Latest / Global Voice Radio Network's tracks / 2022-02-13 - Radio Ranch 2.13.22 Alison Weir - How The U.S. Was Used to Create Israel - Buried History: How the U.S.-Israel Relationship Was Built
Transcript
- 0:01Unknown: When I began to look into this and wake up to this
- 0:05late in my life,
- 0:07I wondered much more.
- 0:08How did this all begin? What's going on? What's what's Israel Palestine about?
- 0:13Who really did initiate the violence? You know, we've seen from January 1, we've seen going back to
- 0:19the January
- 0:21Going back to 2000,
- 0:232001.
- 0:24Where where and how did this all start?
- 0:27And how did The US get such a uniquely special relationship
- 0:32with a tiny country without resources?
- 0:35How did this happen?
- 0:37Well, one of the first things I learned was that when
- 0:40I was born,
- 0:42there was no Israel.
- 0:44So,
- 0:45where did this come from? Well, what I discovered was that there was a movement
- 0:50that began over a century ago,
- 0:53and began operating in Europe and in The United States.
- 0:58It was and
- 1:00is a political movement
- 1:02that has profoundly
- 1:05and negatively
- 1:06impacted our country.
- 1:08It has tragically impacted The Middle East,
- 1:11and it has dangerously impacted the entire world.
- 1:15And yet most of us, I think,
- 1:18have never heard of it and could certainly not define it.
- 1:21It's political Zionism.
- 1:24This was a movement to create a Jewish state in Palestine.
- 1:31It began in the late eighteen hundreds. Well, let us look at Palestine in the late eighteen hundreds.
- 1:37It was what we largely think of now as a somewhat multicultural
- 1:41land,
- 1:42and that was about 80% Muslim,
- 1:45about 15%
- 1:46Christian,
- 1:47and about 5% Jewish.
- 1:49All living together quite successfully.
- 1:52There are mosques, synagogues,
- 1:55churches
- 1:56throughout Palestine,
- 1:58throughout The Middle East, and throughout North Africa.
- 2:01These populations had been living without conflict for centuries.
- 2:08But this movement
- 2:10was created
- 2:11largely in Israel, largely in Europe,
- 2:15and then taken up at the same time in The US.
- 2:20To create a Jewish state on land
- 2:23that was already inhabited
- 2:25in which 95%
- 2:27were not Jewish.
- 2:29Therefore,
- 2:30this would involve,
- 2:31and this was known by the leadership,
- 2:33even though many followers didn't know it, this would mean that 95%
- 2:38of those people were going to be dispossessed.
- 2:42By money if possible,
- 2:44by force if necessary.
- 2:46This was written in Zionist journals early on.
- 2:49Now my book and my talk concentrates on The US aspect of all of this. What surprised me in my research is how early and how active this movement was in The United States. A movement I'd never heard of, although I was born here and my parents were born here and some ancestors go back to the beginning.
- 3:09It turns out that this was a very significant movement long before my parents were born.
- 3:16And then by 1910,
- 3:17there were already 20,000 Zionists in The US. They included lawyers, professors and businessmen.
- 3:23It was already in 1910,
- 3:26a movement to which congressmen listened.
- 3:30Then in 1912,
- 3:32we had a very significant development.
- 3:34A prominent lawyer
- 3:36named Louis Brandeis
- 3:38became a Zionist.
- 3:42Brandeis not only just be didn't just become a Zionist, within about two years, he then became the head of world Zionism.
- 3:52This
- 3:54was public, it's not some secret knowledge, it's just that most of us don't know it.
- 4:00And then within a few years, he was also a Supreme Court Justice,
- 4:04named by Woodrow Wilson.
- 4:06When you're a Supreme Court Justice,
- 4:08you're supposed to resign
- 4:10your various board memberships and affiliations,
- 4:13because you're supposed to not have any conflict of interest, but be neutral.
- 4:17So he did resign his leadership of world Zionism,
- 4:22but in reality, he continued it.
- 4:25He would receive reports in his Supreme Court chambers
- 4:28by his loyal lieutenants,
- 4:30and then he would give them directives to go out and to
- 4:35follow
- 4:36and work for Zionism. And this is mentioned in a number of very reliable books. If you get my book, you'll see that my book is over half footnotes.
- 4:44It's all cited.
