Latest / Okay, But... Birds / Okay, but what makes a bird… a bird? Hint: Dinosaurs!

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Okay, but what makes a bird… a bird? Hint: Dinosaurs! · Okay, But... Birds

• 0:00
  I
• 0:00
  mean,
• 0:00
  I'm
• 0:00
  a
• 0:00
  weird
• 0:00
  paleontologist
• 0:01
  in
• 0:01
  the
• 0:02
  sense
• 0:02
  that.
• 0:04
  Let
• 0:04
  me
• 0:04
  back
• 0:04
  up.
• 0:04
  Most
• 0:05
  paleontologists
• 0:06
  are
• 0:06
  pretty
• 0:06
  weird.
• 0:07
  I
• 0:07
  think
• 0:07
  most
• 0:07
  paleontologists,
• 0:08
  most
• 0:08
  biologists
• 0:09
  are
• 0:09
  weird.
• 0:34
  You're
• 0:34
  going
• 0:34
  to
• 0:34
  want
• 0:35
  to
• 0:35
  share
• 0:35
  today's
• 0:35
  episode
• 0:36
  with
• 0:36
  a
• 0:36
  friend
• 0:36
  who
• 0:36
  loves
• 0:36
  birds
• 0:37
  and
• 0:37
  the
• 0:37
  to
• 0:38
  be
• 0:38
  birder
• 0:38
  in
• 0:38
  your
• 0:38
  life
• 0:39
  who
• 0:39
  may
• 0:39
  be
• 0:39
  into
• 0:39
  things
• 0:39
  of
• 0:40
  the
• 0:40
  Jurassic
• 0:40
  variety.
• 0:41
  So
• 0:41
  buckle
• 0:42
  up.
• 0:43
  Birds
• 0:43
  are
• 0:43
  familiar.
• 0:44
  Most
• 0:44
  of
• 0:44
  us
• 0:44
  see
• 0:44
  them
• 0:45
  every
• 0:45
  day
• 0:45
  of
• 0:45
  our
• 0:45
  lives.
• 0:46
  From
• 0:46
  pigeons
• 0:46
  to
• 0:46
  robins
• 0:47
  to
• 0:47
  geese
• 0:48
  and
• 0:48
  generally
• 0:49
  birds
• 0:49
  look.
• 0:49
  Well,
• 0:50
  they
• 0:50
  look
• 0:50
  like
• 0:50
  birds.
• 0:51
  And
• 0:51
  by
• 0:51
  that
• 0:51
  I
• 0:52
  mean
• 0:52
  birds
• 0:52
  generally
• 0:53
  have
• 0:53
  a
• 0:53
  similar
• 0:53
  body.
• 0:54
  Two
• 0:54
  wings,
• 0:54
  feathers,
• 0:55
  a
• 0:55
  beak
• 0:55
  without
• 0:56
  teeth,
• 0:56
  skinny
• 0:57
  scaled
• 0:57
  legs.
• 0:58
  If
• 0:58
  I
• 0:58
  asked
• 0:58
  you
• 0:58
  to
• 0:59
  draw
• 0:59
  a
• 0:59
  bird
• 0:59
  without
• 0:59
  looking
• 1:00
  at
• 1:00
  a
• 1:00
  bird,
• 1:00
  I
• 1:00
  bet
• 1:00
  you
• 1:00
  could
• 1:01
  do
• 1:01
  a
• 1:01
  pretty
• 1:01
  good
• 1:01
  job.
• 1:02
  It's
• 1:02
  less
• 1:02
  this
• 1:03
  way
• 1:03
  for
• 1:03
  mammals.
• 1:03
  Think
• 1:04
  dolphin
• 1:04
  versus
• 1:05
  bat
• 1:05
  versus
• 1:05
  horse.
• 1:06
  All
• 1:06
  mammals,
• 1:07
  but
• 1:07
  with
• 1:07
  very
• 1:07
  different
• 1:08
  body
• 1:08
  shapes.
