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The Most Terrifying Planets in the Universe · Boring Science

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  Speaker 1: Hello, and welcome to Boring Science to Sleep, a quiet
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  Speaker 1: place where science becomes slow, soft, and easy to drift through. Tonight,
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  Speaker 1: you are going somewhere very far away, to worlds that
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  Speaker 1: look beautiful from a distance, but become stranger and more
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  Speaker 1: unforgiving the closer you imagine yourself getting to them. We
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  Speaker 1: are going to gently explore the most terrifying planets in
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  Speaker 1: the universe, not to learn everything about them, but simply
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  Speaker 1: to notice them slowly, calmly, one distant world at a time.
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  Speaker 1: Before you settle in, if you truly enjoy these calm
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  Speaker 1: journeys through interesting facts about science, you are welcome to
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  Speaker 1: like this video and subscribe, only if it feels right
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  Speaker 1: for you. And when you are ready, let me know
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  Speaker 1: in the comments where you are listening from and what
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  Speaker 1: time it is right now. It is always a quiet
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  Speaker 1: joy to see how many places and peaceful moments gather
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  Speaker 1: here together. Now, dim the lights, let your body become
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  Speaker 1: a little heavier against the bed, perhaps allow a fan
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  Speaker 1: or a gentle room sound to remain in the background,
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  Speaker 1: and take one slow breath. You are safe. There is
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  Speaker 1: nothing to do. Just listen and drift. For tonight, the
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  Speaker 1: levels you hear are not a scientific measurement. They are
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  Speaker 1: simply a quiet scale for the strange and extreme conditions
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  Speaker 1: you are about to imagine. And so, with the familiar
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  Speaker 1: Earth becoming smaller behind you, you can begin to drift
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  Speaker 1: toward our first world. You begin at level 5, beside
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  Speaker 1: a world called Toy 849B, and the first thing you
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  Speaker 1: notice is not a storm, or a glowing ocean, or
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  Speaker 1: some enormous cloud rolling across the horizon. It is the
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  Speaker 1: emptiness of the sky. Toy 849B is a massive rocky world,
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  Speaker 1: close to its star, and extremely hot. The world is
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  Speaker 1: described as having almost no atmosphere, leaving a desolate landscape
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  Speaker 1: with very little between the surface and the harsh light
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  Speaker 1: of its star. And it is a useful place to begin,
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  Speaker 1: because it shows you that a terrifying planet does not
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  Speaker 1: always need dramatic weather. Sometimes the frightening part is simply
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  Speaker 1: what is missing. Imagine standing there for only a moment,
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  Speaker 1: if such a thing were possible, beneath a star that
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  Speaker 1: feels far too close. There is no comfortable blanket of
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  Speaker 1: air around you, no familiar blue sky, no soft layer
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  Speaker 1: of clouds drifting overhead. On Earth, you rarely think about
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  Speaker 1: the atmosphere because it is always there. You breathe it
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  Speaker 1: without noticing. You move through it without feeling its weight.
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  Speaker 1: It surrounds you so naturally that that you almost forget
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  Speaker 1: it is there at all. Here, that ordinary protection is
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  Speaker 1: almost gone. Scientists think TOI-849b may be the exposed remains
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  Speaker 1: of a much larger planetary world, perhaps something that once
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  Speaker 1: carried a thick envelope of gas and gradually lost it.
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  Speaker 1: The exact history is not completely certain, and you do
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  Speaker 1: not need to hold every detail in your mind. The
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  Speaker 1: basic image is enough. A planet can lose its sky.
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  Speaker 1: You can let that thought remain for a moment. A
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  Speaker 1: world once wrapped in gas, now largely bare beneath its star.
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  Speaker 1: A world that may have spent an enormous amount of
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  Speaker 1: time losing pieces of the atmosphere that once surrounded it.
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  Speaker 1: And then, quietly, you move toward level 10. This world
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  Speaker 1: is called Tress 2B, and it offers something different. Darkness.
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  Speaker 1: Not the gentle darkness of your room, where a little
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  Speaker 1: light may still slip beneath a door, or where your
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  Speaker 1: eyes slowly adjust to the shape of the furniture around you.
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  Speaker 1: TRES-2b is one of the darkest known exoplanets. It absorbs
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  Speaker 1: about 99.9% of the light that reaches it. From far away,
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  Speaker 1: you might imagine a black sphere hanging near its star.
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  Speaker 1: That contrast is what makes it so strange. The planet
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  Speaker 1: is close to its star, and therefore very hot. yet
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  Speaker 1: it reflects almost none of that starlight back into space. Instead,
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  Speaker 1: deep in its heated atmosphere, the world can glow with
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  Speaker 1: a faint, deep red light. So you can picture yourself
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  Speaker 1: looking toward it. Almost nothing reflected. Almost no bright surface.
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  Speaker 1: Just a warm, dim red glow emerging from the darkness.
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  Speaker 1: It is a strange combination. Darkness and heat. Blackness and
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  Speaker 1: a faint red glow. A world that receives enormous amounts
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  Speaker 1: of light, yet gives almost none of that light back.
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  Speaker 1: And perhaps that makes it different from the darkness you know.
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  Speaker 1: Your darkness is usually cool, quiet, soft. Tree's 2B reminds
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  Speaker 1: you that darkness does not always mean cold. Sometimes, darkness
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  Speaker 1: can be hot. And while you are still imagining that
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  Speaker 1: faint red world, time begins to move backward. carrying you
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  Speaker 1: toward level 15, to a planet that experienced something even
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  Speaker 1: more unusual. Its name is Kepler-70b. Long ago, the planet
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  Speaker 1: was thought to have been roughly Jupiter-sized, but its star
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  Speaker 1: eventually changed. As the star aged, it expanded into a
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  Speaker 1: red giant, growing so large that the planet was engulfed
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  Speaker 1: by its outer layers. For a while, the planet was
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  Speaker 1: inside its own star. you can imagine how strange that
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  Speaker 1: would be. Not as a sudden explosion, but as a
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  Speaker 1: slow disappearance of the boundary between two worlds. The star grows.
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  Speaker 1: The planet remains. The space between them becomes smaller and smaller.
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  Speaker 1: And eventually, the distinction between planet and star becomes almost
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  Speaker 1: impossible to imagine. The outer material of the planet was
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  Speaker 1: stripped away during this extraordinary stage of its history. And somehow,
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  Speaker 1: Something remained. What came out was far smaller, intensely hot,
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  Speaker 1: and still losing material. The source material describes a temperature
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  Speaker 1: of around 6,800 degrees Celsius, making Kepler-70b an extraordinarily hot
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  Speaker 1: planetary remnant. You do not need to imagine yourself standing there.
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  Speaker 1: It is enough to imagine the planet itself, quietly surviving
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  Speaker 1: in a form that is almost unrecognisable compared with what
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  Speaker 1: it once was. A world that was once enormous, a
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  Speaker 1: star that grew around it, and a small burning remnant
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  Speaker 1: left behind. There is something strangely quiet about that image.
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  Speaker 1: Nothing is chasing anything. There is no sound you could
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  Speaker 1: hear from such a distance. There is only time, gravity, heat,
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  Speaker 1: and the slow transformation of matter. A planet can change.
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  Speaker 1: A star can change. And sometimes, after enormous changes... something remains.
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  Speaker 1: The thought becomes quieter as you move toward level 20. Here,
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  Speaker 1: the landscape changes completely. You arrive at GJ 121 Ford B,
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  Speaker 1: a hot and steamy water world with about eight times
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  Speaker 1: the mass of Earth. The source material describes roughly three
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  Speaker 1: quarters of its mass as water, surrounding a rocky interior,
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  Speaker 1: but this is not an ocean like the one you know.
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  Speaker 1: Imagine descending through warm, heavy clouds, then through an ocean
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  Speaker 1: that extends for thousands of kilometres. There is no familiar
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  Speaker 1: shoreline waiting below, no beach, no shallow seabed. You simply
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  Speaker 1: continue downward, slowly, quietly. The water becomes deeper, the pressure
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  Speaker 1: becomes greater. And eventually, even the simple word water begins
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  Speaker 1: to feel unfamiliar. On Earth, Water is something you know
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  Speaker 1: in many gentle forms. You know rain. You know rivers.
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  Speaker 1: You know waves moving across the surface of an ocean.
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  Speaker 1: You know the feeling of cool water against your hands.
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  Speaker 1: But deep inside a world like GJ 1214b, the combination
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  Speaker 1: of enormous pressure and intense heat can make water behave
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  Speaker 1: in unusual ways. It can take forms very different from
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  Speaker 1: the liquid oceans you know on Earth. The deeper you
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  Speaker 1: imagine going, the less this world resembles a place where
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  Speaker 1: you could swim. Instead, it becomes a vast environment shaped
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  Speaker 1: by pressure, heat, and the enormous weight of everything above you.
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  Speaker 1: And you can simply drift there in your imagination. Water
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  Speaker 1: above you. Water below you. Layers and layers of a
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  Speaker 1: world shaped by its own immense weight. There is no
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  Speaker 1: need to reach the bottom. You do not need to
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  Speaker 1: discover what happens at the deepest point. You can simply
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  Speaker 1: remain suspended there for a moment, surrounded by an ocean
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  Speaker 1: far deeper and stranger than anything on Earth, and then, gently,
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  Speaker 1: you begin to notice something. At level 5, the terrifying
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  Speaker 1: thing was the absence of air. At level 10, it
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  Speaker 1: was darkness. At level 15, it was a planet surviving
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  Speaker 1: after passing through the swollen outer layers of its star.
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  Speaker 1: And at level 20, it is pressure, heat. and an
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  Speaker 1: ocean that slowly becomes something unfamiliar. None of these worlds
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  Speaker 1: needs to chase you. None of them needs to make
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  Speaker 1: a sound. They simply exist, following the quiet laws of gravity, heat, chemistry,
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  Speaker 1: and time. And somewhere behind you, Earth is still turning.
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  Speaker 1: Its oceans are moving gently. Its clouds are drifting. Its
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  Speaker 1: atmosphere is resting around the planet, like a thin, invisible blanket.
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  Speaker 1: And the familiar air is still around you now. For
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  Speaker 1: a little while, you can rest with that thought. The
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  Speaker 1: universe contains worlds that are almost impossible to imagine. And yet,
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  Speaker 1: you are here, breathing gently, listening in the dark. There
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  Speaker 1: is nothing to do. Just listen. drift. Far ahead the
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  Speaker 1: light from another star begins to grow warmer and somewhere
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  Speaker 1: within that distant glow a world waits where the heat
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  Speaker 1: becomes powerful enough to change the very molecules of its atmosphere.
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  Speaker 1: And for now you can simply float toward that warmth, slowly, quietly,
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  Speaker 1: without needing to arrive anywhere at all. You continue drifting
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  Speaker 1: through the darkness and somewhere ahead the distant light begins
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  Speaker 1: to feel warmer. You do not need to hurry toward it.
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  Speaker 1: There is nothing to reach. You are safe, and there
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  Speaker 1: is nothing to do except listen, breathe gently, and allow
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  Speaker 1: your imagination to move through the quiet distance. At level
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  Speaker 1: 25 you arrive at Kelt 9b, and here the idea
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  Speaker 1: of a hot planet begins to change. Kelt 9b is
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  Speaker 1: an enormous gas giant. a world with no solid ground
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  Speaker 1: beneath your feet, circling extremely close to its star. Its
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  Speaker 1: daytime side can reach temperatures of more than 4,300 degrees Celsius.
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  Speaker 1: For comparison, the surface of the Sun is cooler than this.
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  Speaker 1: But perhaps the strangest part is not simply the number.
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  Speaker 1: It is what such heat does to the atmosphere. Imagine
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  Speaker 1: yourself floating high above the planet, never touching its surface,
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  Speaker 1: because there is no familiar surface waiting below. The air
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  Speaker 1: around you is becoming hotter and hotter. The molecules that
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  Speaker 1: make up the atmosphere are moving with enormous energy. Some
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  Speaker 1: of them are being pulled apart. The gentle structures that
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  Speaker 1: normally hold molecules together can no longer remain comfortable under
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  Speaker 1: such intense heat. Hydrogen molecules can separate into individual hydrogen atoms.
