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22 - History of the Philippines by David Prescott Barrows · History of the Philippines

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  Speaker 1: Chapter twelve, Part two of A History of the Philippines.
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  Speaker 1: This is the LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
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  Speaker 1: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
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  Speaker 1: visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Eliot Miller. A History
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  Speaker 1: of the Philippines by David Barrows, Chapter twelve, Part two
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  Speaker 1: the establishment of an educational system return of the Jesuits.
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  Speaker 1: But more important than all other influences was the opening
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  Speaker 1: of education to Filipinos. In eighteen fifty two, a royal
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  Speaker 1: decree authorized the Jesuits to return to the Philippines. The
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  Speaker 1: conditions under which they came back were that they should
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  Speaker 1: devote themselves solely to missions in the unoccupied fields of
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  Speaker 1: Mendaeano and to the higher education of the Filipinos the
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  Speaker 1: public schools. In eighteen sixty three, Concia, the Spanish Minister
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  Speaker 1: of War and Colonies Ultramar, decreed the system of public
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  Speaker 1: primary instruction. A primary school for boys and one for
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  Speaker 1: girls was to be established in each pueblo of the islands.
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  Speaker 1: In these schools, instruction was to be given in the
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  Speaker 1: Spanish language. A superior Commission of Education was formed, which
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  Speaker 1: consisted of the Governor the archbishop and seven other members
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  Speaker 1: added by the governor himself. The system was not secular,
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  Speaker 1: for it primarily was devoted to the teaching of religious doctrine.
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  Speaker 1: The Spanish friar, the Pueblo Curate, was the local inspector
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  Speaker 1: of schools and practically directed their conduct. It was not
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  Speaker 1: wholly a free system, because tuition was required of all
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  Speaker 1: but the poorest children. Nor was it an adequate system,
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  Speaker 1: because even when the most complete, it reached only a
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  Speaker 1: small proportion of the children of a parish, and these
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  Speaker 1: very largely were of the well to do families. And
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  Speaker 1: yet this system, for what it accomplished, is deserving of praise.
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  Speaker 1: Besides the church, the convent, and the tribunal, nearly every
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  Speaker 1: town in the Philippines toward the close of Spanish rule,
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  Speaker 1: had also in the public plaza its public school buildings
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  Speaker 1: for boys and for girls. In these towns a number
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  Speaker 1: of Filipinos were taught to converse in the Spanish language
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  Speaker 1: and at least the rudiments of Spanish education. But this
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  Speaker 1: system did not give opportunity for education to the little
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  Speaker 1: child of the humble fishermen and the husbandman. The Manila
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  Speaker 1: Normal School to prepare Filipino teachers to do this work
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  Speaker 1: of primary instruction. A decree of eighteen sixty three established
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  Speaker 1: the Manilla Normal School in charge of the Jesuits. This
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  Speaker 1: school was inaugurated January eighteen sixty five, and about the
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  Speaker 1: same date the government decreed the foundation of the Jesuit
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  Speaker 1: Ateneo Municipow for higher instruction in the classics and sciences
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  Speaker 1: that should conduct the student to the degree of Bachelor
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  Speaker 1: of Arts. The influence of these institutions upon the development
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  Speaker 1: of the Filipino has been remarkable. In one or the
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  Speaker 1: other of them has been trained nearly all those young
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  Speaker 1: men who in recent years have stirred the Filipino people
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  Speaker 1: to wide ambitions and demands. At the same time, the
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  Speaker 1: excellent Jesuit Observatory, which has done such important work in meteorology,
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  Speaker 1: was established in charge of Padre Fuara. Increase in Spanish population.