• 1:09
  And
• 1:09
  maybe
• 1:09
  because
• 1:09
  birds
• 1:10
  tend
• 1:10
  to
• 1:10
  look
• 1:10
  like
• 1:10
  birds
• 1:11
  and
• 1:11
  because
• 1:11
  they're
• 1:11
  with
• 1:11
  us
• 1:12
  wherever
• 1:12
  you
• 1:12
  live,
• 1:12
  on
• 1:13
  every
• 1:13
  continent,
• 1:14
  maybe
• 1:14
  you've
• 1:15
  never
• 1:15
  wondered
• 1:15
  about
• 1:15
  their
• 1:15
  evolutionary
• 1:16
  history.
• 1:17
  How
• 1:17
  did
• 1:17
  birds
• 1:17
  evolve
• 1:18
  and
• 1:18
  what
• 1:18
  have
• 1:18
  we
• 1:18
  learned
• 1:19
  from
• 1:19
  fossils
• 1:19
  about
• 1:19
  the
• 1:19
  evolution
• 1:20
  of
• 1:20
  birds?
• 1:21
  Have
• 1:21
  you
• 1:21
  ever
• 1:21
  seen
• 1:21
  a
• 1:22
  baby
• 1:22
  bird
• 1:22
  though?
• 1:23
  Maybe
• 1:23
  a
• 1:23
  chicken
• 1:24
  or
• 1:24
  a
• 1:24
  goose,
• 1:24
  one
• 1:24
  that
• 1:25
  has
• 1:25
  less
• 1:25
  feathers
• 1:25
  so
• 1:26
  you
• 1:26
  can
• 1:26
  get
• 1:26
  a
• 1:26
  really
• 1:26
  good
• 1:26
  look
• 1:27
  at
• 1:27
  how
• 1:27
  long
• 1:27
  their
• 1:27
  legs
• 1:28
  are.
• 1:28
  If
• 1:29
  not,
• 1:29
  look
• 1:29
  up
• 1:29
  a
• 1:29
  cassowary.
• 1:30
  C
• 1:31
  A
• 1:31
  S
• 1:31
  S
• 1:32
  O
• 1:32
  W
• 1:32
  A
• 1:33
  R
• 1:33
  Y
• 1:33
  if
• 1:34
  you're
• 1:34
  watching
• 1:34
  this
• 1:34
  episode,
• 1:35
  here
• 1:35
  it
• 1:35
  is.
• 1:37
  Your
• 1:37
  first
• 1:37
  reaction
• 1:38
  might
• 1:38
  be
• 1:38
  that
• 1:38
  really
• 1:39
  looks
• 1:39
  like
• 1:39
  a
• 1:40
  dinosaur.
• 1:40
  Or
• 1:40
  more
• 1:41
  broadly,
• 1:41
  have
• 1:42
  you
• 1:42
  ever
• 1:42
  thought,
• 1:42
  what
• 1:43
  is
• 1:43
  a
• 1:43
  bird?
• 1:44
  If
• 1:44
  so,
• 1:44
  then
• 1:44
  today's
• 1:45
  episode
• 1:45
  is
• 1:45
  for
• 1:45
  you.
• 1:46
  Today
• 1:46
  we're
• 1:47
  asking,
• 1:47
  okay,
• 1:47
  but
• 1:47
  what
• 1:48
  makes
• 1:48
  a
• 1:48
  bird
• 1:49
  a
• 1:49
  bird?
• 1:50
  And
• 1:50
  to
• 1:50
  figure
• 1:50
  this
• 1:50
  out
• 1:50
  we'll
• 1:51
  talk
• 1:51
  with
• 1:51
  Dr.
• 1:51
  Daniel
• 1:52
  Field,
• 1:52
  professor
• 1:53
  of
• 1:53
  Vertebrate
• 1:53
  paleontology
• 1:54
  and
• 1:54
  curator
• 1:55
  of
• 1:55
  ornithology
• 1:55
  at
• 1:55
  Cambridge
• 1:56
  University.
