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Cosmic Questions, Angular Momentum & the Mysteries of the Expanding Universe · Space Nuts: Astronomy Insights & Cosmic Discoveries

• 0:00
  Speaker 1: Welcome back to another episode of Space Nuts. I am
• 0:03
  Speaker 1: your temporary host for today, Heidi Compo, and I'm here
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  Speaker 1: with the wonderful again delightful Professor Fred Watson, Astronomer at Large.
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  Speaker 2: Fifteen second Guide the Channel ten nine.
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  Speaker 3: Ignition Think Wench Space Nuts NY four three two Radio
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  Speaker 3: one Space Nurse.
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  Speaker 1: As when I reported Neil's good.
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  Speaker 4: Hi Fred, how are you doing, Heidi?
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  Speaker 1: I'm just doing lovely here in Space City, Houston. It's
• 0:37
  Speaker 1: actually a quite dreary evening. I think we have rain
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  Speaker 1: lined up all week long, but it's absolutely necessary. It's
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  Speaker 1: just probably not the best time with all of us
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  Speaker 1: grad students going into final exams. I was hoping for
• 0:50
  Speaker 1: some sunshine to motivate us in the last few weeks.
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  Speaker 4: I can have the opposite effect. I remember when I
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  Speaker 4: was a student having to do a exams in June,
• 1:01
  Speaker 4: when the sun was gloriously shining and you're sitting inside
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  Speaker 4: an examination hall. I found that I found it easy
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  Speaker 4: to work when the weather was dreary. I have to say, oh.
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  Speaker 1: Yeah, I think you know, the rain. Rain can be
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  Speaker 1: really good for studying, but it just it kind of
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  Speaker 1: brings your mood down. I think. I mean, I mean
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  Speaker 1: some sunshine to break it up. We've got straight rain
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  Speaker 1: this whole week, all through the weekend. We've got all
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  Speaker 1: week of rain. But you know it's not a buzzkill
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  Speaker 1: or a bummer. Is our questions for today?
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  Speaker 3: Yep.
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  Speaker 1: So we have some really fun questions lined up for you,
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  Speaker 1: and I think we're going to just jump right on
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  Speaker 1: into those. So our first question of the day is
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  Speaker 1: from Buddy and Buddy from Oregon asks.
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  Speaker 2: Greg, could you give me could you explain the other
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  Speaker 2: end of angular momentum to me? I know you explain
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  Speaker 2: how well angulars been faster as they compressed, but what
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  Speaker 2: about when things expand because have the exact opposite effect
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  Speaker 2: nick things. Will it spread things out differently or Nick
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  Speaker 2: things want to be different?
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  Speaker 1: Or how does that work?
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  Speaker 5: And would that with the expansion of the uniform universe
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  Speaker 5: have that reverse ingram momentum like from the from the
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  Speaker 5: Big Bang on? Could that have been with the Scalpe
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  Speaker 5: kind of what they talk about the Scalpel team or
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  Speaker 5: the of the universe?
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  Speaker 2: Could that bee what caused it?
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  Speaker 3: All?
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  Speaker 5: Right?
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  Speaker 2: Just sort it out there, thanks guys, A huge fan.
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  Speaker 4: Yeah, some great questions. Buddy always does, so it's it's true.
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  Speaker 4: That angular momentum. It's the energy of objects spinning. If
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  Speaker 4: you compress an object which is spinning, it will spin
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  Speaker 4: more rapidly. And the classic experiment, of course is the
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  Speaker 4: office chair, where sitting at an office chair, you have
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  Speaker 4: your legs stretched out, you spin yourself around, pull your
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  Speaker 4: legs in, and look, sure enough, you're spinning faster. I
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  Speaker 4: used to do that when I had an office chair
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  Speaker 4: in an office and really annoy people when it was
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  Speaker 4: a you know, it's a common area, so that's correct. Yep,
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  Speaker 4: I could be annoying, I know most of the time. Actually,
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  Speaker 4: I think the opposite is true. If you've got something
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  Speaker 4: that's spinning and it expands, then it will spin more slowly.