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  Speaker 1: Other molecules can also be broken apart. It is almost
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  Speaker 1: as though the atmosphere is being slowly taken apart by
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  Speaker 1: the warmth itself. You can imagine a world where the
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  Speaker 1: word atmosphere no longer means a calm blanket surrounding a planet. Instead,
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  Speaker 1: it becomes a restless, glowing region where matter is constantly changing.
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  Speaker 1: And while the day side burns beneath its star, the
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  Speaker 1: planet is also losing pieces of itself. Powerful ultraviolet radiation
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  Speaker 1: from the star reaches the upper atmosphere, some of the
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  Speaker 1: heated gas rises high enough to escape. Very slowly, over
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  Speaker 1: enormous stretches of time, the planet can lose material into space.
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  Speaker 1: Nothing happens suddenly, there is no dramatic explosion, just heat, light, movement,
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  Speaker 1: and tiny particles drifting away. You can let that image
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  Speaker 1: become soft again, a giant world circling very close to
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  Speaker 1: its star. One side permanently facing the furnace, the other
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  Speaker 1: side hidden in darkness. And above it all, an atmosphere
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  Speaker 1: slowly changing beneath an intense stream of energy. There is
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  Speaker 1: something almost hypnotic about imagining the molecules moving. Tiny pieces
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  Speaker 1: of matter, too small for your eyes to see, rising
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  Speaker 1: through the atmosphere, separating, cooling, and drifting away. The planet
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  Speaker 1: remains enormous. The star remains bright. and the process continues quietly.
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  Speaker 1: Now you drift toward level 30. Here, the danger becomes
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  Speaker 1: more physical. You arrive at WASP-12b. This is a planet
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  Speaker 1: so close to its star that gravity itself begins to
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  Speaker 1: reshape it. Imagine holding a soft sphere between two invisible hands.
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  Speaker 1: One hand is the planet's own gravity, gently trying to
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  Speaker 1: keep everything together. The other is is the powerful gravitational
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  Speaker 1: pull of its nearby star. The closer the planet gets,
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  Speaker 1: the stronger that pull becomes. And because the planet is
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  Speaker 1: so close, the difference in gravitational force from one side
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  Speaker 1: of the planet to the other becomes enormous. The star
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  Speaker 1: pulls more strongly on the side facing it, less strongly
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  Speaker 1: on the side farther away. The result is a subtle stretching.
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  Speaker 1: WASP-12b is no longer perfectly round, It has been pulled
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  Speaker 1: into a shape more like an egg. You can imagine
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  Speaker 1: the planet slowly extending toward the star, as though the
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  Speaker 1: star were quietly drawing it outward. And then something even
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  Speaker 1: stranger happens. Material begins to escape. Gas from the planet's
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  Speaker 1: outer atmosphere is being pulled away and captured by the star.
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  Speaker 1: A thin stream of planetary material can stretch between the
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  Speaker 1: two worlds. The planet is not simply orbiting its star.
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  Speaker 1: It is slowly being consumed by it. Again there is
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  Speaker 1: no need for drama. The universe does not hurry. The
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  Speaker 1: planet continues its orbit. The star continues to pull. And
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  Speaker 1: little by little, matter moves from one world toward another.
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  Speaker 1: You can imagine the stream as something almost weightless, drifting
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  Speaker 1: through the darkness. A faint bridge made not of rock
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  Speaker 1: or metal, but of atmosphere. A planet, losing itself one
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  Speaker 1: tiny particle at a time. And perhaps this is one
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  Speaker 1: of the quietest forms of destruction in the universe. Not
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  Speaker 1: a sudden ending, just gradual change. A world becoming slightly smaller.
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  Speaker 1: A star receiving slightly more material, a process unfolding over
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  Speaker 1: immense spans of time. You remain there for a while.
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  Speaker 1: The planet beneath you is stretched by gravity. The star
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  Speaker 1: ahead is impossibly bright. And yet, from the distance of space,
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  Speaker 1: everything remains almost silent. No roar reaches you. No explosion
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  Speaker 1: surrounds you. Only the slow movement of matter. Then your
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  Speaker 1: attention begins to drift outward again, toward another world where
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  Speaker 1: the violence is written, not in the shape of the planet,
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  Speaker 1: but in the atmosphere above it. HD 80 SARS-06B a
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  Speaker 1: massive gas giant following an unusually elongated orbit. For most
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  Speaker 1: of its journey, it remains relatively far from its star. Then, slowly,
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  Speaker 1: its path carries it inward, closer, closer, and suddenly the
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  Speaker 1: conditions change. The planet moves into intense stellar heating and
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  Speaker 1: its atmosphere responds. Temperatures rise dramatically. Winds become extraordinarily powerful.
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  Speaker 1: The atmosphere expands and shifts as the planet absorbs the
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  Speaker 1: sudden flood of energy. Imagine standing nowhere, simply floating above
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  Speaker 1: the clouds. You watch enormous patterns moving beneath you. There
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  Speaker 1: are no familiar weather systems here. No gentle afternoon breeze. Instead,
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  Speaker 1: the entire atmosphere is responding to a planetary journey around
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  Speaker 1: its star. The planet moves. The heat changes. The atmosphere follows.
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  Speaker 1: And then, just as quietly, the planet begins moving away again.
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  Speaker 1: The temperature falls. The atmosphere begins to settle. The violent
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  Speaker 1: transformation gradually softens. It is almost like watching a world breathe,
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  Speaker 1: except the rhythm is not measured in seconds or minutes.
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  Speaker 1: It is measured by an orbit, a long movement through space,
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  Speaker 1: a slow approach, a sudden encounter with heat. and then
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  Speaker 1: a long retreat into colder darkness. You can let that
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  Speaker 1: rhythm settle into your thoughts, closer, warmer, faster, then farther away, cooler, quieter,
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  Speaker 1: again and again. There is something strangely peaceful about even
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  Speaker 1: the most extreme weather when you view it from far
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  Speaker 1: enough away. The universe does not label these places as dangerous.
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  Speaker 1: It simply allows gravity to move worlds along their paths.
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  Speaker 1: It allows stars to shine. It allows atmospheres to respond.
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  Speaker 1: And it allows matter to keep changing. You can feel
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  Speaker 1: your own breathing again. A slow breath in. A slow
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  Speaker 1: breath out. Here on Earth, the atmosphere changes gently around you.
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  Speaker 1: A breeze moves across a room. Clouds pass overhead. Rain
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  Speaker 1: falls softly. The planet beneath you feels solid and familiar.
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  Speaker 1: But far away... Other worlds are being stretched, heated, stripped,
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  Speaker 1: and reshaped, and they continue turning through the darkness. At
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  Speaker 1: level 25, heat was powerful enough to tear molecules apart.
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  Speaker 1: At level 30, gravity itself began to stretch a planet.
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  Speaker 1: And now, with HD 8606b, an entire atmosphere responds to
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  Speaker 1: the changing distance from its star. Three worlds. Three different
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  Speaker 1: kinds of extremity. And yet, all of them are simply
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  Speaker 1: following the same quiet universe. Gravity. Light. Heat. Motion. Nothing
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  Speaker 1: needs to be explained all at once. You can simply
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  Speaker 1: let the images pass through your mind, one after another,
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  Speaker 1: like distant coincidences. clouds moving slowly across a dark sky.
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  Speaker 1: And somewhere farther ahead, another planet is waiting. This time,
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  Speaker 1: the ground itself will not remain solid. Rock will soften,
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  Speaker 1: stone will become vapour, and when that vapour cools again,
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  Speaker 1: it will return in a form that feels almost like weather.
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  Speaker 1: For now, you can remain suspended in the darkness, breathing softly,
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  Speaker 1: while the distant light continues to glow. There is nothing
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  Speaker 1: to do, just listen and drift. You leave the warmth
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  Speaker 1: of the previous world behind, although the feeling of heat
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  Speaker 1: seems to remain with you for a little while, like
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  Speaker 1: a faint memory on your skin. You continue drifting through
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  Speaker 1: the darkness. There is no road here, no direction that
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  Speaker 1: you need to follow, and no destination that you need
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  Speaker 1: to reach. You are safe. There is nothing to do.
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  Speaker 1: Just listen and drift. Far away, a young red star
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  Speaker 1: begins to appear, small and quiet against the darkness. And
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  Speaker 1: around that star, a planet is being exposed to a
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  Speaker 1: kind of weather that is difficult to imagine from the
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  Speaker 1: gentle surface of Earth. You have reached AU Microscopii b.
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  Speaker 1: The planet itself is not necessarily remarkable because of its
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  Speaker 1: size or appearance. What makes it frightening is the star
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  Speaker 1: beside it. AU Microscopii is a young red dwarf, only
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  Speaker 1: around 22 million years old, still restless compared with the
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  Speaker 1: much older Sun. Young stars can be active. They can
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  Speaker 1: release powerful bursts of energy and radiation. sending streams of
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  Speaker 1: charged particles outward into space, and AU Microscopii b happens
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  Speaker 1: to be very close to this restless star. Imagine yourself
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  Speaker 1: floating above the planet. You might see a world surrounded
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  Speaker 1: by darkness, with its star glowing nearby, but you cannot
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  Speaker 1: see radiation with your eyes. That is part of what
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  Speaker 1: makes it so strange. The danger is invisible. There may
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  Speaker 1: be no enormous cloud approaching you, no wall of fire,
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  Speaker 1: no dark storm that you can watch moving across the horizon. Instead,
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  Speaker 1: energy is arriving silently from the star. X-rays and other
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  Speaker 1: energetic radiation reach the upper atmosphere. The planet's hydrogen atmosphere
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  Speaker 1: can respond by expanding and escaping into space. Tiny particles rise,
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  Speaker 1: some drift away, and slowly the atmosphere becomes thinner. You
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  Speaker 1: can imagine the planet quietly losing its invisible covering, not
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  Speaker 1: in one dramatic moment, but through countless tiny departures. One particle.
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  Speaker 1: Then another. Then another. Space is very good at making
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  Speaker 1: enormous changes feel almost invisible. A planet can lose part
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  Speaker 1: of its atmosphere without making a sound. And beneath you,
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  Speaker 1: the world continues its orbit. The star continues shining. The
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  Speaker 1: particles continue drifting. There is nothing angry about it, nothing intentional.
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  Speaker 1: It is simply the result of a young star and
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  Speaker 1: a nearby planet sharing the same small region of space.
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  Speaker 1: You can let that image fade gently. A planet, a
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  Speaker 1: young star, invisible radiation passing through the darkness, and an
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  Speaker 1: atmosphere slowly thinning. Now you drift farther away. The next
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  Speaker 1: world is very different. There is no need to imagine
• 23:28
  Speaker 1: radiation this time. You can see the danger. It moves.
• 23:33
  Speaker 1: It swirls. It falls. You arrive at K2141b. This is
• 23:39
  Speaker 1: a rocky planet, close to its star, with an orbit
• 23:43
  Speaker 1: lasting less than seven Earth hours. A year passes there
• 23:48
  Speaker 1: in less time than a single night might pass for you.
• 23:51
  Speaker 1: But the speed of its orbit is not the strangest thing.
• 23:55
  Speaker 1: The strangest thing is what happens to its rocks. The
• 23:58
  Speaker 1: planet is so intensely heated, that enormous regions of its
• 24:01
  Speaker 1: surface may exist as oceans of molten rock. Imagine standing
• 24:06
  Speaker 1: above such a world, floating safely far away from the surface.
• 24:11
  Speaker 1: Below you is not blue water, it is glowing magma,
• 24:15
  Speaker 1: a vast, slow-moving ocean of melted stone. And yet, even
• 24:20
  Speaker 1: that is only the beginning. The heat is strong enough
• 24:23
  Speaker 1: to turn some of the rock into vapour. Solid stone
• 24:26
  Speaker 1: becomes gas. The material rises into the atmosphere, and then
• 24:31
  Speaker 1: the planet carries it toward its colder side. As the
• 24:35
  Speaker 1: vapour travels away from the hottest region, it begins to cool,
• 24:39
  Speaker 1: the rock condenses, tiny particles form, and eventually material can
• 24:45
  Speaker 1: fall back toward the surface as a kind of rocky rain.
• 24:49
  Speaker 1: So you have a planet where the weather is made
• 24:52
  Speaker 1: from the planet itself. Rock rises, rock cools, rock falls.
