested in that connection by northern women anties
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  Speaker 1: to vote against the amendment, but said he I am
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  Speaker 1: going to vote for ratification in order to give back
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  Speaker 1: to the North what the North gave to Tennessee when
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  Speaker 1: it ratified the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments. Others, for various reasons,
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  Speaker 1: announced changes of attitude. The minority report was promptly rejected
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  Speaker 1: and ratification passed August thirteenth, twenty five eyes and four nays.
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  Speaker 1: To the outside world watching, this result was an expected
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  Speaker 1: and normal action to the suffragist on guard in Tennessee.
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  Speaker 1: It meant a reversal of the usual policy the opposition
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  Speaker 1: had centered on the House instead of the Senate. The
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  Speaker 1: political fate of the women of the nation now rested
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  Speaker 1: in the hands of a minority of a single legislative chamber.
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  Speaker 1: From day to day, the House ominously postponed the date
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  Speaker 1: of the vote. Though the postponement meant that the pledged
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  Speaker 1: majority was still standing fast in vain did the suffrage
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  Speaker 1: members try to get the resolution on the calendar. Meanwhile,
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  Speaker 1: the male anti suffrage lobby, from early morning of each
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  Speaker 1: day until the wee small hours the next threatened and
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  Speaker 1: cajoled the embattled sixty two who had signed pledges. They
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  Speaker 1: were baited with whiskey, tempted with offers of office, loans
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  Speaker 1: of money, and every other device which old hands at
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  Speaker 1: illicit politics could conceive or remember. An alleged attempt to
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  Speaker 1: kidnap a suffrage member was made. Various schemes were started
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  Speaker 1: to get rid of enough suffrage legislators to allow the
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  Speaker 1: opposition a chance to act. A favorite proposal being that
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  Speaker 1: men might conveniently get messages calling them home in games,
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  Speaker 1: which in this nefarious intrigue was what old timers recognized
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  Speaker 1: as the former whiskey lobby in full force, the one
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  Speaker 1: time railroad lobby, which was alleged to have directed Tennessee
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  Speaker 1: politics for years, and a newer manufacturer's lobby. All pretense
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  Speaker 1: was thrown aside, and all three worked openly as one man.
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  Speaker 1: Although who paid the bills, the public never knew. Every
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  Speaker 1: day men dropped from the poll. In some cases the
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  Speaker 1: actual consideration was noised about one man who had written
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  Speaker 1: nine letters in which he declared that he would be
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  Speaker 1: on hand to vote for women's suffrage until I am
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  Speaker 1: called up. Yonder had fallen early before the end. All
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  Speaker 1: men checked as bribeable on the poll taken before the
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  Speaker 1: legislature met fell from it. The American Constitutional League Everett P. Wheeler, President,
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  Speaker 1: formerly the Men's Anti Suffrage League, formed a branch in
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  Speaker 1: now and its members, mainly politicians, joined in the bombardment
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  Speaker 1: of legislators friendly to suffrage. The Maryland Legislature sent a
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  Speaker 1: memorial which was read at the opening of the Tennessee Legislature,
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  Speaker 1: urging rejection of ratification, and representatives of the Maryland League
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  Speaker 1: for State Defense formerly the Men's Anti Suffrage League of
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  Speaker 1: Maryland joined the lobby. Women ANTIS pressed the sharp point
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  Speaker 1: of Negro woman suffrage into Southern traditions. The men Antis
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  Speaker 1: bore hard on the alleged illegalities of ratification by the
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  Speaker 1: Tennessee Legislature. All of them quoted mister Harding's sympathy with
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  Speaker 1: the oath, violating theory. Men and women as organized anti
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  Speaker 1: suffragists issued daily press bulletins, assuming the responsibility for the
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  Speaker 1: campaign of opposition, while as usual, other men, whose presence
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  Speaker 1: in Nashville was unannounced to the outside world, were applying
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  Speaker 1: the third degree in a hotel bedroom. The Hotel Committee
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  Speaker 1: met on the evening of the sixteenth and reported favorably
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  Speaker 1: on the seventeenth, the vote on the resolution having been
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  Speaker 1: set for that day. The debate was opened by T. K.
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  Speaker 1: Riddick of Memphis, Shelby County, a distinguished lawyer who had
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  Speaker 1: allowed himself to be elected to a vacancy for the
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  Speaker 1: sole purpose of aiding ratification. Said he, I have in
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  Speaker 1: my pocket the pledges of sixty two members of this House,
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  Speaker 1: which the people of Tennessee will have the opportunity to read.
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  Speaker 1: If those men fail to keep faith, I shall go
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  Speaker 1: from this chamber, ashamed of being a Democrat, ashamed of
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  Speaker 1: being a Tennesseean Seth Walker made what the Mountaineers called
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  Speaker 1: a bear cat of a speech, saying that it had
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  Speaker 1: been charged that his change of attitude was due to
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  Speaker 1: a certain railroad, which he named. This he resented, but
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  Speaker 1: he conspicuously failed to give an explanation of his strange
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  Speaker 1: volt fests, which was amazing the entire nation. The Anties
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  Speaker 1: brought the debate to a close by a motion to adjourn,
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  Speaker 1: passed by a vote of fifty two to forty four.
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  Speaker 1: The previous tests had indicated that Suffragists were in control
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  Speaker 1: of the House, but this one gave evidence that the
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  Speaker 1: position had been reversed. Suffrage anxiety was intense that night.