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  Speaker 1: The opening of the Suez Canal in eighteen sixty nine
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  Speaker 1: brought immense changes to the islands. Previous to this date,
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  Speaker 1: Spanish residents had been few. Almost the only class deeply
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  Speaker 1: interested in the islands and permanently established here had been
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  Speaker 1: the Friars. But with communication by steamer in thirty days
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  Speaker 1: from Barcelona to Manila. A new interest was felt by
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  Speaker 1: Spaniards in the Philippines, though unfortunately this interest was greatest
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  Speaker 1: among the politicians. Some of the projects planned and decreed
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  Speaker 1: can only be regarded as visionary and beyond the point
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  Speaker 1: of serviceability, and others, more unfortunately still had for their
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  Speaker 1: purpose the creation of offices and annulments of Peninsula politicians.
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  Speaker 1: But they all contributed to bring to an end the
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  Speaker 1: paternal government, under which there was no prospect of further
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  Speaker 1: enlightenment or progress for the Filipino increase in the number
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  Speaker 1: of wealthy, educated Filipinos. The Filipino had now become embarked
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  Speaker 1: upon a new current of intellectual experience, a course of
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  Speaker 1: enlightenment which had been so full of unexpected development, and
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  Speaker 1: which has already carried him far from his ancestor of
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  Speaker 1: one hundred years ago, that we cannot say what advance
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  Speaker 1: another generation or two may bring. Throughout all the towns
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  Speaker 1: of the islands, a class was rapidly growing up to
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  Speaker 1: which the new industries had brought wealth. Their means enabled
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  Speaker 1: them to build spacious and splendid homes of the fine
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  Speaker 1: hard woods of the Philippines, and to surround themselves with
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  Speaker 1: such luxuries as the life of the islands permitted. This
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  Speaker 1: class was rapidly gaining education. It acquired a knowledge of
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  Speaker 1: the Spanish language, and easily assumed the graceful courtesy which
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  Speaker 1: distinguishes the Spaniard. The only misfortune as regards this class
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  Speaker 1: was that it was very small. It could embrace but
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  Speaker 1: a few families in each populous town. Some of these
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  Speaker 1: had Chinese and Spanish blood in their veins, but other
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  Speaker 1: notable families were pure Filipinos. Attitude of the Spanish and
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  Speaker 1: the Friars toward Filipino education, the great mistake committed by
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  Speaker 1: the Spaniard was that he rarely welcomed the further progress
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  Speaker 1: of the native population, and the center of this opposition
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  Speaker 1: to the general enlightenment of the race was the Friars. Thus,
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  Speaker 1: those who had been the early protectors and educators, little
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  Speaker 1: by little, because of their extreme conservatism and their fear
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  Speaker 1: of loosening the ties bound the Filipino to the Church
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  Speaker 1: and to Spain, changed into opponents of his progress and
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  Speaker 1: enemies of his enlightenment. But the education which the Church
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  Speaker 1: itself had given to the Filipino, and which had been
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  Speaker 1: fostered by the state, and especially in recent times by
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  Speaker 1: the Jesuits, had made the Filipino passionately ambitious for more
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  Speaker 1: enlightenment and freedom. The rule of governor torre liberal reforms.
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  Speaker 1: In eighteen sixty eight, Queen Isabella the Second of Spain
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  Speaker 1: was deposed, and a little later a revolutionary government, the
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  Speaker 1: Republic of Spain, was founded. It was a brief triumph
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  Speaker 1: of that reforming a liberal spirit, which for so many
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  Speaker 1: years had been struggling to free Spain from the burdens
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  Speaker 1: of aristocracy and ecclesiasticism. The natural consequence was the sending
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  Speaker 1: of a liberal governor to the Philippines and the publication
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  Speaker 1: of liberal principles and reforms. This governor was General de Lettoree.
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  Speaker 1: He was a brave and experienced soldier and a thorough
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  Speaker 1: democrat at heart. He dispensed with the formality and petty
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  Speaker 1: pomp with which the governors of Manila had surrounded themselves.
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  Speaker 1: He dismissed the escort of halbadiers with their medieval uniforms
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  Speaker 1: and weapons, which had surrounded the governor's generals since fifteen
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  Speaker 1: eighty one, and rode out in civilian's clothes and without ostentation.