• 24:58
  Speaker 1: And then the fallen material can return to the molten surface,
• 25:02
  Speaker 1: where it becomes part of the glowing ocean again, a
• 25:05
  Speaker 1: slow planetary cycle, a strange kind of rain, not drops
• 25:10
  Speaker 1: of water touching your skin, but mineral material moving through
• 25:14
  Speaker 1: an atmosphere and returning to a sea of molten stone.
• 25:19
  Speaker 1: You can almost imagine the rhythm. Rise, cool, fall, melt,
• 25:24
  Speaker 1: rise again. There is something strangely soothing about repeating cycles,
• 25:29
  Speaker 1: even when the environment itself would be impossible for you
• 25:32
  Speaker 1: to survive. The planet does not know that it is terrifying.
• 25:37
  Speaker 1: It simply turns. Its star shines. Its rocks melt and move.
• 25:42
  Speaker 1: And the cycle continues. Now, as you drift onward, another
• 25:47
  Speaker 1: world appears. From a distance, HD 189733b can look almost beautiful.
• 25:56
  Speaker 1: a deep blue planet with a colour that might remind
• 25:59
  Speaker 1: you of Earth. But this is one of those moments
• 26:02
  Speaker 1: when appearances become unreliable. The blue colour does not mean
• 26:07
  Speaker 1: calm oceans, it does not mean gentle skies, and it
• 26:12
  Speaker 1: certainly does not mean that you could step outside and
• 26:14
  Speaker 1: breathe comfortably. The atmosphere of HD 189733b is believed to
• 26:21
  Speaker 1: contain particles that can scatter blue light. giving the planet
• 26:25
  Speaker 1: its familiar-looking colour. But above those clouds, the winds can
• 26:29
  Speaker 1: become extraordinarily powerful. They can travel at several times the
• 26:34
  Speaker 1: speed of sound. Imagine being surrounded by an atmosphere moving
• 26:38
  Speaker 1: faster than any ordinary storm on Earth. There is no shelter,
• 26:42
  Speaker 1: no quiet field, no gentle breeze. The entire atmosphere is
• 26:46
  Speaker 1: moving with enormous force. And then comes the rain. Not water.
• 26:52
  Speaker 1: Tiny particles of glass-like material, the intense heat and chemistry
• 26:57
  Speaker 1: of the atmosphere, allow silicate material to exist in vapour form,
• 27:02
  Speaker 1: and on the cooler side of the planet, that material
• 27:05
  Speaker 1: can condense into particles. The result is a world where
• 27:09
  Speaker 1: glassy material may fall through the atmosphere. You can imagine
• 27:13
  Speaker 1: looking up. The sky is deep blue, the planet appears
• 27:17
  Speaker 1: almost peaceful, and yet, somewhere above you, A storm is
• 27:22
  Speaker 1: carrying tiny mineral particles through the air. It is a
• 27:26
  Speaker 1: beautiful world from a distance, a violent world from within,
• 27:31
  Speaker 1: and perhaps that contrast is worth remembering. A planet does
• 27:35
  Speaker 1: not need to look frightening to be extreme. Sometimes the
• 27:38
  Speaker 1: most unsettling worlds are the ones that look almost familiar.
• 27:42
  Speaker 1: You drift onward again, leaving the blue world behind. Now
• 27:46
  Speaker 1: you reach a planet with a different kind of weather,
• 27:49
  Speaker 1: HR 5183b the whiplash planet. This world is enormous, several
• 27:55
  Speaker 1: times more massive than Jupiter, and its orbit around its
• 27:59
  Speaker 1: star is extraordinarily stretched out. Instead of following a nearly
• 28:03
  Speaker 1: circular path, it travels along a long, elongated route. For
• 28:08
  Speaker 1: much of its journey, it remains far from its star. There,
• 28:12
  Speaker 1: it moves relatively slowly. Then it begins falling inward. As
• 28:17
  Speaker 1: it approaches the star, gravity pulls more strongly. the planet accelerates,
• 28:22
  Speaker 1: faster and faster. Its movement changes dramatically as it swings
• 28:28
  Speaker 1: close to its star before heading outward again. The entire
• 28:32
  Speaker 1: journey takes around 74 Earth years. So, if you lived there,
• 28:37
  Speaker 1: an entire lifetime could pass while the planet completed only
• 28:41
  Speaker 1: a small number of trips around its star. You can
• 28:44
  Speaker 1: imagine watching the distant star grow larger as the planet approaches. Then,
• 28:50
  Speaker 1: Almost as if released from a stretched spring, the planet
• 28:54
  Speaker 1: swings around and begins moving away. Slowly, the star becomes smaller.
• 28:59
  Speaker 1: The darkness becomes larger. The world retreats toward the cold
• 29:04
  Speaker 1: outer reaches of its orbit. This unusual path may also
• 29:08
  Speaker 1: disturb other planets in the system, like a massive traveller
• 29:13
  Speaker 1: passing through an otherwise orderly neighbourhood. But there is no
• 29:17
  Speaker 1: need to imagine destruction. Simply imagine motion, a giant world
• 29:22
  Speaker 1: moving through a vast ellipse, slow at the edges, fast
• 29:27
  Speaker 1: near the centre, again and again. And perhaps this is
• 29:31
  Speaker 1: another quiet reminder that the universe has many different meanings
• 29:36
  Speaker 1: for the word weather. Sometimes weather is wind, sometimes it
• 29:40
  Speaker 1: is rain, sometimes it is molten rock. And sometimes, on
• 29:45
  Speaker 1: a much larger scale, weather is simply the movement of
• 29:48
  Speaker 1: an entire planet through space. You can rest with these
• 29:52
  Speaker 1: images now, a young star quietly stripping an atmosphere and
• 29:56
  Speaker 1: a molten world sending vaporised rock across its sky, a
• 30:01
  Speaker 1: blue planet where glass-like particles may fall through violent winds,
• 30:06
  Speaker 1: and a giant world speeding around its star like a
• 30:09
  Speaker 1: distant cosmic pendulum. Four worlds. Four kinds of extremity. And
• 30:15
  Speaker 1: beneath all of them is the same quiet universe. Light moves.
• 30:20
  Speaker 1: Gravity pulls. Matter changes. Planets turn. Nothing needs to hurry.
• 30:27
  Speaker 1: and you do not need to hurry either. Take another
• 30:30
  Speaker 1: slow breath. Let your body become a little heavier. The
• 30:33
  Speaker 1: room around you can remain quiet. The darkness can remain soft.
• 30:38
  Speaker 1: And far away, those strange worlds continue their ancient movements
• 30:42
  Speaker 1: without you needing to watch. Somewhere ahead, the temperature begins
• 30:47
  Speaker 1: to rise once more. But this time, the planet waiting
• 30:51
  Speaker 1: in the distance will look almost impossibly light and delicate.
• 30:55
  Speaker 1: A world so inflated, that there is hardly any solid
• 30:58
  Speaker 1: ground beneath its clouds, and above that strange, puffy world
• 31:03
  Speaker 1: something very unexpected may be falling from the sky, tiny grains,
• 31:09
  Speaker 1: softly descending, like sand. You have been drifting for a
• 31:16
  Speaker 1: while now, leaving behind the violent winds of HD-19733b, the
• 31:19
  Speaker 1: molten surface of K2-141b, and the long sweeping orbit of
• 31:29
  Speaker 1: HR 5183b. The darkness around you becomes quiet again. Far ahead,
• 31:35
  Speaker 1: a faint world begins to emerge. At first, it does
• 31:39
  Speaker 1: not look particularly frightening. It looks soft, almost delicate. A pale,
• 31:45
  Speaker 1: swollen planet floating beneath the light of its star. This
• 31:50
  Speaker 1: is WASP-107b. And as you move closer... you begin to
• 31:54
  Speaker 1: notice something unusual about its shape. It is enormous, but
• 31:59
  Speaker 1: strangely light. Not light in the sense of having little mass,
• 32:04
  Speaker 1: but light in the sense that its atmosphere is spread
• 32:06
  Speaker 1: so widely that the entire planet seems almost inflated. You
• 32:11
  Speaker 1: can imagine a giant cloud with a planet hidden somewhere
• 32:15
  Speaker 1: inside it. There is no familiar solid ground waiting beneath
• 32:19
  Speaker 1: your feet, no rocky surface where you could stand. no
• 32:23
  Speaker 1: quiet ocean beneath a clear sky. Instead, there are layers
• 32:27
  Speaker 1: of gas extending outward into space. The planet is so
• 32:31
  Speaker 1: puffy that its atmosphere reaches far beyond the compact shape
• 32:35
  Speaker 1: you might normally imagine when you hear the word planet.
• 32:39
  Speaker 1: And somewhere within those clouds, the temperature rises toward around
• 32:44
  Speaker 1: 1000 degrees Celsius. That is hot enough to transform materials
• 32:48
  Speaker 1: that would normally remain solid. Among them are silicate materials,
• 32:53
  Speaker 1: the kinds of substances associated with rocks and minerals. Here,
• 32:58
  Speaker 1: under intense heat, some of those materials can become vapour.
• 33:03
  Speaker 1: Rock can become gas. The idea is strange enough to
• 33:07
  Speaker 1: sit with for a moment. You might know rain as
• 33:10
  Speaker 1: water falling from clouds. You might know snow as frozen
• 33:14
  Speaker 1: water drifting quietly toward the ground. But on WASP-107b, the
• 33:19
  Speaker 1: story is different. Imagine tiny traces of rocky material becoming
• 33:24
  Speaker 1: vapour in the heat, rising through the atmosphere. The planet turns,
• 33:30
  Speaker 1: the atmosphere moves, the vapour travels, and eventually, as parts
• 33:34
  Speaker 1: of the atmosphere become cooler, the rocky material can begin
• 33:38
  Speaker 1: to gather together again. It condenses into tiny particles, and
• 33:43
  Speaker 1: those particles can fall downward. Sand. Not beach sand beneath
• 33:48
  Speaker 1: a blue sky. Not warm grains slipping between your fingers,
• 33:52
  Speaker 1: but tiny mineral particles descending through the enormous atmosphere of
• 33:57
  Speaker 1: a distant gas giant. Sand rain. You can picture it
• 34:02
  Speaker 1: very slowly. A cloud of vapour high above you. The
• 34:06
  Speaker 1: temperature gradually changing. Tiny particles forming from material that was
• 34:11
  Speaker 1: once part of rock. And then, almost silently, those particles
• 34:16
  Speaker 1: beginning their long journey downward. There is something strangely familiar
• 34:20
  Speaker 1: about the process. Water rises from an ocean. Water gathers
• 34:26
  Speaker 1: in clouds. Water falls again. Here, the cycle is transformed.
• 34:32
  Speaker 1: Rock becomes vapour. Vapour cools. Tiny particles form. The particles fall.
• 34:38
  Speaker 1: The universe has taken something ordinary and rearranged it into
• 34:42
  Speaker 1: something almost impossible to imagine. You can let the image
• 34:46
  Speaker 1: remain soft. a distant planet, a warm atmosphere, tiny grains
• 34:52
  Speaker 1: falling through clouds. Nothing rushing, nothing making a sound, just
• 34:58
  Speaker 1: matter changing its form. And as you drift around this
• 35:01
  Speaker 1: strange world, another thought begins to appear. The most frightening
• 35:06
  Speaker 1: planets are not always frightening because they are violent. Sometimes
• 35:10
  Speaker 1: they are frightening because familiar things behave in unfamiliar ways.
• 35:15
  Speaker 1: Rain does not have to be water. Clouds do not
• 35:19
  Speaker 1: have to be gentle. A planet does not need solid ground.
• 35:23
  Speaker 1: Even sand can come from the sky. You can slowly
• 35:27
  Speaker 1: move through the atmosphere in your imagination, descending without ever
• 35:31
  Speaker 1: touching anything. Above you, the clouds are warm. Around you,
• 35:36
  Speaker 1: gases drift. Below you, the deeper layers become denser. And
• 35:41
  Speaker 1: somewhere far beneath, the pressure continues to increase. You never
• 35:45
  Speaker 1: need to reach the bottom. you can simply float, there
• 35:49
  Speaker 1: is nothing to do, just listen and drift. The strange
• 35:53
  Speaker 1: thing about WASP-107b is that despite its enormous size, it
• 35:58
  Speaker 1: is remarkably low in density. Much of what you are
• 36:02
  Speaker 1: imagining is atmosphere, a vast extended envelope of gas surrounding
• 36:08
  Speaker 1: a much denser interior. If you could somehow see the
• 36:11
  Speaker 1: whole planet from a distance, You might find it difficult
• 36:14
  Speaker 1: to believe that such a diffuse world could exist. It
• 36:18
  Speaker 1: would look almost like a cloud that had decided to
• 36:21
  Speaker 1: become a planet. And perhaps that is why the sand
• 36:25
  Speaker 1: rain feels so appropriate. The planet itself seems to blur
• 36:29
  Speaker 1: the boundary between solid and gas, between landscape and atmosphere,
• 36:34
  Speaker 1: between something you could stand upon and something you could
• 36:37
  Speaker 1: simply drift through. You can imagine the planet from far
• 36:41
  Speaker 1: away now, A pale sphere, a swollen atmosphere, a star
• 36:46
  Speaker 1: shining nearby, and tiny particles moving through the clouds. The
• 36:51
  Speaker 1: particles are small. The planet is enormous. The process is slow.
