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What's Under The Ice On Europa? · Daniel and Kelly’s Extraordinary Universe

0:07
Speaker 1: Hey or hey, when you think about finding life on
0:10
Speaker 1: other planets, what do you imagine I want to hear
0:12
Speaker 1: what an artistic cartoonist thinks about when he thinks about
0:15
Speaker 1: life on other planets. Well, you know, I think of
0:17
Speaker 1: little green men or blue, tall attractive people like an avatar,
0:22
Speaker 1: or you know, crazy blobs or weird plants. So you're
0:26
Speaker 1: mostly thinking about life like on these planets, like on
0:29
Speaker 1: the surface. Yeah, like living things on the surface of
0:31
Speaker 1: other planets. What if there could be like strange underground life,
0:36
Speaker 1: not life on other planets, but life in other planets
0:40
Speaker 1: you mean like underneath the surface. Yeah, like underground life
0:44
Speaker 1: on other planets. Oh. Man, it sounds like a like
0:46
Speaker 1: a pretty cool, hid grungy kind of extraterrestrial life, you know,
0:50
Speaker 1: be part of the underground scene. Yeah, exactly interesting. So
0:54
Speaker 1: like we could look at a planet and think, oh,
0:56
Speaker 1: it's barren, there's nothing there, but really there could be
0:58
Speaker 1: amazing cities on I need the surface. Yeah, we'll just
1:01
Speaker 1: think about our oceans. Right, If you look at the
1:03
Speaker 1: ocean from space, you don't see that much action, right,
1:06
Speaker 1: But of course there's a huge amount of stuff going
1:08
Speaker 1: on under the surface. Um, it could be more than
1:11
Speaker 1: what you see. Hi, I'm Jorge and I'm Daniel, and
1:31
Speaker 1: welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge Explained the Universe,
1:34
Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio in which a cartoonist
1:37
Speaker 1: and a physicist try to break it all down for
1:39
Speaker 1: you and explain to you all that weird stuff you
1:42
Speaker 1: always wanted to understand but didn't feel comfortable asking your
1:45
Speaker 1: friends about. Yeah, it was the weird things on the surface,
1:48
Speaker 1: and then maybe possibly cooler stuff underneath the surface of things,
1:52
Speaker 1: the cooler, weirder, probably slimier stuff too, so do they.
1:57
Speaker 1: On the podcast, we'll be talking about Europa, the moon
2:06
Speaker 1: of Jupiter. What is it? Where is it? Could there
2:09
Speaker 1: be life in it or on it, or under it
2:12
Speaker 1: or inside of it? Behind it? Could there be an
2:15
Speaker 1: alien slime ship just hiding behind Europa al we dodging
2:18
Speaker 1: out of you as we look at it at all times? Yeah,
2:21
Speaker 1: it might be possibly one of the only other places
2:24
Speaker 1: in our solar system where there could be life. There
2:27
Speaker 1: could be really goopy, slimy life out there. Why do
2:31
Speaker 1: you think that aliens are often associated with slime in movies? Um? Well,
2:38
Speaker 1: they can't be um dry. I guess that it wouldn't
2:41
Speaker 1: be gross or alien? Or can't you have like an
2:44
Speaker 1: armadillo life? You know, armadillos are not slimy, all right,
2:46
Speaker 1: What can't aliens be more like armadillos? They always seem
2:49
Speaker 1: to be like, you know, salamanders, or goopy and gross,
2:52
Speaker 1: like there's some sort of like aliens have to be disgusting,
2:56
Speaker 1: they have to feel alien, I guess, so well, let's
3:02
Speaker 1: talk about it. What else. Europa is one of the
3:04
Speaker 1: moons of Jupiter. So Jupiter, another planet in our Solar system,
3:08
Speaker 1: has many moons, and one of them is called Europa.
3:11
Speaker 1: That's right, And you know, it's very interesting to us,
3:14
Speaker 1: of course, ask the question is there life out there
3:16
Speaker 1: in the universe? And so we naturally think about looking
3:20
Speaker 1: for life in places where we would live, you know,
3:23
Speaker 1: on the surface of a nice, warm, rocky planet. But
3:26
Speaker 1: we should think more broadly. We should think about whether
3:28
Speaker 1: there's life and other kinds of places, places where you
3:31
Speaker 1: and I wouldn't want to live, places a little too slimy,
3:34
Speaker 1: but places that still there could be something wriggling around
3:36
Speaker 1: in right, then might have the conditions or the ingredients
3:39
Speaker 1: for life, but maybe not necessarily looked like the planet Earth. Yeah, exactly,
3:44
Speaker 1: and certainly not a place you'd want to vacation too.
3:46
Speaker 1: And so in this episode we want to dive deep
3:49
Speaker 1: into the moon of Jupiter Europa and see about and
3:53
Speaker 1: talk about whether it's possible for there to be life
3:56
Speaker 1: underground in that moon. You mean you don't want to
3:59
Speaker 1: have a europay in vacation if European, I'm a going,
4:06
Speaker 1: oh no, But I think it'd be really fascinating. Say
4:09
Speaker 1: we do discover life in Europe. But you know, that
4:10
Speaker 1: would be amazing because it would tell us a lot
4:13
Speaker 1: about the likelihood of life forming in general. Right when
4:18
Speaker 1: you have these conditions, how often does life start? And
4:21
Speaker 1: we just haven't found the conditions for life in many
4:23
Speaker 1: other places, and so it's fascinating to get to just,
4:26
Speaker 1: you know, peek in on an alien body of water
4:29
Speaker 1: and see if they're microbes or fish or crazy angry
4:32
Speaker 1: octopy or something. Yeah. Well, Europe is interesting because it's
4:36
Speaker 1: kind of a mystery, right, because it's a moon of Jupiter,
4:40
Speaker 1: but it's covered in ice, and scientists think that maybe
4:44
Speaker 1: underneath all that ice is a big giant ocean. Yeah,
4:48
Speaker 1: Europe is crazy. We'll get into that. But it's a
4:51
Speaker 1: really weird object it's got lots of mysteries in it.
