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34 - History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great, Vol II by John Bagnell Bury · History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great, Vol II

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Speaker 1: Chapter seventeen, Part seven of A History of Greece to
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Speaker 1: the Death of Alexander the Great, Volume two. This is
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Speaker 1: the LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.
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Speaker 1: A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great,
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Speaker 1: Volume two by John bagnell Bury. Chapter seventeen, Part seven,
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Speaker 1: The Conquest of Syria. It might seem that the course
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Speaker 1: plainly marked out for the victor of Issus was to
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Speaker 1: pursue and overwhelm Durias before he should have time to
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Speaker 1: collect another army. And this is what Durius himself would
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Speaker 1: have done if he had been Alexander. But it would
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Speaker 1: have been a strategical heir to plunge into the heart
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Speaker 1: of the Persian Empire, leaving Syria and Egypt unsubdued behind
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Speaker 1: him and a Persian fleet controlling the coast. The victory
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Speaker 1: of Issus did not seduce Alexander into swerving from his
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Speaker 1: inevitable course. The strategic value of that victory was simply
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Speaker 1: that it opened the gates to Syria and Egypt. As
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Speaker 1: the subjugation of Asia minor was the strategic condition of
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Speaker 1: subjugating Syria and Egypt. So the conquest of Syria and
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Speaker 1: Egypt was the strategic condition of conquering Mesopotamia and Iran.
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Speaker 1: It was the more imperative to follow this logical course
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Speaker 1: of conquest, since Phoenicia supplied the main part of the
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Speaker 1: hostile navy, and nothing but the reduction of the Phoenician
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Speaker 1: towns would effectually break down the sea power of Persia.
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Speaker 1: No one could swoop more swiftly than Alexander when it
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Speaker 1: was the hour to swoop. But never did he display
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Speaker 1: his superior command of the art of war more signally
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Speaker 1: than when he let the royal prey escape him and
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Speaker 1: quietly carried out the plan of conquest which he had predestined.
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Speaker 1: The Persian kings had allowed the Phoenician traders to go
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Speaker 1: on their own way and meddled little with their desperous
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Speaker 1: cities so long as the Phoenician navy was at their
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Speaker 1: disposal of Persia. If these strong and wealthy semi insular
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Speaker 1: cities of the coast, cut off as they were from
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Speaker 1: the inner country by the high range of Lebanon, had
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Speaker 1: formed a solid federal union, they might have easily succeeded
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Speaker 1: in winning complete independence in the days of Persian decadence.
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Speaker 1: But though Tire, Seidan, and Aridas were bound together by
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Speaker 1: a federal bond, their commercial interests clash and their jealousies
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Speaker 1: prevented a hardy national effort. This had been illustrated by
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Speaker 1: a recent experience, when Seidan had revolted from Persia in
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Speaker 1: the reign of art Exerxes. Ochus, her two sister cities
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Speaker 1: promised at a federal meeting to stand by her, but
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Speaker 1: both Tire and Aredus selfishly calculated that if Sidan were
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Speaker 1: crushed and punished, her trade would come to themselves, and
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Speaker 1: they left her to maintain the struggle alone. She succumbed
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Speaker 1: to the power of Ochus, her town was burnt down,
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Speaker 1: and she lost her rights as a city. The divisions
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Speaker 1: which prevented the Phoenicians from becoming a nation were profitable
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Speaker 1: to Alexander. If their united fleet, which was now acting
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Speaker 1: ineffectually in Eigian waters, had acted energetically in defense of
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Speaker 1: their own coast against the Macedonian, their cities would have
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Speaker 1: been impregnable even to Alexander. But those cities could not
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Speaker 1: trust each other. Bibelus, which in some measure had taken
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Speaker 1: the place of Sidon, and Aridus sent their submission to
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Speaker 1: the conqueror of Issus. While dismantled, Sidon, which still contributed
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Speaker 1: some ships to the fleet, hoped to be reinstated in
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Speaker 1: her old position by the favor of Persia's foe. Her
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Speaker 1: hope was not disappointed. Alexander restored Sidon to her constitution
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Speaker 1: and her territory. It cannot have been long after this
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Speaker 1: that a kingling of Seidon was laid in a resting
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Speaker 1: place worthy of the great conqueror himself. His sculptured secophagus,
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Speaker 1: recently dug up in a burying ground in the Sidonian
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Speaker 1: kings is one of the most beautiful achievements of Greek art.
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Speaker 1: But we may well associate this monument with Alexander rather
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Speaker 1: than the obscure Phoenician for whose ashes it was made for.