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  Speaker 1: The suffrage leaders, with heavy hearts, confessed their despair to
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  Speaker 1: each other. There is one thing more we can do,
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  Speaker 1: said the President of the National Suffrage Association, only one
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  Speaker 1: we can pray. In the interim, representatives of a group
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  Speaker 1: of newspapers called upon the governor and threatened to defeat
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  Speaker 1: him at the election if he did not pull off
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  Speaker 1: his men. He stood firm. On the eighteenth, the house
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  Speaker 1: was again packed, and hundreds of would be onlookers were
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  Speaker 1: turned away. The debate continued. What is a greater crime
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  Speaker 1: than for interests from New York to San Francisco to
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  Speaker 1: send lobbyists here to break your pledges, or for certain
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  Speaker 1: newspapers connected with railroads to threaten you as they have
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  Speaker 1: been doing for the last ten days, demanded Joe hanover floor.
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  Speaker 1: Suffrage leader L. D. Miller of Chattanooga closed with a
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  Speaker 1: ringing speech in which he said, when this special interest
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  Speaker 1: made an attack on this legislature in January, they had
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  Speaker 1: a gang of lobbyists to put over their infamous bills.
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  Speaker 1: I recognize in the lobbies these same special interest servers.
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  Speaker 1: You have an opportunity on this occasion to rid this
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  Speaker 1: state of an incubus that has had its claws in
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  Speaker 1: this legislature for fifty years. Let us show by our
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  Speaker 1: votes that the special interests are done in Tennessee. The
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  Speaker 1: moment had become intensely dramatic. Every onlooker knew that the
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  Speaker 1: fate of the question might depend upon a single vote.
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  Speaker 1: Of the ninety nine elected members of the House, ninety
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  Speaker 1: six were present. One had resigned and his place was vacant.
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  Speaker 1: The other two, both suffragists, were kept at home by
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  Speaker 1: serious family illness. Doctor J. Frank Griffin, had hastened home
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  Speaker 1: from California to cast a suffrage vote. R. L. Dowlan,
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  Speaker 1: who had just undergone a serious operation, was brought from
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  Speaker 1: his bed to the capital to vote for the resolution.
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  Speaker 1: Seth Walker, in a last effort to rally the weakening
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  Speaker 1: lines of the anti ratificationists, at the end of the debate,
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  Speaker 1: shouted in melodramatic manner, the hour has come, the battle
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  Speaker 1: has been fought. And one and moved to table the resolution.
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  Speaker 1: But the vote on tabling stood forty eight to forty eight.
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  Speaker 1: The room rang with the cheers of the galleries. One
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  Speaker 1: more vote had been won for suffrage. The role call
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  Speaker 1: showed that Banks Turner, who was carried on the anti pole,
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  Speaker 1: had dropped into the suffrage column. Unwilling to believe the
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  Speaker 1: role call, mister Walker demanded a second and it was taken,
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  Speaker 1: He left his speaker's seat, and with arms thrown around Banks,
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  Speaker 1: Turner whispered insistent entreaties in his ears. As the names
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  Speaker 1: were again called, Shivers ran down suffrage backs. As mister
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  Speaker 1: Turner passed his call without response, heads stretched forward and
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  Speaker 1: every eye centered on the legislator and the speaker. While
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  Speaker 1: a breathless silence pervaded the room, The fans ceased to waive,
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  Speaker 1: even the overpowering heat was forgotten. At the end of
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  Speaker 1: the roll call, mister Turner threw off the speaker's arm,
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  Speaker 1: drew himself up proudly, and shouted a defiant no. Cheers
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  Speaker 1: and shouts burst forth again, and the galleries would accept
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  Speaker 1: no discipline from the chair. The vote still stood forty
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  Speaker 1: eight to forty eight against tabling. A motion to ratify
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  Speaker 1: the amendment was then made, and the vote was taken
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  Speaker 1: in attention that was well nigh unbearable. Forty nine eyes,
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  Speaker 1: forty seven knaves. The house broke into an uproar, and
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  Speaker 1: the cheers of triumph that rang through the old Legislative
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  Speaker 1: chamber were heard far down the street. The second additional
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  Speaker 1: vote that had been won for suffrage was that of
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  Speaker 1: Harry Byrne, a twenty four year old Republican who forthwith
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  Speaker 1: became a hero to the suffragists and a traitor to
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  Speaker 1: their opponents. He had been placed on the suffrage pole
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  Speaker 1: as conditioned for. He had promised to vote for the
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  Speaker 1: resolution only if his vote should be necessary for ratification.
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  Speaker 1: Otherwise he was going to vote against it, as he
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  Speaker 1: believed his constituents were opposed. From the vote on the
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  Speaker 1: motion to table, he saw that his vote was necessary,
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  Speaker 1: and so changed his attitude on the ratification motion. Although
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  Speaker 1: forty nine was a majority of ninety six the number
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  Speaker 1: of members present and sufficient for legal ratification, Tennessee was
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  Speaker 1: accustomed to consider fifty the majority of ninety nine the
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  Speaker 1: total elected membership, as a constitutional majority. Seth Walker, in
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  Speaker 1: order to move a reconsideration, changed his vote from no
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  Speaker 1: to I, which made the final record fifty eyes to
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  Speaker 1: forty six nays, thus giving the constitutional majority. Thus, by
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  Speaker 1: a freak of politics, the last vote needed by the
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  Speaker 1: Tennessee standard to enfranchise the women of a great nation
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  Speaker 1: was cast by a man who was clearly staking heavily
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  Speaker 1: to defeat it. According to the printed rules of the
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  Speaker 1: House in Tennessee, a motion to reconsider any ordinary measure
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  Speaker 1: may be made by any person voting on the majority side,
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  Speaker 1: and that person controls the right to bring the motion
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  Speaker 1: up at any time within three days. No other person
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  Speaker 1: may bring it up. On each of these three days,
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  Speaker 1: the House met with full quorum present, but the Speaker
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  Speaker 1: did not bring up his motion to reconsider the two
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  Speaker 1: Suffrage absentees had returned, and there were Suffrage votes to spare.