4:55
Speaker 1: But before we do, we thought, what do people think
4:58
Speaker 1: about whether there's life on this moon? People know about
5:00
Speaker 1: these alien oceans and people believe there might be life
5:03
Speaker 1: under there. Yeah, So, as usually, Daniel went out into
5:06
Speaker 1: the UC Irvine campus and ask people on the street
5:09
Speaker 1: what do they think is under the ice? In Europa? Yeah,
5:13
Speaker 1: here's what people had to say a variety of responses,
5:15
Speaker 1: as you'll hear. So I think for a moment, what's
5:18
Speaker 1: your bit what do you think would be found in
5:20
Speaker 1: an alien ocean under kilometers of ice? And then listen
5:24
Speaker 1: to these responses gas, Oh yeah, I mean like unknown
5:28
Speaker 1: things that we're not a mean to or like so
5:32
Speaker 1: we haven't discovered yet. Maybe do you think there might
5:35
Speaker 1: be life? Maybe it could be, Yeah, because I believe
5:39
Speaker 1: like like parallel universes and like there has to be
5:42
Speaker 1: life and in other universes. So maybe, like I know,
5:46
Speaker 1: some kind of like fishes or something, I don't know,
5:51
Speaker 1: maybe some weird creatures or something like that, there might
5:54
Speaker 1: be life on the moon. Rangine, Yeah, definitely, I believe
5:57
Speaker 1: there's life all around us. Yeah, awesome, I don't I
6:01
Speaker 1: don't expect they don't find life. No, why not? It
6:05
Speaker 1: seems very improbable. Like, you know, I feel like life
6:08
Speaker 1: can you know, happen because you know, obviously Earth, but
6:11
Speaker 1: I feel like the odds of something like that to
6:14
Speaker 1: happen would just be very, very small. It's possible that
6:17
Speaker 1: there could be some like intelligent life since there is water,
6:20
Speaker 1: but it is pretty far away from the sun, might
6:23
Speaker 1: be too cold for anything to sustain off. So you
6:27
Speaker 1: think water on another planets a chance of his life there? Yeah, definitely,
6:32
Speaker 1: probably some debris, some space debris. Seriously, I mean, do
6:34
Speaker 1: you think there might be life there? As far as life?
6:37
Speaker 1: I mean, grass is an organism? Is this life? So
6:39
Speaker 1: in essentially for all into the purpose of perspectively, they
6:43
Speaker 1: might find some life. Cool, Okay, pretty interesting. I find
6:45
Speaker 1: it interesting that most people kind of knew what you
6:48
Speaker 1: were talking about, Like you said, what's under the neath
6:50
Speaker 1: the ice in Europa? And people didn't flish. They're not, like,
6:54
Speaker 1: what what's underneath Europe? What do you mean like Iceland,
6:57
Speaker 1: Finland or sweet Yeah that's true. Yeah, no, you're right,
7:03
Speaker 1: And um, some people were shocked to discover that there
7:06
Speaker 1: could be oceans of water and other planets, right, Um,
7:10
Speaker 1: But most people when you when I told them that
7:12
Speaker 1: there was a water ocean, or when they believe that
7:14
Speaker 1: for the moment, a lot of people were confident that
7:16
Speaker 1: we could find life there. I think people have this
7:18
Speaker 1: sense that water means life, and that life is not
7:22
Speaker 1: a rare thing, and and that when you have the conditions,
7:25
Speaker 1: you should expect it to pop up to flour wherever it.
7:28
Speaker 1: Wherever it can we associated with life? Like how can
7:31
Speaker 1: you have water without any life or bacteria or little
7:36
Speaker 1: bugs in it? It would be weird to think of
7:38
Speaker 1: that much water, totally pure and clean exactly, And you
7:42
Speaker 1: know that much water and that much time, Right, a
7:45
Speaker 1: blob of water with organic chemicals, and it's sitting around
7:48
Speaker 1: for billions of years. It feels like the right stuff's
7:51
Speaker 1: gotta bounce into each other just the right way eventually. Right,
7:54
Speaker 1: there's just so much time and so many combinations. Yeah,
7:58
Speaker 1: so so much water for citing there for such a
8:00
Speaker 1: long time. Is it kind of the most probable place
8:04
Speaker 1: where life might be elsewhere in our solar system besides Earth?
8:08
Speaker 1: That's a great question. You know, you have to make
8:09
Speaker 1: a bet. Remember we once talked about an underground body
8:12
Speaker 1: of water on Mars as well, they've found a body
8:16
Speaker 1: of water kilometers underground on Mars. I mean, haven't sampled it.
8:20
Speaker 1: They just detected it's they're using the ground penetrating radar,
8:24
Speaker 1: and so that might also have microbes. We don't know.
8:27
Speaker 1: But something really fascinating about Europa is that it's further
8:31
Speaker 1: from Earth. So for example, if you discover life on Mars,
8:34
Speaker 1: you know, you might make the argument that life started
8:36
Speaker 1: on Earth and got to Mars as rocks got blown
8:38
Speaker 1: off the surface, and you guys should listen to that
8:40
Speaker 1: whole podcast episode we did about it. But Europa is
8:43
Speaker 1: far away. So if life started on Europa, it would
8:46
Speaker 1: probably be unique. It would be a separate it would
8:49
Speaker 1: be distinct, right, It would mean life starting on its
8:52
Speaker 1: own again, not just spreading from Earth or to Earth.
8:56
Speaker 1: It couldn't have come from us. It must have origin
9:00
Speaker 1: at it totally separately from life here. Yeah, you know,
9:04
Speaker 1: unless our ancient ancestors somehow we're space faring and landed
9:08
Speaker 1: on Jupiter and you know, seated it with life and
9:10
Speaker 1: then lost that technology and all traces of it were
9:13
Speaker 1: destroyed except for that weird hypolicis somebody other probably believes yes, exactly,
9:18
Speaker 1: would have to start Weird Possibility Saw and a bad
9:20
Speaker 1: science fiction movie. You mean the science fiction novel I'm
9:24
Speaker 1: currently writing. What are you talking about? That? This idea
9:28
Speaker 1: that one caveman space spaceman. Come on, I see caveman aliens.
9:34
Speaker 1: That's right, I'm crazy spaceman iceman. Wasn't that the Saturnday
9:39
Speaker 1: Live episode? Anyway? Um, yeah, let's dig into it. Let's
9:43
Speaker 1: talk about why Europa attracted people's attention in the first place. Yeah,
9:47
Speaker 1: let's let's dig to the core of the issue. Yeah,
9:49
Speaker 1: but we have to start on the surface, because the
9:52
Speaker 1: weirdest thing about Europa is that it's pretty smooth, like
9:56
Speaker 1: it's cool. It is very cold in fact, on the surface.
10:01
Speaker 1: It's not a kind of place you want to go.
