Latest / Privycast / Ep. 136 White House Plumbing
Transcript
- 0:00>> Hunter Hoover: I would argue if your
- 0:03plumber shows up to stop leaks and
- 0:06they explode the entire bathroom in your
- 0:08face. Not the best
- 0:11plumbers.
- 0:16Welcome back to privy. Privy
- 0:19is a podcast about bathrooms
- 0:22recorded from my home
- 0:24bathroom. I'm your host, hunter
- 0:26Hoover, and I love
- 0:28bathrooms. Um, welcome back, everybody.
- 0:32And if you're listening to this on the
- 0:35day it's released, yesterday, you celebrated American
- 0:37Independence day. America. Freedom.
- 0:40Dig it, man. Every year when I was
- 0:43growing up, independence day, 4 July,
- 0:46as it is colloquially called, because it happens on July
- 0:494. It was kind of like a holiday
- 0:51that, like. It was fun. It was fun, mostly
- 0:54because we got to light chinese explosives off into the
- 0:57sky. But as I get older,
- 1:01um, and as I live in this
- 1:03country, um, and more
- 1:06importantly, as I get to watch my kids grow
- 1:09up in this country, the
- 1:11value of American Independence
- 1:14day becomes more and more
- 1:17evident as time goes on. I want to say at
- 1:20the top of this episode, uh, usually I say this at the
- 1:23end, but, uh, we normally. For
- 1:26ratings and reviews left for the show, we give a
- 1:29dollar to wounded warriors in living water.
- 1:31Um, we're going to bump that up to a couple for the month
- 1:34of July. Um, we're going to
- 1:37be given, uh, we'll say we'll do
- 1:40$3 for ratings left. Um,
- 1:43we'll go five for written reviews.
- 1:46Um, and that's just as a thank
- 1:48you to leaving that
- 1:51kindness on the show. And we want to pay that back to
- 1:54the men and women, uh, who served in this country
- 1:57to give us these freedoms that we celebrated
- 2:00yesterday at the release of this episode, um,
- 2:03as well as realizing that there's parts of this
- 2:06world that are not as free as ours, um, in many of those
- 2:09parts of the world, they do not have access to clean water. And,
- 2:12um, so we're going to give a little back to work towards
- 2:15that as well. But american independence is a pretty
- 2:18neat thing. Uh, freedom.
- 2:22And I think there is this trend in the
- 2:25zeitgeist of the culture today where people are
- 2:27supposed to almost feel ashamed of their american
- 2:30ness. And if you feel that
- 2:33way, I'm sorry. Uh,
- 2:36you shouldn't. No country is
- 2:39perfect. No country's history is
- 2:41perfect. But
- 2:45I think if we are, if we are
- 2:47being honest, the things that we have stood for as a
- 2:50country, whether or not they've been right, the
- 2:53things freedom, liberty,
- 2:55truth, justice,
- 2:58they're value. The principles
- 3:01that undergird our country are good.
- 3:04Just got to find them again.
- 3:07We're going to recap some of the highlights in the past
- 3:10on privy on the 4 July. We've shared some
- 3:13stories about, uh, uh, american
- 3:16independence and bathrooms. Some of those
- 3:19include the patriotic privy
- 3:21pits, wherein, as they search through the
- 3:24bathroom pits, where they dump their skeet. More on those in a little
- 3:27bit. Um, they found all sorts of interesting
- 3:30things related to american history that gave us
- 3:33information about historical, uh,
- 3:36events and historical figures in our country.
- 3:39Last year, we talked about Wendy, Ben, uh, and how
- 3:42Ben Franklin, he's a big fan of farting.
- 3:45Um, and he was a big fan of sleeping in the buff.
- 3:48He's a big fan of right when he wakes up,
- 3:52just hanging little Ben right out in the window to
- 3:55let that guy aerate. And so
- 3:58there's a lot of fun, interesting bathroom things going on in
- 4:00american. It's an election year here in
- 4:03the states. Um, and we're already seeing the political
- 4:06pissing match begin. It's awful.
- 4:10Well, welcome to our hell. Uh,
- 4:13but it is what it is. We have to fight a little
- 4:16bit before we can vote. And what's
- 4:18interesting is this building,
- 4:22the White House. It
- 4:25has housed members of both parties. It is
- 4:28this commonplace, no matter which side
- 4:31you're on, that whoever wins, you get the spot.