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  Speaker 4: It's just the way angular momentum works. But the question
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  Speaker 4: whether the expansion of the universe after the Big Bang
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  Speaker 4: could be related to what body calls a sort of
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  Speaker 4: reverse angular momentum, and you know, whether that concept ties
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  Speaker 4: into the idea of what we call the We actually
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  Speaker 4: call it the cosmic web, that sort of scaffolding on
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  Speaker 4: which the galaxies are built, forming the universe's large scale structure.
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  Speaker 4: I think that's an interesting idea that you've got the
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  Speaker 4: universe expanding.
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  Speaker 3: Now.
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  Speaker 4: I have seen a headline recently that says that some
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  Speaker 4: of the things that I didn't read the article, but
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  Speaker 4: I might do it for next time. Some of the
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  Speaker 4: things that we are mystified by about the universe today
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  Speaker 4: could be solved if the universe is spinning. But it's
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  Speaker 4: hard to imagine an object that is everything spinning. What's
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  Speaker 4: it spinning in relation to, well, we don't know, but
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  Speaker 4: that spin, you know, it is possible it could be
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  Speaker 4: linked in the way that Buddy is describing. I should
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  Speaker 4: go and chase up the headline on the spinning universe
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  Speaker 4: and see whether it does link to the sort of
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  Speaker 4: cosmic scaffolding that we see and to things like the
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  Speaker 4: mysteries of dark matter and dark energy, which we so
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  Speaker 4: poorly understand at the moment. So thank you, Buddy. That's
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  Speaker 4: a good question, and it will set me off on
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  Speaker 4: the track of investigation which I hope might lead to
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  Speaker 4: some more more succinct answers than the one you find
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  Speaker 4: this morning.
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  Speaker 1: That can be a fun article to break Andrew back
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  Speaker 1: into the swing of things with Hey, Andrew, We're going
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  Speaker 1: to be talking about the entire universe and relationship to
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  Speaker 1: things we don't even understand. Good way to bring in
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  Speaker 1: the gustole.
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  Speaker 4: That's what we do every week.
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  Speaker 1: Yeah, it's true, it's true. Well, our next question is
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  Speaker 1: from Scott on your side of the world. So Scott
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  Speaker 1: Moonsier from Sindey says, it appears to me that the
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  Speaker 1: hyperinflation of the universe in the first ten and then
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  Speaker 1: he has in parentheses negative thirty four seconds can be
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  Speaker 1: better explained by time dilation due to the extreme gravitation
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  Speaker 1: experience at that time in the early universe, at the
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  Speaker 1: very first moment after the Big Bang, time would be
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  Speaker 1: virtually standing vietually standing still. From the outside observer, time
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  Speaker 1: would then be speeding up as the expansion progressed. So
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  Speaker 1: would so for an outside observer such as us, it
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  Speaker 1: would appear that the universe is much younger than it is.
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  Speaker 4: Please explain, Please explains a very famous comment made by
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  Speaker 4: a politician a number of years ago, and it's got
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  Speaker 4: all kinds of connotations here in Australia which you won't
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  Speaker 4: be aware of, Heidi, So please please explain. Well I will,
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  Speaker 4: but I'm not sure I can give the answer.
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  Speaker 3: But there is.
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  Speaker 4: There is time dilation. When we look back at the
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  Speaker 4: early universe, and you can measure that because you can see,
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  Speaker 4: for example, how long supernova take these are exploding stars
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  Speaker 4: to rise to their peak brightness and then fade away.
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  Speaker 4: That length of time changes. When you look in the
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  Speaker 4: early universe, it's actually stretched out because of time dilation.
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  Speaker 4: But it's not enough to give rise to this phenomenon
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  Speaker 4: that we call inflation. This period exactly as Scott mentions,
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  Speaker 4: for about the first ten to the minus thirty four
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  Speaker 4: seconds after the Big Bang, the universe expanded by a
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  Speaker 4: colossal amount. It was, you know, something like changed by
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  Speaker 4: a factor of ten to the power fifty in a
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  Speaker 4: length of time alike ten to the minus thirty two
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  Speaker 4: of a second. Something we just simply cannot get our
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  Speaker 4: heads around. And that is necessary, not it's necessary, And
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  Speaker 4: the reason why we believe that happened is that otherwise
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  Speaker 4: you've got a real problem in the homogeneity of the universe.