- 4:47By the way, one of his loyal lieutenants also went on to become a very prominent Supreme Court Justice, Felix Frankfurter.
- 4:55So I'd read that. That to me was shocking right there.
- 4:59But then I discovered something more. So I'll give you my citations for this next information, so you can evaluate whether you find it reliable or not.
- 5:08The way I did my research is I would read books, then I would look at their footnotes to see where they had gotten that information.
- 5:15Then I would often get those books and read those footnotes, and then order those books and read those footnotes, and on and on.
- 5:22So one of the books that I read was really a fairly well known one. Israel and the Mind of America, published by a very mainstream establishment publisher,
- 5:32and the author was a very mainstream
- 5:35author.
- 5:36He had been diplomatic correspondent for the New York Times. He had been at Harvard. He'd written a number of well regarded, very establishment
- 5:44non fiction books.
- 5:46Well, in this book, he had a few pages in which he told about a secret Zionist society
- 5:53that had operated in The United States,
- 5:55of which Louis Brandeis,
- 5:58while a Supreme Court Justice, had been a leader.
- 6:04So I looked at where he got that information,
- 6:07and I went to that source. It turned out to be from a scholarly journal
- 6:11called
- 6:12The American Jewish Historical Quarterly.
- 6:16A very respected journal.
- 6:19So then I looked at the author.
- 6:21Well, is this a reliable author? Who wrote this very,
- 6:25to me, explosive information,
- 6:28and turned out to be well regarded Israeli historian
- 6:32at a mainstream
- 6:34Israeli university.
- 6:36She had written an article in 1975
- 6:39called The Parashim,
- 6:41a secret episode in American Zionist history.
- 6:45And she told about what this was, an elitist secret society.
- 6:49The word meant Pharisees and separate.
- 6:53They would go around the country and influence people to push the Zionist agenda.
- 6:58By the way, at this time,
- 7:00the Jewish population
- 7:02were not Zionists
- 7:03at all. The large majority were not Zionists.
- 7:06Many were opposed to Zionism.
- 7:08This was a very
- 7:10fringe
- 7:12element to a certain regard.
- 7:16Then in the secret society, they even had a secret induction ceremony.
- 7:20So that when somebody joined the society, and many, their membership included professors and recent
- 7:27Harvard graduates,
- 7:30significant people around the country were sometimes members.
- 7:34And in this initiation ceremony,
- 7:37they were told by the inductor,
- 7:40and they swore to this,
- 7:42until our purpose shall be accomplished, you will be the fellow of a brotherhood whose bond you will regard as greater than any other in your life.
- 7:51Dearer than that of family, of school,
- 7:54of nation.
- 7:56As
- 7:57early as November
- 7:591915,
- 8:00a leader of the Parashim
- 8:02went around suggesting that the British might gain some benefit
- 8:06from a formal declaration
- 8:08in support of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.
- 8:13Those of you who have heard of the Balfour Declaration that came in 1917
- 8:18might find this relevant.
- 8:20I'll get into that a little bit more.
- 8:24Let's remember
- 8:25what was going on during this time period now in the world,
- 8:29especially
- 8:30that involved Britain?
- 8:32Well,
- 8:33of course, in 1914 began what was called at that time the Great War
- 8:39of massive carnage.
- 8:43British forces in the first day of the Battle of the Somme lost, according to historians, somewhere around 50,000
- 8:49to 60,000 men
- 8:51in one day of a battle that went on and on and on.
- 8:57The British and the German, both sides of course, wanted The US to come in on their side
- 9:03to join this carnage.
- 9:05But the American population were that bad thing, they were isolationists.
- 9:10They didn't want to go kill and be killed in a foreign pointless war.
- 9:15In fact, Woodrow Wilson was elected with the slogan, He kept us out of the war.
- 9:21But of course, as you know, with hindsight, no he didn't.
- 9:25Well, what happened is that the Zionist
- 9:28leaders,
- 9:29some of them, in Britain,
- 9:31a man named Chaim Weitzman, who is quite well known, went to the British government
- 9:37and said, well, we can help you win this war. Now why would they want to do that? Because the war wasn't just against Germany,
- 9:45it was against the Ottoman Empire.
- 9:47The Ottoman Empire
- 9:50held Palestine.
- 9:51Palestine was under the Ottoman Empire. So by defeating them, the British would come into control of Palestine.