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Speaker 1: In two of the vivid scenes which are represented in
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Speaker 1: colored relief upon its sides, Alexander appears on horseback. One
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Speaker 1: of these is a passage from the Battle of Issus.
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Speaker 1: There is a melee in the center. The king charges
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Speaker 1: on this side a general, perhaps Parmenio, on that The
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Speaker 1: other scene is a lion hunt and here, if Alexander
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Speaker 1: were not marked out by the royal filet, we might
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Speaker 1: almost recognize him by his eager, straining face. Alexander advanced
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Speaker 1: southwards towards Tire. Ambassadors from this city met him on
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Speaker 1: the road. Professing the readiness of the Tyrians to do
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Speaker 1: his will, Alexander expressed his intention of visiting the city
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Speaker 1: in order to sacrifice in the famous temple of Heracles.
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Speaker 1: But a Macedonian visit was far from the wish of
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Speaker 1: the men of Tire. Persia was not yet subdued, and
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Speaker 1: their policy was to a the event and avoid compromising
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Speaker 1: themselves by a premature adhesion to Macedonia. They felt secure
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Speaker 1: on their island Rock, which was protected by eighty ships,
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Speaker 1: apart from the squadron, which was absent in the Aegean. Accordingly,
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Speaker 1: they invited Alexander to sacrifice in Old Tire on the mainland,
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Speaker 1: but refused to receive either Persian or Macedonian into the city.
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Speaker 1: To subdue Tire was the in absolute necessity, as Alexander
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Speaker 1: explained to a council of his generals and captives, which
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Speaker 1: he called together, it was not safe to advance to
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Speaker 1: Egypt or to pursue Darius, while the Persians were lords
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Speaker 1: of the sea, and the only way of wresting their
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Speaker 1: sea power from them was to capture Tire, the most
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Speaker 1: important naval station on the coast. Once Tire fell, the
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Speaker 1: Phoenician fleet, which was the most numerous and strongest part
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Speaker 1: of the Persian navy, would come over to Macedon, for
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Speaker 1: the rowers would not row, or the men fight when
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Speaker 1: they had no habitations to row or fight. For reduction
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Speaker 1: of Cyprus and Egypt would then follow without trouble. Alexander
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Speaker 1: grasped and never let go the fact that Tire was
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Speaker 1: the key to the whole situation. It was easy to
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Speaker 1: say that Tire must be captured, but it was not
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Speaker 1: easy to say how without a powerful navy, its capture
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Speaker 1: could be achieved. This was perhaps the hardest military task
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Speaker 1: that Alexander's genius ever encountered. The city, girt by walls
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Speaker 1: of great height and magnificently strong masonry, stood on an
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Speaker 1: island severed from the continent by a sound of more
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Speaker 1: than half a mile in width. On the face which
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Speaker 1: faced the mainland were the two harbors, the northern or
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Speaker 1: Sidonian Harbor with a narrow mouth, and the southern or Egyptian.
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Speaker 1: It might seem utterly hopeless for an enemy vastly inferior
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Speaker 1: at sea to attempt a siege of the island rock,
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Speaker 1: And in truth there was only one way for a
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Speaker 1: land power to set about the task. Those thousand yards
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Speaker 1: of water must be bridged over and the isle annexed
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Speaker 1: to the mainland without hesitation, Alexander began the building of
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Speaker 1: the causeway. The first part of the work was easy,
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Speaker 1: for the water was shallow, But when the mole approached
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Speaker 1: the island, the strait deepened and the workmen came within
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Speaker 1: range of the walls, and the difficulties of the task began.
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Speaker 1: Tryreams issued from the havens on either side to shoot
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Speaker 1: missiles at the men who were at work. To protect them,
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Speaker 1: Alexander erected two towers on the causeway and mounted engines
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Speaker 1: on the towers to reply to the missiles from the galleys.
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Speaker 1: He attached to those wooden towers curtains of leather to
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Speaker 1: screen both towers and workmen from the projectiles which were
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Speaker 1: hurled from the city walls. But the men of Tire
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Speaker 1: were ingenious. They constructed a fire ship filled with dry
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Speaker 1: wood and inflammables, and Choosing a day on which a
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Speaker 1: favorable wind blow, they towed it close to the dam
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Speaker 1: and set it on fire. The device succeeded. The burning
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Speaker 1: vessels soon wrapped the towers and all the engines in flames,
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Speaker 1: and the tryreams, which had towed it up, discharged swer
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Speaker 1: of darts at the Macedonians, who attempted to extinguish the fire.