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  Speaker 1: During that three days period, the opposition again worked desperately.
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  Speaker 1: One Suffrage member was called every half hour through two nights,
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  Speaker 1: each time with a different appeal to change his vote.
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  Speaker 1: Another was urged every half hour all night to come
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  Speaker 1: downtown to see an important man. A man who was
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  Speaker 1: laboring day and night in the midst of the anti
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  Speaker 1: forses to break the Suffrage majority, finally implored his daughter
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  Speaker 1: in law to renounce publicly the Suffrage side and come
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  Speaker 1: out in opposition. With tears in his eyes, he entreated,
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  Speaker 1: it will mean a great deal to you and your
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  Speaker 1: daughter in the future if this amendment is defeated, whereupon
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  Speaker 1: the spirited seventeen year old daughter present at the interview
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  Speaker 1: spoke for her mother. Mother, and I would rather live
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  Speaker 1: in poverty all the rest of our lives than get
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  Speaker 1: money by treachery to our sex. We will not desert
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  Speaker 1: the suffragists, and we are not proud of the work
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  Speaker 1: you are doing. A man who was carried on the
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  Speaker 1: suffrage pole was reported by suffragemen as wavering and was
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  Speaker 1: boldly claimed by the opposition. A confession was secured by
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  Speaker 1: U S Senator McKellar that he had been offered a
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  Speaker 1: pay position under the Excise Commissioner for his vote. A
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  Speaker 1: telegram to the President of the United States brought prompt
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  Speaker 1: rebuke to the commissioner, who left town at once, and
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  Speaker 1: the man ceased to waver. Young Harry Burrn was the
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  Speaker 1: chief object of persecution. He was threatened with exposure of
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  Speaker 1: an alleged bribe if he did not remain out of
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  Speaker 1: the legislature until the vote on Greek consideration was over.
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  Speaker 1: Men declared they had affidavits to prove that he had
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  Speaker 1: been bribed by Suffrage floor leader Hanover and the Governor's secretary.
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  Speaker 1: Between the vote on tabling and that on ratification. The
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  Speaker 1: presentation of affidavits disproved that charge. The efforts at intimidation
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  Speaker 1: led mister Burne to make a statement to the House
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  Speaker 1: I desire to resent in the name of honesty and justice,
• 22:53
  Speaker 1: the veiled intimation and accusation regarding my vote on the
• 22:57
  Speaker 1: suffrage Amendment, as indicated in certain statements. And it is
• 23:01
  Speaker 1: my sincere belief that those responsible for their existence, no,
• 23:06
  Speaker 1: there is not a sinella of truth in them. I
• 23:10
  Speaker 1: want to state that I changed my vote in favor
• 23:13
  Speaker 1: of ratification, first because I believe in full suffrage as
• 23:17
  Speaker 1: a right. Second, I believe we had a moral and
• 23:21
  Speaker 1: legal right to ratify. Third, I knew that a mother's
• 23:25
  Speaker 1: advice is always safest for her boy to follow, and
• 23:29
  Speaker 1: my mother wanted me to vote for ratification. Fourth, I
• 23:33
  Speaker 1: appreciated the fact that an opportunity such as seldom comes
• 23:37
  Speaker 1: to a mortal man. To free seventeen million women from
• 23:41
  Speaker 1: political slavery was mine. Fifth, I desired that my party,
• 23:47
  Speaker 1: in both state and nation might say that it was
• 23:50
  Speaker 1: a Republican from the East Mountains of Tennessee, the purest
• 23:54
  Speaker 1: Anglo Saxon section in the world, who made national women
• 23:58
  Speaker 1: suffrage possible at this state, not for personal glory, but
• 24:02
  Speaker 1: for the glory of his party. A few hours later,
• 24:07
  Speaker 1: the president of the League of Women Voters received a
• 24:10
  Speaker 1: telegram from Missus J. L. Byrne, the young man's mother.
• 24:15
  Speaker 1: The telegram read woman was here today, claims to be
• 24:19
  Speaker 1: wife of governor of Louisiana, and secured an interview with
• 24:23
  Speaker 1: me and tried by every means to get me to
• 24:26
  Speaker 1: refute and say that the letter I sent to my
• 24:29
  Speaker 1: son was false. The letter is authentic and was written
• 24:33
  Speaker 1: by me. And you can refute any statement that any
• 24:36
  Speaker 1: party claims to have received from me. Any statement claiming
• 24:41
  Speaker 1: to be from me is false. I stand squarely behind
• 24:44
  Speaker 1: suffrage and request my son to stick to suffrage until
• 24:48
  Speaker 1: the end. This woman was very insulting to me in
• 24:51
  Speaker 1: my home, and I had a hard time to get
• 24:54
  Speaker 1: her out of my home. An amusing indication of the
• 24:58
  Speaker 1: state of suffrage nerves occurred when during this three day
• 25:01
  Speaker 1: period Harry Byrne was reported as having left Nashville. His
• 25:06
  Speaker 1: hotel said he had gone, and the clerks did not
• 25:09
  Speaker 1: know where. There was consternation again among the suffrage forces.