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  Speaker 4: That basically things are more or less the same in
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  Speaker 4: every direction of what going to it now. But that's
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  Speaker 4: what that inflation scenario was actually introduced for to explain
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  Speaker 4: that overall uniformity so time. So it's not an artifact
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  Speaker 4: of time dilation. We know, it's a real phenomenon. Time dilation,
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  Speaker 4: as I said, does exist. It has been measured, but
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  Speaker 4: it's not anything like the kind of violent expansion that
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  Speaker 4: was necessary to give rise to a universe that looks
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  Speaker 4: the way it does as we see it today.
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  Speaker 1: Good question, though, very very interesting. Our next question is
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  Speaker 1: from Philip and his six year old son Enrique from Portugal,
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  Speaker 1: and they have a very interesting audio question that we're
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  Speaker 1: going to play for you here now.
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  Speaker 3: Good evening. My name is Philip and I'm here with
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  Speaker 3: my six year old Rike. We're sending this from Portugal.
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  Speaker 3: We listen to your show every night before falling asleep,
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  Speaker 3: and Enriquel loves it. He left space and all things
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  Speaker 3: Cosmos and he's been wanting to send you a question
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  Speaker 3: since forever now, but we didn't have a great question
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  Speaker 3: to ask you. But the other day Ricu remembered something
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  Speaker 3: and he thought of a question that he is curious about.
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  Speaker 3: So I'm gonna let him do his part. Now.
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  Speaker 2: Is a universe figh nite or infinite? And if it's infinite,
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  Speaker 2: what is your teach spending into?
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  Speaker 3: Okay, so that's our question. Bye bye, say bye bye bye.
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  Speaker 4: Yeah, a question, like so many of the ones we
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  Speaker 4: get from our listeners, And this is fantastic coming from
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  Speaker 4: young Enrique, who's six years old. I wouldn't have thought
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  Speaker 4: of a proud, profound question like this when I was
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  Speaker 4: six years old, because I probably didn't know what infinite
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  Speaker 4: meant in those days. So it's a question that astrophysics
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  Speaker 4: and cosmology simply don't have an answer to. Is the
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  Speaker 4: universe finite or infinite? We know that there are horizons
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  Speaker 4: in the universe beyond which we cannot see, and perhaps
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  Speaker 4: the best known one is the cosmic microwave background radiation,
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  Speaker 4: which corresponds to us looking back in time to a
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  Speaker 4: time in which the universe was still glowing brightly and
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  Speaker 4: was opaque. Actually you couldn't see through it. It was an
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  Speaker 4: opaque fog of brilliant radiation visible light. In fact, now
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  Speaker 4: that the ifact put it this way, the opaqueness of
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  Speaker 4: the universe came to an end relatively quickly. It became
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  Speaker 4: transparent over a fairly short period of time, and that's
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  Speaker 4: what enables us to look back to see this wall
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  Speaker 4: of radiation, which we call the cosmic microwave background radiation.
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  Speaker 4: As I think I've said before, I call it the
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  Speaker 4: cosmic wallpaper because it's behind everything we can see in
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  Speaker 4: the universe. That radiation is a horizon that we can't
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  Speaker 4: penetrate with any of the technologies available to us today. Eventually,
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  Speaker 4: maybe neutrino telescopes and gravitational wave telescopes might penetrate beyond that,
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  Speaker 4: but at the moment we're limited to our electromagnetic wave
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  Speaker 4: telescopes and we can't see any further. So that is
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  Speaker 4: an artist It's like an artificial horizon. It's like it's
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  Speaker 4: not artificial in the sense that it's human made. It's
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  Speaker 4: an illusion. It's like when you when you're on a
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  Speaker 4: vessel and an ocean, you look all the way around,
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  Speaker 4: you can see a horizon which is the edge of
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  Speaker 4: the limit of your visibility. But we know the ocean
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  Speaker 4: goes on a long, long way beyond that, and so
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  Speaker 4: it's the same sort of thing. And the question is
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  Speaker 4: how far beyond that does it go in terms of
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  Speaker 4: the universe, not the ocean, the universe, and the answer
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  Speaker 4: could be infinite. It could be that it is infinite.