- 10:00So the Zionists went to the British and said, we can help you get The United States into the war.
- 10:07Our Zionist colleagues in The United States, for example, they said in writing,
- 10:13Louis Brandeis, who is close to President Wilson,
- 10:17can help to do that.
- 10:20In exchange for that, the British did
- 10:23issue a declaration
- 10:25that was quite significant, mild as it may sound.
- 10:29It was really considered a gentleman's agreement.
- 10:32This is written about in a number of books, just most of us don't know this about our own history.
- 10:38So the Balfour Declaration was basically a promise that the British would help to facilitate
- 10:45the Zionist objective of creating a Jewish state in Palestine.
- 10:51After the British, of course, did win, then at the Paris Peace Talks, the Zionist pushed to push this wording into the mandate in which Britain
- 11:01took charge of
- 11:05Then jumping ahead to some of the American aspects again.
- 11:09Then we find during the thirties and the forties,
- 11:13in Palestine itself,
- 11:15there were some
- 11:16the violence
- 11:18increased.
- 11:19Naturally, as soon you know, when there was
- 11:22colonization
- 11:24beginning around the turn of the century
- 11:26to a land with the intention of pushing out the land,
- 11:30the indigenous
- 11:31population at some point is going to wake up and
- 11:35there will be violence.
- 11:36That has happened in the early twenties and again 1929.
- 11:40There was violence between the two populations.
- 11:44As now, the large number of those killed were the Palestinians.
- 11:48So as the violence increased, there were some terrorist organizations created in Palestine by the Zionists.
- 11:54One of them led by a former in fact, two of them led by future Israeli prime ministers.
- 12:01And those those terrorist organizations in Palestine, the Irgun and the Stern Gang, it turns out had front groups in The United States
- 12:11with duplicitous
- 12:12names.
- 12:13And they were funneling massive amounts of money and weaponry
- 12:17to these terror groups in Palestine.
- 12:21They put on major pageants where Supreme Court justices attended and thousands of people attended.
- 12:27They were very prominent.
- 12:29One of them was led by a man named
- 12:32Peter Bergson, people thought. His real name was Hillel Cook. He was the operative for the Irgun.
- 12:42I looked into one of the leaders a bit more,
- 12:46just because I needed to find out his first name. When you're writing a book, you can't just write someone's last name, you need to know their first name. And I had heard about another leader
- 12:56of one of these types of front groups connected to killing
- 13:00in Palestine,
- 13:02and his name was Rabbi Korf,
- 13:05but I didn't know the first name.
- 13:07None of the books that I had had a few paragraphs of them, but none of them gave his first name. So I looked into it on the internet, tried to do various searches,
- 13:15and eventually I came up with a UN report
- 13:18that gave his first name, Baruch Korf, and told a little bit about a plot
- 13:24he was part of.
- 13:26Using those search terms, I then could put
- 13:29in more information into my search bar, and suddenly all these PDFs
- 13:35of American newspapers popped up, all of these returns.
- 13:38It turned out that Rabbi Baruch Korf was part of a
- 13:44cell
- 13:45in Paris
- 13:47that was planning to
- 13:49fly an airplane and bomb Britain after the war. Britain that had just defeated Hitler.
- 13:55But they were so angry at the British because the British were not allowing
- 14:00a large enough Jewish immigration
- 14:02into Palestine.
- 14:03So they were gonna kill the British.
- 14:06So,
- 14:08Baruch
- 14:09Korf and his section of the Stern Gang had this plan,
- 14:13but there was one problem. They didn't know how to fly an airplane.
- 14:17They weren't pilots.
- 14:19So they needed to find somebody, and they recruited a young American aviator named Reginald Gilbert, I discovered.
- 14:26Reginald Gilbert had been an ace during the war.
- 14:29He was in Paris, and they recruited him to fly the airplane for them.
- 14:33He pretended to go along with the plot, but then he went to the American Embassy.
- 14:38And the American Embassy informed
- 14:40the Paris Police and Scotland Yard.
- 14:43So for a week, he pretended to go along with this cell,
- 14:47and then when it came time to actually take off,
- 14:49to fly the plane, to drop these
- 14:53incendiary
- 14:54bombs
- 14:55onto the foreign ministry,
- 14:57they were caught.