• 25:14
  Speaker 1: Had he deserted after all? Had he been kidnapped? An
• 25:18
  Speaker 1: hour later, his name appeared upon the register of another
• 25:21
  Speaker 1: hotel to which he had moved. Men were found listening
• 25:26
  Speaker 1: at the transoms of suffrage doors a telegram between the
• 25:30
  Speaker 1: receiving and operating telephone desk was stolen and given to
• 25:34
  Speaker 1: the press. Men, whom nobody seemed to know or what
• 25:38
  Speaker 1: they represented, mysteriously appeared and joined the opposition forces. All
• 25:43
  Speaker 1: day and all night, suffrage lines were guarded, Suffrage women
• 25:48
  Speaker 1: picketed the hotel floors where suspicious incidents had taken place,
• 25:53
  Speaker 1: and suffrage men polled the suffrage members every two hours
• 25:57
  Speaker 1: during the day and watched over them at night. On
• 26:01
  Speaker 1: the eighteenth, the opposition held a mass meeting where two
• 26:04
  Speaker 1: things of note occurred. In a speech seth Walker confidently
• 26:09
  Speaker 1: announced that three men had deserted the suffrage side, and that,
• 26:13
  Speaker 1: in consequence, the defeat of the amendment was certain. The
• 26:17
  Speaker 1: other incident was a letter from presidential candidate Cox, surprisingly
• 26:22
  Speaker 1: similar to that of mister Hardy and dated on the
• 26:25
  Speaker 1: same day. More doubt and confusion. Again, the public did
• 26:30
  Speaker 1: not know whether to believe that the two candidates were
• 26:33
  Speaker 1: plain politics or were sincere in their desire to see
• 26:37
  Speaker 1: the amendment ratified, and the opposition made the most of
• 26:40
  Speaker 1: the situation. Again, the oath loyalty argument was revived and
• 26:45
  Speaker 1: made to work. Could it be true that three men
• 26:49
  Speaker 1: had deserted suffrages asked faithful suffrage men did not sleep
• 26:54
  Speaker 1: until they had sounded every pledged man, and when they
• 26:58
  Speaker 1: found the sterling forty nine star still standing firm, they
• 27:01
  Speaker 1: recorded seth Walker's claim as a political bluff. The vote
• 27:06
  Speaker 1: on reconsideration was expected hourly on Friday, and the galleries
• 27:10
  Speaker 1: were again packed. A manufacturer had given a holiday to
• 27:13
  Speaker 1: his women employees and sent them red rose bedecked to
• 27:17
  Speaker 1: help fill the galleries and swell the anti numbers. It
• 27:22
  Speaker 1: was clear that every vote might be needed. T A
• 27:26
  Speaker 1: Dodson had received a message that his baby was dying
• 27:30
  Speaker 1: and had just taken his train. When it was discovered
• 27:33
  Speaker 1: that his vote might prove crucial, a suffragist drove her
• 27:37
  Speaker 1: motor on a flying trip to the station, taking two
• 27:40
  Speaker 1: suffrage men with her. They reached the train just as
• 27:44
  Speaker 1: it was moving out, and the men promised the legislator
• 27:47
  Speaker 1: a special train which would get him home as soon
• 27:50
  Speaker 1: as a regular one if he would come back. He returned,
• 27:54
  Speaker 1: remaining while needed, was given the special train, paid for
• 27:58
  Speaker 1: by Nowell Sanders, a republic and ex state senator, and
• 28:02
  Speaker 1: reached home to find the baby happily recovering the hours passed,
• 28:08
  Speaker 1: the quorum was present, the Suffrage voters were all there,
• 28:12
  Speaker 1: but mister Walker, perceiving the futility of so doing, did
• 28:16
  Speaker 1: not bring up his motion to reconsider. At the end
• 28:21
  Speaker 1: of the session, the Suffrage majority carried a motion to
• 28:24
  Speaker 1: meet on Saturday morning, the twenty first. According to the
• 28:28
  Speaker 1: custom but not the printed rules of the House, it
• 28:32
  Speaker 1: was possible after the three days for any member to
• 28:35
  Speaker 1: call up a motion to reconsider, and the Suffrage members
• 28:38
  Speaker 1: intended to bring it up on Saturday morning and vote
• 28:42
  Speaker 1: it down. The city of Nashville looked forward to another
• 28:46
  Speaker 1: exciting session, but before Saturday's breakfast, the news was all
• 28:50
  Speaker 1: about town that thirty eight anti ratification House members had
• 28:56
  Speaker 1: ignominiously fled in the dead of night. They had gone
• 29:00
  Speaker 1: in small groups to a station near Nashville, where they
• 29:03
  Speaker 1: boarded an L and N train, which carried them across
• 29:07
  Speaker 1: the border into Alabama. This move of last resort was
• 29:11
  Speaker 1: intended to prevent any further action by destroying a quorum,
• 29:15
  Speaker 1: and to give time to anti suffrage workers to break
• 29:18
  Speaker 1: down a Suffrage member. The House met on Saturday morning
• 29:24
  Speaker 1: with fifty Suffrage men and nine antis present, and with
• 29:29
  Speaker 1: women suffragists occupying the seats of the absentees. The anti
• 29:33
  Speaker 1: suffrage chaplain added a bit of irony to the situation
• 29:37
  Speaker 1: when he prayed that God's richest blessings be granted are
• 29:41
  Speaker 1: absent ones. The suffrage garrison prepared to enjoy itself and
• 29:47
  Speaker 1: harassed Speaker Walker by overturing every ruling and voting down
• 29:51
  Speaker 1: every decision of the chair. Speaker Walker announced that an
• 29:55
  Speaker 1: injunction against forwarding the certificate of ratification to Wash had
• 30:01
  Speaker 1: been issued that morning by Judge Langford of the Supreme Court,
• 30:05
  Speaker 1: and that the injunction had been served upon the Governor,
• 30:09
  Speaker 1: the Secretary of State, and the Speaker of both houses.
