Transcript

31 - Popular History of France from the Earliest Times by Francois Pierre Guillaume Guizot · Popular History of France from the Earliest Times

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Speaker 1: Section thirty one of Volume one of A Popular History
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Speaker 1: of France from the Earliest Times. This is a LibriVox recording.
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Speaker 1: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
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Speaker 1: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Volume
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Speaker 1: one of A Popular History of France from the Earliest
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Speaker 1: Times by Francois Guiseau, translated by Robert Black, Chapter sixteen.
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Speaker 1: The Crusades, their Origin and their success, part one amongst
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Speaker 1: the great events of European history. None was, for a
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Speaker 1: longer time in preparation, or more naturally brought about than
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Speaker 1: the Crusades. Christianity from her earliest days had seen in
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Speaker 1: Jerusalem her sacred cradle. It had been in times past
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Speaker 1: the home of her ancestors, the Jews, and the center
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Speaker 1: of their history, and afterwards the scene of the life, death,
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Speaker 1: and resurrection of her divine founder. Jerusalem became more and
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Speaker 1: more the holy city. To go to Jerusalem, to visit
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Speaker 1: the Mount of Olive's cavalry and in the tomb of
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Speaker 1: Jesus was, in their most evil days and in the
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Speaker 1: midst of their obscurity and their martyrdoms, a pious passion
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Speaker 1: of the early Christians, when Under Constantine, Christianity had ascended
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Speaker 1: from the cross to the throne. Jerusalem had fresh attractions
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Speaker 1: for Christian faith and Christian curiosity. Temples covered and surrounded
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Speaker 1: the Holy Sepulcher, and at Bethlehem, Nazareth, Mount Tabor, and
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Speaker 1: nearly all the places which Jesus had consecrated by his
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Speaker 1: presence and his miracles were seen to rise up churches, chapels,
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Speaker 1: and monuments dedicated to the memory of them. The Emperor
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Speaker 1: Constantine's mother, Saint Helena, was, at seventy eight years of age,
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Speaker 1: the first royal pilgrim to the holy places. After the
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Speaker 1: Pagan Revival, vainly attempted by the Emperor Julian, the number
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Speaker 1: and zeal of the Christian visitors to Jerusalem were redoubled.
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Speaker 1: At the beginning of the fifth century. Saint Jerome wrote
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Speaker 1: from his retreat at Bethlehem that Judea overflowed with pilgrims,
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Speaker 1: and that round about the Holy Sepulcher were heard sung
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Speaker 1: in dieby tongues the praises of the Lord. He however,
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Speaker 1: gave but scant encouragement to his friends to make the
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Speaker 1: trip the Court of Heaven. He wrote to Saint Paulinus
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Speaker 1: is as open in Britain as at Jerusalem, and the
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Speaker 1: disorder which sometimes accompanied the numerous assemblages of pilgrims became
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Speaker 1: such that several of the most illustrious fathers of the Church,
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Speaker 1: and amongst others, Saint Augustine and Saint Gregory of Nissa,
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Speaker 1: asserted themselves to dissuade the faithful. Take no thought, said Augustine,
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Speaker 1: for long voyages go where your faith is. It is
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Speaker 1: not by ship, but by love that would go to
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Speaker 1: him who is everywhere. Events soon rendered the pilgrimage to
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Speaker 1: Jerusalem difficult and for some time impossible. At the commencement
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Speaker 1: of the seventh century, the Greek Empire was at war
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Speaker 1: with the sovereigns of Persia, successors of Cyrus and chiefs
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Speaker 1: of the religion of Zoroaster, one of them Coosros the
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Speaker 1: second invaded Judea, took Jerusalem, led away captive the inhabitants,
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Speaker 1: together with their patriarch Zacharias, and even carried off to
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Speaker 1: purer Persia the precious relic, which was regarded as the
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Speaker 1: wood of the True Cross, and which had been discovered
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Speaker 1: nearly three centuries before by the Empress Helena. Whilst excavations
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Speaker 1: were making on Calvary for the erection of the Church
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Speaker 1: of the Holy Sepulcher. But fourteen years later, after several
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Speaker 1: victories over the Persians, the Greek emperor Heraclius retook Jerusalem
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Speaker 1: and re entered Constantinople in triumph with the coffer containing
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Speaker 1: the sacred Relic. He next year, in six twenty nine,
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Speaker 1: carried it back to Jerusalem and bore it upon his
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Speaker 1: own shoulders to the top of cavalry, and on this
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Speaker 1: occasion was instituted the Feast of the Exultation of the
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Speaker 1: Holy Cross. Great was the joy in Christendom, and the
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Speaker 1: pilgrimages to Jerusalem resumed their course. But precisely at this
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Speaker 1: epoch there appeared an enemy far more formidable for the
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Speaker 1: Christians than the secretaries of Zoroast. In six twenty two,
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Speaker 1: Mohammed founded Islam, and some years after his death in
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Speaker 1: six thirty eight, the second of the Caliphs, his successors, Omar,
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Speaker 1: sent two of his generals, Khalid and Abu Obada, to
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Speaker 1: take Jerusalem, for to the Mussulmans also, Jerusalem was a
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Speaker 1: holy city. Mahammed, it was said, had been thither. It
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Speaker 1: was thence indeed that he had started on his nocturnal
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Speaker 1: assent to Heaven. On approaching the walls, the Arabs repeated
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Speaker 1: these words from the Koran, enter we the holy land
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Speaker 1: which God hath promised us. The siege lasted four months.