- 14:59By the way,
- 15:01the original plan had been to bomb parliament, but then they decided they hated the foreign ministry more.
- 15:06And Gilbert, at one point, had said to them, Well, what if I can't find the foreign ministry in the London fog? They didn't have this degree of instrumentation
- 15:15we have today, and that was a real possibility.
- 15:18And they said then just drop them anywhere. Kill anybody.
- 15:22All British are our enemy.
- 15:25So they were caught.
- 15:26Corf was in prison for a few months in Paris, and he eventually got off. He had very powerful friends in The United States.
- 15:34But I was curious about him. I looked into him some more. This was so astounding to me, and none of these
- 15:41dozens and dozens of books I have, none of them had this story in there at all.
- 15:46And so in looking at him, I discovered that later in life, he was a friend of Richard Nixon.
- 15:52In fact, it was reported that he had helped to influence Nixon's
- 15:58policies
- 15:59on The Middle East.
- 16:00In fact, Nixon sort of in a fond way called him my rabbi.
- 16:06Now the precursor to today's very powerful Israel lobby
- 16:10was a group called the American Zionist Emergency Council, AZEK.
- 16:16This was formed in around 1940,
- 16:19and by 1943,
- 16:20had a budget of $500,000
- 16:22at a time when a nickel bought a loaf of bread.
- 16:26Within a few years, they had maneuvered their way into access to an even far larger sum, in which they had access to $14,000,000
- 16:34in 1941,
- 16:36and $150,000,000
- 16:38by 1948.
- 16:40That's the equivalent in today's dollars of $1,000,000,000,000
- 16:44to use to manipulate
- 16:46The United States.
- 16:48So they targeted with that money every sector of US society.
- 16:56You know, this isn't ancient history. They had annual reports, they had directives,
- 17:01all this was written down on paper. They targeted congressmen,
- 17:05Christian clergy,
- 17:06editors, professors,
- 17:07business and labor, Jewish war veterans.
- 17:11They published
- 17:12books all over. They had 400 local committees.
- 17:16There were massive campaigns throughout the country.
- 17:19They also worked especially to manufacture Christian support.
- 17:22They secretly
- 17:24funded
- 17:25sort of Christian groups that would push the same Zionist ideology.
- 17:30They
- 17:32funded books that became huge bestsellers.
- 17:35It was an
- 17:36enormously successful campaign throughout the country.
- 17:40Even though during this time, there was a great deal of opposition to Zionism by many different groups,
- 17:46by Christian leaders, by State Department, Pentagon, intelligence agencies,
- 17:51Jewish anti Zionists,
- 17:52many people were opposed to it. Two of the most celebrated
- 17:56Christian pastors
- 17:57opposed it on religious and moral grounds.
- 18:01The Christian leaders in the Middle East had gone to the Paris Peace Talks to advocate on behalf of the Arab population,
- 18:08that there should be self determination of peoples there.
- 18:11One
- 18:12very prominent
- 18:14American Christian,
- 18:15who was a Dead Sea scholar,
- 18:17wrote a wonderful book called Palestine Is Our Issue Is Our Business. And,
- 18:23you know, to read that book, it's
- 18:26very strong. It talks about the right of return,
- 18:29about Palestinian
- 18:30resistance fighters, etcetera.
- 18:32But it was buried.
- 18:34Diplomats,
- 18:35the State Department,
- 18:37the military, the Pentagon, the intelligence agencies
- 18:40wrote directive after directive,
- 18:43study after study, memo after memo,
- 18:45talking about how damaging to The US
- 18:48and to US strategic interests and how in violation of American principles Zionism would be.
- 18:55Starting from under
- 18:57Taft, there was then a commission to Palestine during the time of the Paris Peace Talks.
- 19:03They went there to investigate the situation, to
- 19:06look into the possibility of creating a Jewish state there, and they came back with a very powerful report saying this would be a grave trespass
- 19:14on the rights of the people there.
- 19:17This was entirely buried and
- 19:19had no effect whatsoever.
- 19:21Dean Acheson, a major
- 19:23statesman for many years, wrote that the Zionist agenda would imperil
- 19:29not only American but all Western interests in the Near East.
- 19:33The CIA wrote that they were pursuing objectives that would endanger the strategic interests of the Western powers in the Near And Middle East.