• 30:12
  Speaker 1: The ratificationists went on with the legislative program. The pending
• 30:17
  Speaker 1: motion to reconsider was called up and voted down. The
• 30:21
  Speaker 1: ratified amendment was ordered returned to the Senate, and it
• 30:25
  Speaker 1: was returned. It was common knowledge that the Governor could
• 30:28
  Speaker 1: not be enjoined by the laws of the state, and
• 30:31
  Speaker 1: lawyers now begged him to ignore the injunction and forward
• 30:34
  Speaker 1: the certificate, but the Governor was non committal. While neither
• 30:38
  Speaker 1: the Attorney General nor any of his assistants could be
• 30:42
  Speaker 1: located the Attorney General's office mysteriously professed no knowledge of
• 30:47
  Speaker 1: their whereabouts. After two days absence, however, Attorney General Thompson
• 30:53
  Speaker 1: emerged from his hiding place brief in hand supporting a
• 30:57
  Speaker 1: plea which was heard by Judge Lanstone, Chief Justice of
• 31:01
  Speaker 1: the Supreme Court, on August twenty third. The plea was
• 31:05
  Speaker 1: for a writ of certiorari et supersitious, and it was issued,
• 31:11
  Speaker 1: thus dissolving the injunction of the lower court and clearing
• 31:15
  Speaker 1: the way for the Tennessee certificate to be sent to Washington.
• 31:19
  Speaker 1: During this time, the Attorney General issued two opinions which
• 31:23
  Speaker 1: were seconded through the press by many other equally prominent
• 31:27
  Speaker 1: lawyers throughout the state. One, when a legislature has taken
• 31:31
  Speaker 1: favorable action on a federal amendment, it has exhausted its
• 31:35
  Speaker 1: power to act, and no motion to reconsider is applicable
• 31:39
  Speaker 1: even for the limit of three days. Two. Had a
• 31:43
  Speaker 1: motion to reconsider been applicable in the case of a
• 31:46
  Speaker 1: federal suffrage amendment, that power was exhausted according to the
• 31:50
  Speaker 1: printed rules of the House when three days had passed,
• 31:54
  Speaker 1: for no contrary custom of the House could be held
• 31:57
  Speaker 1: to have legal value. On Tuesday, August twenty fourth, at
• 32:03
  Speaker 1: ten seventeen a m. Governor Roberts, in the presence of
• 32:07
  Speaker 1: interested suffragists, signed the certificate and sent it by registered
• 32:12
  Speaker 1: mail to the Secretary of State. It was delivered at
• 32:16
  Speaker 1: four a m. On the twenty sixth, and was at
• 32:19
  Speaker 1: once referred for examination to the Solicitor, who had been
• 32:23
  Speaker 1: sitting up all night in order to be on hand
• 32:25
  Speaker 1: when it should arrive. An open threat to secure an
• 32:29
  Speaker 1: injunction to prevent the issuance of the proclamation certifying to
• 32:33
  Speaker 1: the ratification of the amendment had been continually made by
• 32:37
  Speaker 1: the opposition. In July, Justice Bailey of the District of
• 32:41
  Speaker 1: Columbia Supreme Court had declined to issue such an injunction
• 32:46
  Speaker 1: upon action brought by Charles S. Fairchild and the American
• 32:50
  Speaker 1: Constitutional League. On August twenty fifth, Justice Sidoms of the
• 32:55
  Speaker 1: same court had refused the same application. The Secretary of
• 32:59
  Speaker 1: sas Date Bainbridge Colby, however, took no chances, and arose
• 33:04
  Speaker 1: early on the morning of the twenty sixth, at eight
• 33:07
  Speaker 1: o'clock without ceremony, he signed the proclamation. The group of
• 33:11
  Speaker 1: workers of the National Suffrage Association, returning from Tennessee, arrived
• 33:16
  Speaker 1: in Washington the morning the proclamation was signed and found
• 33:20
  Speaker 1: a great victory celebration awaiting them in the evening to
• 33:24
  Speaker 1: a packed theater audience, they told the story of the
• 33:27
  Speaker 1: Tennessee campaign. The Secretary of State was there to represent
• 33:32
  Speaker 1: the administration, and on behalf of the nation congratulated the
• 33:35
  Speaker 1: Suffragists upon their freedom. On August twenty seventh, the Tennessee
• 33:41
  Speaker 1: Suffrage Group returned to New York City, the home of
• 33:45
  Speaker 1: the National Suffrage Headquarters. The Governor of the state and
• 33:48
  Speaker 1: representatives of the Republican and Democratic National committees were at
• 33:53
  Speaker 1: the station to welcome them, and so were the old
• 33:56
  Speaker 1: Guard Suffragists. With the seventy first Regiment banned at the
• 34:01
  Speaker 1: head and with the old familiar banners waving, they marched
• 34:04
  Speaker 1: together for the last time to the Waldorf Astoria, where