10:03
Speaker 1: The temperature on the surfaces like mineus two hundred and
10:06
Speaker 1: sixty degrees fahrenheit on a sunny day. But actually, what
10:10
Speaker 1: I meant is that there aren't a lot of craters
10:12
Speaker 1: on the surface because you know, the Solar System is
10:15
Speaker 1: a messy place. There's asteroids and rocks bouncing around everywhere,
10:18
Speaker 1: and basically everything in the Solar System is constantly being
10:21
Speaker 1: bombarded by small rocks, which is while you look in
10:23
Speaker 1: the Moon. You see all these craters, right, So it
10:25
Speaker 1: doesn't have any pimples on its on its face, yeah, exactly.
10:30
Speaker 1: And so the weird thing about Europa is that it
10:32
Speaker 1: has hardly any craters on it, right, It's so smooth.
10:35
Speaker 1: It doesn't have an atmosphere like Earth. Earth doesn't have
10:38
Speaker 1: a lot of craters because our atmosphere acts like a pillow,
10:41
Speaker 1: you know, it's like a water bed or something. It
10:42
Speaker 1: slows down the rocks and disperses their energy before they
10:45
Speaker 1: hit the surface. Europa it has a very slight atmosphere,
10:48
Speaker 1: but not enough to act as a break for any
10:50
Speaker 1: of these rocks. So you would expect, since it's billions
10:53
Speaker 1: of years old, that it would be pummeled with rocks
10:55
Speaker 1: and have lots of holes on its surface, but it doesn't.
10:58
Speaker 1: It's very smooth. Does that mean it means that the
11:01
Speaker 1: surface is pretty young, right, that it hasn't been around
11:04
Speaker 1: very long um or it's being constantly refreshed right or erased.
11:08
Speaker 1: You know, it's like a chalkboard that somebody comes in
11:11
Speaker 1: and cleans every morning, and then you fill it up
11:12
Speaker 1: with equations and then they clean it again, right, or
11:15
Speaker 1: maybe somebody grooms it. Somebody somebody out there with a
11:18
Speaker 1: huge rake. Yeah, exactly. Um, the fascinating thing is they
11:24
Speaker 1: tried to estimate the age of the surface of Europa,
11:27
Speaker 1: and you know, it's basically consistent with zero. You know,
11:30
Speaker 1: the measurement they get is like fifty million years plus
11:33
Speaker 1: or minus fifty million years, just based on the craters,
11:36
Speaker 1: just based on the size and the number of the craters. Yeah,
11:39
Speaker 1: something is going on on the surface of Europa that's
11:41
Speaker 1: refreshing the surface. It's like erasing it. It's like it's
11:45
Speaker 1: for ever young, like it uses bullox, lunar bulltox. Well,
11:54
Speaker 1: let's give people some context. So Europa is one of
11:57
Speaker 1: the moons of Jupiter, one of the planets in our
11:59
Speaker 1: solar system. And I was reading it's about almost the
12:03
Speaker 1: size of our moon m hm. And we have a
12:06
Speaker 1: pretty big moon, right, So being close to the size
12:09
Speaker 1: of around moon means you're being pretty big m So
12:11
Speaker 1: it is a pretty sizeable ball of rock or ice
12:15
Speaker 1: out there, and it orbits Jupiter every three and a
12:19
Speaker 1: half days m m m exactly, which probably is it.
12:23
Speaker 1: It's sort of see, sunlight has kind of a day
12:26
Speaker 1: night period, probably around three and a half days. Then,
12:29
Speaker 1: but remember it's much further from the Sun than our planet,
12:32
Speaker 1: and so it gets like one twentieth of the amount
12:35
Speaker 1: of sunlight. The Sun in the sky of Europa is
12:38
Speaker 1: a tiny, tiny dot, whereas Jupiter is mammoth right, it
12:42
Speaker 1: appears hugely in the sky. Is that why it's so
12:46
Speaker 1: icy and cold because it's so far away. Yeah, that's
12:49
Speaker 1: one of the reasons why it's so icing cold. Also,
12:51
Speaker 1: it doesn't have much of an atmosphere, which could you know,
12:53
Speaker 1: collect and keep that warmth on the surface. Um, yeah, exactly.
12:57
Speaker 1: And also Jupiter is blasting it with radiation, so the
13:00
Speaker 1: surface of Europa is not a very friendly place. Wait,
13:03
Speaker 1: Jupiter is shooting at it, what do you mean, Yeah,
13:07
Speaker 1: well Jupiter, you know, like the Sun, Jupiter produces a
13:09
Speaker 1: lot of radiation. You know, there's crazy stuff happening in
13:12
Speaker 1: the core of Jupiter because of all the gravitational pressure
13:14
Speaker 1: produces huge amounts of radiation. And you know, just in
13:17
Speaker 1: general out in space, this radiation right from the Sun
13:20
Speaker 1: but also from Jupiter, and there's nothing, there's no atmosphere
13:24
Speaker 1: to protect you. So if you were on the surface
13:26
Speaker 1: of Europa, you would get a fatal dose of radiation
13:29
Speaker 1: very quickly. Oh, so it doesn't have an atmosphere. It
13:32
Speaker 1: has a very very thin atmosphere, essentially nothing useful to
13:36
Speaker 1: protect you from radiation. So it's not a very hospitable place.
13:39
Speaker 1: It's cold, it's frozen, there's no nothing, Their breathe getting
13:42
Speaker 1: cancer every five minutes. You know, there's really nothing in
13:45
Speaker 1: the brochure that would attract you, except of course for
13:48
Speaker 1: the scientific mysteries, right, the things that make you think, what,
13:51
Speaker 1: how could that be? What's going on? Yeah? Yeah, So
13:54
Speaker 1: the weird thing or the incredible things about Europa are
13:59
Speaker 1: what's going on inside of it? Right? Yeah? So the
14:02
Speaker 1: outside is this water crust, right, it's frozen water crust.
14:06
Speaker 1: It's ice and you know the ice spikes on the
14:09
Speaker 1: surface are like fifteen meters high. And um. There was
14:12
Speaker 1: a bunch of spacecraft that flew by Europa and took
14:16
Speaker 1: a bunch of pictures and measurements because they were trying
14:18
Speaker 1: to understand like what is going on with this surface?