- 4:34But that historical building, this really
- 4:37icon of american landscape,
- 4:40has gone through a lot of change.
- 4:48Now, the keen eye will note that I am still
- 4:51supping on last episode, Seltzer
- 4:54didn't finish it quite in time. Don't worry. I
- 4:57will have my mid episode grip and rip for you.
- 5:00Nonetheless. It wouldn't be. It wouldn't be an American
- 5:03celebrating 4 July patriotic
- 5:05episode without it.
- 5:09But we need to get into some White House history.
- 5:13Where did this building come from? Our first
- 5:15president. Say it with me, kids.
- 5:19George Washington commissioned
- 5:23and selected the plot of land
- 5:26for the president's residence.
- 5:28It rhymes. Um, the
- 5:31original. It wasn't called this, but the
- 5:34original White House. And he commissioned
- 5:37that land in
- 5:381791. We'd
- 5:41been a country for 25 years. Might as well give the
- 5:44president a place to live. James
- 5:47Hobanous was selected
- 5:49as the architect. And this original White
- 5:53House was built before the turn
- 5:55of the. Of the 18 hundreds. The
- 5:58first president to live in the White House was
- 6:01John Adams, though when he
- 6:04moved in, it was unfinished.
- 6:07It should also be noted this White House was
- 6:10not at all like the one we know today. It was
- 6:12black. No, I'm just kidding. Um, but it was
- 6:15dark. It was poorly lit. It was kind of damp and
- 6:18stuffy, kind of like it is metaphorically
- 6:21today, you know,
- 6:24because of politics. Oh, um.
- 6:26Shoot. In the war of
- 6:291812, still salty. That they
- 6:31absolutely got their butt handed to them in the
- 6:33revolution. Uh, the Brits set fire
- 6:37to the White House. Bold move, cotton. Let's see if
- 6:39it pays off. Turns out if you build it
- 6:42once, you can build it again.
- 6:45So they called James Hoban back up
- 6:48to rebuild the White House. Now, I'm starting to wonder, like, if
- 6:51it was damp, dusky, musty and moldy,
- 6:54why did we call the same architect, but they call him up to
- 6:57repair the damage? James
- 7:00Monroe moved into
- 7:03this new white house, and over the course of
- 7:06the next ten to 15 years, the north
- 7:09and south porticoes would be added to the
- 7:12building. But this
- 7:14is a show about bathrooms, and really, we're here
- 7:17to talk about White House bathrooms and the history of
- 7:20White House bathrooms.
- 7:23Bathrooms in this period of our history were
- 7:26very rudimentary, and in the White House, those
- 7:29bathrooms were non existent. People
- 7:31were dumping their night soil, which is
- 7:35academic. Nice speech for
- 7:38liquid Shaz in the streets, or,
- 7:41as was often the case at common
- 7:43repository dumping spaces. They had these
- 7:46designated spaces around town
- 7:49wherein, if you didn't enter it, the.
- 7:51The gong, uh, farmer. We're gonna get to
- 7:54gong farmers one day on the show. But the gong farmer
- 7:57would come in and take the skeet to the
- 7:59pita. Washington,
- 8:01DC, had a few key spaces for
- 8:04this and the one nearest the White House
- 8:08being on the north side of the city.
- 8:11Now, while the
- 8:14president lived in the White House during
- 8:17this time period, if they had to skeet a
- 8:20patriotic pile, they had to
- 8:23use the brown shack out back.
- 8:26The White House outhouse was
- 8:28common use in the White House for the
- 8:31first 60 years.
- 8:34The house might be big, it might be white, but you
- 8:37still make brown out back.
- 8:40Often this combined a chamber pot
- 8:43being dumped in the outhouse via
- 8:46servants or, you know,
- 8:48slaves who were in charge
- 8:51of running these bowls. It's a grim thing,
- 8:54the leader of the free world squatting in an
- 8:57outhouse like the rest of us at this time,
- 9:00to get water to and from m the White House
- 9:03servants, which is, this side of
- 9:06history's term, likely for slaves.
- 9:09Again, it's. It's bad. Not all of american
- 9:12history is good. Carried the water to and from
- 9:15the White House. And before the White House was burned
- 9:17down, James Madison suggested
- 9:20that they put running water in.