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Speaker 1: The Christians at last surrendered, but only to Omar in person,
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Speaker 1: who came from Medina to receive their submission. A capitulation
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Speaker 1: concluded with their patriarch, Sophronius, guaranteed them their lives, their property,
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Speaker 1: and their churches. When the draft of the treaty was completed,
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Speaker 1: Omar said to the patriarch, conduct me to the Temple
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Speaker 1: of David. Omar entered Jerusalem, preceded by the patriarch, and
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Speaker 1: followed by four thousand warriors followers of the prophet, wearing
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Speaker 1: no other arms but their swords. Sophronius took him first
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Speaker 1: of all to the Church of the Resurrection. Behold, said he,
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Speaker 1: the Temple of David. Thou sayest not true, said Omar.
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Speaker 1: After a few moments reflection, the prophet gave me a
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Speaker 1: description of the Temple of David, and it talieth not
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Speaker 1: with the building I now see. The patriarch then conducted
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Speaker 1: him to the Church of Sayan. Here he said, is
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Speaker 1: the temple of David. It is a lie. Rejoined Omar
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Speaker 1: and went his way, directing his step toward the gate
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Speaker 1: named Bob Mohammed. The spot on which now stands the
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Speaker 1: Mosque of Omar was so encumbered with filth that the
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Speaker 1: steps leading to the street were covered with it, and
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Speaker 1: that the rubbish reached almost to the top of the vault.
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Speaker 1: You can only get in here by crawling, said the patriarch.
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Speaker 1: Be it so answered Omar. The patriarch went first. Omar
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Speaker 1: with his people followed, and they arrived at the space
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Speaker 1: which at this day forms the forecourt of the mosque.
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Speaker 1: There every one could stand upright. After having turned his
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Speaker 1: eyes to left and right and attentively examined the place,
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Speaker 1: Allah Akhbar cried, Omar, here is the temple of David
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Speaker 1: described to me by the Prophet. He found the sacra,
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Speaker 1: the rock which forms the summit of Mount Mariah, and
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Speaker 1: which left alone after the different destructions of the different temples,
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Speaker 1: became the theme of a multitude of traditions and legends,
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Speaker 1: Jewish and Mussulman, covered with filth heaped up there by
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Speaker 1: the Christians. Through hatred of the Jews, Omar spread his
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Speaker 1: cloak over the rock and began to sweep it, and
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Speaker 1: all the Musulmans in his train followed his example. The
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Speaker 1: mosque of Omar rose up on the side of Solomon's temple.
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Speaker 1: The Christians retained the practice of their religion in their churches,
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Speaker 1: but they were obliged to conceal their crosses and their
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Speaker 1: sacred books. The bell no longer summoned the faithful to prayer,
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Speaker 1: and the pomp of ceremonies was forbidden them. It was
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Speaker 1: far worse when Omar, the most moderate of Mussulman fanatics,
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Speaker 1: had left Jerusalem. The faithful were driven from their houses
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Speaker 1: and insulted in their churches. Additions were made to the
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Speaker 1: tribute they had to pay to the new masters of Palestine.
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Speaker 1: They were prohibited from carrying arms and riding on horseback.