14:20
Speaker 1: How is this surface getting reformed? Why is it so
14:22
Speaker 1: smooth and looking exactly? And so what they did was
14:29
Speaker 1: they try to probe the inside of it. They were like,
14:31
Speaker 1: well what is this made out of? Right? Is there
14:33
Speaker 1: like weird tectonic activity because you know on Earth, Earth
14:36
Speaker 1: is very active, right, the plates are always moving and shifting,
14:39
Speaker 1: and so you're getting new surfaces being formed as as
14:42
Speaker 1: you know, volcanoes erupt and stuff. So they're wondering maybe
14:44
Speaker 1: it was tectonic activity. So they FLU did all these
14:48
Speaker 1: fly bys to try to measure what's going on inside,
14:51
Speaker 1: and this is really cool. They just measure the gravitational
14:54
Speaker 1: pull on the satellite from various angles in various directions,
14:58
Speaker 1: and they can get a map basically of the density
15:00
Speaker 1: of what's going on inside without landing or or going inside.
15:04
Speaker 1: They can get a map of the density of the
15:06
Speaker 1: stuff inside the Moon from a distance. You can tell
15:09
Speaker 1: these things, yeah, just from gravitational measurement. And NASA does
15:13
Speaker 1: this also on Earth, like NASA can sea. You know
15:16
Speaker 1: when your house is sinking by an inch or by
15:18
Speaker 1: a meter or by two ms due to like ground
15:21
Speaker 1: water being sucked up, because it's making these very detailed
15:24
Speaker 1: gravitational measurements the effect of the of gravity on satellites.
15:28
Speaker 1: So what they found when they did this is that
15:30
Speaker 1: there's this very thick crust water, crust, water, ice, crust
15:34
Speaker 1: on the outside and underneath it is something with the
15:37
Speaker 1: density of water. And they were like, what, how could
15:41
Speaker 1: there be something with a density of water because you
15:43
Speaker 1: have this frozen stuff, right, which is less dense. And
15:46
Speaker 1: then under that they saw this huge band of something
15:50
Speaker 1: that has the density of of of liquid water. So
15:54
Speaker 1: it could be a giant ocean, a giant underground ocean.
15:58
Speaker 1: Yeah exactly. And so of the best guess is that
16:01
Speaker 1: there's a huge underground ocean of water. And you know,
16:05
Speaker 1: they think it's water because it has the right density
16:08
Speaker 1: and because the outside of Europa is frozen water. Right,
16:12
Speaker 1: it's not like something exotic like liquid methane or something um.
16:16
Speaker 1: But it's not small. It's not like, you know, two
16:18
Speaker 1: or three cups of water. If you took all the
16:21
Speaker 1: liquid in the oceans of Europa, it would be two
16:23
Speaker 1: or three times the amount of water on the surface
16:26
Speaker 1: of the Earth in a much smaller ball of rock. Right, yeah, exactly, exactly.
16:32
Speaker 1: It's much more smaller than the moon, right, And so
16:35
Speaker 1: it's a thick layer of water. Okay, well, let's dig
16:38
Speaker 1: into that mystery. But first let's take a quick break. Alright,
16:54
Speaker 1: So Europa is a moon of a Jupiter, and it's
16:57
Speaker 1: interesting because it's it's made out of ice, but under
17:00
Speaker 1: neat that ice there's a huge ocean of water. We think, yeah, exactly,
17:05
Speaker 1: And it gets weirder as you go in. I think, right,
17:08
Speaker 1: so you've got this ice crust on the outside, and
17:11
Speaker 1: then you've got this liquid center, right, it's like a
17:14
Speaker 1: it's like a candy or something. And then on the
17:16
Speaker 1: inside of that you have this rocky ball with some
17:20
Speaker 1: metal in it. Also, you have these three basic components
17:23
Speaker 1: and everything is spinning, but it's not really connected. Right,
17:27
Speaker 1: the inside bit, the rocky bit on the inside, is
17:29
Speaker 1: not connected to the shell, the water, the ice shell
17:33
Speaker 1: on the very outside, because there's this liquid, right, so
17:36
Speaker 1: they can slip, And what they think is that the
17:39
Speaker 1: outside is rotating at a different speed from the inside, right,
17:43
Speaker 1: So like the outside is like eventually laps the inside.
17:48
Speaker 1: So it's like a shell floating on top of or
17:51
Speaker 1: around a metal core. I know, if if you included
17:55
Speaker 1: this in my bad Um Spaceman Iceman Caveman science fiction
17:58
Speaker 1: novel that I'm supposed to be adding, you would think
18:01
Speaker 1: this is crazy. This could never happen in real life.
18:03
Speaker 1: I mean, let's get realistic. I love that you look
18:06
Speaker 1: out there in the universe and you find such weird stuff, right,
18:09
Speaker 1: stuff you could never imagine or dream up. Well, so
18:12
Speaker 1: it'd be kind of like going to Antarctica and you
18:15
Speaker 1: know it's a huge sheet of ice, but underneath that
18:18
Speaker 1: is sort of there there there's water, right, like you
18:20
Speaker 1: could swim underneath these sheets of ice. Yeah, exactly, it's
18:24
Speaker 1: warmer underneath the sheets of ice, right. And the thing
18:27
Speaker 1: that's providing that warmth is that is Jupiter. And it's
18:30
Speaker 1: not the radiation, but Jupiter's gravitational field is constantly squeezing Europa, right,
18:35
Speaker 1: something we call tidal forces, which sounds complicated, it's actually
18:39
Speaker 1: pretty simple to understand. You know that gravity, the strength
18:42
Speaker 1: of gravity, falls as the distance, right, So the further
18:45
Speaker 1: way you get from Jupiter, the weaker gravity is. Well,
18:48
Speaker 1: imagine you're a big body, you're like a moon like Europa.
18:51
Speaker 1: Then Jupiter is pulling harder on the bit of you
18:54
Speaker 1: that's closer to Jupiter, and it's not pulling as hard
18:57
Speaker 1: on the bit that's further away. But that means it's
18:59
Speaker 1: a big sickly trying to pull the moon apart. Right,
19:02
Speaker 1: It's tugging harder on one part than on the other.
19:04
Speaker 1: So it's trying to pull a moon apart. This is
19:07
Speaker 1: what we call a tidal force that generates heat and warmth. Yeah,
19:10
Speaker 1: it's like you know, it's it's like Jupiter's taking his
19:13
Speaker 1: hand and squeezing it constantly, right, and that's pumping energy
19:16
Speaker 1: into it. It's like it's like an engine, right, Jupiter's
19:19
Speaker 1: gravitational field take. It's like taking an orange and like
19:23
Speaker 1: massaging it, kind of like hot stone massage for a
19:28
Speaker 1: whole moon. Right. And there's a huge ocean and it's
19:33
Speaker 1: the ice cross it's huge. It's like a hundred kilometers thick. Yeah.