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  Speaker 1: His efforts were directed to encouraging the Filipinos and to
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  Speaker 1: attaching them to Spain. In the eyes of the Spanish law.
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  Speaker 1: For a brief period, Spaniard and colonists had become equal,
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  Speaker 1: and Littore tried to enforce this principle and make no
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  Speaker 1: distinction of race or birth. While Filipinos were encouraged and delighted,
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  Speaker 1: it is impossible to describe the disgust of the Spanish
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  Speaker 1: population and the opposition of the Friars. Littore was attacked
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  Speaker 1: and opposed, and the entire course of his governorship was
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  Speaker 1: filled with trouble, in which naturally liberal ideas gained wider
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  Speaker 1: and wider currency among the Filipinos. Effect of the opposition
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  Speaker 1: of the Friars, the Friars, being the most influential opponents
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  Speaker 1: of the Filipino, naturally came to be regarded by the
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  Speaker 1: Filipinos as their greatest enemies, and the anti Friar spirit
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  Speaker 1: daily spread and intensified. A party was formed which demanded
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  Speaker 1: that Friars vacate the parishes and that their places be
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  Speaker 1: filled by secular priests, in accordance with the statutes of
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  Speaker 1: the Council of Trent. This party was headed by the
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  Speaker 1: Native priests, doctor Jose Burgos and Father Gomez, a Filipino
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  Speaker 1: movement for reform. After the fall of the Republican Spain
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  Speaker 1: and the restoration of the monarchy, the administration in the
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  Speaker 1: Philippines attempted to extirpate the rising tide of liberal thought,
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  Speaker 1: but these ideas had taken root and could not be suppressed.
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  Speaker 1: The Filipino Party, if so we may call it, continued
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  Speaker 1: to plan and work for reform. It numbered not only
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  Speaker 1: those of Filipino blood, but many of Spanish descent born
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  Speaker 1: in the Philippines. There is no certain evidence that they
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  Speaker 1: were at this time plotting for independence, or that their
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  Speaker 1: actions were treasonable, but the fear and hatred felt by
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  Speaker 1: the Spaniards resulted frequently in the exilent punishment of known
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  Speaker 1: advocates of reform, the Cavite Revolt. In eighteen seventy two,
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  Speaker 1: there occurred an important outbreak known as the Cavite Revolt.
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  Speaker 1: Two hundred Native soldiers at the Cavite Arsenal Rose killed
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  Speaker 1: their officers and shouted death to Spain. They had fellow
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  Speaker 1: conspirators among the troops in Manila, but owing to mistakes
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  Speaker 1: in their plans, these failed to rise with them, and
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  Speaker 1: the revolt was easily suppressed. It was immediately followed by
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  Speaker 1: the arrest of a large number of Filipinos who had
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  Speaker 1: been conspicuous in Latore's time and who were advocates of reform.
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  Speaker 1: These number included the three priests, Father Burgos, Zamora and Gomez,
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  Speaker 1: besides doctor Antonio Regidor, Don Joahim Pardo de Tavera, Don
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  Speaker 1: Puelo Cairo, and others. A council of War condemned to
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  Speaker 1: death forty one of the participants in the Cavite riot,
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  Speaker 1: and these were shot on the morning of the twenty
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  Speaker 1: seventh of January eighteen seventy two on the field of Bagumbie.
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  Speaker 1: On the sixth of February, a council of War condemned
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  Speaker 1: to death eleven more soldiers of the Regiment of Artillery,
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  Speaker 1: but this sentence was commuted by the governor to life imprisonment.
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  Speaker 1: On the fifteenth of February, the same council of War
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  Speaker 1: sentenced to death upon the gherot the priest Burgos Zamora,
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  Speaker 1: Gomez and a countryman Saldua, and this sentence was executed
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  Speaker 1: on the morning of the seventeenth. The spread of secret organizations. Masonry.