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  Speaker 4: That's not ruled out by the cosmological models that we
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  Speaker 4: have today. Now, the idea of it expanding into something
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  Speaker 4: is again it's illusory. All we know is that it's expanding.
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  Speaker 4: But we also know that the shape of space changes
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  Speaker 4: dramatically on very large scales, and so it might not
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  Speaker 4: need anything to expand into. It might be an entity
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  Speaker 4: of its own right, which is either infinite or finite.
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  Speaker 4: It's easier to imagine it when it's finite. That sort
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  Speaker 4: of folds back on itself, and so it doesn't have
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  Speaker 4: to have something to expand into. Of course, you can
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  Speaker 4: always invoke the multi universe theories and perhaps suggests that
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  Speaker 4: there are extra dimensions that we don't see. We've talked
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  Speaker 4: about this before, that the universe might be expanding into,
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  Speaker 4: but all that is not yet supported by observations. It
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  Speaker 4: got you know, it's conjecture mostly so Enriquet, you're asking
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  Speaker 4: fabulous questions. You're asking perhaps one of the most fundamental
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  Speaker 4: questions that astronomers can ask, along with a few like
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  Speaker 4: what is the nature of time? And things of that sort.
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  Speaker 4: But is the universe infinite? I think is a great question.
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  Speaker 4: Maybe as you grow up, cosmology will advance to the
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  Speaker 4: state where we can put an answer on it, and
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  Speaker 4: we can say from the observations we can make of
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  Speaker 4: things like the cosmic microwave, background cosmic wallpaper, we might
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  Speaker 4: be able to say that there is a limit on
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  Speaker 4: whether it's finite or infinite, and we hope maybe we'll
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  Speaker 4: talk about it on Space Nights as well well.
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  Speaker 1: I just I love that question from Enriqueer. I remember
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  Speaker 1: being probably around that age, and I was laying in
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  Speaker 1: bed one day and my little mind was just starting
• 13:53
  Speaker 1: to think of these big ideas and I was trying
• 13:55
  Speaker 1: to wrap my head around infinity. And I just remember
• 13:58
  Speaker 1: walking out of.
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  Speaker 6: My room and Mom, I have a headache, and I
• 14:02
  Speaker 6: was like, oh, my head hurts so much, and She's like, why,
• 14:04
  Speaker 6: what's wrong. I was like, I'm thinking about infinity and
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  Speaker 6: it hurts my head. I was just I could wrap
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  Speaker 6: my little tiny brain around it. And so I'll say
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  Speaker 6: this to you and Rieque, if these are things that
• 14:15
  Speaker 6: interest you and you would like to be somebody who
• 14:19
  Speaker 6: helps solve these problems one day, you want to do
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  Speaker 6: good in school, especially with math, because math is what
• 14:26
  Speaker 6: they are using to define these things. So do good
• 14:29
  Speaker 6: in school. Okay, all right.
• 14:33
  Speaker 1: Our last question for the day comes from Kevin in Melbourne,
• 14:38
  Speaker 1: and Kevin says, love the show guys, and love sharing
• 14:41
  Speaker 1: insights with my high school science class. Oh, I love
• 14:44
  Speaker 1: to see it. We're going from the little kids to
• 14:46
  Speaker 1: the older kids. So Kevin has a question about the ISS.
• 14:51
  Speaker 1: What is the temperature on the inside of the ISS?
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  Speaker 1: Does it vary from the side facing the sun to
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  Speaker 1: the side in relative shade? Does it increase when the
• 15:01
  Speaker 1: ISS is in full sun? And does it drop when
• 15:03
  Speaker 1: the ISS goes behind the Earth. Does it make a
• 15:06
  Speaker 1: lot of noise as it expands and contracts. How is
• 15:10
  Speaker 1: the temperature maintained at a level compatible with human life?
• 15:14
  Speaker 1: Have a great day and thanks to the podcast, you could.
• 15:18
  Speaker 4: Probably answer this question. Heidi or aficionado of human space flight.
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  Speaker 1: And well, I don't know what the temperature is, but
• 15:28
  Speaker 1: I do know that you can follow the ISS on YouTube.