19:37
Speaker 1: They don't know exactly how thick it is. That's difficult.
19:40
Speaker 1: They're going to figure that out when they send the
19:42
Speaker 1: next satellite there, but they estimate around a hundred kilometers thick. Yeah,
19:47
Speaker 1: and the ice crust is being cracked constantly. Right. If
19:49
Speaker 1: you're gonna massage something which is like a sphere of ice,
19:52
Speaker 1: then you're gonna end up cracking its shell. And so
19:55
Speaker 1: we see all these stripes on these lines on the
19:57
Speaker 1: surface of Europa, not craters, right, it's smooth, it's pretty
20:00
Speaker 1: smooth from the crater point of view, but there are
20:02
Speaker 1: these cracks which they think come from these tidal forces
20:05
Speaker 1: squeezing the ice on ice. Okay, so there are wrinkles
20:09
Speaker 1: on this bultos perfect just like you see an Orange county.
20:14
Speaker 1: No plastic surgery ever really looks good. Well, I read
20:19
Speaker 1: also read this cool thing that Europa has water volcanoes.
20:23
Speaker 1: I know, it just gets crazier and crazier. Right, So
20:25
Speaker 1: what happens when you have high pressure water trapped under
20:29
Speaker 1: ice and then you squeeze that ice, when you're gonna
20:31
Speaker 1: get cracks and then the water is gonna spew out.
20:34
Speaker 1: And so we have these pictures from Hubble. We pointed
20:37
Speaker 1: Hubble at at Europa and they have these pictures of
20:40
Speaker 1: what looks like plumes of water right there, basically water volcanoes.
20:44
Speaker 1: The ice cracks and the water shoots up. And these
20:47
Speaker 1: are not small, you know, they go up like two
20:50
Speaker 1: hundred kilometers into space. And that's like, you know, multiple
20:54
Speaker 1: times the height of Mount Everest. Imagine a volcano on
20:57
Speaker 1: Earth shooting lava, you know, six times the height of
21:00
Speaker 1: Mount Everest. That would be an event. Yeah, it's like
21:03
Speaker 1: a ginormous geyser, but yes, exactly, and you know it
21:09
Speaker 1: makes Earth feel like a calm place you know, we
21:11
Speaker 1: have like volcanoes and earthquakes and stuff, But the more
21:14
Speaker 1: you look out into the Solar System, the more you discover, like, wow,
21:17
Speaker 1: other planets and moons are much more extreme than the
21:19
Speaker 1: stuff on Earth. Earth is like a pretty calm and
21:22
Speaker 1: cozy place to live. Yeah, and just one qualifier on
21:26
Speaker 1: the water plumes. You know that there is a picture
21:29
Speaker 1: from Hubble that shows something that looks like a plume um.
21:32
Speaker 1: Scientists are still a little skeptical, right, They're not a
21:35
Speaker 1: sure that there really are water plumes um. But it's
21:38
Speaker 1: also connected to this idea of the surface, right, it
21:41
Speaker 1: could be that the reason the surface is getting reformed,
21:45
Speaker 1: the reason it looks smooth, is that like all these
21:47
Speaker 1: cracks are appearing, and maybe the ice is turning over
21:50
Speaker 1: or you know, getting rotated somehow, or you know, they
21:54
Speaker 1: don't fully understand it. It's hard to come up with
21:56
Speaker 1: a model that explains how the surface gets reformed, but
21:58
Speaker 1: it might have something to do with, you know, all
22:00
Speaker 1: this activity under the ice breaking it, sucking some of
22:04
Speaker 1: it down and sending up new pieces to get hit
22:06
Speaker 1: by asteroids, kind of like the ice sheets and Antarctic
22:09
Speaker 1: I keep moving, shifting, and yeah, reforming exactly, So if
22:13
Speaker 1: you were to build a house there, it might not
22:15
Speaker 1: be there in fifty million years. That's right. One more
22:18
Speaker 1: reason not to build a house on Europa. Okay, so
22:25
Speaker 1: that's Europe. It's pretty cool. So if you flew there
22:28
Speaker 1: and landed, it would you would it would sort of
22:30
Speaker 1: feel like you're on the Moon kind of. And then
22:33
Speaker 1: if you drilled a hole a hundred kilometers deep, you
22:36
Speaker 1: would find a huge ocean and you could you could
22:39
Speaker 1: potentially swim in it, right, because it would be sort
22:42
Speaker 1: of around the same density as the water that we
22:44
Speaker 1: have here. Yeah, exactly. And you know, the Moon is
22:46
Speaker 1: mostly rock, whereas this this planet, when you land down,
22:49
Speaker 1: it would be mostly water ice. And they have pictures
22:53
Speaker 1: from Europe and it looks like not a very friendly
22:56
Speaker 1: place to land. There's like spikes of these water ice
23:00
Speaker 1: reach of like fifteen meters. You know, it's like these
23:02
Speaker 1: needle thin i am super sharp icicles on the surface.
23:07
Speaker 1: So it's not a friendly place. It's not like, hey,
23:08
Speaker 1: come look land on me. Right in comparison to the
23:11
Speaker 1: Moon is a much friend to the place. But you're right,
23:13
Speaker 1: there is this ocean of water under the ice. It
23:16
Speaker 1: wouldn't be a smooth landing if you try to get there.
23:19
Speaker 1: That's right. It's sort of like that friend you have,
23:21
Speaker 1: you know, who's like sort of grumpy on the outside,
23:24
Speaker 1: but then when they get home, they're nice and friendly.
23:26
Speaker 1: You know. Europe is like that. It's really unfriendly and
23:29
Speaker 1: unwelcoming on the outside, but it has this chewy candy
23:32
Speaker 1: center right at this ocean of water at the right
23:35
Speaker 1: temperature for life, and it has smooth skin. That's the
23:39
Speaker 1: other as your friend, exactly. So we don't know too
23:42
Speaker 1: much about what's in that water. That's really the biggest question,
23:44
Speaker 1: like the organic molecules in there. Is it too salty
23:48
Speaker 1: for life? You know, it could be salt water. Yeah,
23:52
Speaker 1: it could be salty, right, or who who knows what
23:54
Speaker 1: else it could be. You could have other things, you know,
23:57
Speaker 1: it could have high concentrations of other things. Right, It
23:59
Speaker 1: could like water, but it could be really dangerous for
24:02
Speaker 1: us to drink. Yeah, exactly. There could certainly be toxic
24:05
Speaker 1: for us, but you know, life on Earth has evolved
24:07
Speaker 1: in lots of places that are toxic for us. It's
24:10
Speaker 1: really pretty incredible what you get when you have a
24:12
Speaker 1: lot of time and a lot of volume. So life
24:15
Speaker 1: on Earth, for example, can survive even in places with
24:18
Speaker 1: no sun. Right, Folks that there might be asking, how,
24:21
Speaker 1: wait a second, how can you have life under the
24:23
Speaker 1: ocean if there is a crust on top and it's
24:26
Speaker 1: totally dark. Right, This is not a warm, balmy ocean
24:29
Speaker 1: in the Caribbean. It's totally black, right, it's jet black.