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Speaker 1: The Tyrians, too, rowed across from their island in boats
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Speaker 1: and tore up the stakes at the unfinished part of
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Speaker 1: the mall. Undismayed by this disaster, which seemed to show
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Speaker 1: the hopelessness of the enterprise, Alexander only went to work
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Speaker 1: more vigorously. It was necessary to take tire, and he
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Speaker 1: was determined that tire should be taken. He widened the
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Speaker 1: causeway throughout its whole length so that it could accommodate
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Speaker 1: more towers and engines before he attempted to complete it.
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Speaker 1: He saw that it would be needful to support his
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Speaker 1: operations from the causeway by operations from shipboard, and he
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Speaker 1: went to Sidon to bring up a few galleys which
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Speaker 1: were stationed there. But at this moment the aspect of
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Speaker 1: affairs was suddenly changed by the accession to Alexander of
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Speaker 1: naval forces, which enabled him to cope with Tire and
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Speaker 1: an advantage on her own element. The squadrons of Aridus
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Speaker 1: and Bibulus, which were acting in the Aegean, learning that
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Speaker 1: their cities had submitted to Alexander, left the fleet and
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Speaker 1: sailed to Sidon, which the Macedonians had chosen as their
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Speaker 1: naval station. These Phoenician ships were about eighty and at
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Speaker 1: the same time there came nine galleys from Roads and
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Speaker 1: ten from Licia and Cilicia. The adhesion of the Kings
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Speaker 1: of Cyprus presently followed and reinforced the fleet at Sidon
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Speaker 1: by one hundred and twenty ships. With a fleet of
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Speaker 1: about two hundred and fifty trirems at his command, Alexander
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Speaker 1: was now far stronger at sea than the merchants of Tire,
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Speaker 1: and though the siege of the Mighty stronghold was still
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Speaker 1: a formidable task, it was no longer superhuman. While the
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Speaker 1: fleet was being made ready in the roads of Saidon,
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Speaker 1: and the engineers were fabricating new siege egeins to batter
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Speaker 1: down the walls of Tire, Alexander made an expedition at
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Speaker 1: the head of his light troops to punish the native
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Speaker 1: brigands who infested the hills of Anti Lebanon and made
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Speaker 1: the traffic between the coast and the hinterland unsafe. Perhaps
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Speaker 1: it was now that he received an embassy from the
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Speaker 1: Great King offering an immense ransom for the captives of
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Speaker 1: the royal house and the surrender of all the lands
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Speaker 1: wesped the Euphrates, proposing that Alexander should marry the daughter
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Speaker 1: of Darius and become his ally. The message was discussed
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Speaker 1: in a council, and Parmenio said that if he were Alexander,
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Speaker 1: he would accept the terms, And I said the king
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Speaker 1: would accept them if I were Parmenio. Alexander was resolved
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Speaker 1: to carry out his plan of conquest to the end.
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Speaker 1: He would agree to no compromise. He bade the ambassadors
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Speaker 1: say that he would receive neither money nor provinces in
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Speaker 1: lieu of the whole empire of Drius, for that all
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Speaker 1: the land and possessions of Darius were his. He would
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Speaker 1: marry the daughter of Darius if he chose, whether Durius
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Speaker 1: willed it or not, And if Durius wished for any boon,
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Speaker 1: he must come himself and ask for it from Seidon.
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Speaker 1: Alexander bore down upon Tire with his own fleet, hoping
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Speaker 1: to entice the Tyrians into an engagement. He commanded the
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Speaker 1: right wing, while the left was committed to the charge
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Speaker 1: of Creteras and Pintegorus, the king of Cypriot Salabus. When
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Speaker 1: this fleet hove in sight, the men of Tire were
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Speaker 1: astonished and dismayed. Before they would have gladly given battle,
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Speaker 1: but they saw that they had no chance against so many,
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Speaker 1: and they drew up their trirems in close array to
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Speaker 1: block the mouths of their harbors. Alexander set the Cyprian
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Speaker 1: vessels on the north side of the mole to blockade
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Speaker 1: the Sidonian harbor, and the Phoenician on the south side
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Speaker 1: to blockade the Egyptian harbor. It was opposite this harbor
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Speaker 1: on the main land that his own pavilion was placed.
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Speaker 1: The mole had now been carried up to the island,
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Speaker 1: and engineers, the best that Phoenicia and Cyprus could furnish,
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Speaker 1: had prepared the engines of war. All was ready for
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Speaker 1: a grand attack on the Eastern Wall. Some of the
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Speaker 1: engines were placed on the mole, others on transport ships
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Speaker 1: or superannuated galleys, but little impression was made on the wall,
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Speaker 1: which on this side was one hundred and fifty feet
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Speaker 1: high and enormously thick, and the besieged replied to the
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Speaker 1: attack with volleys of fiery missiles from powerful engines, which
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Speaker 1: were mounted on their lofty battlements. Moreover, the machine bearing
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Speaker 1: vessels could not come close enough to the walls for
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Speaker 1: effective action. Huge stones lying under the water hindered their approach.