• 1:57
  Yes,
• 1:57
  paleontology.
• 1:59
  Birds
• 1:59
  have
• 1:59
  a
• 1:59
  more
• 1:59
  complicated
• 2:00
  evolutionary
• 2:00
  history
• 2:01
  than
• 2:01
  many
• 2:01
  folks
• 2:02
  appreciate.
• 2:03
  The
• 2:03
  first
• 2:03
  time
• 2:03
  I
• 2:04
  remember
• 2:04
  thinking,
• 2:04
  huh,
• 2:05
  that
• 2:05
  looks
• 2:06
  less
• 2:06
  like
• 2:06
  a
• 2:06
  bird
• 2:06
  than
• 2:07
  it
• 2:07
  looks
• 2:07
  like
• 2:07
  a
• 2:07
  mini
• 2:07
  dinosaur
• 2:08
  was.
• 2:08
  When
• 2:08
  I
• 2:08
  was,
• 2:09
  I
• 2:09
  think
• 2:09
  four
• 2:09
  years
• 2:09
  old,
• 2:10
  I
• 2:10
  was
• 2:10
  standing
• 2:11
  in
• 2:11
  our
• 2:11
  garage
• 2:11
  making
• 2:11
  a
• 2:12
  little
• 2:12
  home
• 2:12
  for
• 2:12
  salamanders
• 2:13
  in
• 2:13
  a
• 2:13
  jar.
• 2:13
  My
• 2:14
  dad
• 2:14
  called
• 2:14
  for
• 2:14
  me
• 2:14
  and
• 2:14
  my
• 2:15
  brother
• 2:15
  to
• 2:15
  come
• 2:15
  over.
• 2:15
  He
• 2:16
  had
• 2:16
  something
• 2:16
  cool
• 2:16
  to
• 2:17
  show
• 2:17
  us
• 2:17
  and
• 2:17
  I
• 2:17
  was
• 2:18
  shocked
• 2:18
  by
• 2:18
  what
• 2:18
  he
• 2:18
  had
• 2:18
  in
• 2:19
  his
• 2:19
  hands.
• 2:20
  I
• 2:20
  didn't
• 2:20
  know
• 2:20
  what
• 2:20
  species
• 2:21
  it
• 2:21
  was
• 2:21
  at
• 2:21
  the
• 2:21
  time,
• 2:22
  but
• 2:22
  I
• 2:22
  knew
• 2:22
  it
• 2:22
  was
• 2:22
  a
• 2:22
  very,
• 2:23
  very
• 2:23
  weird
• 2:23
  looking
• 2:24
  baby
• 2:24
  bird.
• 2:25
  It
• 2:25
  was
• 2:25
  a
• 2:25
  chunky
• 2:25
  boy,
• 2:26
  about
• 2:26
  the
• 2:26
  size
• 2:26
  of
• 2:27
  an
• 2:27
  adult
• 2:27
  robin,
• 2:27
  maybe
• 2:28
  a
• 2:28
  bit
• 2:28
  bigger,
• 2:29
  covered
• 2:29
  in
• 2:29
  down,
• 2:29
  but
• 2:30
  somehow
• 2:30
  very
• 2:30
  reptilian
• 2:31
  looking.
• 2:32
  It
• 2:32
  had
• 2:32
  a
• 2:32
  long
• 2:32
  bill
• 2:33
  and
• 2:33
  bright
• 2:33
  yellow
• 2:33
  eyes
• 2:34
  and
• 2:34
  it
• 2:34
  looked
• 2:34
  like
• 2:34
  half
• 2:34
  of
• 2:35
  its
• 2:35
  Body
• 2:35
  was
• 2:35
  legs,
• 2:36
  legs.
• 2:36
  For
• 2:36
  days.