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Speaker 1: A girl myerdle of leather, which they might not lay aside,
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Speaker 1: was their badge of servitude. Their conquerors brooked not even
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Speaker 1: that the Christians should speak the Arab tongue reserved for
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Speaker 1: disciples of the Quran, and the Christian people of Jerusalem
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Speaker 1: had not the right of nominating their own patriarch without
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Speaker 1: the intervention of the Saracens. From the seventh to the
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Speaker 1: eleventh century, the situation remained very much the same. The
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Speaker 1: Mussulmans caliphs of Egypt or Persia continued in possession of Jerusalem,
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Speaker 1: and the Christians, native inhabitants or foreign visitors continued to
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Speaker 1: be oppressed, harassed, and humiliated there. At two periods, their
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Speaker 1: condition was temporarily better. At the commencement of the ninth century.
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Speaker 1: Charlemagne reached even there with greatness of his mind and
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Speaker 1: of his power. It was not only in his own land,
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Speaker 1: in his own kingdom, says Egenhard, that he scattered those
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Speaker 1: gratuitous largesses which the Greeks call alms, but beyond the seas,
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Speaker 1: in Syria, in Egypt, in Africa, at Jerusalem, at Alexandria,
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Speaker 1: at Carthae, wherever he knew that there were Christians living
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Speaker 1: in poverty. He had compassion on their misery, and he
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Speaker 1: delighted to send them money. In one of his capitularies
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Speaker 1: of the year eight ten, we find this paragraph alms
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Speaker 1: to be sent to Jerusalem to repair the churches of God.
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Speaker 1: If Charlemagne was so careful to seek the friendship of
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Speaker 1: the kings beyond the seas, it was above all in
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Speaker 1: order to obtain for the Christians living under their rule
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Speaker 1: help and relief. He kept up so close a friendship
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Speaker 1: with Haroun al Rashid, King of Persia, that this prince
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Speaker 1: preferred his good graces to the alliance of the sovereigns
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Speaker 1: of the earth. Accordingly, when the ambassadors whom Charles had
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Speaker 1: sent with presents to visit the sacred tomb of our
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Speaker 1: Divine Savior and the sight of the Resurrection, presented themselves
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Speaker 1: before him and expounded to him their master's wish, Haroun
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Speaker 1: did not content himself with entertaining Charles's request. He wished besides,
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Speaker 1: to give up to him the complete proprietorship of those
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Speaker 1: places hallowed by the certification of our redemption. And he
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Speaker 1: sent him with the most magnificent presence, the keys of
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Speaker 1: the Holy Sepulcher. At the end of the same century,
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Speaker 1: another Christian sovereign, far less powerful and less famous, John Zimisses,
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Speaker 1: Emperor of Constantinople, in a war against the Mussulmans of Asia,
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Speaker 1: penetrated into Galilee, made himself master of Tiberius, Nazareth, and
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Speaker 1: Mount Tabor, and received a deputation which brought him the
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Speaker 1: keys of Jerusalem and we have placed, he says himself,
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Speaker 1: garrisons in all the district lately subjected to our rule.
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Speaker 1: These were but strokes of foreign intervention, giving the Christians
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Speaker 1: of Jerusalem gleams of hope, rather than lasting diminutions of
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Speaker 1: their miseries. However, it is certain that during this epoch
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Speaker 1: pilgrimages multiplied and were often accomplished without obstacle. It was
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Speaker 1: from France, England and Italy that most of the pilgrims went,
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Speaker 1: and some of them wrote or caused to be written
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Speaker 1: an account of their trip. Amongst others, the Italian Saint Valentine,
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Speaker 1: the English Saint Wulabad, and the French bishop Saint Auculfe,
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Speaker 1: who had as companion a Burgundian hermit named Peter, a
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Speaker 1: singular resemblance in quality and name to the zealous Apostle
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Speaker 1: of the Crusade three centuries later. The most curious of
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Speaker 1: these narratives is that of a French monk, Bernard, a
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Speaker 1: pilgrim of about the year eight seventy. There is at Jerusalem,
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Speaker 1: says he, a hospice where admittance is given to all
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Speaker 1: who come to visit the place for devotion's sake, and
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Speaker 1: who speak the Roman tongue. A church dedicated to Saint
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Speaker 1: Mary is hard by the hospice and possesses a very
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Speaker 1: noble library, which it oweth to the zeal of the
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Speaker 1: Emperor Charles the Great. This pious establishment had attached to
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Speaker 1: it fields, vineyards and a garden situated in the valley
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Speaker 1: of Jehosephat. But whilst there were a few isolated cases
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Speaker 1: of Christians thus going to satisfy in the east their
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Speaker 1: pious and inquisitive zeal, the Mussulmans, equally ardent as believers
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Speaker 1: and as warriors, carried westward their creed and their arms,
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Speaker 1: established themselves in Spain, penetrated to the very heart of France,
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Speaker 1: and brought on between Islamism and Christianity that grand struggle
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Speaker 1: in which Charles Martel gained at Portier the victory for
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Speaker 1: the Cross. It was really a definitive victory, and yet
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Speaker 1: it did not end the struggle. The Mussulmans remained masters
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Speaker 1: in Spain and continued to infest southern France, Italy and sicily,
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Speaker 1: preserving even at certain points posts which they used as
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Speaker 1: starting points for distant ravages. Far then from calming down
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Speaker 1: and resulting in Pacific relations the hostility between the two
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Speaker 1: races became more and more active and determined. Everywhere they opposed,
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Speaker 1: fought and oppressed one another, inflamed one against the other
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Speaker 1: by the double feelings of faith and ambition, hatred and fear.