- 19:43There's so much evidence of this. Some people debate about whether the lobby is powerful. It's been powerful since the beginning.
- 19:51And the evidence is all there. It's just buried.
- 19:55Alfred Lilienthal was part of the American Council for Judaism. I had the honor of meeting him. He wrote excellent books about this. That group was arguing
- 20:04against Zionism.
- 20:06And
- 20:07part of what they were arguing in the State Department was that there would be massive bloodshed
- 20:12and chaos
- 20:13if this was pushed through.
- 20:15When the Zionists began to work to push through what's called the partition plan through the United Nations, That's portrayed to Americans as this wonderful compromise.
- 20:25Palestinians just
- 20:27ignored this wonderful opportunity
- 20:30that Palestinians pushed through. Well, they knew and the State Department were saying this would be
- 20:35a disaster if this gets pushed through.
- 20:38The idea was that Palestine,
- 20:42half of it would be given to a Jewish state.
- 20:45Even though these were mostly recently arrived and had originally only been
- 20:515% of the population.
- 20:53And even after decades of immigration,
- 20:56we're 30% of the population.
- 20:58And this plan wasn't actually half.
- 21:01The plan was that they would get 55%
- 21:03of Palestine approximately,
- 21:05and the Palestinians would get about 45%
- 21:07of their own land.
- 21:09Now,
- 21:10I know what the Americans would say if the UN did that to us,
- 21:14but this is portrayed with, oh, those foolish Palestinians not accepting that.
- 21:18And by the way, many
- 21:20people are under the illusion
- 21:23that
- 21:24Israel bought up all that land.
- 21:27That's what's been told, and that was the attempt.
- 21:30And they did increase Jewish ownership about over, you know, from what was originally about 1%,
- 21:36because it was an urban population,
- 21:39to at most 8%.
- 21:41Most historians said they owned about five to 6%. So a group that owned 8% under this plan was getting 55%,
- 21:48a good deal for them. No wonder they said they would go along with it,
- 21:52and secretly in their journal said it's the first step, then we will get it all.
- 21:57But rather than bringing peace,
- 22:00which was what the UN was charged with, instead of bringing peace,
- 22:05it did the opposite.
- 22:06It created, of course, still more violence,
- 22:08and there was a war that Israel calls its war of independence,
- 22:13and Palestinians call it Al Nakba,
- 22:16the catastrophe.
- 22:18Because it was a massive humanitarian
- 22:20catastrophe.
- 22:21At least three quarters of a million men, women, and children were very ruthlessly and violently pushed off their land.
- 22:29There were at least 16 massacres
- 22:32before a single Arab army finally joined the fray.
- 22:36And by the way, those of you that grew up with the myth that I did that Little Israel declared its independence and suddenly, you know, five to seven Arab armies suddenly just attacked, but Israel somehow won
- 22:47because God
- 22:48was on their side or something.
- 22:50Well, in reality,
- 22:52before Israel declared its independence on about May fourteenth, fifteenth, it's a midnight
- 22:58type of situation,
- 23:01They had already committed 16 massacres.
- 23:04These are quite grisly, you can read the details of them. They had already ethnically cleansed at least 200,000
- 23:10people.
- 23:12When these Arab armies did come into the fray, they were smaller in number, including the Palestinian forces,
- 23:18than the Zionist forces were.
- 23:20And by the way, virtually
- 23:22all of the battles were actually fought on the part that according to the UN plan,
- 23:27was going to be Palestinian territory.
- 23:30Now some people, again, were trying to tell Americans what was going on.
- 23:35One of the most important was a woman named Dorothy Thompson.
- 23:39She was what Britannica Encyclopedia says, was one of the most famous journalists of the twentieth century.
- 23:45In fact, I believe at one place they say that she is the most important female journalist of the twentieth century.
- 23:53It's true, although I had never heard of her.
- 23:55She had a newspaper column that was printed all over The United States,
- 24:00a radio program that was listened to by millions of Americans.
- 24:04She was such a celebrity that there was a Broadway play in which she played
- 24:09by Lauren Bacall,
- 24:11and there was a Hollywood movie
- 24:13loosely based on her life, in which she was played by Katharine Hepburn.
- 24:17She was considered the most powerful woman in The United States, after Eleanor Roosevelt.