• 36:57
  Speaker 1: Everything happens on scales that make your own body feel
• 37:00
  Speaker 1: wonderfully small. You are here, listening quietly. The planet is
• 37:05
  Speaker 1: millions upon millions of kilometres away. Its clouds are moving
• 37:09
  Speaker 1: according to physics that does not need your attention. Its
• 37:13
  Speaker 1: atmosphere is changing according to heat and pressure. Its rocky
• 37:17
  Speaker 1: material is moving through a cycle of vapour and particles.
• 37:21
  Speaker 1: You can simply observe. There is no need to understand
• 37:24
  Speaker 1: every detail. Sometimes it is enough to notice that matter
• 37:28
  Speaker 1: can change. A rock can become vapour. A vapour can
• 37:32
  Speaker 1: become a grain. A grain can fall through the sky.
• 37:36
  Speaker 1: and somewhere inside this distant atmosphere, that cycle may continue
• 37:40
  Speaker 1: again and again. Now your imagination begins to pull gently
• 37:44
  Speaker 1: away from the planet. The swollen world becomes smaller, its
• 37:49
  Speaker 1: clouds become softer, its star becomes a point of light,
• 37:53
  Speaker 1: and the sand rain disappears into the distance. You leave
• 37:57
  Speaker 1: behind a planet where the sky can carry pieces of rock,
• 38:01
  Speaker 1: and where the boundary between weather and geology disappears. becomes
• 38:05
  Speaker 1: almost impossible to separate. But the universe has another way
• 38:09
  Speaker 1: of making a planet feel hostile. It can place a
• 38:13
  Speaker 1: world beside something that is not a normal star at all,
• 38:17
  Speaker 1: something incredibly dense, something born from the death of a
• 38:21
  Speaker 1: massive star, a pulsar. And around one of these strange
• 38:25
  Speaker 1: stellar remnants, a planet continues to orbit through a sea
• 38:29
  Speaker 1: of energetic radiation. You can let yourself drift toward that
• 38:33
  Speaker 1: distant system now, The sand rain fades behind you, the
• 38:38
  Speaker 1: darkness becomes wider, and ahead there is a tiny, rapidly
• 38:43
  Speaker 1: pulsing light. It does not look large, it does not
• 38:46
  Speaker 1: need to, because sometimes the most extreme environments are created
• 38:50
  Speaker 1: by objects that are small only in size, while carrying
• 38:54
  Speaker 1: an astonishing amount of matter within them. You remain safe,
• 38:58
  Speaker 1: far away, there is nothing to do, just listen and drift.
• 39:03
  Speaker 1: the tiny light continues its steady rhythm in the darkness,
• 39:06
  Speaker 1: and around it, another world moves quietly through space. You
• 39:13
  Speaker 1: leave the strange clouds of WASP-107b behind, carrying with you
• 39:18
  Speaker 1: the quiet image of tiny mineral grains falling through an
• 39:21
  Speaker 1: atmosphere with no solid ground beneath them. The sand disappears
• 39:26
  Speaker 1: into the darkness. The warm clouds become smaller, and gradually,
• 39:31
  Speaker 1: the light around you begins to change. Ahead, there is
• 39:35
  Speaker 1: a tiny object pulsing with remarkable regularity. It does not
• 39:40
  Speaker 1: look enormous. It does not fill the sky. In fact,
• 39:44
  Speaker 1: from a great distance, it might seem almost insignificant. But
• 39:48
  Speaker 1: this small object is is the reason the next world
• 39:51
  Speaker 1: feels so different. You are approaching a pulsar. A pulsar
• 39:56
  Speaker 1: is what can remain after a massive star reaches the
• 39:59
  Speaker 1: end of its life and explodes, leaving behind a remarkably
• 40:03
  Speaker 1: dense core. You can imagine a star that once filled
• 40:06
  Speaker 1: an enormous region of space, slowly reaching the end of
• 40:10
  Speaker 1: its long existence, and then collapsing inward. Much of its
• 40:15
  Speaker 1: outer material is thrown away, The inner core falls inward
• 40:19
  Speaker 1: under its own gravity, and what remains becomes incredibly dense,
• 40:24
  Speaker 1: spinning rapidly and carrying an extraordinarily powerful magnetic field. You
• 40:30
  Speaker 1: do not need to picture the mathematics. You can simply
• 40:33
  Speaker 1: picture the result. A small, dense, rapidly spinning stellar remnant.
• 40:39
  Speaker 1: A cosmic object turning again and again, and with every rotation,
• 40:43
  Speaker 1: beams of energy sweep outward through space. Somewhere nearby, a
• 40:48
  Speaker 1: planet is waiting. The Poltergeist planet. It is about 2,300
• 40:54
  Speaker 1: light-years from Earth, and it was among the first exoplanets
• 40:58
  Speaker 1: ever discovered. From a distance, you might expect a planet
• 41:01
  Speaker 1: around a pulsar to be dark, cold and silent. Instead,
• 41:06
  Speaker 1: it exists beneath the influence of an object that constantly
• 41:10
  Speaker 1: sends energetic radiation through the surrounding space. Imagine floating above
• 41:16
  Speaker 1: the planet. the sky would not necessarily look dramatic. The
• 41:20
  Speaker 1: danger would be largely invisible. Radiation arriving from the pulsar
• 41:25
  Speaker 1: would pass through the environment, carrying energy across enormous distances.
• 41:31
  Speaker 1: Some of this energy exists in forms that are far
• 41:34
  Speaker 1: more energetic than ordinary visible light. There can be gamma radiation.
• 41:39
  Speaker 1: There can be x-rays. There can be radio waves. different
• 41:43
  Speaker 1: kinds of electromagnetic energy moving outward from the spinning star,
• 41:48
  Speaker 1: and because the pulsar rotates so quickly, the radiation can
• 41:51
  Speaker 1: sweep across space in repeating pulses, like a lighthouse, but
• 41:57
  Speaker 1: unimaginably more energetic. A beam passes, then darkness, then another pulse,
• 42:04
  Speaker 1: again and again. The rhythm continues. You can imagine watching
• 42:09
  Speaker 1: the pulses from very far away, A distant light, a
• 42:13
  Speaker 1: regular rhythm, a quiet repetition. But if you were actually
• 42:17
  Speaker 1: exposed to the energetic radiation near the planet, the environment
• 42:22
  Speaker 1: would be extraordinarily hostile. There would also be streams of
• 42:26
  Speaker 1: energetic particles moving outward from the pulsar. Tiny pieces of
• 42:31
  Speaker 1: matter carried through space by the powerful activity of the
• 42:35
  Speaker 1: stellar remnant. Nothing about this environment resembles the gentle sunlight
• 42:40
  Speaker 1: falling through a window at night. The energy is much
• 42:43
  Speaker 1: more intense. And yet, from a safe distance, you can
• 42:48
  Speaker 1: simply observe a pulse of light, a pause, another pulse,
• 42:53
  Speaker 1: a slow rhythm crossing the darkness. The poltergeist planet itself
• 42:58
  Speaker 1: continues along its orbit. The pulsar continues spinning, the radiation
• 43:03
  Speaker 1: continues travelling, and time continues moving. There is something almost
• 43:08
  Speaker 1: meditative about that repetition. a distant star turning, a beam
• 43:13
  Speaker 1: sweeping past, a planet quietly following its path, again and again.
• 43:19
  Speaker 1: You can let the pulses become softer in your imagination,
• 43:23
  Speaker 1: one light, then another, then another, until the rhythm almost
• 43:28
  Speaker 1: resembles a slow cosmic heartbeat. And when you are ready,
• 43:32
  Speaker 1: your attention begins to drift away from the pulsar. The
• 43:36
  Speaker 1: pulsing light becomes smaller, the darkness becomes wider, and somewhere ahead,
• 43:42
  Speaker 1: a completely different world begins to glow. This one is
• 43:46
  Speaker 1: not black. It is pink. Magenta. Almost beautiful. You have
• 43:51
  Speaker 1: reached level 70. GJ504B. At first glance, it may seem
• 43:58
  Speaker 1: like the least terrifying world you have encountered. It has
• 44:02
  Speaker 1: a striking pinkish glow, a soft magenta appearance against the
• 44:07
  Speaker 1: surrounding darkness. It looks almost gentle, almost inviting, but the
• 44:13
  Speaker 1: colour comes from something that makes the planet far less
• 44:16
  Speaker 1: comfortable than it appears. GJ504b is a young gas giant.
• 44:21
  Speaker 1: It is only around 160 million years old, extremely young
• 44:26
  Speaker 1: compared with the age of our solar system. Because it
• 44:29
  Speaker 1: formed relatively recently, it still retains much of the heat
• 44:33
  Speaker 1: left over from its formation. That internal warmth escapes slowly,
• 44:38
  Speaker 1: and from a great distance, That heat contributes to the
• 44:41
  Speaker 1: planet's unusual glow. Imagine approaching the world. There is no
• 44:46
  Speaker 1: solid ground beneath you. There is no rocky landscape. You
• 44:50
  Speaker 1: simply move through layers of gas. The pink glow surrounds you.
• 44:55
  Speaker 1: The atmosphere becomes thicker as you descend. And somewhere deeper
• 45:00
  Speaker 1: inside is a hot interior hidden beneath enormous layers of gas.
• 45:05
  Speaker 1: The planet is also massive. Its mass is several times
• 45:09
  Speaker 1: greater than Jupiter's, and because so much matter is gathered
• 45:12
  Speaker 1: into one world, its gravity is extraordinarily strong. This is
• 45:17
  Speaker 1: where the planet becomes terrifying in a very quiet way.
• 45:21
  Speaker 1: Imagine trying to stand on a world with gravity far
• 45:24
  Speaker 1: stronger than Earth's. Your body would feel much heavier. Every
• 45:28
  Speaker 1: movement would require more effort. Lifting your arms would become difficult.
• 45:33
  Speaker 1: Taking a step would feel almost impossible. Your own weight
• 45:37
  Speaker 1: would suddenly become unfamiliar. The gentle feeling of standing on
• 45:41
  Speaker 1: earth would disappear. On earth, gravity is strong enough to
• 45:45
  Speaker 1: keep your feet on the ground, but moderate enough that
• 45:48
  Speaker 1: your body has evolved to live comfortably within it. Here,
• 45:53
  Speaker 1: the pull would be far stronger. You would feel as
• 45:56
  Speaker 1: though the planet were constantly asking you to remain close
• 45:59
  Speaker 1: to it. You would not float, you would not leap easily.
• 46:03
  Speaker 1: You would struggle simply to move. And because GJ 504b
• 46:08
  Speaker 1: is a gas giant, there is no ordinary solid surface
• 46:12
  Speaker 1: waiting beneath the clouds. The deeper you descend, the greater
• 46:16
  Speaker 1: the pressure becomes. The atmosphere becomes thicker, the environment becomes hotter,
• 46:23
  Speaker 1: and the world gradually turns into something completely unlike the
• 46:27
  Speaker 1: planet you know. You can stop there. You do not
• 46:30
  Speaker 1: need to imagine falling deeper. You can remain high above
• 46:34
  Speaker 1: the clouds, safely distant, looking at the soft magenta glow.
• 46:38
  Speaker 1: From space, it remains beautiful. That is perhaps the quietest
• 46:43
  Speaker 1: lesson of GJ 504b. Beauty and danger can exist together.