24:32
Speaker 1: But that happens here on Earth. That happens here on
24:35
Speaker 1: Earth also exactly, you have places under the water where
24:38
Speaker 1: there's heat escaping from the Earth's crust, from the Earth's
24:42
Speaker 1: um core and heats up the water and bubbles it
24:45
Speaker 1: up and stuff. And the same thing we think is
24:46
Speaker 1: happening on the on Europa. Remember, the Jupiter's massaging it
24:51
Speaker 1: and creating all this activity inside of it, and some
24:54
Speaker 1: of that's creating heat which is warming up the water,
24:56
Speaker 1: and that's enough energy for life. Yeah, So that's the
24:59
Speaker 1: big question, and that's what's so interesting about Europa is
25:02
Speaker 1: that there could be life in it. In these giant oceans,
25:07
Speaker 1: there certainly could be. So what's the probability do you
25:09
Speaker 1: think that there is life in there? That's a great question,
25:14
Speaker 1: and you know, unfortunately we don't really have a great
25:16
Speaker 1: scientific answer to that. You know, um, because we've never
25:20
Speaker 1: gotten data from other places, right, we haven't ever sampled
25:24
Speaker 1: alien water. You know, if we had done it a
25:26
Speaker 1: hundred times and we've only seen life once, then we know,
25:29
Speaker 1: oh a, life is pretty rare. But the only time
25:31
Speaker 1: we've ever looked at water is here on Earth, and
25:34
Speaker 1: so we have no information, right, And that's exactly why
25:37
Speaker 1: we want to do this. We want to get sample
25:39
Speaker 1: number two to understand and you know, sample number two
25:42
Speaker 1: has life in it. Also, if two totally separate examples
25:45
Speaker 1: both have life, Wow, then the possibilities for life are huge.
25:50
Speaker 1: Because you look out into the sky and there's lots
25:52
Speaker 1: of stars with lots of planets, a lot of them
25:55
Speaker 1: have liquid water. And if the probability for there to
25:58
Speaker 1: be life and any sample of liquid water is larger
26:01
Speaker 1: than any tiny amount, that means it's a huge amount
26:04
Speaker 1: of life out there, so be mind blowing. But unfortunately
26:07
Speaker 1: we don't really have an answer. Well, it's exciting to
26:10
Speaker 1: think about because Europa does have kind of all the
26:13
Speaker 1: ingredients for life, right that we know about water, energy, chemistry,
26:19
Speaker 1: compounds from from rocks and things like that, right exactly,
26:23
Speaker 1: And that ocean is conveniently shielded from Jupiter's harmful radiation
26:27
Speaker 1: by the hundred kilometers or so of ice, But like
26:31
Speaker 1: we have our atmosphere to protects they those Europeans would
26:36
Speaker 1: have the ice sheet to protect them. Yeah. And you
26:38
Speaker 1: know if we if imagine there's intelligent life on Europa, right,
26:41
Speaker 1: what would they think of their planet? Like do they
26:43
Speaker 1: think of the ice the way we think of the atmosphere? Right,
26:46
Speaker 1: Like we think of the edge of the Earth as
26:48
Speaker 1: the surface right where the rock ends, but really the
26:50
Speaker 1: atmosphere is part of the Earth. Maybe they would think
26:53
Speaker 1: of the edge of Europa is like the top of
26:55
Speaker 1: the water, and the rest of it is what they
26:57
Speaker 1: would call atmosphere, you know, right, or their worldview would
27:01
Speaker 1: be kind of like our worldview two thousand years ago,
27:04
Speaker 1: where we think that made there's a ceiling to the sky. Yeah,
27:08
Speaker 1: like they literally do have a ceiling. Right. Wow. Imagine
27:14
Speaker 1: being intelligent life in Euroba and creating like a whole
27:16
Speaker 1: cosmology and mythology about how the universe works, and then
27:20
Speaker 1: drilling out and discovering that there's an enormous universe out there.
27:23
Speaker 1: Why that would be mind blowing. That would be amazing.
27:26
Speaker 1: So so it is possible that there is life in Europa.
27:29
Speaker 1: It's totally possible. And you know, I think if you
27:32
Speaker 1: ask scientists, they're not signed. Their non scientific opinion would
27:36
Speaker 1: be it's a good chance. And that's why we're also excited.
27:38
Speaker 1: That's why we're spending billions of dollars to send missions
27:41
Speaker 1: out there to figure it out. All right, that's pretty cool.
27:44
Speaker 1: All right, let's let's jump into what these plans are
27:47
Speaker 1: to get there and to study it. But first let's
27:49
Speaker 1: take another quick break. I'm so excited about life on Europa.
28:07
Speaker 1: Why he love meeting Europeans. Europeans they're so sophisticated and
28:14
Speaker 1: croissants and Europa are fantastic. We know. I just think
28:18
Speaker 1: it's incredible. It's so weird and interesting and um, honestly,
28:23
Speaker 1: I believe this life there. You just want to see
28:25
Speaker 1: Aquaman in real life. I want to see life on
28:29
Speaker 1: another place other than Earth, and I'm just desperate to
28:32
Speaker 1: discover it. And I can't wait. I mean, it's out
28:34
Speaker 1: there waiting for us and we just don't know the answer,
28:37
Speaker 1: and we will know soon. I'm just so impatient. But
28:39
Speaker 1: what do you think that instinct comes from? Like, what
28:42
Speaker 1: what is it that makes you want to confirm that
28:45
Speaker 1: there's life elsewhere, or to meet other life out there,
28:49
Speaker 1: like don't you aren't you? Aren't you surrounded by other
28:51
Speaker 1: people already and I hate most of them, You're right,
28:54
Speaker 1: So why would I want to meet anybody else? No,
28:57
Speaker 1: even though I'm an introvert, I do want to life
29:00
Speaker 1: on other planets. But mostly I think the answer pretty
29:02
Speaker 1: basic questions, you know, like what is the context of
29:06
Speaker 1: our existence? Are we alone in the universe or not?