• 15:33
  Speaker 1: There's a few channels where they have live streams going
• 15:37
  Speaker 1: where they have some really fantastic camera angles of the ISS,
• 15:42
  Speaker 1: and it goes straight from NASA. You can see it
• 15:44
  Speaker 1: on the official NASA channel, so you can watch it
• 15:47
  Speaker 1: go around the Earth. And it's I don't have this
• 15:50
  Speaker 1: number off the top of my head. I could hotly
• 15:52
  Speaker 1: type it in really quick, but it's what seventy two
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  Speaker 1: times seventy two sunrises in a day.
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  Speaker 4: It's no it's it's so it's about I think it's seventeen.
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  Speaker 4: I think you've got the numbers the wrong way around. Yeah,
• 16:06
  Speaker 4: so it's every every ninety minutes you get a sunrise,
• 16:10
  Speaker 4: and every ninety minutes you get a sunset, So you
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  Speaker 4: get one of them every forty five minutes. So I
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  Speaker 4: think it's seventeen of each that you get during the day.
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  Speaker 4: It's an easy calculation. I can't do it in my
• 16:20
  Speaker 4: head anyway. I think in terms of no that this
• 16:24
  Speaker 4: is a great question and it's a tribute to the
• 16:27
  Speaker 4: engineering behind the ISS that you can do this sort
• 16:31
  Speaker 4: of thing at all. So the I think the internal
• 16:36
  Speaker 4: interior temperature on the ISS is about twenty degrees celsius,
• 16:41
  Speaker 4: maybe twenty one something like that. I can't do it
• 16:44
  Speaker 4: in my head. Oh wait a minute, twenty is sixty
• 16:46
  Speaker 4: just sixty eight DearS for Ahow is that right? Yeah?
• 16:48
  Speaker 1: They keep it between sixty four to seventy nine degrees
• 16:51
  Speaker 1: fair and hey.
• 16:52
  Speaker 4: Yeah, yeah, so there you've got Thanks for looking that up.
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  Speaker 1: I hope that's on the that's official NASA. Careful careful
• 16:58
  Speaker 1: where you get your space news.
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  Speaker 4: Absolutely, that's right. So it's a sort of ambient temperature,
• 17:03
  Speaker 4: that and that and that, and that allows astronauts to
• 17:07
  Speaker 4: work in shirts, leaves and things of that sort without
• 17:10
  Speaker 4: overcoats on. But it's artificially controlled. So that's all governed
• 17:16
  Speaker 4: by air conditioning units that actually heat and cool the atmosphere.
• 17:21
  Speaker 4: Because you're absolutely right, the as the spacecraft goes in
• 17:26
  Speaker 4: and out of direct sunlight, it's it's temperature, the amount
• 17:31
  Speaker 4: of radiation it's feeling varies enormously. That in itself needs
• 17:39
  Speaker 4: to be controlled as well. So on the hot when
• 17:43
  Speaker 4: when it's being heated up by the sun, you've got
• 17:45
  Speaker 4: to try and get rid of that heat into space,
• 17:47
  Speaker 4: and there are radiators.
• 17:48
  Speaker 3: That do that.
• 17:51
  Speaker 4: At the same time, when you're on the other side,
• 17:53
  Speaker 4: you you want to try and conserve the heat when
• 17:56
  Speaker 4: you're when you're on the dark side, when you're in
• 17:58
  Speaker 4: the earth shadow. So so this this is all taken
• 18:03
  Speaker 4: care of in the engineering. The metals that here used
• 18:08
  Speaker 4: are ones whose expansion and contraction characteristics are very well understood,
• 18:13
  Speaker 4: uh and they you know, they're built in such a
• 18:16
  Speaker 4: way that there's a lot of self compensation built into it,
• 18:20
  Speaker 4: a bit like you know, bi metallic strips and things
• 18:24
  Speaker 4: like that. When you put two different metals together with
• 18:26
  Speaker 4: different expansion coefficients. Nevertheless, it's a really interesting question that
• 18:30
  Speaker 4: I don't know the answer to. And I don't know
• 18:32
  Speaker 4: whether you would hide either, whether it creaks as it
• 18:35
  Speaker 4: warms up and you know, cools down, whether there's a
• 18:39
  Speaker 4: noise from the space station as it as it goes
• 18:43
  Speaker 4: into the sunlight. Mind betting there is.