• 2:37
  You
• 2:38
  could
• 2:38
  see
• 2:38
  how
• 2:38
  small
• 2:38
  its
• 2:38
  wings
• 2:39
  were
• 2:39
  because
• 2:39
  they
• 2:39
  didn't
• 2:39
  have
• 2:40
  their
• 2:40
  adult
• 2:40
  feathers
• 2:40
  yet,
• 2:41
  and
• 2:41
  the
• 2:41
  noises
• 2:41
  it
• 2:41
  made.
• 2:42
  I
• 2:42
  felt
• 2:42
  like
• 2:43
  one
• 2:43
  of
• 2:43
  my
• 2:43
  tiny
• 2:43
  little
• 2:44
  plastic
• 2:44
  dinosaurs
• 2:45
  had
• 2:45
  somehow
• 2:45
  come
• 2:45
  to
• 2:45
  life
• 2:46
  and
• 2:46
  was
• 2:46
  sitting
• 2:47
  in
• 2:47
  my
• 2:47
  father's
• 2:47
  gloved
• 2:48
  hands.
• 2:49
  What
• 2:49
  is
• 2:49
  that?
• 2:50
  My
• 2:50
  dad
• 2:50
  didn't
• 2:51
  know
• 2:51
  for
• 2:51
  sure
• 2:51
  back
• 2:51
  then,
• 2:52
  but
• 2:52
  it
• 2:52
  would
• 2:52
  be
• 2:52
  an
• 2:52
  easy
• 2:53
  idea
• 2:53
  for
• 2:53
  him
• 2:53
  now,
• 2:53
  as
• 2:54
  an
• 2:54
  avid
• 2:54
  birder.
• 2:55
  A
• 2:55
  heron,
• 2:55
  certainly,
• 2:56
  but
• 2:56
  what
• 2:56
  species?
• 2:57
  Eventually
• 2:57
  we
• 2:58
  figured
• 2:58
  out
• 2:58
  that
• 2:58
  in
• 2:58
  my
• 2:58
  dad's
• 2:59
  hands
• 2:59
  was
• 2:59
  a
• 2:59
  pretty
• 2:59
  young
• 3:00
  green
• 3:00
  heron,
• 3:00
  which
• 3:01
  made
• 3:01
  total
• 3:01
  sense.
• 3:02
  We
• 3:02
  often
• 3:02
  had
• 3:02
  green
• 3:03
  herons
• 3:03
  hunting
• 3:03
  along
• 3:03
  the
• 3:04
  shoreline
• 3:04
  by
• 3:04
  our
• 3:04
  house.
• 3:05
  And
• 3:05
  eventually,
• 3:05
  years
• 3:06
  later,
• 3:06
  we
• 3:06
  found
• 3:06
  a
• 3:06
  nesting
• 3:07
  pair.
• 3:07
  The
• 3:08
  cool
• 3:08
  thing
• 3:08
  about
• 3:08
  our
• 3:08
  understanding
• 3:09
  of
• 3:09
  the
• 3:09
  evolution
• 3:09
  of
• 3:10
  birds
• 3:10
  is
• 3:10
  that
• 3:10
  we're
• 3:10
  still
• 3:11
  learning
• 3:11
  so
• 3:11
  much.
• 3:12
  New
• 3:12
  fossils
• 3:13
  are
• 3:13
  helping
• 3:13
  us
• 3:13
  understand
• 3:14
  when
• 3:14
  modern
• 3:14
  birds
• 3:15
  first
• 3:15
  evolved
• 3:15
  on
• 3:15
  the
• 3:16
  planet
• 3:16
  where
• 3:16
  they
• 3:17
  occurred,
• 3:17
  and
• 3:17
  how
• 3:17
  that
• 3:18
  relates
• 3:18
  to
• 3:18
  the
• 3:18
  mass
• 3:18
  extinction
• 3:19
  event
• 3:19
  that
• 3:19
  wiped
• 3:20
  the
• 3:20
  dinosaurs
• 3:20
  off
• 3:20
  the
• 3:20
  face
• 3:21
  of
• 3:21
  the
• 3:21
  earth
• 3:21
  just
• 3:22
  over
• 3:22
  66
• 3:23
  million
• 3:23
  years
• 3:23
  ago.