• 34:08
  Speaker 1: all made speeches of self congratulation. Missus Harriet Taylor Upton,
• 34:13
  Speaker 1: national chairman of the Republican Women, told how the Republicans
• 34:17
  Speaker 1: carried Tennessee, and Miss Charles Williams, national chairman of the
• 34:22
  Speaker 1: Democratic Women, told how the Democrats did it. Others told
• 34:26
  Speaker 1: how resourceful and fearless the Tennessee Women had been, how
• 34:30
  Speaker 1: heroic were the faithful forty nine, in the midst of
• 34:33
  Speaker 1: the whirlwind of opposition, and how the victory was everybody's
• 34:37
  Speaker 1: victory who had labored in the cause. A hurry call
• 34:42
  Speaker 1: had been sent to all the mayors of Tennessee, urging
• 34:45
  Speaker 1: them to join the women's celebration by ordering the ringing
• 34:48
  Speaker 1: of bells and blowing of whistles. And the whistles did blow,
• 34:52
  Speaker 1: and the bells did ring merrily and sincerely in most
• 34:55
  Speaker 1: Tennessee towns, for the people in the main stood by
• 34:59
  Speaker 1: the ratifying legislature. From ocean to ocean, from Canada to
• 35:04
  Speaker 1: the Gulf, the celebrations continued, meetings, processions, flag raisings, transformations
• 35:10
  Speaker 1: from suffrage associations into leagues of women voters, where the
• 35:15
  Speaker 1: order of the day for the month that followed. None
• 35:19
  Speaker 1: was more significant than the draped flag over the tablet
• 35:22
  Speaker 1: that marked the site of the chapel where the world's
• 35:26
  Speaker 1: first woman's Convention had been held in eighteen forty eight
• 35:30
  Speaker 1: in Geneva, New York. None more significant than the wreaths
• 35:34
  Speaker 1: of flowers hung on the old building where the world's
• 35:37
  Speaker 1: first woman's jury had sat in eighteen seventy in Cheyenne, Wyoming.
• 35:44
  Speaker 1: Here the story of women's suffrage in the United States
• 35:47
  Speaker 1: should appropriately end, but there was more to come and
• 35:51
  Speaker 1: come in Tennessee before the long suffrage campaign was permitted
• 35:56
  Speaker 1: to pass into history as a closed issue. The Tennessee
• 36:00
  Speaker 1: Legislature recessed from day to day as there was no quorum.
• 36:05
  Speaker 1: The call had included one hundred thirty two bills as
• 36:08
  Speaker 1: needing attention by the legislature. The majority of the anti
• 36:13
  Speaker 1: ratificationists stubbornly remained in Alabama or at their homes and
• 36:17
  Speaker 1: awaited the call of their masters. The ratification members, unwilling
• 36:22
  Speaker 1: to remain in Nashville without a quorum, had gone home. Also,
• 36:27
  Speaker 1: anti ratification mass meetings were still in progress, and the
• 36:31
  Speaker 1: speakers were defiantly threatening to undo ratification in the courts. Meanwhile,
• 36:36
  Speaker 1: the governor and the Sergeant at Arms were striving to
• 36:39
  Speaker 1: get a quorum of the legislature. It was publicly announced
• 36:44
  Speaker 1: that on August thirtieth, the Red Rose Brigade would return.
• 36:49
  Speaker 1: Four hours were spent on that day in an effort
• 36:51
  Speaker 1: to secure the quorum of sixty six members, but at
• 36:54
  Speaker 1: no time could more than sixty three be found. The
• 36:58
  Speaker 1: filibusters had returned with a great show of being ready
• 37:01
  Speaker 1: for business. The full Suffrage majority was not in Nashville,
• 37:06
  Speaker 1: and the Ratificationists who were there feared to help compose
• 37:09
  Speaker 1: of korum lest some unfriendly act be passed. Ratification legislators
• 37:15
  Speaker 1: arrested and brought into the house escaped by other doors,
• 37:19
  Speaker 1: while the forty six anti ratificationists held their seats. Finally,
• 37:25
  Speaker 1: it was announced that the Ratificationists would all be in
• 37:28
  Speaker 1: their seats on the thirty first, whereupon the anties failed
• 37:31
  Speaker 1: to appear lest they could not muster a sufficient vote
• 37:35
  Speaker 1: to overthrow the Suffrage action of August twenty first. The
• 37:40
  Speaker 1: scene had lost its attraction for both suffragists and anti suffragists,
• 37:44
  Speaker 1: who now deserted the balconies. Without the yellow and the red,
• 37:49
  Speaker 1: the place looked lonesome. Even mister Walker absented himself on
• 37:53
  Speaker 1: this date. On September eleventh, however, the anti Ratificationists won
• 37:59
  Speaker 1: the game of ride and seek and got control of
• 38:02
  Speaker 1: the house, many suffrage men being absent amid shouts of glee.