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Speaker 1: Alexander decided that these must at all coults be removed,
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Speaker 1: and galleys with windlasses were anchored at the spot in
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Speaker 1: order to drag the boulders away. It was a slow
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Speaker 1: task and was thwarted by the Tyrians. Covered vessels shot
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Speaker 1: out of the havens and cut the anchor ropes of
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Speaker 1: the galleys so that they drifted away. Alexander tried to
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Speaker 1: meet this by placing boats similarly decked close to the anchors,
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Speaker 1: but even this failed since Tyrian divers swam under water
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Speaker 1: and cut the cables. The only resource was to attach
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Speaker 1: the anchors with chains instead of ropes, and by this
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Speaker 1: mean the stones were hauled away and the ships could
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Speaker 1: approach the wall. The Tyrians now resorted to a last device,
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Speaker 1: they spread the sails of all the ships which were
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Speaker 1: riding at the entrance of the northern harbor, and behind
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Speaker 1: this curtain of canvas, which screened them from the observation
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Speaker 1: of the enemy. They manned seven trirems, three five ord
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Speaker 1: and three four ORed boats with the coolest and bravest
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Speaker 1: of their seamen, in waiting for the hour of noon,
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Speaker 1: when the sailors of the besieging vessels used generally to disembark,
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Speaker 1: and Alexander himself used to retire to his tent. They
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Speaker 1: rowed noiselessly toward the Scippian squadron, which was taken completely
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Speaker 1: by surprise, sank some of the vessels at once, and
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Speaker 1: drove the rest on the strand. It happened that on
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Speaker 1: this day Alexander remained for a shorter time than usual
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Speaker 1: in his pavilion, and when he returned to his station
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Speaker 1: with the Phoenician ships on the south side of the moll,
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Speaker 1: discovering what had happened, he stationed the main part of
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Speaker 1: those ships close to the Egyptian harbor to prevent the
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Speaker 1: enemy from making any movement on his side, and taking
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Speaker 1: with him some five oared boats and five swift sailing
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Speaker 1: galleys sailed around the island. The men in the city.
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Speaker 1: He saw Alexander and all that he did, and signaled
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Speaker 1: to their own vessels, who were engaged in battering the
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Speaker 1: stranded Cyprian vessels. But the signals were not seen or
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Speaker 1: heard until Alexander was close upon them. When they saw
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Speaker 1: him coming, they desisted from their work and made all
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Speaker 1: speed for the haven, But the greater number of their
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Speaker 1: boats were disabled by Alexander's vessels before they reached the
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Speaker 1: harbor mouth. Henceforward the ships of Tire lay useless in
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Speaker 1: the harbors, unable to do anything for the defense of
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Speaker 1: the island. It was now a struggle between the engineers
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Speaker 1: of Tire and the engineers of Alexander. The wall opposite
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Speaker 1: to the mole defied all machines of battery and methods
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Speaker 1: of assault in the northern part of the same eastern wall,
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Speaker 1: though the big stones, being cleared away from the water below,
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Speaker 1: it proved equally impracticable. Accordingly, the efforts of the besiegers
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Speaker 1: were united upon the south wall near the Egyptian Harbor. Here,
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Speaker 1: at length a bit of the wall was torn down,
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Speaker 1: and there was fighting in the breach Petyrians easily repelled
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Speaker 1: the attack. It was an encouragement for Alexander. It showed
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Speaker 1: him the weak spot, and two days later he prepared
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Speaker 1: a grand and supreme assault. The vessels with the siege
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Speaker 1: engines were set to work at the southern wall, while
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Speaker 1: two trirems waited hard by, one filled with Hypastus under Admetus,
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Speaker 1: the other with a pailanx regiment, ready as soon as
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Speaker 1: the wall yielded to hurl their crews into the breach.
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Speaker 1: Ships were stationed in front of the two havens to
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Speaker 1: force their way in at a favorable moment, and the
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Speaker 1: rest of the fleet, manned with light troops and furnished
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Speaker 1: with engines, were disposed at various points round the island
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Speaker 1: to embarrass and bewilder they besieged, and hinder them from concentrating.
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Speaker 1: At the main point of attack, a wide breach was made.