• 3:24
  New
• 3:24
  technology
• 3:25
  is
• 3:25
  letting
• 3:25
  us
• 3:25
  peer
• 3:26
  into
• 3:26
  rocks
• 3:26
  and
• 3:27
  characterize
• 3:27
  fossils
• 3:27
  in
• 3:28
  a
• 3:28
  way
• 3:28
  not
• 3:28
  possible
• 3:28
  even
• 3:29
  20
• 3:29
  years
• 3:29
  ago.
• 3:30
  Today
• 3:31
  we'll
• 3:31
  talk
• 3:31
  with
• 3:31
  one
• 3:31
  of
• 3:31
  the
• 3:31
  leading
• 3:32
  experts
• 3:32
  in
• 3:32
  avian
• 3:32
  paleontology
• 3:33
  and
• 3:33
  another
• 3:34
  fellow
• 3:34
  Canadian,
• 3:35
  Dr.
• 3:35
  Daniel
• 3:35
  Field,
• 3:36
  to
• 3:36
  dive
• 3:36
  into
• 3:36
  the
• 3:37
  fascinating
• 3:37
  evolutionary
• 3:38
  history
• 3:38
  of
• 3:38
  birds
• 3:38
  and
• 3:38
  bird
• 3:39
  like
• 3:39
  dinosaurs.
• 3:40
  And
• 3:40
  we'll
• 3:40
  give
• 3:40
  you
• 3:40
  a
• 3:40
  definitive
• 3:41
  answer
• 3:41
  to
• 3:41
  the
• 3:41
  question,
• 3:42
  okay,
• 3:42
  but
• 3:43
  what
• 3:43
  makes
• 3:43
  a
• 3:43
  bird
• 3:44
  a
• 3:44
  bird?
• 3:45
  Stay
• 3:45
  tuned.
• 3:51
  Well,
• 3:51
  welcome
• 3:52
  back,
• 3:52
  everyone.
• 3:52
  I'm
• 3:52
  super
• 3:52
  excited
• 3:53
  to
• 3:53
  be
• 3:53
  joined
• 3:53
  by
• 3:54
  Daniel
• 3:54
  today.
• 3:54
  Thanks
• 3:54
  for
• 3:55
  joining
• 3:55
  us,
• 3:55
  Daniel.
• 3:55
  Thanks,
• 3:56
  Scott.
• 3:56
  I'm
• 3:56
  really
• 3:56
  excited
• 3:57
  to
• 3:57
  be
• 3:57
  here.
• 3:58
  At
• 3:58
  the
• 3:58
  end
• 3:58
  of
• 3:58
  every
• 3:58
  episode
• 3:59
  of
• 3:59
  the
• 3:59
  podcast,
• 4:00
  I
• 4:00
  say
• 4:00
  birds
• 4:00
  are
• 4:00
  dinosaurs.
• 4:01
  And
• 4:01
  I'd
• 4:01
  like
• 4:01
  you
• 4:02
  to
• 4:02
  weigh
• 4:02
  in
• 4:02
  on
• 4:02
  what's
• 4:03
  accurate
• 4:03
  and
• 4:03
  misleading
• 4:04
  about
• 4:04
  that
• 4:05
  statement.
• 4:05
  I
• 4:06
  don't
• 4:06
  think
• 4:06
  there's
• 4:06
  anything
• 4:06
  misleading
• 4:07
  about
• 4:07
  it.
• 4:07
  I
• 4:07
  think
• 4:08
  it's
• 4:08
  factually
• 4:09
  and
• 4:09
  definitionally
• 4:10
  accurate.
• 4:10
  Birds
• 4:11
  are
• 4:11
  dinosaurs.
• 4:12
  Perfect.
• 4:12
  In
• 4:13
  exactly
• 4:13
  the
• 4:13
  same
• 4:14
  way
• 4:14
  as
• 4:14
  humans
• 4:15
  are
• 4:16
  primates
• 4:17
  and
• 4:17
  primates
• 4:18
  are
• 4:18
  mammals.