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  Speaker 1: New ground for fear was now found in the spread
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  Speaker 1: of secret organizations which were denounced as freemasonry. This is
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  Speaker 1: a very ancient institution which in Protestant countries like England
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  Speaker 1: and America has a very large membership, and in these
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  Speaker 1: countries its aims are wholly respectable. It has never in
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  Speaker 1: any way been connected with sedition or other unworthy movements.
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  Speaker 1: Its services are in fact largely of a religious character,
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  Speaker 1: and it possesses of beautiful and elaborate Christian ritual. But
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  Speaker 1: in Latin countries, Masonry has been charged with political intrigue
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  Speaker 1: and the encouragement of infidelity, and this has resulted in
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  Speaker 1: clerical opposition to the order wherever found. The first Masonic
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  Speaker 1: lodge in the Philippines was established about eighteen sixty one
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  Speaker 1: and was composed entirely of Spaniards. It was succeeded by
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  Speaker 1: others with Filipino membership, and in one way or another
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  Speaker 1: seems to have inspired many secret organizations which were formed
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  Speaker 1: some years later the Association Hispano Filipino. Large numbers of
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  Speaker 1: Filipinos were now working, if not for independence, at least
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  Speaker 1: for the expulsion of the friars and While this feeling
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  Speaker 1: should have been met by a statesmanlike in liberal policy
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  Speaker 1: of reform, the government constantly resorted to measures of repression,
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  Speaker 1: which little by little changed the movement for reformation into revolution.
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  Speaker 1: In eighteen eighty eight, the Association Hispano Filipino was formed
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  Speaker 1: by a number of the younger Filipino patriots and students
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  Speaker 1: in Spain. Their object was Philippine reform. The most famous
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  Speaker 1: of this group, who gained a supreme place in the
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  Speaker 1: hearts of Filipinos and in the history of the islands,
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  Speaker 1: was doctor Jose Rizal Yamacardo. He was born in eighteen
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  Speaker 1: sixty one at Calamba on Laguna de Bay and even
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  Speaker 1: as a child he was affected with sadness at the
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  Speaker 1: memory of the events of eighteen seventy two and with
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  Speaker 1: the backward and unhappy condition of his countrymen. He was
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  Speaker 1: educated by the Jesuits at the Attino Municipaliti in Manila,
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  Speaker 1: and his family having means, he was enabled to study
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  Speaker 1: in Spain, where he took a degree in medicine, and
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  Speaker 1: later to travel and study in France, England and Germany.
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  Speaker 1: It was in this latter country he produced his first novel,
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  Speaker 1: Noli me Tangere. He was also a contributor to the
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  Speaker 1: Filipino paper published in Spain, La Solgiardiadad. It was to
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  Speaker 1: bring the conditions and needs of his country to public
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  Speaker 1: notice that he wrote this novel, dealing with Tagalog life
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  Speaker 1: as represented at his old home on Laguna de Bay
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  Speaker 1: and in the city of Manila. Later he published a sequel,
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  Speaker 1: L Philibusteristimo, in which even more courageously and significantly are
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  Speaker 1: set forth his ideas for reform. His work made him
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  Speaker 1: many enemies, and on his return to Manila, he found
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  Speaker 1: himself in danger and was obliged to leave. He returned
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  Speaker 1: again in eighteen ninety two founded La Liga Filippina and
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  Speaker 1: was immediately arrested and sentenced to deportation to Dapitan, Mindineo.
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  Speaker 1: Here he remained quietly in exile for some years the Katipunan. Meanwhile,
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  Speaker 1: the ideas which had been agitated by the wealthy and
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  Speaker 1: educated Filipinos had worked their way down to the poor
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  Speaker 1: and humble classes. They were now shared by the peasant
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  Speaker 1: and the fishermen, especially in those provinces where the religious
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  Speaker 1: orders owned estates and took as rental a portion of
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  Speaker 1: the tenant's crop. There was growing hatred and hostility to
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  Speaker 1: the Friars. The Liga Filippina had been composed of cultivated
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  Speaker 1: and moderate men who, while pressing for reform, were not
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  Speaker 1: inclined to radical extremes nor to obtain their ends by
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  Speaker 1: violent means. But there now grew up and gradually spread
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  Speaker 1: until it had branches and members in all the provinces
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  Speaker 1: surrounding Manila. A secret association composed largely of the unetchy
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  Speaker 1: cad classes, whose object was independence of Spain, and whose members,
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  Speaker 1: having little to lose, were willing to risk all. This
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  Speaker 1: was the society which had since become famous under the
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  Speaker 1: name of Katipunan. This secret association was organized in Manila
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  Speaker 1: about eighteen ninety two. Its president and founder was Andres Bonifacio.