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Speaker 1: Two trireams were rowed up to the spot, The bridges
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Speaker 1: were lowered, and the hypasthus Admetus at their head first
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Speaker 1: mounted the wall. Admetus was pierced with a lance, but
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Speaker 1: Alexander took his place and drove back the Tyrians from
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Speaker 1: the breach. Tower after tower was captured. Soon all the
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Speaker 1: southern wall was in the hands of the Macedonians, and
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Speaker 1: Alexander was able to make his way along the battlements
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Speaker 1: to the royal palace, which was the best base for
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Speaker 1: attacking the city. But the city had already been entered
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Speaker 1: from other points. The chains of both the Sidonian and
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Speaker 1: the Egyptian harbors had been burst by the Cyprian and
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Speaker 1: Phoenician squadrons, The Tyrian ships had been disabled, and the
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Speaker 1: troops had pressed into the town. The inhabitants made their
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Speaker 1: last stand in a place called the Agenorian. Eight thousand
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Speaker 1: are said to have been slaight, and the rest of
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Speaker 1: the people, about thirty thousand, were sold into slavery, with
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Speaker 1: the exception of the King as Imilco and a few
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Speaker 1: other men of high position, who were set at liberty.
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Speaker 1: The siege had been long and wearisome, but the time
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Speaker 1: and the labor were not too dear a price. The
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Speaker 1: fall of tire gave Alexander Syria and Egypt in the
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Speaker 1: naval superiority in the eastern half of the Mediterranean. He
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Speaker 1: performed the sacrifice of Heracles and the temple to which
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Speaker 1: the Tyrians had refused him as excess, and celebrated the
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Speaker 1: solemnity with the torch procession and games. The communities of
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Speaker 1: Syria and Palestine that had not submitted, like Damascus after
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Speaker 1: the victory of Issus, submitted now after the capture of Tire,
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Speaker 1: and he encountered no resistance in his southern march to
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Speaker 1: Egypt until he came to the great frontier stronghold Gaza,
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Speaker 1: the city of the Philistines, girt with a stout wall.
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Speaker 1: Gaza stood on a high rising ground, and more than
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Speaker 1: two miles of sand lie between the city and the seashore,
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Speaker 1: so that a fleet was no hope to a besieger.
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Speaker 1: The place had been committed by Drius to the care
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Speaker 1: of Batis, a trusty eunuch who had been well furnished
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Speaker 1: with provisions for a long siege. Batus refused to surrender,
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Speaker 1: trusting in the strength of the fortifications, and at the
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Speaker 1: first sight the engineers of Alexander declared that the wall
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Speaker 1: could never be stormed on account of the height of
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Speaker 1: the hill on which it stood. But Alexander was now
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Speaker 1: accustomed to overcome the insuperbowl, and the conqueror who had
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Speaker 1: sat Tire was not ready to turn away from the
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Speaker 1: walls of Gaza. He could not leave such an important
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Speaker 1: post on the line from Damascus to Egypt in the
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Speaker 1: hands of the enemy. He ordered ramparts to be thrown
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Speaker 1: up round the city in order that the siege engines
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Speaker 1: mounted on this elevation might be on a level with
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Speaker 1: the wall. The best chance seemed to be on the
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Speaker 1: south side, and here the work was pushing on rapidly.
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Speaker 1: When the engines were placed in position, Alexander offered a sacrifice,
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Speaker 1: and a bird of prey flying over the altar dropped
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Speaker 1: a stone on the king's garland head. The soothsayer interpreted
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Speaker 1: the meaning of this signed O King, you will take
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Speaker 1: the city, but you must take good heed for your
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Speaker 1: own safety. On this day Alexander was cautious for a while,
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Speaker 1: but when the besieged sallied forth from the gates and
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Speaker 1: attacked the Macedonians who were working the engines on the
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Speaker 1: ramparts and pressed them hard, he rushed to their aid
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Speaker 1: and was wounded in the shoulder by a dart from
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Speaker 1: a catapult. Thus part of the sign had come true.
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Speaker 1: The other part wasn't time fulfilled. The engines which had
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Speaker 1: been used in the siege of Tire, arrived by sea,
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Speaker 1: The rampart was widened and raised to a greater height,
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Speaker 1: and under mound mines were dug beneath the walls. The
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Speaker 1: walls yielded in many places to the mines and the engines,
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Speaker 1: but it was not till the fourth attack that the
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Speaker 1: Macedonians succeeded in scaling the breeches and entering the city.
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Speaker 1: The slaughter was greater than entire The women and children
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Speaker 1: were sold into bondage, and the place became a Macedonian fortress.
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Speaker 1: End of Chapter seventeen, Part seven