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  Speaker 3: You know, I would assume. I'd assume there is. I was.
• 18:49
  Speaker 1: I was at a talk from an astronaut a couple
• 18:52
  Speaker 1: of years ago, and he was giving the funniest story
• 18:55
  Speaker 1: about their a red device, which is the exercise device
• 18:59
  Speaker 1: they use on the spacecraft, and it's if you look
• 19:02
  Speaker 1: at it, it's it's huge. If you guys go to
• 19:04
  Speaker 1: your regular gym, probably one of the biggest machines in
• 19:07
  Speaker 1: there might be something like the light press. So this
• 19:09
  Speaker 1: looks like that on such a larger scale. And that's
• 19:12
  Speaker 1: because they have all these vibration mufflers built in because
• 19:16
  Speaker 1: they can't have yeah, they can't have these exercise devices
• 19:19
  Speaker 1: creating a lot of vibration, so they have these dampeners
• 19:22
  Speaker 1: built in. And there's one day where the it wasn't
• 19:25
  Speaker 1: working like it was supposed to, and the astronauts still
• 19:28
  Speaker 1: had to get their exercise in, but they didn't want
• 19:30
  Speaker 1: to have all this vibration rattling apart the station. And
• 19:33
  Speaker 1: so they solved this problem with the most clever, genius
• 19:38
  Speaker 1: thing you would think of. Can you take a guess
• 19:40
  Speaker 1: how they fixed this probably multimillion dollar problem.
• 19:44
  Speaker 4: Oh gosh, and probably bits of cardboard stuck in between
• 19:49
  Speaker 4: the US sock.
• 19:50
  Speaker 1: They shoved a sock in the little squeaky spot and
• 19:54
  Speaker 1: solved the problem, and it worked just fine. And so
• 19:57
  Speaker 1: I would assume if we're needed to fix things by
• 20:01
  Speaker 1: sticking socks in the corners to dampen the vibrations, I
• 20:04
  Speaker 1: would guess. I think it's probably safe to guess that
• 20:07
  Speaker 1: it probably does make little creeks and sounds as it
• 20:10
  Speaker 1: heats up the cools down. But another interesting thing I
• 20:13
  Speaker 1: learned this past weekend that kind of is a direct
• 20:17
  Speaker 1: answer to Kevin's question about how does that temperature get controlled?
• 20:21
  Speaker 1: A lot of it is just complex patents and intuitive machines.
• 20:26
  Speaker 1: Which is another company in the sabase industry, has recently
• 20:30
  Speaker 1: partnered with Columbia Sportswear. And you might be thinking, well,
• 20:34
  Speaker 1: Columbia Sportswear, what does that have to do with space.
• 20:37
  Speaker 1: So Colombia their patent portfolio for the technologies they put
• 20:41
  Speaker 1: into their jackets that keep you warm in winter conditions,
• 20:45
  Speaker 1: their patent portfolios five hundred times bigger than any of
• 20:49
  Speaker 1: their other leading competitors. And that is technology that I
• 20:53
  Speaker 1: maybe I can't explain or understand, or maybe I can't
• 20:56
  Speaker 1: even look at it unless I look. I had an
• 20:59
  Speaker 1: NDA and was looking at those patterns. But their whole
• 21:01
  Speaker 1: thing is they want to keep hot things hot and
• 21:03
  Speaker 1: cold things cold, and sometimes those things are right next
• 21:06
  Speaker 1: to each other. And that's really I think a very
• 21:09
  Speaker 1: Kevin's question is so interesting and dynamic and multifaceted, like
• 21:14
  Speaker 1: it's really, hey, how do we keep people alive and
• 21:16
  Speaker 1: comfortable up there? And it's the answer is it's very complicated.