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Speaker 1: To this general state of affairs came to be added
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Speaker 1: about the end of the tenth and beginning of the
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Speaker 1: eleventh century, incidents best calculated to aggravate. The evil Hakim,
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Speaker 1: Caliph of Egypt from nine sixty six to ten twenty one,
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Speaker 1: persecuted the Christians, especially at Jerusalem, with all the violence
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Speaker 1: of a fanatic and all the capriciousness of a despot.
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Speaker 1: He ordered them to wear upon their necks a wooden
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Speaker 1: cross five pounds in weight. He forbade them to ride
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Speaker 1: on any animal but mules or asses, and without assigning
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Speaker 1: any motive for his acts, confiscated their goods and carried
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Speaker 1: off their children. It was told to him one day
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Speaker 1: that when the Christians assembled in the Temple at Jerusalem
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Speaker 1: to celebrate Easter, the priests of the church rubbed balsam
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Speaker 1: oil upon the iron chain which held up the lamp
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Speaker 1: over the tomb of Christ, and afterwards set fire from
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Speaker 1: the roof to the end of the chain, the fire
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Speaker 1: stole down to the wick of the lamp and lighted it.
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Speaker 1: Then they shouted with admiration, as if fire from heaven
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Speaker 1: had come down upon the tomb, and they glorified their faith.
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Speaker 1: Hakim ordered the instant demolition of the Church of the
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Speaker 1: Holy Sepulcher, and it was accordingly demolished. Another time, a
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Speaker 1: dead dog had been laid at the door of a mosque,
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Speaker 1: and the multitude accused the Christians of this insult. Hakim
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Speaker 1: ordered them all to be put to death. The soldiers
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Speaker 1: were preparing to execute the use order when a young
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Speaker 1: Christian said to his friends, it were too grievous that
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Speaker 1: the whole church should perish. It were better that one
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Speaker 1: should die, for all only promised to bless my memory
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Speaker 1: year by year. He proclaimed himself alone to blame for
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Speaker 1: the insult, and was accordingly alone put to death. It
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Speaker 1: is from this story of the historian William of Tire
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Speaker 1: that Tazzo, in his Jerusalem Delivered, has drawn the admirable
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Speaker 1: episode of Olindo and Sophronia, a fine example and not
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Speaker 1: the only one, of an act of tyranny and an
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Speaker 1: act of virtue inspiring a great poet with the idea
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Speaker 1: of a masterpiece. All the deeds of Hakim were without motive,
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Speaker 1: says the Arab historian Macrisi, and the dreams suggested to
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Speaker 1: him by his frenzy are incapable of reasonable interpretation. These
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Speaker 1: and many other similar stories reached the West, spread amongst
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Speaker 1: the Christian people, and roused them to pity for their
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Speaker 1: brethren in the East and to wrath against the oppressors.
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Speaker 1: And it was at a critical period, in the midst
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Speaker 1: of the pious alarms and desires of atonement excited by
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Speaker 1: the expectation of the ends of the world a thousand
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Speaker 1: years after the coming of the Lord, that the Christian
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Speaker 1: population saw this way opened for purchasing a remission of
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Speaker 1: their sins, by delivering other Christians from suffering, and by
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Speaker 1: avenging the wrongs of their creed. On all sides arose
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Speaker 1: challenges and appeals to the warlike ardor of the faithful.
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Speaker 1: The greatest mind of the age, Gerbert, who had become
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Speaker 1: Pope sylvest the Second, constituted himself interpreter of the popular feeling.