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  Speaker 1: Its objects were, frankly, to expel the Friars and, if possible,
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  Speaker 1: to destroy the Spanish government. Rebellion of eighteen ninety six.
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  Speaker 1: A general attack and slaughter of the Spaniards was planned
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  Speaker 1: for the end of the year eighteen ninety six. The
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  Speaker 1: plot was discovered by the priests of Binando Padre Gill,
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  Speaker 1: who had learned of the movement through a sister of
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  Speaker 1: one of the conspirators, and within a few hours the
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  Speaker 1: government had seized several hundred persons who were supposed to
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  Speaker 1: be implicated. The arrests included many rich and prominent Filipinos,
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  Speaker 1: and at the end of some weeks the Spanish prisons
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  Speaker 1: contained several thousand suspects. Over one thousand of these were
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  Speaker 1: almost immediately exiled to far distant Spanish prisons Bernardo Po
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  Speaker 1: on the west coast of Africa and the fortress of
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  Speaker 1: Sieta on the Mediterranean. Meanwhile, the Katipunan was organizing its
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  Speaker 1: forces for struggle. On the twenty sixth of August, a
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  Speaker 1: force of insurgents attacked Kalucan, and four days later a
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  Speaker 1: pitched battle was fought at San Juan del Monte. In
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  Speaker 1: this last fight, the insurgents suffered a great loss. Their leader, Valenzuela,
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  Speaker 1: was captured with three companions shot on the Campo d
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  Speaker 1: by Gumbiean. The rising continued, however, and the provinces of Pampanga, Balacan,
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  Speaker 1: and Nueva Ishka were soon in full rebellion. The center
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  Speaker 1: of revolt, however, proved to be Kavite. This province was
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  Speaker 1: almost immediately cleared of Spaniards except the long neck of
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  Speaker 1: land containing the town of Cavite and protected by the fleet.
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  Speaker 1: Here the insurgents received some organization under a young man
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  Speaker 1: who had been prominent in the Catipunan, Emilio Aguinaldo. The governor,
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  Speaker 1: General Blanco, a humane man who afterwards for a short
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  Speaker 1: time commanded in Cuba, was recalled and General Polivija replaced him.
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  Speaker 1: The Spanish army at the beginning of the revolt had
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  Speaker 1: consisted of but fifteen hundred troops, but so serious was
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  Speaker 1: the revolt regarded that Spain, although straining every energy at
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  Speaker 1: the moment to end the rebellion in Cuba, strengthen the
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  Speaker 1: forces in the Philippines until Pallovejia had an army of
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  Speaker 1: twenty eight thousand Spaniards, assisted by several loyal Filipino regiments.