- 9:23Now, the White House
- 9:26was brought running water in 1833 to
- 9:29supply the white house with running water
- 9:32to help fill the fire safety
- 9:34protocol reservoirs. Now, you might be
- 9:37wondering, why are they so worried about the fire safety
- 9:40protocol reservoirs? It's not like
- 9:43attacking. British forces have recently burned
- 9:46the, uh, shoot, the Brits had just burned
- 9:49the thing down and they're wanting to avoid
- 9:51that happening again, and so they.
- 9:54They spent a lot of time and research and money
- 9:57figuring out how to have these water repositories
- 10:00and build ups, so that way, if
- 10:03they need to call on large deposits of water, they can put
- 10:06out another british fire. But to get that
- 10:09water into the White House,
- 10:12it would need to be plumbed in
- 10:16to find the water source. The search
- 10:18had begun much before the fire in
- 10:211814. Seven years prior, it
- 10:24was proposed to pipe the water in
- 10:27from a spring six blocks away.
- 10:31They didn't do this. Rather, after the
- 10:33rebuilding, they purchased a spring of water in
- 10:36Franklin Square in 1831, just two
- 10:39blocks closer than than the original proposed
- 10:42spring. Robert
- 10:45Lecky was commissioned to do the work,
- 10:48and the project was completed two years later
- 10:51with fresh iron pipes moving water to the
- 10:53White House. Andrew
- 10:56Jackson was the first to use this
- 10:59new running water in America's Capitol
- 11:02building. Clean water
- 11:04was brought to the White House. And when
- 11:07you consider the polluted Potomac in the
- 11:10cratfield, DC Canal, which we will discuss
- 11:13in the future, it seems to be a huge
- 11:16step forward.
- 11:23William Henry Harrison
- 11:25became the 9th president of the United States
- 11:28in 1841. Up until that
- 11:31time, he was the oldest president to fill
- 11:34office. Consequently,
- 11:38William Henry Harrison is known
- 11:41primarily for just one
- 11:44dying. He was the first president
- 11:47to die in office, serving as president for
- 11:49just 32 days.
- 11:52The official White House website says that
- 11:55Harrison caught a cold and died of
- 11:57pneumonia. Thankfully, he had the
- 12:00opportunity to enjoy the new running water
- 12:04of the White House before he snuffed it,
- 12:07a likely story since he gave his
- 12:09inaugural address in the cold, wet night.
- 12:12But what if I told you there was
- 12:15more afoot than pneumonia?
- 12:19An initial diagnosis from his doctor
- 12:22suggested more is going on. Thomas Miller,
- 12:25William Henry Harrison's doctor, declared the
- 12:28cause of death is pneumonia. But he did note the
- 12:30fevers and distress he exhibited
- 12:33on his deathbed were more akin to
- 12:36intestinal distress related to
- 12:39parasitic bacteria.
- 12:42He had enjoyed the running water of the White House.
- 12:46Three weeks after his inauguration, he complained of
- 12:48anxiety, fever, constipation, and nausea,
- 12:51upset stomach, diarrhea. So he may
- 12:54very. He should have got some pepto Bismol. That's all I'm saying.
- 12:57Pepto Bismol would not have solved his problem, so he
- 13:00may very well have died
- 13:03also from complications of his
- 13:06gastrointestinal problems. Based on a
- 13:08study published by Oxford. Study at
- 13:11university. It's a sad affair.
- 13:15Uh, there's something in the water.
- 13:20Maybe William Henry Harrison was an outlier.
- 13:23Oh, wait. Eight years later, James K.
- 13:26Polka lay ill in a
- 13:29Tennessee bed three months
- 13:32off his term as president, where he had
- 13:34supped that White House water for so long, he had
- 13:37suffered from cholera, diarrhea, vomiting,
- 13:40and was dehydrated. During his
- 13:43time as president, he had gallstones, kidney stones,
- 13:46and much gastrointestinal
- 13:48distress. Polk died
- 13:51of cholera at the age of 53. If you haven't picked up
- 13:54on it, it suggested that polk, too,
- 13:57received many of these struggles, or many of
- 14:00these struggles were made worse
- 14:03by White House plumbing.
- 14:07Months after Polk passed, President
- 14:09Zachary Taylor Thomas also fell
- 14:12ill in his time as president.