• 46:49
  Speaker 1: A world can glow softly and still be completely unsuitable
• 46:53
  Speaker 1: for human life. A colour can look gentle. Gravity can
• 46:57
  Speaker 1: be invisible. Heat can remain hidden beneath clouds. The universe
• 47:02
  Speaker 1: does not need to make a dangerous world look frightening.
• 47:05
  Speaker 1: Sometimes it gives the most hostile places the most beautiful colours.
• 47:10
  Speaker 1: And now, as you drift farther away, the pink planet
• 47:13
  Speaker 1: begins to fade into the distance. The pulsing world is
• 47:17
  Speaker 1: behind you. The magenta giant is behind you. You have
• 47:21
  Speaker 1: moved from radiation to gravity, from an invisible storm of
• 47:25
  Speaker 1: energetic particles to a world where simply being too close
• 47:30
  Speaker 1: would make your own body unbearably heavy. The universe keeps
• 47:34
  Speaker 1: changing its ways of being extreme. Heat, radiation, gravity, pressure, light, darkness.
• 47:42
  Speaker 1: Each one can become something enormous when nature has enough
• 47:46
  Speaker 1: time and enough space to work. You can take another
• 47:49
  Speaker 1: slow breath. Let your shoulders relax. Let your body settle
• 47:53
  Speaker 1: more deeply into whatever is supporting you. You are here.
• 47:57
  Speaker 1: You are safe. There is nothing to do. Just listen
• 48:01
  Speaker 1: and drift. Far ahead, another planet is beginning to shine.
• 48:05
  Speaker 1: This one is not merely hot, it is extraordinarily bright.
• 48:10
  Speaker 1: Its atmosphere contains clouds made from materials that, under these temperatures,
• 48:15
  Speaker 1: can become vapour. And somewhere within that brilliant world, metals
• 48:19
  Speaker 1: themselves begin to take on the strange role usually played
• 48:23
  Speaker 1: by clouds and rain. You can drift toward that light now, slowly,
• 48:28
  Speaker 1: without urgency. while the distant pink glow disappears behind you.
• 48:35
  Speaker 1: The pink glow of GJ504B slowly disappears behind you. You
• 48:41
  Speaker 1: continue drifting through the darkness, and the feeling of weight
• 48:45
  Speaker 1: gradually fades, leaving you once again surrounded by the quiet
• 48:49
  Speaker 1: emptiness between worlds. Ahead, something begins to shine. At first,
• 48:56
  Speaker 1: it is only a faint point, then brighter. and brighter still.
• 49:01
  Speaker 1: The distant world seems almost illuminated from within, but as
• 49:05
  Speaker 1: you approach, you realise that much of its brightness is
• 49:08
  Speaker 1: coming from the light of its star. You have reached
• 49:11
  Speaker 1: LTT 9779b, and this time, the terrifying thing is not darkness,
• 49:18
  Speaker 1: it is brightness. LTT 9779b is an extremely hot planet,
• 49:25
  Speaker 1: with its dayside reaching around 2000 degrees Celsius. The temperature
• 49:30
  Speaker 1: is so intense that materials which would normally remain solid
• 49:34
  Speaker 1: on a cooler world can behave very differently here. The
• 49:38
  Speaker 1: atmosphere can contain clouds made from vaporised materials, including metals
• 49:43
  Speaker 1: and silicate substances. Imagine floating high above the planet. Below
• 49:49
  Speaker 1: you is a world wrapped in a brilliant atmosphere. The
• 49:52
  Speaker 1: star shines directly onto one side. The day side is
• 49:56
  Speaker 1: intensely heated, and somehow, despite the heat, the planet reflects
• 50:01
  Speaker 1: a remarkable amount of that starlight back into space. Around
• 50:05
  Speaker 1: 80% of the incoming light can be reflected. That makes
• 50:09
  Speaker 1: LTT 9779b one of the brightest known exoplanets. You might
• 50:15
  Speaker 1: imagine looking down and seeing a shining world beneath you,
• 50:19
  Speaker 1: almost like a polished surface catching the light. But there
• 50:23
  Speaker 1: is nothing polished here. The brightness comes from clouds. Clouds
• 50:27
  Speaker 1: made possible by an atmosphere that is extraordinarily hot. It
• 50:32
  Speaker 1: is a strange contradiction. A planet hot enough to vaporise
• 50:36
  Speaker 1: materials yet bright enough to reflect most of the light
• 50:39
  Speaker 1: arriving from its star. The clouds themselves may contain tiny
• 50:44
  Speaker 1: particles and droplets formed from substances that would feel completely
• 50:48
  Speaker 1: unfamiliar as weather. Metal can become part of the atmosphere,
• 50:53
  Speaker 1: silicate material can become vapour, and as conditions change within
• 50:57
  Speaker 1: the atmosphere, some of that material can gather again into clouds.
• 51:02
  Speaker 1: You can let yourself drift through this idea, without trying
• 51:05
  Speaker 1: to picture every microscopic detail, a hot atmosphere, metal becoming vapour,
• 51:12
  Speaker 1: vapour gathering, clouds forming, light falling across them. And then,
• 51:18
  Speaker 1: much of that light returning to space. The planet shines,
• 51:22
  Speaker 1: the star shines, and between them, an atmosphere quietly changes
• 51:27
  Speaker 1: from one state to another. You can imagine the day
• 51:30
  Speaker 1: side first. Bright. Warm. almost glowing, then slowly move toward
• 51:37
  Speaker 1: the cooler regions. The temperature changes, the atmosphere changes with it.
• 51:43
  Speaker 1: Materials that were comfortable as vapour begin to gather into
• 51:47
  Speaker 1: tiny particles. Some may condense into clouds, and somewhere in
• 51:51
  Speaker 1: those clouds, the ingredients of the planet itself are moving
• 51:56
  Speaker 1: through the atmosphere. It is a reminder that the atmosphere
• 51:59
  Speaker 1: of a planet is not always just a thin layer
• 52:02
  Speaker 1: of air. Sometimes, under the right conditions, the atmosphere can
• 52:07
  Speaker 1: become a place where rocks and metals participate in the weather.
• 52:11
  Speaker 1: You can rest with that image. A metallic cloud drifting
• 52:15
  Speaker 1: high above a distant world. Light passing through it. Light
• 52:20
  Speaker 1: reflecting away. The entire planet shining softly in the darkness.
• 52:25
  Speaker 1: From far enough away, it might even look beautiful. And
• 52:29
  Speaker 1: perhaps that is becoming familiar now. The universe has many
• 52:33
  Speaker 1: worlds that look beautiful from a distance. Tres 2b was
• 52:38
  Speaker 1: dark and faintly red. GJ 504b glowed pink. LTT 9779b
• 52:46
  Speaker 1: shines brightly. Yet beneath those colours are environments that would
• 52:50
  Speaker 1: be completely unsuitable for you. The appearance is only the
• 52:54
  Speaker 1: surface of the story. And now, as you drift farther
• 52:58
  Speaker 1: away from the bright world, another planet begins to appear.
• 53:03
  Speaker 1: This one does not shine in the same way. It
• 53:06
  Speaker 1: is smaller, rockier, and its atmosphere carries something almost familiar,
• 53:11
  Speaker 1: a smell, or at least, if you could somehow breathe it,
• 53:15
  Speaker 1: a smell you might recognise immediately. You are approaching L9859d.
• 53:22
  Speaker 1: The world is thought to be a rocky planet with
• 53:25
  Speaker 1: an atmosphere influenced by volcanic activity. and among the gases
• 53:30
  Speaker 1: that may be present are sulphur-bearing compounds. On Earth, some
• 53:35
  Speaker 1: sulphur-containing gases are associated with the unpleasant smell of rotten eggs.
• 53:40
  Speaker 1: You might recognise that sharp, unmistakable odour. But here, there
• 53:46
  Speaker 1: would be nothing mild about the environment. Imagine floating above
• 53:50
  Speaker 1: the planet. Below you is a dark, volcanic landscape. The
• 53:55
  Speaker 1: surface is intensely hot. In some regions, molten rock may
• 53:59
  Speaker 1: flow or pool. Above it, volcanic gases rise into the atmosphere.
• 54:05
  Speaker 1: The air is not the clean, balanced mixture surrounding you
• 54:08
  Speaker 1: on Earth. It is shaped by heat, by geology, by
• 54:13
  Speaker 1: volcanic activity, and by the relentless energy arriving from the
• 54:17
  Speaker 1: nearby star. You can imagine the atmosphere as a slow-moving
• 54:22
  Speaker 1: veil around the planet. Gas rises, heat moves, Volcanic material
• 54:28
  Speaker 1: reaches upward. The surface continues changing beneath it. And although
• 54:33
  Speaker 1: you cannot actually smell anything from the safety of space,
• 54:36
  Speaker 1: you can allow your imagination to borrow the familiar association
• 54:40
  Speaker 1: of sulphur with that unpleasant rotten egg odour. It gives
• 54:45
  Speaker 1: the planet an almost strangely human quality. You know the smell.
• 54:50
  Speaker 1: You know immediately that something is wrong. But on L9859D...
• 54:55
  Speaker 1: The problem is not simply an unpleasant atmosphere. The entire
• 54:59
  Speaker 1: world is hostile. There may be volcanic activity across large
• 55:03
  Speaker 1: portions of the surface. There may be molten material beneath
• 55:07
  Speaker 1: the atmosphere. And the temperatures can become intense enough to
• 55:11
  Speaker 1: make the idea of standing there completely impossible. You can
• 55:15
  Speaker 1: imagine a landscape where the ground itself refuses to remain still.
• 55:20
  Speaker 1: Rock melts. Magma moves. Gases rise. Clouds form. Then everything
• 55:26
  Speaker 1: continues again. There is no quiet forest, no ocean shore,
• 55:31
  Speaker 1: no cool stone beneath your feet. Only a world shaped
• 55:35
  Speaker 1: by heat and geological activity. And yet, from far away,
• 55:40
  Speaker 1: the planet is still only a small point of light.
• 55:44
  Speaker 1: That is one of the strange things about space. A
• 55:47
  Speaker 1: planet can contain an entire world of extreme conditions. and
• 55:51
  Speaker 1: from millions of kilometres away, it may look like almost nothing.
• 55:56
  Speaker 1: A tiny sphere. A faint glow. A distant speck. You
• 56:00
  Speaker 1: have to move closer in your imagination to understand how
• 56:03
  Speaker 1: different it really is. But you do not need to
• 56:06
  Speaker 1: move too close. You can remain comfortably distant. You can
• 56:10
  Speaker 1: simply watch the planet turning slowly beneath its star. The
• 56:14
  Speaker 1: sulphur-bearing gases remain in the atmosphere. The volcanic surface continues
• 56:19
  Speaker 1: to change. The heat remains, and the planet continues its
• 56:23
  Speaker 1: quiet journey through space. You can let the image soften.
• 56:27
  Speaker 1: The bright metallic clouds of LTT 9779b are behind you now.
• 56:33
  Speaker 1: The volcanic atmosphere of L9859d is below you. One world shines,
• 56:40
  Speaker 1: another world smoulders, and both are held in place by
• 56:44
  Speaker 1: the same quiet force of gravity. You take another slow breath.
• 56:48
  Speaker 1: The air around you is ordinary, comfortable, familiar. You do
• 56:53
  Speaker 1: not need to think about what the atmosphere is doing.
• 56:56
  Speaker 1: You simply breathe, and perhaps that is what makes Earth
• 57:00
  Speaker 1: seem stranger in its own gentle way. Here, the air
• 57:04
  Speaker 1: is so familiar that you barely notice it. Far away,
• 57:08
  Speaker 1: an atmosphere can become something almost alien. It can carry metal.
• 57:13
  Speaker 1: It can carry volcanic gases. It can glow. It can
• 57:17
  Speaker 1: reflect light. It can change beneath a star. And still,
• 57:21
  Speaker 1: it is only an atmosphere, only gas, only matter responding
• 57:26
  Speaker 1: to temperature, pressure, light and gravity. You can remain with
• 57:30
  Speaker 1: that thought for a little while. Nothing is happening to you.
• 57:34
  Speaker 1: Nothing needs your attention. You are safe. Just listen and drift.