• 4:19
  So
• 4:20
  birds
• 4:20
  are
• 4:20
  a
• 4:21
  group
• 4:21
  of
• 4:21
  organisms
• 4:22
  that
• 4:23
  are
• 4:23
  nested
• 4:23
  within
• 4:24
  a
• 4:24
  broader
• 4:24
  group
• 4:24
  of
• 4:25
  organisms.
• 4:26
  And
• 4:26
  that's
• 4:26
  always
• 4:27
  the
• 4:27
  case
• 4:27
  when
• 4:27
  we
• 4:27
  talk
• 4:28
  about
• 4:28
  any
• 4:28
  group
• 4:28
  of
• 4:29
  organisms
• 4:29
  on
• 4:29
  the
• 4:30
  planet.
• 4:31
  The
• 4:31
  organization
• 4:31
  of
• 4:32
  life
• 4:32
  is
• 4:32
  always
• 4:32
  hierarchical.
• 4:33
  And
• 4:33
  so
• 4:34
  birds
• 4:34
  are
• 4:35
  dinosaurs.
• 4:36
  They
• 4:36
  evolved
• 4:37
  from
• 4:37
  within
• 4:38
  this
• 4:38
  group
• 4:38
  of
• 4:38
  organisms
• 4:39
  that
• 4:39
  we
• 4:39
  call
• 4:39
  dinosaurs.
• 4:40
  Perfect.
• 4:40
  Well,
• 4:41
  I
• 4:41
  guess
• 4:41
  let's
• 4:42
  go
• 4:42
  pretty
• 4:43
  far
• 4:43
  back,
• 4:43
  but,
• 4:43
  you
• 4:43
  know,
• 4:44
  not
• 4:44
  that
• 4:44
  far
• 4:44
  back
• 4:44
  to
• 4:45
  the
• 4:45
  discovery
• 4:45
  of
• 4:46
  archaeopteryx,
• 4:46
  because
• 4:47
  prior
• 4:47
  to
• 4:48
  discovering
• 4:48
  Archaeopteryx,
• 4:49
  our
• 4:49
  kind
• 4:49
  of
• 4:49
  understanding
• 4:50
  was
• 4:50
  maybe
• 4:51
  quite
• 4:51
  different
• 4:51
  than
• 4:51
  it
• 4:51
  is
• 4:52
  now.
• 4:52
  So
• 4:53
  why
• 4:53
  was
• 4:53
  the
• 4:53
  discovery
• 4:53
  of
• 4:53
  archaeopteryx
• 4:54
  so
• 4:55
  exciting?
• 4:55
  And
• 4:56
  let's
• 4:56
  start
• 4:57
  there.
• 4:57
  Why
• 4:57
  was
• 4:57
  it
• 4:57
  exciting?
• 4:58
  And
• 4:58
  then
• 4:58
  we
• 4:58
  can
• 4:58
  move
• 4:58
  forward
• 4:59
  from
• 4:59
  that.
• 4:59
  Yeah,
• 5:00
  I
• 5:00
  think
• 5:00
  Archaeopteryx
• 5:01
  is
• 5:01
  sort
• 5:01
  of
• 5:01
  an
• 5:02
  amazing
• 5:02
  story
• 5:03
  because
• 5:03
  it's
• 5:04
  very
• 5:04
  important
• 5:05
  both
• 5:06
  scientifically
• 5:07
  and
• 5:07
  in
• 5:07
  its
• 5:07
  kind
• 5:08
  of
• 5:08
  historical
• 5:08
  context.