• 38:07
  Speaker 1: By a vote of forty seven to thirty seven, they
• 38:10
  Speaker 1: passed a motion to expunge from the record all that
• 38:14
  Speaker 1: had taken place on the twenty first, except the record
• 38:17
  Speaker 1: that there had been no quorum. Mister Riddick, on behalf
• 38:22
  Speaker 1: of the ratificationists, contested every step with points of order.
• 38:27
  Speaker 1: The entire controversy raged around the question of a quorum.
• 38:31
  Speaker 1: By the rules of the legislature, two thirds sixty six
• 38:35
  Speaker 1: of the elected number constituted a quorum in the House.
• 38:39
  Speaker 1: There was a quorum when the House ratified, there was
• 38:42
  Speaker 1: a majority, but not a quorum by Tennessee rules. When
• 38:46
  Speaker 1: the House voted down the motion to reconsider and returned
• 38:50
  Speaker 1: the ratified amendment to the Senate, mister Riddick contended that
• 38:55
  Speaker 1: the authority for procedure was drawn from their federal constitution
• 38:59
  Speaker 1: and that no rules of the House could supersede. He
• 39:02
  Speaker 1: claimed that the authority for a quorum composed of a
• 39:06
  Speaker 1: majority was drawn from parliamentary usage. In these views, he
• 39:11
  Speaker 1: was sustained by the Attorney General, whose opinion he quoted.
• 39:14
  Speaker 1: The Anti members refused to accept this interpretation. A resolution
• 39:20
  Speaker 1: to reject the suffrage amendment as a substitute for the
• 39:23
  Speaker 1: one to ratify, which the anties held to be pending
• 39:27
  Speaker 1: on reconsideration, was voted on forty seven to twenty four,
• 39:32
  Speaker 1: with twenty not voting. This rejection resolution was sent to
• 39:37
  Speaker 1: the Senate with instructions that it be forwarded to the
• 39:40
  Speaker 1: Governor the suffrage. House members now enjoined the Chief Clerk
• 39:45
  Speaker 1: of the Senate from receiving it. On September twelfth, the
• 39:49
  Speaker 1: Senate was in a turmoil of indignation as it discussed
• 39:53
  Speaker 1: the resolution received from the House and resented attempts to
• 39:58
  Speaker 1: control its business. By a vote of seventeen to eight,
• 40:03
  Speaker 1: it refused to accept the resolution and returned that message,
• 40:07
  Speaker 1: whereupon House members volubly informed senators that if their resolution
• 40:12
  Speaker 1: was not received, there would be no passage by the
• 40:15
  Speaker 1: House of their per diem for senators, nor other Senate legislation.
• 40:21
  Speaker 1: The threats proved persuasive, and on September thirteenth, the Senate,
• 40:26
  Speaker 1: having turned a somersault overnight, accepted the resolution by a
• 40:31
  Speaker 1: vote of twenty one to four. Then the Senate forwarded
• 40:35
  Speaker 1: the resolution of rejection to the Governor, who in turn
• 40:39
  Speaker 1: sent it to the Secretary of State. With the suffrage
• 40:43
  Speaker 1: question thus disposed of to the satisfaction of each contending faction,
• 40:48
  Speaker 1: the legislature settled down to business and remained in session
• 40:52
  Speaker 1: until September sixth, when it adjourned after passing over the
• 40:56
  Speaker 1: Governor's veto the appropriation bill, which which gave to each
• 41:00
  Speaker 1: member one hundred dollars extra for expenses, incurred in remaining
• 41:05
  Speaker 1: longer than the twenty days of the special session allowed
• 41:08
  Speaker 1: by the Constitution. Although the laws of the state of
• 41:11
  Speaker 1: Tennessee declared desertion of a legislative post to be a felony,
• 41:16
  Speaker 1: this law was not enforced, and the fleeing opposition members
• 41:20
  Speaker 1: of the House drew their per diem and extra allowances
• 41:24
  Speaker 1: without protest. On September twelfth, Speaker Walker and a group
• 41:30
  Speaker 1: of anti men appeared in Washington to entreat the Secretary
• 41:34
  Speaker 1: to withdraw the proclamation. Failing in their mission, they went
• 41:38
  Speaker 1: on to Connecticut with the avowed purpose of persuading the
• 41:41
  Speaker 1: political group which had so stubbornly resisted all efforts to
• 41:45
  Speaker 1: secure a special session in that state, to continue that
• 41:49
  Speaker 1: policy in order that the legality of the ratification of
• 41:52
  Speaker 1: the amendment might rest upon the case of Tennessee. They
• 41:57
  Speaker 1: returned to Washington and again sought an interview with the
• 42:00
  Speaker 1: Secretary of State in order to renew their appeal. Interviews
• 42:05
  Speaker 1: in the press widely announced that they had not surrendered
• 42:09
  Speaker 1: and would contest the ratification of Tennessee in the courts.