• 57:40
  Speaker 1: The distant volcanic world begins to fade. The darkness opens
• 57:45
  Speaker 1: once more. And somewhere much farther away, a colossal structure
• 57:50
  Speaker 1: begins to emerge from the darkness, stretching across an almost
• 57:54
  Speaker 1: unimaginable distance. It is not a planet this time. It
• 57:58
  Speaker 1: is something much larger, something whose energy has travelled across
• 58:02
  Speaker 1: millions of light-years, and as you approach it, the scale
• 58:07
  Speaker 1: of the universe begins to feel very different. You drift
• 58:12
  Speaker 1: away from the volcanic world, leaving behind the imagined scent
• 58:17
  Speaker 1: of sulphur, and the faint glow of molten rock. The
• 58:20
  Speaker 1: planet becomes smaller, smaller still, until it is only another
• 58:25
  Speaker 1: point of light among countless others. And now, for a while,
• 58:30
  Speaker 1: there is no planet beneath you at all. The darkness
• 58:33
  Speaker 1: around you becomes almost impossibly wide. You are moving towards
• 58:37
  Speaker 1: something much larger, something that stretches across a distance so
• 58:41
  Speaker 1: vast that ordinary planetary scales no longer seem useful. You
• 58:46
  Speaker 1: are approaching Porphyreon, At first, you may not even realise
• 58:51
  Speaker 1: what you are seeing. There is a distant galaxy, surrounded
• 58:55
  Speaker 1: by the darkness of intergalactic space. At its centre lies
• 59:00
  Speaker 1: a supermassive black hole. You cannot see the black hole
• 59:03
  Speaker 1: itself in the ordinary sense. A black hole does not
• 59:07
  Speaker 1: shine like a star. Instead, you can notice what happens
• 59:12
  Speaker 1: around it. Matter falls inward, gas becomes incredibly hot, and
• 59:17
  Speaker 1: enormous streams of energetic particles are launched outward from the
• 59:22
  Speaker 1: region around the black hole. These streams are called jets.
• 59:26
  Speaker 1: You can think of them as two enormous beams extending
• 59:30
  Speaker 1: in opposite directions from the centre of the galaxy. But
• 59:34
  Speaker 1: even that description feels too small. The jets associated with
• 59:38
  Speaker 1: Porphyrian stretch for roughly 23 million light-years, 23 million years
• 59:44
  Speaker 1: for light to travel from one end to the other.
• 59:47
  Speaker 1: You can let that distance sit quietly in your imagination.
• 59:50
  Speaker 1: Light itself is extremely fast, and yet, Even light would
• 59:55
  Speaker 1: need millions of years to cross the full length of
• 59:57
  Speaker 1: these structures. You are not standing inside them. You are
• 1:00:01
  Speaker 1: simply observing from a safe distance. That distinction matters, because
• 1:00:06
  Speaker 1: these jets carry enormous amounts of energy. They contain extremely
• 1:00:10
  Speaker 1: energetic particles moving through space, surrounded by powerful magnetic fields.
• 1:00:16
  Speaker 1: If a living body were placed directly into such an environment,
• 1:00:20
  Speaker 1: the exposure would be devastating. but there is something peaceful
• 1:00:24
  Speaker 1: about viewing the structure from far away. You can imagine
• 1:00:27
  Speaker 1: yourself floating in the darkness, watching two immense streams extending
• 1:00:32
  Speaker 1: from a distant galaxy. They do not roar. Space does
• 1:00:37
  Speaker 1: not carry sound in the way air does. They do
• 1:00:40
  Speaker 1: not look like ordinary flames. They are more like enormous
• 1:00:44
  Speaker 1: traces of energy written across the darkness. The black hole
• 1:00:49
  Speaker 1: remains at the centre. The galaxy surrounds it. and the
• 1:00:52
  Speaker 1: jets stretch outward. A tiny central region somehow connected to
• 1:00:57
  Speaker 1: structures larger than entire galaxies. You can breathe slowly as
• 1:01:01
  Speaker 1: you imagine it. The scale becomes difficult to hold. Your
• 1:01:06
  Speaker 1: mind tries to picture 23 million light years. Then it
• 1:01:10
  Speaker 1: lets go. You do not need to understand the distance.
• 1:01:14
  Speaker 1: You can simply notice that it is enormous. The universe
• 1:01:17
  Speaker 1: contains structures so large that even the fastest thing we
• 1:01:21
  Speaker 1: know Light needs millions of years to cross them. And
• 1:01:25
  Speaker 1: while you drift there, another thought becomes clear. The word
• 1:01:29
  Speaker 1: terrifying does not always mean something that is chasing you.
• 1:01:33
  Speaker 1: Sometimes terror is simply scale. Something can be so large,
• 1:01:38
  Speaker 1: so energetic, and so far beyond ordinary human experience that
• 1:01:43
  Speaker 1: your mind becomes quiet trying to imagine it. You remain
• 1:01:48
  Speaker 1: far away. You are safe. There is nothing to do.
• 1:01:52
  Speaker 1: Just listen and drift. The jets continue outward. The black
• 1:01:57
  Speaker 1: hole remains at the centre. The galaxy continues turning slowly
• 1:02:01
  Speaker 1: through space. And after a while, your attention begins to
• 1:02:05
  Speaker 1: move back toward planets. Back toward smaller worlds. Back toward
• 1:02:10
  Speaker 1: surfaces you can almost imagine touching. The enormous jets fade
• 1:02:14
  Speaker 1: into the distance. The galaxy becomes a tiny point. And ahead,
• 1:02:20
  Speaker 1: a much smaller planet begins to glow. This time, you
• 1:02:24
  Speaker 1: are approaching 55 Cancri e, a rocky world, a world
• 1:02:29
  Speaker 1: so close to its star that one complete orbit takes
• 1:02:33
  Speaker 1: only about 18 hours. Imagine that. From one sunrise to
• 1:02:37
  Speaker 1: the next, the planet has already travelled around its star.
• 1:02:42
  Speaker 1: Its year is shorter than a single Earth day, and
• 1:02:45
  Speaker 1: because it is so close to its star, the surface
• 1:02:48
  Speaker 1: becomes intensely hot. The planet has been described as a
• 1:02:52
  Speaker 1: lava world, with regions that may be covered by enormous
• 1:02:56
  Speaker 1: oceans of molten rock. Imagine looking down from above. You
• 1:03:01
  Speaker 1: see no familiar blue ocean. Instead, there are vast regions
• 1:03:06
  Speaker 1: glowing beneath the darkness. The surface itself has become fluid.
• 1:03:11
  Speaker 1: Stone has melted. Rock flows. The boundary between land and
• 1:03:16
  Speaker 1: liquid has disappeared. You can imagine the molten surface moving
• 1:03:20
  Speaker 1: very slowly, not like water, not like an ordinary ocean.
• 1:03:25
  Speaker 1: It is thicker, heavier, and unimaginably hotter, a glowing sea
• 1:03:29
  Speaker 1: made from the planet itself. Above this surface, the atmosphere
• 1:03:34
  Speaker 1: can also become unusual. Some of the rocky material can
• 1:03:37
  Speaker 1: be heated until it enters the atmosphere as vapour. When
• 1:03:41
  Speaker 1: that vapour reaches cooler regions, it can gather into clouds.
• 1:03:46
  Speaker 1: So once again, the planet creates its own strange weather.
• 1:03:50
  Speaker 1: Rock becomes vapour. Vapour rises. The material cools. Clouds form.
• 1:03:57
  Speaker 1: And eventually, some of that material can return toward the surface.
• 1:04:01
  Speaker 1: You have seen a similar idea on K2-141b, where vaporised
• 1:04:06
  Speaker 1: rock can participate in a strange cycle. But 55 Cancri
• 1:04:11
  Speaker 1: A gives the image another form. Here, You can imagine
• 1:04:15
  Speaker 1: enormous molten regions glowing beneath a changing atmosphere while the
• 1:04:20
  Speaker 1: planet races around its star. Eighteen hours. Again and again.
• 1:04:26
  Speaker 1: The planet does not stop. The star does not stop shining.
• 1:04:31
  Speaker 1: The surface remains hot. And the orbit continues. You can
• 1:04:35
  Speaker 1: imagine watching from above as the world completes one revolution.
• 1:04:40
  Speaker 1: Then another. Then another. For you, 18 hours is almost
• 1:04:44
  Speaker 1: a full day. For this planet, it is an entire year.
• 1:04:49
  Speaker 1: The comparison makes the world feel strangely fast. But there
• 1:04:52
  Speaker 1: is no need to make it exciting. You can slow
• 1:04:55
  Speaker 1: the image down. Imagine the planet turning. Imagine the star
• 1:05:00
  Speaker 1: remaining nearby. Imagine the molten surface glowing softly. Imagine the
• 1:05:05
  Speaker 1: atmosphere moving above it. Everything continues according to its own rhythm.
• 1:05:11
  Speaker 1: Now you drift toward the darker side of the planet.
• 1:05:14
  Speaker 1: The light from the star becomes weaker. The temperature begins
• 1:05:18
  Speaker 1: to change. The atmosphere responds. Material moves. And somewhere above
• 1:05:23
  Speaker 1: the cooler region, tiny particles may gather into clouds. It
• 1:05:28
  Speaker 1: is another reminder that planetary weather can be deeply connected
• 1:05:32
  Speaker 1: to temperature. Heat one region strongly. Cool another. Allow an
• 1:05:38
  Speaker 1: atmosphere to move between them. And strange things can happen.
• 1:05:42
  Speaker 1: On Earth, the difference between day and night helps create winds, clouds,
• 1:05:47
  Speaker 1: and weather. On these distant worlds, the same basic ideas
• 1:05:51
  Speaker 1: can become extreme. The star provides energy. The atmosphere moves
• 1:05:56
  Speaker 1: it around. The surface responds. And the planet continues turning.
• 1:06:01
  Speaker 1: You can rest with that simple rhythm. Light. Heat. Movement. Cooling.
• 1:06:07
  Speaker 1: Movement again. You do not need to imagine the lava
• 1:06:11
  Speaker 1: touching anything. You do not need to descend toward the surface.
• 1:06:15
  Speaker 1: You can remain high above the planet, safely floating in darkness.
• 1:06:20
  Speaker 1: Below you, an ocean of molten rock. Above you, clouds
• 1:06:24
  Speaker 1: made from materials that have been transformed by heat. Beside you,
• 1:06:29
  Speaker 1: the star. And behind you, a black hole whose enormous
• 1:06:33
  Speaker 1: jets stretch across millions of light-years. The contrast is almost
• 1:06:38
  Speaker 1: impossible to ignore. One environment is created by the most
• 1:06:42
  Speaker 1: powerful objects in galaxies. The other exists on a single
• 1:06:46
  Speaker 1: small planet. Yet both can become extreme simply because the
• 1:06:50
  Speaker 1: universe has given them different combinations of matter, gravity, heat
• 1:06:56
  Speaker 1: and energy. You take another slow breath. Your own world
• 1:07:00
  Speaker 1: feels very far away now. But Earth is still there,
• 1:07:04
  Speaker 1: quietly turning. Its oceans remain liquid. Its rocks remain solid.
• 1:07:10
  Speaker 1: Its atmosphere remains breathable. The sun remains at a comfortable distance.
• 1:07:15
  Speaker 1: And perhaps, after drifting through worlds of molten stone and
• 1:07:19
  Speaker 1: black hole energy, those ordinary conditions begin to feel almost extraordinary.
• 1:07:26
  Speaker 1: You do not need to return home yet. You can
• 1:07:28
  Speaker 1: simply remain here for a moment. Floating Between Scales between
• 1:07:34
  Speaker 1: a black hole and a lava world, between millions of
• 1:07:37
  Speaker 1: light years and an 18-hour year. The universe is vast,
• 1:07:42
  Speaker 1: the planets are strange, and you are only listening. Somewhere ahead,
• 1:07:47
  Speaker 1: another world waits. Its atmosphere is so hot that metals
• 1:07:52
  Speaker 1: can exist as gases. Its winds move across enormous temperature differences,
• 1:07:58
  Speaker 1: and on the cooler side, material from the sky may
• 1:08:01
  Speaker 1: fall back toward the planet. in forms stranger than rain.