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  Speaker 1: With this army, a fierce campaign in Cavite Province was conducted, which,
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  Speaker 1: after fifty two days hard fighting, ended in the defeat
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  Speaker 1: of the insurchent and the scattering of their forces death
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  Speaker 1: of doctor Rizal. For the moment it looked as though
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  Speaker 1: the rebellion might pass. Then the Spanish government of Polojeva
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  Speaker 1: disgraced itself by an act as wanton and cruel as
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  Speaker 1: it was inhuman and in politic. Four years doctor Rizal
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  Speaker 1: had spent in exile at Dapitan. He had lived quietly
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  Speaker 1: and under surveillance, and it was impossible that he could
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  Speaker 1: have had any share in this rebellion of eighteen ninety eight. Wearied, however,
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  Speaker 1: with his inactivity, he solicited permission to go as an
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  Speaker 1: army doctor to the dreadful Spanish hospitals in Cuba. This
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  Speaker 1: request was granted in July, and Risol had the misfortune
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  Speaker 1: to arrive in Manila at the very moment of discovery
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  Speaker 1: of the rebellion. In August. Governor Blanco hastened to send
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  Speaker 1: him to Spain with a most kindly letter to the
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  Speaker 1: Minister of War, in which he bouched for his independence
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  Speaker 1: of the events which were taking place in minute. His enemies, however,
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  Speaker 1: could not see him escape their persecution, followed him to
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  Speaker 1: the Peninsula, and upon his arrival in Spain, Risol was
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  Speaker 1: at once arrested and sent back to Manila a prisoner.
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  Speaker 1: His friend, Blanco had gone Polajeva, the friend and tool
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  Speaker 1: of his reactionary party, was busy punishing by imprisonment, banishment,
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  Speaker 1: or death all Filipinos who could be shown to have
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  Speaker 1: had the slightest part or association in the movement for reform,
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  Speaker 1: and by this clique, Doctor Risol was sentenced to execution.
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  Speaker 1: He was shot early on the morning of December thirtieth,
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  Speaker 1: eighteen ninety six. At his death, the insurrection flamed out afresh.
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  Speaker 1: It now spread from Pegasinin, Zambales and Ilochos. End of
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  Speaker 1: the revolt by promises of reform, Pola Vigia returned to
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  Speaker 1: Spain and was succeeded by General Primo di Rivera, who
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  Speaker 1: arrived in the spring of eighteen ninety seven. The Spanish
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  Speaker 1: troops had suffered several recent reverses and the country swarmed
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  Speaker 1: with insurgents. The policy of Primo di Rivera was to
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  Speaker 1: gain by diplomacy where the energy of his predecessor had failed.
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  Speaker 1: In July eighteen ninety seven, an amnesty proclamation was issued,
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  Speaker 1: and in August the Governor General opened negotiations with Aguinaldo,
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  Speaker 1: whose headquarters were now in the mountains of Angot in
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  Speaker 1: bo Lacan. Primo di Rivera urged the home government to
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  Speaker 1: make some reforms which would greatly lessen the political importance
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  Speaker 1: of the friars. He was vehemently opposed by the latter,
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  Speaker 1: but it was probably in the hope of some reform
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  Speaker 1: that Aguinaldo and his fellow insurgents agreed for the payment
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  Speaker 1: of six hundred thousand pesos to surrender their arms, dismiss
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  Speaker 1: the insurgent forces, and themselves retire from the islands. This
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  Speaker 1: agreement was made, and on December twenty seventh, eighteen teen
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  Speaker 1: ninety seven, Aguinando left the port of Swallow for Hong Kong.
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  Speaker 1: The Spanish misrule ended. Conditions in the provinces still continued
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  Speaker 1: very unsatisfactory, and in its very last hours, the Spanish
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  Speaker 1: government lost the remnant of its prestige with the people
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  Speaker 1: by a massacre in Calais Kamba Binando of a company
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  Speaker 1: of Bisayan sailors. Ten days after this occurrence, a revolt
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  Speaker 1: blazed out on the island of Cebu. Had events taken
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  Speaker 1: their course, what would have been the final conclusion of
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  Speaker 1: the struggle between Spaniards and Filipinos. It is impossible to say.
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  Speaker 1: In the month of April, war was declared between Spain
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  Speaker 1: and the United States. On the first day of May,
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  Speaker 1: an American fleet reached Manila Harbor and in the naval
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  Speaker 1: fight off Cavite. The Spanish dominion, which had lasted with
• 21:51
  Speaker 1: only one brief interruption, for three hundred and thirty three years,
• 21:56
  Speaker 1: was ended end of Chapter twelve, Part two,