29:09
Speaker 1: It changes everything. If we're not alone, you know, it
29:12
Speaker 1: means something about how special we are, how unusual we are.
29:16
Speaker 1: It just it it changes the whole context of the
29:18
Speaker 1: human experience, you know, religion out the window, right, If
29:21
Speaker 1: there's life in other places? Um, well, I mean if
29:24
Speaker 1: if we find life elsewhere, obviously we go from one
29:27
Speaker 1: data point of life to two data points, which is,
29:30
Speaker 1: you know, increase. But would that really tell you that
29:35
Speaker 1: much about the rest of the university? Would still have
29:36
Speaker 1: that question? I mean, you would have the probability or
29:40
Speaker 1: double the probability, but it's you still wouldn't know what
29:44
Speaker 1: the actual probability is. No, but you have a much
29:46
Speaker 1: much better estimate, and you know it must be a
29:48
Speaker 1: lot larger than zero. Right, Because you could say that
29:53
Speaker 1: life on Earth is not an independent test because we
29:55
Speaker 1: are here to ask the question. We wouldn't be asking
29:57
Speaker 1: the question if there wasn't life on Earth. So it
30:00
Speaker 1: could be that we're the only life in the universe
30:03
Speaker 1: and we're asking the question because we're alive. So what
30:06
Speaker 1: we need is an independent data point. So if we
30:09
Speaker 1: go and get a sample from another place that hasn't
30:11
Speaker 1: been infected by Earth, it'll tell us independently how how
30:15
Speaker 1: likely life is to exist. And yeah, it's only one
30:18
Speaker 1: data point. But if in one data point you get
30:21
Speaker 1: a positive response, that means the answer must be a
30:23
Speaker 1: lot more than zero, right, or you were crazy, crazy,
30:27
Speaker 1: crazy lucky. But much more likely would be that the
30:29
Speaker 1: answer is you know, half the time you get life. Yeah,
30:38
Speaker 1: well let's get let's get into it. Our what are
30:41
Speaker 1: humans as plans to go to Europa and check out
30:44
Speaker 1: what's underneath all that ice, to poke poke through the ice. Well,
30:48
Speaker 1: I'm building something in my backyard right now because I'm
30:51
Speaker 1: desperate to know and i can't wait. See you later.
30:55
Speaker 1: That's right, Daniel's final European vacation. Um No, we have
31:00
Speaker 1: several plans. Um the most imminent. One is called the Clipper,
31:04
Speaker 1: and this is something being developed by JPL and others.
31:07
Speaker 1: And I spoke to an expert there who gave me
31:10
Speaker 1: so much useful information. It was really fantastic. She's so excited. Um,
31:14
Speaker 1: And this is something that we planned that they plan
31:17
Speaker 1: to launch in like twenty three, So it's you know,
31:21
Speaker 1: a few years away before even gets out into space,
31:23
Speaker 1: and then it would take a few years to get there.
31:26
Speaker 1: By then you might be already be there, Daniel, yea,
31:30
Speaker 1: by then our civilization might just be smoking rubble anyway,
31:33
Speaker 1: and then be nobody just the dancers. Back to right exactly.
31:38
Speaker 1: But the the interesting thing about this is that it's
31:40
Speaker 1: not going to land. A landing on Europa is a
31:43
Speaker 1: whole other problem, which we'll talk about later. This one's
31:45
Speaker 1: just going to do a bunch of fly bys. Also,
31:47
Speaker 1: you can't really orbit Europa. You can't. You cannot. Why
31:51
Speaker 1: not because the radiation is crazy. So if you go
31:53
Speaker 1: into orbit around Europa, all our electronics that will be fried,
31:57
Speaker 1: and the solar cells and all that stuff would be
31:58
Speaker 1: fried in weeks. It's like a one way trip. Yeah,
32:02
Speaker 1: So instead of orbiting Europa, it's going to do a
32:04
Speaker 1: bunch of fly by's right, It's like, you know, it's
32:07
Speaker 1: going to run through It's like running through the sprinklers
32:09
Speaker 1: instead of getting downsed. It's gonna do you, like, you know,
32:12
Speaker 1: several dozen fly bys to get these measurements. It's going
32:15
Speaker 1: to maybe like orbit Jupiter, or it's going to orbit
32:18
Speaker 1: the the whole source system, but each time it's going
32:21
Speaker 1: to go near Europa to take some pictures. Yeah, exactly.
32:25
Speaker 1: I think it's gonna orbit Jupiter and it's going to
32:27
Speaker 1: try to do as many fly bys by Europe as possible.
32:29
Speaker 1: And you know, my hope is that there's a huge
32:32
Speaker 1: water volcano eruption right when it's flying by, and then
32:35
Speaker 1: it could fly through that spray and get some water. Yeah.
32:41
Speaker 1: And I asked Cynthia from JPL, I said, what do
32:43
Speaker 1: you think is going to happen? And she said, well,
32:45
Speaker 1: I don't think we're gonna fly through it and get
32:47
Speaker 1: hit by a fish, which is disappointing because that was
32:51
Speaker 1: actually my mental image is like, of course it's going
32:54
Speaker 1: to be like some weird octopus probably obviously not a fish.
32:59
Speaker 1: It's gonna be guys, the the satellites gone offline. What happened, right,
33:04
Speaker 1: some enormous two kilometer sized shark like jumps up and
33:07
Speaker 1: bites it. No, but it would be amazing to sample it.