- 24:23She was an excellent journalist. She had been a foreign correspondent in Germany during the 30s, and had been one of the first journalists to raise the alarm about Hitler.
- 24:33She was the first foreign journalist to be expelled by Hitler.
- 24:38She was therefore very sympathetic to Zionism.
- 24:41But after the war, when Israel when, you know, later when Israel began to be created, she went over to see this wonderful state of Israel,
- 24:50the new Jewish state.
- 24:52And when she got there, she saw hundreds of thousands of Palestinian refugees
- 24:57living in squalor,
- 25:00dying in large numbers every day.
- 25:03And she began to write of them, to tell about them, to speak about them. She even eventually made a documentary about them.
- 25:11And for telling about these people,
- 25:14for writing about these people,
- 25:16she lost her newspaper column,
- 25:18she lost her radio program,
- 25:21She lost her fame,
- 25:23and she was erased from history.
- 25:26On sort of a similar final note, if I now tried to write an article, about Dorothy Thompson, fascinating
- 25:32person,
- 25:33Or maybe about the Parashim,
- 25:35or maybe about Reginald Gilbert, there's much more I could tell you about, very interesting about him. If I tried to do that for a popular American history magazine, which I would like to do,
- 25:45I quite likely would not get it published.
- 25:47And that's, you know, this is not paranoid speculation.
- 25:52A few years ago, we tried to put a paid newspaper ad in American History Magazine, not about Palestine.
- 25:59We tried to put a paid ad in about a book,
- 26:02a memoir
- 26:04by a 91 year old American congressman.
- 26:07It tells about his childhood
- 26:10in depression era America,
- 26:13in Corn Belt America,
- 26:14about being a small town newspaper editor,
- 26:17about serving the Seabee's during World War II, about going to Congress,
- 26:22about all of his various fights in Congress, and about also,
- 26:25near the end of the book, it tells about the fact that when he started to speak about Palestine,
- 26:30he was targeted by the Israel lobby,
- 26:33money was funded to his opponent, and after twenty two years in Congress,
- 26:37he lost the election, Paul Finley.
- 26:41But our advertisement didn't even tell about that last
- 26:44part of his very long life, it just told about his book, The usual blurbs about what a wonderful book this is.
- 26:51But Eric Weider,
- 26:53the publisher and owner of American History Magazine,
- 26:56informed us
- 26:58that they would not publish our advertisement
- 27:01in American History Magazine
- 27:03because we were anti Israel,
- 27:06and that they would not publish our advertisement
- 27:09in any
- 27:10of the popular
- 27:11history magazines that they own in The United States,
- 27:15which is virtually
- 27:16every one.
- 27:18This is, according to their website, the largest history chain in the world, and it's certainly the largest one in The United States. So
- 27:28what do we do about this?
- 27:31To me, we tell people what's going on.
- 27:34We even talk to those people that we don't want to raise something serious or uncomfortable
- 27:40with.
- 27:41Because right now, as we're talking, we all know what's going on in Gaza. In general.
- 27:47We don't know which child was just killed or lost their parents.
- 27:51We don't know which home was just destroyed, which hospital was further destroyed, but we know what's going on right now.
- 27:59And now we know a little bit about what's going on here.
- 28:03But we have the power to change this.
- 28:06I feel strongly
- 28:07that if every
- 28:10single person
- 28:11in The United States right now
- 28:14that is concerned about Gaza
- 28:17would
- 28:18actually
- 28:19just do something like maybe again,
- 28:21or maybe for the first time, phone your senator.
- 28:25If every single one of us did that
- 28:28tomorrow,
- 28:30it wouldn't change the policy overnight, but they would have they have their fingers to the wind, and suddenly they would realize, woah,
- 28:37looks like the tide is changing here,
- 28:40and half of them would love it to change.
- 28:43They don't like being a pack puppets.
- 28:46Now some of them
- 28:47are ideological
- 28:48Zionists,
- 28:49you know, that's
- 28:51the reality.
- 28:52But according to a congressman that I talked to a few years ago, he said over half in congress know what they are doing is wrong, but they're
- 29:02afraid of the Israel lobby. In
- 29:04other cases, congresspeople have privately told individuals,
- 29:08you need to make me do this. You need to create the grassroots movement so that I can do it. If everyone in America did that,
- 29:17it would begin
- 29:18the impact that would bring change.
- 29:22Thank you very much.