• 21:20
  Speaker 4: Yeah, it's interesting that that link is one that I
• 21:25
  Speaker 4: never would have guessed would happen. But I'm just thinking back,
• 21:29
  Speaker 4: you know, to the early days of spaceflights, the Mercury
• 21:32
  Speaker 4: capsules and the Geminy capsules and even Apollo. Those problems
• 21:38
  Speaker 4: of how you maintained a comfortable environment for astronauts to
• 21:41
  Speaker 4: work in were solved at a very early stage in
• 21:45
  Speaker 4: the history of spaceflight. Not on the same sort of
• 21:48
  Speaker 4: scale as the space station, which is vast compared with
• 21:51
  Speaker 4: these other early capsules, but nevertheless they had to deal
• 21:55
  Speaker 4: with it. They had to work out ways of keeping
• 21:58
  Speaker 4: the spacecraft comfortable, comfortable temperature inside despite the huge variations
• 22:04
  Speaker 4: of radiation that it's feeling on the outside. So it's
• 22:08
  Speaker 4: probably quite all technology, but it's great that it works,
• 22:12
  Speaker 4: and it's a tribute to the yes to the ingenuity
• 22:15
  Speaker 4: of humans when it comes to putting human beings in
• 22:18
  Speaker 4: an environment that they were never meant to be in
• 22:21
  Speaker 4: in terms of their well being. Maybe we were we
• 22:25
  Speaker 4: were meant to be in them in terms of our exploration,
• 22:28
  Speaker 4: but that's a different question.
• 22:32
  Speaker 1: I just every every time we get together and talk Fred,
• 22:35
  Speaker 1: I'm just left with a very positive feeling about the
• 22:38
  Speaker 1: incredibleness of human beings and what we've invented and come
• 22:41
  Speaker 1: up with. And it makes me just, you know, proud
• 22:44
  Speaker 1: of our species. We have done wonderful things and we've
• 22:47
  Speaker 1: continued to create incredible things. I've even seen that some
• 22:52
  Speaker 1: people have built these devices that are helping refreeze and
• 22:56
  Speaker 1: rebuild the ice caps and it's like that is a
• 22:59
  Speaker 1: fantastic invention and it's really cool, just like these engineering breakthroughs.
• 23:06
  Speaker 4: Absolutely engineering is yeah, it's right up there with science.
• 23:12
  Speaker 4: Is one of the most important things that we can
• 23:14
  Speaker 4: do for the well being of our species, and long
• 23:17
  Speaker 4: may it continue.
• 23:19
  Speaker 3: Absolutely well.
• 23:20
  Speaker 1: Thank you so much, Fred for answering all of these
• 23:22
  Speaker 1: questions today and enlightening us with your knowledge. You're just
• 23:28
  Speaker 1: a wealth of fantastic information and it has been my
• 23:33
  Speaker 1: absolute pleasure to be a co host with you these
• 23:36
  Speaker 1: last few weeks. And for those of you listening, you
• 23:39
  Speaker 1: will have Andrew back your next episode, so look forward
• 23:43
  Speaker 1: to him. But I will be signing off for now. Fred,
• 23:47
  Speaker 1: did you have anything else you've wanted to add?
• 23:50
  Speaker 4: Just once again, thank you to you Heidi for making
• 23:53
  Speaker 4: Andrew's absence. I won't say a pleasure, because he'd think
• 23:57
  Speaker 4: I was glad to see the back of him, but
• 24:01
  Speaker 4: certainly a delight. It's been very nice to talk to.
• 24:03
  Speaker 4: Thanks again, excellent.
• 24:05
  Speaker 1: Well, you guys can have me back anytime, And for
• 24:08
  Speaker 1: those of you listening, wish me luck on my final
• 24:10
  Speaker 1: exam so that I can join my place among the
• 24:13
  Speaker 1: stars of the superstars of the engineers and people part
• 24:18
  Speaker 1: of this industry. And thank you so much for having
• 24:20
  Speaker 1: me on space Nuts at Space.
• 24:23
  Speaker 7: Nuts to the Space Nuts podcast available at Apple Podcasts, Spotify, iHeartRadio,
• 24:32
  Speaker 7: or your favorite podcast player.
• 24:34
  Speaker 5: You can also.
• 24:34
  Speaker 7: Stream on demand at FTEs dot com.
• 24:37
  Speaker 5: This has been another quality podcast production from nights dot com.