- 14:15The commonly told story is Taylor fell
- 14:18ill after eating too much
- 14:21iced milk and cherries as part of an 1850
- 14:24Independence Day celebration. I think
- 14:27iced milk is ice cream. And who
- 14:29amongst us, in celebration of our
- 14:32country's history and freedom,
- 14:34hasn't eaten too much cherries and ice cream?
- 14:38Again, at the point of this record, I was just nards deep
- 14:41in a cherry tree, plucking cherries. Um,
- 14:44here we go. But that's
- 14:47the story, that the dude ate too much ice cream and cherries,
- 14:50and he got sick, and he got sick and fell
- 14:53ill with cramps and vomiting and diarrhea, you
- 14:55know, other cholera and typhoid, similar
- 14:58symptoms. And Taylor, it
- 15:01seemed, may have actually diarrhea, hid his
- 15:04self to death. It is also
- 15:06guessed,
- 15:09based on this theory, that this water
- 15:12may have also claimed the life of
- 15:15Willy Lincoln. A tough look. Something
- 15:18totally avoidable, if we remember one
- 15:21important concept. Crap
- 15:23slides downhill.
- 15:26Because if you remember those two night soil
- 15:29dumping spots that they chose for the White House,
- 15:32the closer one, the one that was two
- 15:35blocks closer, is uphill from. From
- 15:38where they. The spring that they drew water
- 15:41from and pumped it in, crap slides
- 15:44downhill. Kids
- 15:46could have saved three presidents and a president's son.
- 15:50While three presidents likely died due to the
- 15:53plumbing shortfalls of piping infrastructure in the White
- 15:56House, or, at bare minimum,
- 15:59the springs for the water being pumped in
- 16:02being poorly located. During this period, an
- 16:04important change came to the White House.
- 16:07They got the first flush toilets.
- 16:10Millard Fillmore is credited
- 16:14with installing the first flush toilet,
- 16:16and Franklin Pierce expanded this
- 16:19toilet closet into a full bathroom.
- 16:22It was in Pierce's presidency that improvements were
- 16:25made to the plumbing and other facilities of the
- 16:28home, likely resulting in
- 16:31less gastrointestinal related
- 16:34distress and death. Second story
- 16:36bathroom were installed in the White House.
- 16:39Up until this time, if you wanted to take a hot bath
- 16:42upstairs, you had to haul the water up.
- 16:46If you wanted a bath on the second floor, it was cold, but
- 16:49now hot running water to the upstairs
- 16:52at the turn of the century, Theodore Roosevelt
- 16:55began to do updates to the White House.
- 16:58And in doing so, Theodore Roosevelt
- 17:01gave the White House its name.
- 17:04One of those updates, it
- 17:06seems, needed to be a larger
- 17:09bathtub because William
- 17:12Howard Taft succeeded
- 17:14Roosevelt. And my dude, Mister M.
- 17:17President Taft was thick. My
- 17:20dude was wide. The report
- 17:23goes that Taft had to have a special
- 17:25bathtub, just a girth, some tub
- 17:28installed to fit his large duff.
- 17:31For some time there was a rumor that he had gotten
- 17:34stuck in his fat tub. But the rumor is very
- 17:37unlikely. Taft's bathtub
- 17:40was a 2000 pound,
- 17:43seven foot long tub.
- 17:47Taft loved his baths. So
- 17:50much so that he brought his bath with
- 17:53him to the White House when he was
- 17:55elected. But now that the,
- 17:58but now that the plumbing is installed, the water's
- 18:01running, the baths are in place.
- 18:05It seems even the bathrooms of the White
- 18:07House could not avoid being a piece of
- 18:10political conversation.
- 18:17Herbert Hoover was a president of these United
- 18:20States. He's remembered, either accurately
- 18:23or otherwise, as not contributing much to
- 18:26America. For our purposes, this
- 18:29is not the conversation. For our
- 18:31purposes, politics slipped into the
- 18:34bathroom when Herbert Hoover left office.
- 18:37In a relay. When you're running a relay, one of the most
- 18:40critical moments of the relay is the
- 18:43handoff of the baton. And if you can
- 18:46get the handoff just right, it can make or break your
- 18:49race. And if you fumble the
- 18:52baton, it can completely
- 18:54cost your team the race.