• 5:10
  So
• 5:10
  the
• 5:10
  first
• 5:11
  skeleton
• 5:11
  of
• 5:12
  Archaeopteryx,
• 5:13
  which
• 5:13
  is
• 5:13
  actually
• 5:13
  on
• 5:14
  display
• 5:14
  at
• 5:15
  the
• 5:15
  Natural
• 5:15
  History
• 5:16
  Museum
• 5:16
  in
• 5:16
  London
• 5:17
  not
• 5:17
  too
• 5:17
  far
• 5:17
  from
• 5:17
  here,
• 5:19
  is,
• 5:20
  I
• 5:20
  mean,
• 5:20
  it's
• 5:20
  an
• 5:20
  amazing
• 5:21
  fossil,
• 5:21
  it's
• 5:22
  a
• 5:22
  nearly
• 5:22
  complete
• 5:23
  specimen
• 5:23
  and
• 5:23
  it
• 5:23
  was
• 5:23
  discovered
• 5:24
  in
• 5:24
  1861.
• 5:25
  And
• 5:26
  so
• 5:26
  the
• 5:26
  historical
• 5:27
  context
• 5:27
  is
• 5:27
  kind
• 5:28
  of
• 5:28
  amazing
• 5:28
  because
• 5:28
  that's
• 5:29
  only
• 5:29
  two
• 5:29
  years
• 5:30
  after
• 5:31
  Charles
• 5:31
  Darwin
• 5:32
  published
• 5:32
  On
• 5:32
  the
• 5:33
  Origin
• 5:33
  of
• 5:34
  Species.
• 5:35
  And
• 5:36
  so
• 5:36
  the
• 5:36
  world
• 5:36
  was
• 5:37
  really
• 5:37
  sort
• 5:37
  of
• 5:37
  primed
• 5:39
  for
• 5:39
  the
• 5:39
  discovery
• 5:40
  of
• 5:40
  an
• 5:41
  amazing
• 5:41
  fossil
• 5:42
  like
• 5:42
  that
• 5:42
  one,
• 5:42
  which
• 5:42
  combined
• 5:43
  features
• 5:44
  that
• 5:45
  previously
• 5:46
  were
• 5:46
  only
• 5:47
  really
• 5:47
  known
• 5:47
  in
• 5:48
  very
• 5:48
  distantly
• 5:48
  related
• 5:49
  groups
• 5:49
  of
• 5:49
  organisms.
• 5:51
  And
• 5:51
  what's
• 5:52
  kind
• 5:52
  of
• 5:52
  amazing
• 5:52
  about
• 5:52
  Archaeopteryx
• 5:53
  is
• 5:53
  that
• 5:54
  even
• 5:54
  today,
• 5:55
  you
• 5:55
  know,
• 5:56
  Getting
• 5:56
  close
• 5:56
  to
• 5:56
  200
• 5:57
  years
• 5:57
  later,
• 5:58
  Archaeopteryx
• 5:59
  remains
• 6:00
  a
• 6:00
  really
• 6:00
  important
• 6:01
  fossil
• 6:01
  organism
• 6:02
  informing
• 6:03
  our
• 6:03
  understanding
• 6:04
  of
• 6:04
  how
• 6:05
  the
• 6:05
  very
• 6:05
  dinosaur
• 6:06
  y
• 6:06
  ancestors
• 6:07
  of
• 6:08
  birds
• 6:08
  evolved
• 6:08
  into
• 6:09
  much
• 6:09
  more
• 6:09
  birdy
• 6:11
  descendants.
• 6:12
  And
• 6:12
  so
• 6:13
  even
• 6:13
  though
• 6:14
  it
• 6:14
  was
• 6:14
  discovered
• 6:15
  so
• 6:15
  long
• 6:15
  ago
• 6:16
  and
• 6:16
  was
• 6:16
  really
• 6:16
  the
• 6:17
  first
• 6:18
  bird
• 6:18
  like
• 6:18
  animal
• 6:19
  from
• 6:19
  the
• 6:19
  age
• 6:19
  of
• 6:19
  dinosaurs
• 6:20
  that
• 6:20
  had
• 6:20
  been
• 6:21
  discovered,
• 6:22
  it
• 6:22
  remains
• 6:23
  a
• 6:23
  really
• 6:23
  important,
• 6:24
  very
• 6:24
  early
• 6:25
  representative
• 6:26
  of
• 6:26
  a
• 6:26
  truly
• 6:27
  bird
• 6:27
  like
• 6:28
  dinosaur
• 6:28
  that
• 6:28
  helps
• 6:29
  us
• 6:29
  understand
• 6:30
  how
• 6:30
  and
• 6:30
  when
• 6:31
  the
• 6:31
  features
• 6:31
  that
• 6:32
  we
• 6:32
  associate
• 6:32
  with
• 6:32
  birds
• 6:33
  today
• 6:33
  first
• 6:34
  evolve.