• 42:14
  Speaker 1: The American Constitutional League formerly the Men's Anti Woman Suffrage
• 42:19
  Speaker 1: League and the Maryland League for State Defense formerly the
• 42:23
  Speaker 1: Maryland Men's Anti Suffrage Association were still declaring through numerous
• 42:29
  Speaker 1: press communications that ratification would be proved invalid. The women
• 42:34
  Speaker 1: antis still continued their publicity service, announcing with frequency that
• 42:39
  Speaker 1: litigation would be started not only to invalidate the amendment
• 42:44
  Speaker 1: but the entire presidential election. None of the threatened litigation
• 42:49
  Speaker 1: alarmed the nation, but it doubtless served to convince political
• 42:53
  Speaker 1: leaders that another state was desirable. To make assurance doubly sure,
• 42:58
  Speaker 1: Governor Holcombe of Cannet, although still unyielding, now called a
• 43:03
  Speaker 1: special session to provide for registering women. When calling it,
• 43:09
  Speaker 1: he warned the legislators that they must confine themselves to
• 43:12
  Speaker 1: the business contained in the call, and omitted the suffrage
• 43:16
  Speaker 1: amendment from the list. No such restriction had ever been
• 43:20
  Speaker 1: put upon Connecticut legislature, and the governor himself had said
• 43:24
  Speaker 1: two years before that he had no power to prevent
• 43:27
  Speaker 1: the transaction of any business. When once the legislature had
• 43:31
  Speaker 1: been called in special session, the members, a majority of
• 43:35
  Speaker 1: whom had long been pledged to ratification, determined to show
• 43:39
  Speaker 1: independence and to ratify. As soon as the special session opened,
• 43:45
  Speaker 1: Governor Holcomb appeared and asked that it adjourn without action,
• 43:49
  Speaker 1: as it was his intention to issue another call to
• 43:52
  Speaker 1: meet a week later to ratify the amendment and to
• 43:55
  Speaker 1: enact other necessary legislation. Both houses refused, and by unanimous
• 44:01
  Speaker 1: vote in the Senate and with only eleven voting an
• 44:04
  Speaker 1: opposition in the House, ratified the Federal Suffrage Amendment, even
• 44:09
  Speaker 1: though the governor had failed to transmit the certified copy.
• 44:14
  Speaker 1: In further defiance of the governor, they passed several bills,
• 44:18
  Speaker 1: none of which was included in the call. They then
• 44:21
  Speaker 1: adjourned until September twenty first, when the legislature again met.
• 44:27
  Speaker 1: The governor appeared and asked the members to ratify the amendment.
• 44:31
  Speaker 1: Many refused, as it seemed an acknowledgment that their former
• 44:35
  Speaker 1: action was invalid, but reason conquered tempers, and as the
• 44:39
  Speaker 1: Connecticut auxiliary to the National Suffrage Association strongly recommended a
• 44:44
  Speaker 1: second action to make legality absolutely certain. The amendment was
• 44:49
  Speaker 1: again ratified the same day. To placate the members who
• 44:54
  Speaker 1: wished the first record to stand, a motion was made
• 44:57
  Speaker 1: to reconsider and to confirm the act action of the
• 45:00
  Speaker 1: first session. Thus terminated a continuous struggle of fifteen months
• 45:07
  Speaker 1: to secure ratification from a legislature which all that time
• 45:11
  Speaker 1: had been ready to act favorably, and which finally ratified
• 45:15
  Speaker 1: the amendment not once, but three times. The ratification of
• 45:20
  Speaker 1: Connecticut stilled any restless questioning of the validity of Tennessee,
• 45:25
  Speaker 1: and forever established the amendment as a part of the
• 45:29
  Speaker 1: federal Constitution. Governor Clement of Vermont retired from office December
• 45:36
  Speaker 1: thirty first, nineteen twenty and was succeeded by Governor James Hartness.
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  Speaker 1: The Vermont legislature met in regular session in January nineteen
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  Speaker 1: twenty one. The resolution to ratify the Federal Suffrage Amendment
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  Speaker 1: was read in the House for the third time on
• 45:54
  Speaker 1: January twenty eighth, and passed eyes two hundred and two mays.
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  Speaker 1: On February eight it was passed unanimously by the Senate.
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  Speaker 1: The threats of the Tennessee antis had died of inattention,
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  Speaker 1: and the threatened invalidation of the amendment had by now
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  Speaker 1: narrowed down to two cases, one the lesser versus Garnet case,
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  Speaker 1: claiming that thirty six states had not legally ratified the amendment.
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  Speaker 1: The ratifications of West Virginia, Missouri, and Tennessee been cited
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  Speaker 1: as invalid. Brought a decision from the Maryland Court of
• 46:34
  Speaker 1: Common Pleas that thirty six had duly ratified. The case
• 46:39
  Speaker 1: was carried to the Court of Appeals, Maryland, where on
• 46:42
  Speaker 1: June twenty eighth, nineteen twenty one, the judge affirmed the
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  Speaker 1: decision of the lower court that these ratifications were valid.
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  Speaker 1: It was then appealed to the United States Supreme Court,
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  Speaker 1: where a decision sustaining the two prior opinions was handed down.
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  Speaker 1: The other similar contention, known as the fair Child case,
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  Speaker 1: which had been pending in different forms since July nineteen twenty,
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  Speaker 1: was also dismissed by the Supreme Court of the United States.
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  Speaker 1: Thus all efforts to declare the Amendment invalid came to
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  Speaker 1: an end. The final announcement of these decisions appeared in
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  Speaker 1: small paragraphs in obscure corners of the newspapers. Hardly anyone
• 47:25
  Speaker 1: noted them. Women's suffrage was already everywhere recognized as an
• 47:30
  Speaker 1: established fact. End of Chapter thirty, Part two recording by
• 47:37
  Speaker 1: Cassiopia Sparks