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Speaker 1: He wrote, in the name of the Church of Jerusalem,
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Speaker 1: a letter addressed to the Universal Church to work then
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Speaker 1: soldier of Christ, be our standard barrier and our champion.
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Speaker 1: And if with arms thou canst not do so, aid
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Speaker 1: us with thy words thy wealth. What is it pray
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Speaker 1: that thou givest, and to whom pray dost thou give
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Speaker 1: of thine abundance. Thou givest a small matter, And thou
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Speaker 1: givest to him who hath freely given thee all thou possessest.
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Speaker 1: But he will not accept freely that which thou shalt give,
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Speaker 1: for he will multiply thine offering and will pay it
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Speaker 1: back to thee. Hereing some years after Gerbert, another great mind,
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Speaker 1: the greatest among the popes of the Middle Ages, Gregory
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Speaker 1: the seventh, proclaimed an expedition at the head of which
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Speaker 1: he would place himself to go and deliver Jerusalem and
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Speaker 1: the Christians of the East from the insuls and the
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Speaker 1: tyranny of the infidels. Such being the condition of facts
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Speaker 1: and minds, pilgrimages to Jerusalem became from the ninth to
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Speaker 1: the eleventh century more and more numerous and considerable. It
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Speaker 1: would never have been believed, says the contemporary chronicler Raoul Glambour,
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Speaker 1: that the Holy Sepulcher could attract so prodigious an influence.
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Speaker 1: First the lower classes, then the middle, and afterwards the
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Speaker 1: most potent kings, the counts, the marquises, the prelates, and
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Speaker 1: lastly what had never heretofore been seen. Many women, noble
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Speaker 1: or humble, undertook the pilgrimage. In ten twenty six William Treelfair,
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Speaker 1: Count of Ongoloom, in ten twenty eight, ten thirty five
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Speaker 1: and ten thirty nine Fluked, the Black, Count of Anjou.
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Speaker 1: In ten thirty five, Robert the Magnificent, Duke of Normandy,
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Speaker 1: father of William the Conqueror. In ten eighty six, Robert
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Speaker 1: the Frissont, Count of Flanders, and many other great feudal
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Speaker 1: lords quitted their estates, or rather their estates, to go
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Speaker 1: and not deliver, not conquer, but simply visit the Holy Land.
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Speaker 1: It was not long before great numbers were joined to
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Speaker 1: great names. In ten fifty four, Liedbert, Bishop of Cambray,
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Speaker 1: started for Jerusalem with a following of three thousand Picard
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Speaker 1: or Flemish pilgrims, and in ten sixty four the Archbishop
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Speaker 1: of Mayence and the bishops of Spire Colonna, Bamberg and
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Speaker 1: Utrecht set out on their way from the borders of
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Speaker 1: the Rhine, with more than ten thousand Christians behind them.
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Speaker 1: After having passed through Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, Thrace, Constantinople, Asia
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Speaker 1: Minor and Syria, they were attacked in Palestine by hordes
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Speaker 1: of Arabs, were forced to take refuge in the ruins
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Speaker 1: of an old castle, and were reduced to capitulation. And
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Speaker 1: when at last preceded by the rumors of their battles
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Speaker 1: and their perils, they arrived at Jerusalem. They were received
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Speaker 1: in triumph by the Patriarch and were conducted to the
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Speaker 1: sounds of timbrels, and with the flare of torches, to
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Speaker 1: the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. The misery they had
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Speaker 1: fallen into excited the pity of the Christians of Asia,
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Speaker 1: and after having lost more than three thousand of their comrades,
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Speaker 1: they returned to Europe to relate their tragic adventures and
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Speaker 1: the dangers of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Amidst
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Speaker 1: this agitation of Western Christendom, in ten seventy six, two
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Speaker 1: years after Pope Gregory the seventh had proclaimed his approaching
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Speaker 1: expedition to the Holy Land, news arrived in Europe to
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Speaker 1: the effect that the most barbarous of Asiatics and of Mussulmans,
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Speaker 1: the Turks, after having first served and then ruled the
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Speaker 1: caliphs of Persia, and afterwards conquered the greater part of
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Speaker 1: the Persian Empire, had hurled themselves upon the Greek Empire,
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Speaker 1: invaded Asia Minor, Syria, and Palestine, and lately taken Jerusalem,
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Speaker 1: where they practiced against the Christians, old inhabitants or foreign visitors,
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Speaker 1: priests and worshipers, dreadful cruelties and intolerable exactions worse than
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Speaker 1: those of the Persian or Egyptian caliphs. It often happens
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Speaker 1: that popular emotions, however profound in general, remain barren, just
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Speaker 1: as in the vegetable world, many sprouts appear at the
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Speaker 1: surface of the soil and die without having grown and fructified.