• 1:08:06
  Speaker 1: You can drift toward that distant glow now, slowly, gently,
• 1:08:11
  Speaker 1: while the molten ocean behind you continues to shine beneath
• 1:08:14
  Speaker 1: its star. You continue drifting through the darkness, leaving behind
• 1:08:21
  Speaker 1: the molten ocean of 55 Cancri E. The glowing surface
• 1:08:25
  Speaker 1: becomes smaller beneath you, the distant star becomes softer, and
• 1:08:29
  Speaker 1: for a little while there is only darkness, silence. and
• 1:08:33
  Speaker 1: the feeling of moving gently through an enormous space. You
• 1:08:37
  Speaker 1: have already visited worlds where atmospheres disappear, worlds that remain
• 1:08:41
  Speaker 1: almost completely dark, worlds stretched by gravity, worlds with molten rock,
• 1:08:47
  Speaker 1: worlds exposed to powerful radiation, and worlds where strange particles
• 1:08:52
  Speaker 1: can fall from the sky. But there are still two
• 1:08:55
  Speaker 1: worlds waiting. The scale is now very high. Level 9. 95.
• 1:09:01
  Speaker 1: And then, quietly, level 100. You do not need to
• 1:09:06
  Speaker 1: be afraid. You are far away. You are safe. There
• 1:09:09
  Speaker 1: is nothing to do. Just listen and drift. Ahead of you,
• 1:09:13
  Speaker 1: a planet begins to glow beneath the light of its star.
• 1:09:17
  Speaker 1: This is WASP-121b. It is an intensely hot gas giant,
• 1:09:23
  Speaker 1: orbiting extremely close to its star. Its dayside can reach
• 1:09:27
  Speaker 1: temperatures of around 3000 degrees Celsius. At such temperatures, materials
• 1:09:33
  Speaker 1: that normally belong to solid worlds can become gases high
• 1:09:37
  Speaker 1: in the atmosphere. Even metals can be present in gaseous form.
• 1:09:42
  Speaker 1: Imagine floating above the clouds. There is no solid ground
• 1:09:45
  Speaker 1: below you. Instead, The planet is wrapped in a deep atmosphere,
• 1:09:50
  Speaker 1: heated from above by the nearby star. The day side
• 1:09:54
  Speaker 1: is almost unimaginably hot, the night side is cooler, and
• 1:09:58
  Speaker 1: between these two regions, the atmosphere is constantly moving. Heat
• 1:10:03
  Speaker 1: is being carried from the bright side toward the darker side.
• 1:10:07
  Speaker 1: Winds become extremely powerful. The planet is trying, in its
• 1:10:11
  Speaker 1: own way, to redistribute the enormous amount of energy it
• 1:10:15
  Speaker 1: receives from its star. You can imagine a slow movement
• 1:10:19
  Speaker 1: across the world, hot air rising, gas moving away, cooler
• 1:10:25
  Speaker 1: regions receiving material, the atmosphere flowing around the planet. And
• 1:10:30
  Speaker 1: somewhere in this moving sky, metals that were once solid
• 1:10:34
  Speaker 1: on cooler worlds can exist as vapour. Iron can become
• 1:10:38
  Speaker 1: part of the atmosphere. Other materials can also be transformed
• 1:10:43
  Speaker 1: by the heat. It is difficult to imagine what You
• 1:10:47
  Speaker 1: are familiar with metal as something solid. A spoon. A
• 1:10:51
  Speaker 1: piece of machinery. A quiet object resting on a table.
• 1:10:56
  Speaker 1: But on WASP-121b, under extreme heat, some metals can become gases.
• 1:11:02
  Speaker 1: They can move through the atmosphere. They can travel with
• 1:11:05
  Speaker 1: the winds. And when conditions become cooler, material can begin
• 1:11:10
  Speaker 1: to condense again. The atmosphere becomes a strange kind of
• 1:11:14
  Speaker 1: weather system. Not clouds made only from water. Not rain
• 1:11:19
  Speaker 1: made from familiar droplets. Instead, material from the planet itself
• 1:11:24
  Speaker 1: can move through the sky. You can picture tiny particles
• 1:11:29
  Speaker 1: forming on the cooler side. They gather. They drift. And eventually,
• 1:11:34
  Speaker 1: some of that material may fall downward. It is almost
• 1:11:38
  Speaker 1: like a weather cycle, written in metal and heat. Vapour rises.
• 1:11:43
  Speaker 1: The atmosphere carries it. The material cools, clouds form, and
• 1:11:48
  Speaker 1: particles return downward. The process is slow. The planet continues turning.
• 1:11:54
  Speaker 1: The star continues shining. The winds continue moving. Nothing is rushing.
• 1:12:00
  Speaker 1: And from far away, the entire world is only a
• 1:12:04
  Speaker 1: small glowing sphere. You can let yourself drift farther from
• 1:12:07
  Speaker 1: it now. The strange metallic clouds become smaller. The intense
• 1:12:12
  Speaker 1: heat becomes distant. and the darkness opens again. You have
• 1:12:16
  Speaker 1: reached the final level. Level 100. GJ1132B. This world offers
• 1:12:23
  Speaker 1: another kind of terror. Not a molten ocean. Not a
• 1:12:27
  Speaker 1: black hole. Not glass rain. Not enormous gravity. Instead, it
• 1:12:33
  Speaker 1: is the atmosphere itself. GJ132B is a rocky planet that
• 1:12:39
  Speaker 1: orbits close to its star. Scientists think the planet may
• 1:12:42
  Speaker 1: have once possessed a hydrogen-rich atmosphere, but its nearby star
• 1:12:47
  Speaker 1: exposed it to intense radiation. Over time, that original atmosphere
• 1:12:52
  Speaker 1: was stripped away. Imagine the planet losing its sky, slowly, quietly,
• 1:12:59
  Speaker 1: particle by particle. Much like TOI-849b earlier in your journey,
• 1:13:03
  Speaker 1: GJ-1132b reminds you that an atmosphere is not guaranteed to
• 1:13:10
  Speaker 1: remain forever. A planet can lose its original atmosphere, and
• 1:13:15
  Speaker 1: yet something unexpected can happen afterward. Volcanic activity beneath the
• 1:13:21
  Speaker 1: surface can release gases. Those gases rise, they gather around
• 1:13:25
  Speaker 1: the planet, and a new atmosphere may form. So the
• 1:13:29
  Speaker 1: world does not simply lose its sky, it loses one
• 1:13:33
  Speaker 1: atmosphere and may build another. The new atmosphere is thought
• 1:13:37
  Speaker 1: to contain a mixture of gases produced by volcanic activity.
• 1:13:41
  Speaker 1: Some descriptions include hydrogen, methane, hydrogen cyanide, and other materials
• 1:13:48
  Speaker 1: that can contribute to a hazy, smog-like environment. You do
• 1:13:52
  Speaker 1: not need to memorise the names. Instead, imagine the atmosphere
• 1:13:57
  Speaker 1: as a thick, chemically unusual veil surrounding a rocky planet.
• 1:14:02
  Speaker 1: Below it, volcanic processes continue. Above it, the star continues
• 1:14:07
  Speaker 1: to shine, the atmosphere absorbs energy, gases move, heat rises,
• 1:14:13
  Speaker 1: and the surface remains intensely hostile. One of the substances
• 1:14:18
  Speaker 1: associated with the atmosphere is hydrogen cyanide. You may know
• 1:14:22
  Speaker 1: that this is a highly poisonous gas. You do not
• 1:14:25
  Speaker 1: need to imagine breathing it. In fact, you can imagine
• 1:14:29
  Speaker 1: yourself remaining far above the planet, safely separated from the atmosphere.
• 1:14:35
  Speaker 1: The important image is simply that a world can create
• 1:14:38
  Speaker 1: an atmosphere that would be profoundly dangerous to a human body.
• 1:14:43
  Speaker 1: You breathe easily now. The air around you is ordinary.
• 1:14:47
  Speaker 1: Your lungs do not need to think about every molecule
• 1:14:50
  Speaker 1: entering and leaving them. You inhale, you exhale, the atmosphere
• 1:14:55
  Speaker 1: around you remains gentle, and that ordinary experience becomes strangely
• 1:14:59
  Speaker 1: precious after everything you have seen. On GJ 1132b The
• 1:15:05
  Speaker 1: sky is different. It may be hazy. It may contain
• 1:15:09
  Speaker 1: volcanic gases. It may have been rebuilt after its original
• 1:15:13
  Speaker 1: atmosphere disappeared. The planet has experienced loss and renewal on
• 1:15:18
  Speaker 1: a planetary scale. An atmosphere can vanish. Another can emerge.
• 1:15:23
  Speaker 1: The surface can remain active. And the world can continue
• 1:15:27
  Speaker 1: orbiting its star. You can let that image settle. A
• 1:15:30
  Speaker 1: rocky planet. A new atmosphere. A distant star. a slow
• 1:15:35
  Speaker 1: volcanic world beneath a hazy sky. Level 100 does not
• 1:15:40
  Speaker 1: need an explosion. It does not need a dramatic ending.
• 1:15:44
  Speaker 1: The terror is simply that the environment would not allow
• 1:15:47
  Speaker 1: your body to remain there safely, and perhaps that is
• 1:15:51
  Speaker 1: the quiet pattern running through everything you have seen tonight.
• 1:15:55
  Speaker 1: The universe does not need to be angry. It does
• 1:15:58
  Speaker 1: not need to attack. Its worlds simply obey the conditions
• 1:16:02
  Speaker 1: around them. Heat becomes extreme, gravity becomes strong, radiation becomes intense,
• 1:16:09
  Speaker 1: rock becomes liquid, rock becomes vapour, gas escapes, clouds form,
• 1:16:16
  Speaker 1: planets stretch, atmospheres disappear, new atmospheres emerge, and through all
• 1:16:22
  Speaker 1: of it, the universe remains almost completely silent. Now, slowly,
• 1:16:28
  Speaker 1: you begin to turn away from the distant worlds. WASP-121B
• 1:16:34
  Speaker 1: becomes a faint point. GJ-1132B becomes another. Porphyrian and its
• 1:16:41
  Speaker 1: enormous jets are impossibly far behind you. The pulsar continues
• 1:16:46
  Speaker 1: to pulse. The dark world continues to absorb its starlight.
• 1:16:50
  Speaker 1: The molten planets continue to glow. The strange rains continue
• 1:16:55
  Speaker 1: to fall. Nothing stops, simply because you are leaving. And
• 1:17:00
  Speaker 1: perhaps that is the gentlest thought of all. The universe
• 1:17:03
  Speaker 1: continues without needing you to watch. You can rest. You
• 1:17:07
  Speaker 1: can close your eyes. You can let the strange planets
• 1:17:11
  Speaker 1: disappear into the darkness. Because after travelling through all these
• 1:17:15
  Speaker 1: extreme worlds, there is one final place to remember. Earth.
• 1:17:21
  Speaker 1: Your planet. The familiar world beneath you. The world with
• 1:17:25
  Speaker 1: oceans that remain liquid, air that you can breathe. Temperatures
• 1:17:30
  Speaker 1: that usually allow water to remain close to the conditions
• 1:17:33
  Speaker 1: your body expects. A protective atmosphere. A star at a
• 1:17:37
  Speaker 1: comfortable distance. Gravity strong enough to hold you gently to
• 1:17:42
  Speaker 1: the ground, but familiar enough that you hardly notice it.
• 1:17:46
  Speaker 1: After worlds of molten rock, toxic gases, violent winds, extreme radiation,
• 1:17:52
  Speaker 1: metallic clouds and black hole jets, Earth may begin to
• 1:17:57
  Speaker 1: feel almost impossibly gentle. You can imagine its blue surface
• 1:18:01
  Speaker 1: turning slowly below you, clouds moving across the oceans, night
• 1:18:06
  Speaker 1: spreading quietly over continents, tiny lights appearing where people are awake,
• 1:18:12
  Speaker 1: and somewhere within that darkness you are lying down. Perhaps
• 1:18:15
  Speaker 1: the room is quiet, perhaps the lights are dim, perhaps
• 1:18:19
  Speaker 1: your eyes are already becoming heavy. You have travelled far tonight,
• 1:18:24
  Speaker 1: from barren rocks to boiling oceans, from eternal darkness to
• 1:18:28
  Speaker 1: brilliant clouds, from pulsars to black holes, from worlds being
• 1:18:34
  Speaker 1: torn apart to worlds rebuilding their atmospheres. And yet, you
• 1:18:38
  Speaker 1: have never needed to go anywhere. You have simply listened.
• 1:18:43
  Speaker 1: You have simply drifted. The universe is filled with places
• 1:18:47
  Speaker 1: that would be impossible for you to visit. But Earth
• 1:18:50
  Speaker 1: is different. Earth lets you breathe. Earth lets you rest.