- 18:57And in the case of Herbert Hoover,
- 19:00handing off the baton to Franklin
- 19:03Delano Roosevelt, FDR, he didn't
- 19:06fumble the baton. He just
- 19:09skeeted the baton,
- 19:11just threw it laterally into the
- 19:14next field of the
- 19:17opposite track, flipped
- 19:20FDR the bird and walked
- 19:23off. They weren't in a
- 19:26race. They were passing leadership of our
- 19:28country. And while Harrison is
- 19:31remembered primarily for dying,
- 19:34FDR is remembered as being the only president
- 19:37to date who was physically disabled.
- 19:40So what's the baton throw? How did, how did
- 19:43her, how did Hoover
- 19:45do FDR so dirty?
- 19:50When Herbert Hoover left office, he took the oval Office
- 19:53bathroom toilet and he left a
- 19:56urinal in place. Now,
- 19:59you can do a lot of things while in a
- 20:01wheelchair, but usually one of
- 20:04those is not traditionally using a
- 20:07urinal with a lot of comfort.
- 20:09Now, while many people didn't know the extent
- 20:12of FDR's paralysis at the beginning of his
- 20:15time in office, Hoover seemed to be
- 20:18pretty keen on it in his
- 20:20dealings with this urinal jab as he left. It's
- 20:23a bold move. Like, it's, it's pretty
- 20:26gutsy. It's kind of a butthole move. It is a
- 20:29butthole move. While the old
- 20:32plumbing in the White House bathroom may have led to the
- 20:34deaths, um, of three former
- 20:37presidents, further potty politics
- 20:40in the White House rise in the Nixon
- 20:42administration. When the plumbers of the White
- 20:45House have him all fouled up.
- 20:48During the M Nixon administration, there was
- 20:51classified leaks being sent out to the
- 20:53media, leaking government secrets and data.
- 20:57A special task force called or
- 20:59referred to as the White House plumbers get
- 21:02it? They fixed the leaks,
- 21:07was sent to plug up those
- 21:09leaks. In the famous Ellsberg break in,
- 21:12the plumbers nearly got caught. Much of their work was
- 21:15dissolved. However, they were called
- 21:18in to help the committee to reelect the president and helped
- 21:21with the Watergate scandal. These plumbers
- 21:24became known as Nixon's fixers
- 21:26and played a huge role in the events resulting in
- 21:29and leading up to Watergate.
- 21:32I would argue if your
- 21:35plumber shows up to stop leaks and
- 21:38they explode the entire bathroom in your
- 21:41face. Not the best
- 21:43plumbers.
- 21:47Less than 55 years after Roosevelt
- 21:49renovated, the Truman
- 21:52administration did so again
- 21:55under architect Lorenzo
- 21:57Winslow. Under the rehaul,
- 22:00everything but the outer wall was redone.
- 22:03And really, at this point, it is the
- 22:05White House that is in place today.
- 22:08Today, the White House boasts
- 22:1135 bathrooms.
- 22:14It still doesn't keep our current president from pooping
- 22:17his pants in
- 22:18booze.
- 22:23I want to know. In years past,
- 22:26our 4 July episode
- 22:29has brought coverage of Nathan's
- 22:32famous hot dog eating contest. And
- 22:35while usually it's quite a spectacle, um,
- 22:40we'll see if there is something.
- 22:43But this
- 22:46year, leading up to Nathan's famous hot
- 22:49dog eating contest, there was
- 22:51scandal in the ranks of glizzy
- 22:53guzzlers. And this brings us to an
- 22:56installment of who in the
- 22:59news
- 23:04in the past, like I said, we've covered Nathan's famous hot
- 23:07dog eating contest. And if you're listening to this, that competition
- 23:10has already happened. I hope you enjoy it. And
- 23:13you probably noticed there was a lot of chatter
- 23:16about a, uh, one Joseph
- 23:18Chestnuts. There was a bit of an
- 23:21upset this year, unless
- 23:24something has changed between the time of recording and the
- 23:27release of this episode. But at the time of
- 23:30recording, there was a lot of scuttle about Joseph
- 23:32Chestnuts. This article comes to us from
- 23:35NPR, and it is titled Hot Dog eating
- 23:38champ Joey Chestnut won't compete this July
- 23:414. What's the beef
- 23:44now? I'm not going to read this whole article to you.