33:11
Speaker 1: And this instrument, sorry, this this thing, the Europa Clipper
33:14
Speaker 1: has lots of useful instruments on board. One thing is
33:16
Speaker 1: an ice penetrating radar that can use to like measure
33:19
Speaker 1: the ice and figure out how deep it is and
33:21
Speaker 1: sort of image the inside of the planet. Right, and
33:25
Speaker 1: there's another mission out there to being prepared to actually
33:28
Speaker 1: um get even closer. Yeah that's right, but we're but
33:32
Speaker 1: that's years away. And so I'm really hoping that the
33:35
Speaker 1: Europa Clipper gives us some useful information because also on
33:39
Speaker 1: board from the Clipper is something called a mass spectrometer,
33:42
Speaker 1: and this is a really fancy piece of chemical equipment
33:45
Speaker 1: that tells you basically what's in some stuff, you know,
33:48
Speaker 1: how heavy are all the molecules in something. So if
33:52
Speaker 1: you could like fly through a water plume, or even
33:54
Speaker 1: if you don't get that lucky, you know, there's gonna
33:56
Speaker 1: be like little bits of Europa just sort of floating
33:58
Speaker 1: out in the space nearby it. Because as constant impacts
34:01
Speaker 1: from small meteors spewing stuff into space, you could still
34:04
Speaker 1: sample that water ice and try to figure out what's
34:06
Speaker 1: in it, and so that might be really interesting hints
34:10
Speaker 1: of life. Right, So we're still many many years away
34:13
Speaker 1: from actually sending something that will land there and actually
34:17
Speaker 1: drill through the ice, right, Like, that's not coming anytime
34:20
Speaker 1: soon because it's a dangers time soon. Yeah, there's botox
34:25
Speaker 1: everywhere and radiation. But I was I was wondering if
34:29
Speaker 1: you could determine if you could discover life just from
34:32
Speaker 1: what you measure using the Europa Clipper. Like if you
34:35
Speaker 1: get a sample of this water, say, you know, we
34:37
Speaker 1: get really lucky and the surface opens up and spews
34:41
Speaker 1: a volcano, and the clipper flies by and snatches some
34:44
Speaker 1: of that water, right, then you could study it with
34:46
Speaker 1: this mass spec And so I asked my wife, who
34:48
Speaker 1: is a microbiologist and she's an expert in these kind
34:51
Speaker 1: of things, I said, could you conclusively say that we
34:53
Speaker 1: that there's life and a drop of water from an
34:56
Speaker 1: alien ocean just from understanding the mass spec information, just
34:59
Speaker 1: from knowing basically what molecules are in there. But is
35:03
Speaker 1: it is it going to have like a little cup
35:05
Speaker 1: out there trying to catch water? Yeah? Yeah, absolutely, it's
35:08
Speaker 1: going to have it can sample and they'll be able
35:10
Speaker 1: to do this measurement, this mass spec and tell us
35:12
Speaker 1: life what molecules are in there and what are their
35:15
Speaker 1: relative fractions? And could you tell if there was life? Unfortunately,
35:19
Speaker 1: I don't think you could. Um. All you can tell
35:22
Speaker 1: is like, here's a bunch of molecules, right, um. And
35:25
Speaker 1: but you can there's not gonna be a microscope on board,
35:27
Speaker 1: and you can't like see this thing, these little bugs.
35:30
Speaker 1: If there's like microbes in there, you can't like see
35:32
Speaker 1: them metabolizing or living or anything like that, unfortunately. And
35:36
Speaker 1: one of the reasons is that there's just so much
35:38
Speaker 1: complex stuff going on in life. You know, I asked
35:41
Speaker 1: you the same question about, like, you know, pond water.
35:43
Speaker 1: If you took a bunch of pond water from Earth
35:45
Speaker 1: and put it through the same instrument, could you are
35:47
Speaker 1: you conclusively there's life And there's just too much stuff
35:50
Speaker 1: going on. We don't even really understand all the things
35:53
Speaker 1: that are happening even here on Earth. It's such a
35:55
Speaker 1: big messy blob. So I think you need to have
35:58
Speaker 1: a microscope, and you need a sample of the water
36:01
Speaker 1: before it got spewed outo space. So you're right, we
36:03
Speaker 1: should go further and deeper, and we should dig into
36:05
Speaker 1: those oceans. You would need to see the actual giant
36:08
Speaker 1: space shark exactly exactly. But you know, how are you
36:13
Speaker 1: going to land on a moon super far away and
36:17
Speaker 1: drill like, you know, kilometers and kilometers into ice, Like
36:21
Speaker 1: we can do something we've accomplished on Earth. Humans can
36:24
Speaker 1: do it, Twine, I mean engineers can do it. Engineers. Yeah,
36:27
Speaker 1: don't put the physicists in charge as the engineers. They
36:31
Speaker 1: wan't to spend as much money and they'll get it done. Well.
36:34
Speaker 1: They have plans for another one. They have plans for
36:36
Speaker 1: a lander. Um, it's gonna go you know, years later,
36:40
Speaker 1: and um, but this one is only going to be
36:42
Speaker 1: on the surface for a few weeks because it's gonna
36:44
Speaker 1: get fried by radiation and it's only going to drill
36:47
Speaker 1: down about ten centimeters, not enough to go through the ice.
36:52
Speaker 1: All right, Well, I think that's um, that's the mystery
36:54
Speaker 1: of Europa. It's pretty cool to think that there is
36:58
Speaker 1: a moon out there in our solar system with a
37:01
Speaker 1: giant ocean that's just sitting there waiting for us to
37:04
Speaker 1: go there and departs in it. I know, it's a
37:07
Speaker 1: mystery it's close by, it's tantalizing, it's calling to us.
37:11
Speaker 1: An amazing thing to me is we will know the answer,
37:13
Speaker 1: and might take us five years or ten years or
37:16
Speaker 1: forty years, but eventually humans or their robots will go
37:19
Speaker 1: to your rope. But we'll drill into that ocean and
37:21
Speaker 1: we will know if there's something swimming around slimy, you know,
37:26
Speaker 1: listening to underground dance tracks and having a great time,
37:29
Speaker 1: or if it's just another sterile blob out there in space.
37:34
Speaker 1: There could be something living there right now. They could
37:37
Speaker 1: be preparing something to be sent to Earth. What if
37:40
Speaker 1: our what if our landers crossed in space and they're like, hey,
37:44
Speaker 1: where are you going? It would be such a traggy
37:47
Speaker 1: they crashed into each other and we would never know
37:51
Speaker 1: where are you going? Man? I signaled lass, what are
37:53
Speaker 1: you talking about? Crash and never never, at least they
38:02
Speaker 1: would answer the question though, if there's life out there,
38:05
Speaker 1: they're not great drivers, but at least they're alive. All right.
38:08
Speaker 1: I hope that was a great europe Pan europe vacation.
38:11
Speaker 1: European vacation for you guys out there, all right. Tune
38:15
Speaker 1: in next time for more mysteries of the Universe. Thanks
38:18
Speaker 1: for listening. If you still have a question after listening
38:28
Speaker 1: to all these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd
38:32
Speaker 1: love to hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,
38:34
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one Word, or
38:38
Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com.
38:42
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain
38:45
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of I Heart Radio. For
38:48
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38:55
Speaker 1: favorite shows. Nine