• 1:18:55
  Speaker 1: Earth lets water move quietly through clouds, rivers, and oceans.
• 1:19:00
  Speaker 1: And for tonight, that is enough. So take one slow breath,
• 1:19:04
  Speaker 1: then another. Let your body become heavier. Let the distant
• 1:19:08
  Speaker 1: planets become softer in your memory. You are safe. There
• 1:19:13
  Speaker 1: is nothing to do. Just listen and drift. And so
• 1:19:17
  Speaker 1: our journey drifts quietly to its end. Whether you're still
• 1:19:22
  Speaker 1: listening beneath the glow of your screen or already floating
• 1:19:25
  Speaker 1: somewhere between dreams and distant stars, thank you for travelling
• 1:19:30
  Speaker 1: here tonight through silent galaxies, ancient particles, strange planets and
• 1:19:36
  Speaker 1: and the quiet laws that hold the universe together. If
• 1:19:39
  Speaker 1: this wandering brought you a little calm, you're welcome to
• 1:19:42
  Speaker 1: subscribe or share it with someone who could use a
• 1:19:45
  Speaker 1: gentler night beneath the cosmos. For now, rest well. The
• 1:19:50
  Speaker 1: stars will keep burning. The planets will keep turning. The
• 1:19:54
  Speaker 1: strange clouds will keep drifting. The distant black holes will
• 1:19:58
  Speaker 1: keep shaping the darkness. And the universe will carry on
• 1:20:02
  Speaker 1: softly around you while you sleep. You do not need
• 1:20:05
  Speaker 1: to follow it anymore. You do not need to understand
• 1:20:08
  Speaker 1: it all. You can simply rest. The darkness is quiet.
• 1:20:12
  Speaker 1: The earth is turning. And somewhere, very far away, another
• 1:20:17
  Speaker 1: tiny world is moving through the endless night. And so,
• 1:20:23
  Speaker 1: after drifting through all those distant worlds, you can slowly
• 1:20:27
  Speaker 1: let the journey become quieter. You have seen planets where
• 1:20:31
  Speaker 1: rock can melt beneath a distant star, where clouds may
• 1:20:35
  Speaker 1: carry minerals, where enormous winds move through alien skies, where
• 1:20:40
  Speaker 1: atmospheres can slowly disappear, and where the darkness itself can
• 1:20:45
  Speaker 1: hide worlds almost impossible to imagine. You have seen a
• 1:20:49
  Speaker 1: planet stretched by gravity. You have watched another lose pieces
• 1:20:53
  Speaker 1: of its atmosphere. You have drifted above molten oceans, beneath
• 1:20:58
  Speaker 1: metallic clouds, and far away from enormous jets powered by
• 1:21:03
  Speaker 1: a black hole. And now, you can let all of
• 1:21:06
  Speaker 1: those images become distant. You do not need to remember
• 1:21:11
  Speaker 1: every planet. You do not need to remember every name.
• 1:21:15
  Speaker 1: You do not need to understand every process. You have
• 1:21:18
  Speaker 1: simply been drifting through the universe for a little while.
• 1:21:23
  Speaker 1: And now you can come home. Very slowly, Earth begins
• 1:21:27
  Speaker 1: to appear beneath you. At first it is only a
• 1:21:31
  Speaker 1: small blue point in the darkness. Then the oceans become visible.
• 1:21:35
  Speaker 1: The clouds begin to take shape. The familiar colours of
• 1:21:39
  Speaker 1: land and water return. You can imagine the planet turning
• 1:21:43
  Speaker 1: quietly beneath you, just as it has turned for billions
• 1:21:47
  Speaker 1: of years. Nothing dramatic is happening. The oceans are moving.
• 1:21:51
  Speaker 1: Clouds are forming. Winds are passing gently across the surface. Somewhere,
• 1:21:58
  Speaker 1: rain is falling. Somewhere else, morning is beginning, and somewhere
• 1:22:02
  Speaker 1: in the darkness, night is settling over a quiet city.
• 1:22:07
  Speaker 1: You can imagine yourself becoming smaller as Earth grows larger
• 1:22:11
  Speaker 1: around you. The atmosphere appears as a very thin layer
• 1:22:15
  Speaker 1: surrounding the planet. From space it looks delicate, almost impossibly delicate.
• 1:22:21
  Speaker 1: And yet, this thin atmosphere is the air you breathe.
• 1:22:25
  Speaker 1: It is the invisible environment that allows you to rest here,
• 1:22:29
  Speaker 1: You do not usually notice it. You simply breathe, in
• 1:22:33
  Speaker 1: and out. The air enters your lungs, then leaves again.
• 1:22:38
  Speaker 1: Nothing to calculate, nothing to control, just breathing. And after
• 1:22:43
  Speaker 1: everything you have seen tonight, that ordinary breath may feel
• 1:22:47
  Speaker 1: quietly remarkable. There are planets where the atmosphere is almost gone.
• 1:22:52
  Speaker 1: There are worlds where radiation slowly carries gases away. There
• 1:22:57
  Speaker 1: are worlds where the air contains substances that would be
• 1:22:59
  Speaker 1: dangerous to your body. There are worlds where temperatures become
• 1:23:03
  Speaker 1: so extreme that rock itself changes form. But here, tonight,
• 1:23:09
  Speaker 1: you are surrounded by familiar air. You are safe. There
• 1:23:13
  Speaker 1: is nothing to do. Just listen and drift. Let your
• 1:23:18
  Speaker 1: body settle a little more deeply. Perhaps your hands are
• 1:23:21
  Speaker 1: becoming still. Perhaps your shoulders have relaxed. Perhaps your eyes
• 1:23:26
  Speaker 1: are already closed. You do not need to notice. You
• 1:23:30
  Speaker 1: can simply let yourself become comfortable. The universe is still
• 1:23:34
  Speaker 1: moving around you. The planets are still turning. Stars are
• 1:23:38
  Speaker 1: still shining. Galaxies are still drifting through enormous stretches of space.
• 1:23:44
  Speaker 1: Far away, black holes continue their quiet existence. Pulsars continue
• 1:23:49
  Speaker 1: to pulse. Molten worlds continue to glow. Strange clouds continue
• 1:23:55
  Speaker 1: to form, and somewhere, unimaginably far from here, tiny particles
• 1:24:00
  Speaker 1: are still falling through the atmosphere of a distant planet.
• 1:24:03
  Speaker 1: Everything continues, but you do not have to follow it.
• 1:24:07
  Speaker 1: You can let it continue without you. That may be
• 1:24:10
  Speaker 1: one of the gentlest things about the universe. It does
• 1:24:13
  Speaker 1: not require your attention. You can close your eyes, and
• 1:24:17
  Speaker 1: the stars will remain where they are. You can fall asleep,
• 1:24:21
  Speaker 1: and the planets will continue their ancient paths. You can
• 1:24:24
  Speaker 1: stop listening, and the galaxies will continue drifting through the darkness.
• 1:24:29
  Speaker 1: Nothing depends on you watching. Nothing needs to be finished tonight.
• 1:24:34
  Speaker 1: So let the distant worlds become softer now. The dark
• 1:24:37
  Speaker 1: planet becomes a faint memory. The pink world becomes a
• 1:24:41
  Speaker 1: quiet point of light. The molten oceans fade into darkness.
• 1:24:47
  Speaker 1: The metallic clouds disappear beyond the stars. The enormous black
• 1:24:52
  Speaker 1: hole jets stretch silently across distances you no longer need
• 1:24:56
  Speaker 1: to imagine. Everything becomes smaller. Everything becomes quieter. Until there
• 1:25:01
  Speaker 1: is only Earth. And then, even Earth can become smaller.
• 1:25:06
  Speaker 1: You can imagine the planet floating beneath you, blue and peaceful,
• 1:25:10
  Speaker 1: surrounded by darkness. Clouds drift slowly across its surface. The
• 1:25:16
  Speaker 1: oceans reflect faint traces of light. Night covers one side
• 1:25:20
  Speaker 1: of the world day remains on the other. And somewhere
• 1:25:23
  Speaker 1: along that curved boundary between light and darkness, millions of
• 1:25:28
  Speaker 1: ordinary lives continue. Someone is sleeping. Someone is looking through
• 1:25:32
  Speaker 1: a window. Someone is walking home. Someone is listening to
• 1:25:36
  Speaker 1: a quiet science story. And perhaps you are already somewhere
• 1:25:40
  Speaker 1: between waking and dreaming. You do not need to know
• 1:25:43
  Speaker 1: exactly where. You can simply drift. The universe is enormous.
• 1:25:48
  Speaker 1: There are worlds far hotter than Earth. Worlds darker than
• 1:25:52
  Speaker 1: anything you have ever seen. Worlds where gravity reshapes planets.
• 1:25:57
  Speaker 1: Worlds where rock becomes vapour. Worlds where metal becomes part
• 1:26:01
  Speaker 1: of the clouds. Worlds surrounded by radiation. Worlds that orbit
• 1:26:07
  Speaker 1: strange stellar remnants. And yet, among all these extreme environments,
• 1:26:12
  Speaker 1: Earth remains wonderfully ordinary. Liquid water. A breathable atmosphere. Gentle temperatures.
• 1:26:20
  Speaker 1: A familiar amount of gravity. A star at a comfortable distance.
• 1:26:25
  Speaker 1: A place where your body can simply exist without constantly
• 1:26:28
  Speaker 1: defending itself against an alien environment. You do not need
• 1:26:32
  Speaker 1: to call Earth perfect. You only need to notice how
• 1:26:36
  Speaker 1: unusual its comfort is. How quiet it feels. How naturally
• 1:26:41
  Speaker 1: your body belongs here. So take one more slow breath.
• 1:26:45
  Speaker 1: Let it come gently. And let it leave gently. You
• 1:26:49
  Speaker 1: are here. You are safe. There is nothing to do.
• 1:26:53
  Speaker 1: Just listen and drift. The stars can remain outside. The
• 1:26:58
  Speaker 1: night can remain around you. And the universe can continue
• 1:27:02
  Speaker 1: its enormous, silent movements without asking anything from you. You
• 1:27:07
  Speaker 1: can rest while the earth turns. You can sleep while
• 1:27:10
  Speaker 1: the stars shine. You can dream while distant planets continue
• 1:27:14
  Speaker 1: their strange journeys around distant suns. And perhaps... Somewhere beyond
• 1:27:19
  Speaker 1: everything you can see, there are still worlds you have
• 1:27:23
  Speaker 1: never imagined. Worlds with skies you have never seen. Worlds
• 1:27:27
  Speaker 1: with weather no human has ever experienced. Worlds quietly following
• 1:27:32
  Speaker 1: their own paths through the endless darkness. You do not
• 1:27:36
  Speaker 1: need to visit them tonight. They will remain there, waiting
• 1:27:40
  Speaker 1: in the quiet universe. Not for you, but simply existing.
• 1:27:45
  Speaker 1: And so, our journey drifts quietly to its end. Whether
• 1:27:49
  Speaker 1: you are still listening beneath the glow of your screen,
• 1:27:52
  Speaker 1: or already floating somewhere between dreams and distant stars, thank
• 1:27:56
  Speaker 1: you for travelling here tonight, through silent galaxies, ancient particles,
• 1:28:02
  Speaker 1: strange planets, and the quiet laws that hold the universe together.
• 1:28:06
  Speaker 1: If this wandering brought you a little calm, you are
• 1:28:09
  Speaker 1: welcome to subscribe or share it with someone who could
• 1:28:13
  Speaker 1: use a gentler night beneath the cosmos. For now, rest well.
• 1:28:18
  Speaker 1: The stars will keep burning, the planets will keep turning,
• 1:28:22
  Speaker 1: the clouds will keep drifting, the oceans will keep moving,
• 1:28:27
  Speaker 1: and the universe will carry on softly around you while
• 1:28:29
  Speaker 1: you sleep. You do not need to follow it anymore.
• 1:28:33
  Speaker 1: You do not need to understand it all. You can
• 1:28:36
  Speaker 1: simply rest. The darkness is quiet. The earth is calm. turning.
• 1:28:41
  Speaker 1: Your breathing is slow. And somewhere, very far away, another
• 1:28:46
  Speaker 1: tiny world is moving through the endless night. You can
• 1:28:49
  Speaker 1: let it go now. You can let the universe go.
• 1:28:53
  Speaker 1: And simply sleep.