- 23:47If you want to go check it out, link in the thing below.
- 23:50Um, but pretty much what happened
- 23:53is Joey Chestnut, this guy who can
- 23:56just, like, suck down wieners so fast it's
- 23:59almost unhuman, decided
- 24:02that he is going to take a deal
- 24:05with impossible sausages.
- 24:07Now, while there's no rule
- 24:11against, uh, a, uh, competitor
- 24:13having a brand deal or whatever,
- 24:16striking up a brand deal with impossible
- 24:19wieners, where in most
- 24:22of their marketing is like, hey, guys, we
- 24:25all know how regular hot dogs suck big time,
- 24:28right? Get yourself one of these fake
- 24:31wieners instead.
- 24:34The organizers of Nathan's famous hot
- 24:36dog said, you know, that messaging
- 24:39seems kind of intuitive to our whole
- 24:42thing, and maybe it's better if you
- 24:45just don't show up. So
- 24:48because he has chosen to represent a, quote, rival
- 24:51brand Joey Chestnuts was
- 24:54told that he may not participate
- 24:57in this year's Nathan's hot dog eating contest.
- 25:01I also want to note in the article,
- 25:05they interviewed Joey Chestnuts, and
- 25:09he really seems to be playing the victim a little bit.
- 25:12He's. He's very much like, you know, you're depriving
- 25:15the fans of a champion. You're not giving the
- 25:18people what they want. I can't
- 25:21believe that Nathan's famous would do this to me.
- 25:24But here's the deal, Joey.
- 25:27If you're listening, you're not. But if you were,
- 25:31why the flip are you signing on with fake
- 25:34wieners? Dude, like, you're
- 25:37known primarily for one thing, sucking back
- 25:40hot dogs. So, like, you
- 25:43had to have a little bit of a clue that if you
- 25:46started, like, slurping down fake
- 25:48sausages, things were probably not
- 25:51just gonna magically just be Oakley
- 25:54dokly. Bud. According to.
- 25:56As of this recording, June 22,
- 26:00Joey chestnuts will not be
- 26:02participating in the Nathan's famous hot dog eating
- 26:05contest. Why in the flip are you partnering with
- 26:08a flake glizzy lizzy? Dude, like, I don't get it. I don't
- 26:11blame Nathan's famous for doing this. In fact,
- 26:14Joey, figure it the heck out.
- 26:17Like,
- 26:20you're faking it. The plant based sauce, they're not
- 26:23better. You can pretend that they are.
- 26:26Oh, the flavor is the same. Yeah, but the texture
- 26:29is not. Okay. So
- 26:32admit you're wrong. Swallow your pride.
- 26:35You already got this brand deal. Just ride the wave. But quit
- 26:38complaining. You made your bed. Sleep in it, bud.
- 26:41I don't blame Nathan's at all. In fact, I'll be
- 26:44watching this year. And at the point of this, listening.
- 26:47I already have. This has been
- 26:50poo in the news.
- 26:55This brings us to the end of another episode of privy.
- 26:58Thank you, guys, for being here. I hope that if
- 27:01you're here in the States, that you. You had a chance to
- 27:03celebrate our american freedom. Um, I hope that you
- 27:06were safe. Uh, I hope that you still are safe. And I hope
- 27:09that it was a good time had by all.
- 27:12Um, as always, leave us a rating and review. I
- 27:15told you at the beginning of the episode, five star options are preferred. We're going
- 27:18to bump that up for the month of July to three and
- 27:20$5 respectively. Um, thanks to
- 27:23Kevin and Poddington for the use of their music. As always, you
- 27:26can send us an email privycastmail.com.
- 27:29you can follow us on social media at privycast. You can follow me.
- 27:32I'm out at seven. Don't forget about randybowles.
- 27:35Andybowles. We'd love to engage with you online.
- 27:38Lots, uh, of stuff going on out there. Check us out. Uh,
- 27:40share the show with a friend. Send it to them. Say, hey, I
- 27:43listen to this podcast about bathrooms. I know it's weird, but give it a
- 27:46shot. Um, and encourage them to leave a rating and review.
- 27:49That's how people find the show. This
- 27:52brings us to the end of another episode of privy.
- 27:55Keep pooping in the free world. Own your stank.
- 27:58And now, as always,
- 28:01don't forget to flush.