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Speaker 1: It is not sufficient for the bringing about of great
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Speaker 1: events and practical results that popular aspirations should be merely manifested.
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Speaker 1: It is necessary further that some great soul, some powerful will,
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Speaker 1: should make itself the organ and agent of the public sentiment,
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Speaker 1: and bring it to fecundity by becoming its personification. The
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Speaker 1: Christian passion in the eleventh century for the deliverance of
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Speaker 1: Jerusalem and the triumph of the Cross was fortunate in
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Speaker 1: this respect. An obscure pilgrim, at first a soldier, then
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Speaker 1: a married man and father of several children, then a monk,
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Speaker 1: and a vowed recluse. Peter the hermit, who was born
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Speaker 1: in the neighborhood of Amien about ten thirty, had gone,
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Speaker 1: as so many others had, to Jerusalem to say his prayers. There,
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Speaker 1: Struck disconsolate at the sight of the sufferings and insults
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Speaker 1: undergone by the Christians, he had an interview with Simeon,
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Speaker 1: Patriarch of Jerusalem, who, recognizing in him a man of
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Speaker 1: discretion and full of experience and affairs of the world,
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Speaker 1: set before him in detail all the evils with which
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Speaker 1: the people of God in the Holy City were afflicted.
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Speaker 1: Holy Father, said Peter to him, if the Roman Church
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Speaker 1: and the princes of the West were informed by a
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Speaker 1: man of energy and worthy of belief of all your calamities,
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Speaker 1: of a surety, they would essay to apply some remedy
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Speaker 1: there too by word. Indeed, write then to our Lord
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Speaker 1: the Pope, and to the Roman Church, and to the
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Speaker 1: kings and princes of the West, and strengthen your written
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Speaker 1: testimony by the authority of your seal. As for me,
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Speaker 1: I shrink not from taking upon me a task for
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Speaker 1: the salvation of my soul. And with the help of
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Speaker 1: the Lord, I am ready to go and seek out
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Speaker 1: all of them, solicit them, show unto them the immensity
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Speaker 1: of your troubles, and pray them all to hasten on
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Speaker 1: the day of your relief. The Patriarch eagerly accepted the
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Speaker 1: Pilgrim's offer, and Peter set out, going first of all
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Speaker 1: to Rome, where he handed to Pope Urban the second
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Speaker 1: the Patriarch's letters and commenced in that quarter his mission
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Speaker 1: of zeal. The Pope promised him not only support but
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Speaker 1: active cooperation. When the propitious moment for it should arrive.
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Speaker 1: Peter set to work, being still the Pilgrim everywhere in Europe,
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Speaker 1: as well as at Jerusalem. He was a man of
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Speaker 1: very small stature, and had outside made but a very
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Speaker 1: poor appearance. Yet superior powers swayed this miserable body. He
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Speaker 1: had a quick intellect and a penetrating eye, and he
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Speaker 1: spoke with ease and fluency we saw him at that time,
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Speaker 1: says his contemporary Jubert de nogent, scouring city in town,
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Speaker 1: and preaching everywhere. The people crowded round him. Heaped presents
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Speaker 1: upon him, and celebrated his sanctity by such great praises
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Speaker 1: that I remember not that like honor was ever rendered
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Speaker 1: to any other person. He displayed great generosity in the
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Speaker 1: disposal of all things that were given him. He restored
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Speaker 1: wives to their husbands, not without the addition of gifts
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Speaker 1: from himself. And he re established with marvelous authority, peace
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Speaker 1: and good understanding between those who had been at variance.
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Speaker 1: In all that he said or did, he seemed to
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Speaker 1: have in him something divine, insomuch that people went so
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Speaker 1: far as to pluck hairs from his mule. To keep
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Speaker 1: his relics in the open air. He wore woolen tunic,
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Speaker 1: and over it a serge cloak, which came down to
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Speaker 1: his heels. He had his arms and feet bare. He
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Speaker 1: ate little or no bread, and lived chiefly on wine
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Speaker 1: and fish. End of Chapter sixteen, Part one