• 6:34
  Talk
• 6:35
  a
• 6:35
  little
• 6:35
  bit
• 6:35
  about
• 6:35
  those
• 6:35
  features
• 6:36
  we
• 6:36
  associate
• 6:36
  with
• 6:36
  birds
• 6:37
  and
• 6:37
  their
• 6:37
  evolution.
• 6:38
  And
• 6:38
  I
• 6:38
  mean,
• 6:38
  we
• 6:38
  learned
• 6:39
  a
• 6:39
  bit
• 6:39
  from
• 6:39
  Archaeopteryx
• 6:40
  because
• 6:40
  like
• 6:40
  you
• 6:40
  said,
• 6:40
  it's,
• 6:41
  there
• 6:41
  were
• 6:41
  fossil
• 6:41
  evidence
• 6:42
  of
• 6:42
  feathers
• 6:42
  for
• 6:43
  the
• 6:43
  first
• 6:43
  time
• 6:43
  on
• 6:43
  something
• 6:44
  that
• 6:44
  had
• 6:44
  all
• 6:44
  these
• 6:44
  other
• 6:45
  reptile
• 6:46
  like
• 6:46
  characters,
• 6:47
  those
• 6:48
  might
• 6:48
  be
• 6:48
  things
• 6:48
  like
• 6:49
  feathers,
• 6:50
  the
• 6:50
  ability
• 6:51
  to
• 6:51
  fly,
• 6:52
  a
• 6:52
  relatively
• 6:52
  large
• 6:53
  brain,
• 6:54
  a
• 6:54
  toothless
• 6:54
  beak,
• 6:55
  warm
• 6:56
  bloodedness,
• 6:57
  a
• 6:57
  hollow
• 6:57
  skeleton,
• 6:58
  just
• 6:58
  to
• 6:59
  name
• 6:59
  a
• 6:59
  few.
• 7:00
  And
• 7:00
  Archaeopteryx
• 7:01
  is
• 7:01
  such
• 7:01
  a
• 7:01
  cool
• 7:02
  animal
• 7:02
  because
• 7:02
  it
• 7:03
  basically
• 7:04
  has
• 7:04
  maybe
• 7:05
  half
• 7:05
  of
• 7:05
  those
• 7:06
  features
• 7:06
  and
• 7:06
  lacks
• 7:07
  the
• 7:07
  other
• 7:07
  half.
• 7:08
  And
• 7:08
  so
• 7:08
  it's
• 7:09
  positioned
• 7:09
  at
• 7:09
  a
• 7:10
  fascinating
• 7:10
  point
• 7:11
  in
• 7:11
  the
• 7:11
  evolutionary
• 7:12
  ancestry
• 7:13
  of
• 7:13
  birds
• 7:14
  because
• 7:15
  it
• 7:15
  captures
• 7:16
  a
• 7:17
  very
• 7:17
  early
• 7:17
  stage
• 7:18
  in
• 7:19
  the
• 7:19
  evolutionary
• 7:20
  history
• 7:20
  of
• 7:20
  the
• 7:21
  bird
• 7:21
  lineage
• 7:22
  after
• 7:23
  the
• 7:23
  point
• 7:23
  that
• 7:23
  things
• 7:24
  like
• 7:24
  feathers
• 7:24
  and
• 7:25
  presumably
• 7:25
  at
• 7:25
  least
• 7:25
  an
• 7:26
  incipient
• 7:26
  ability
• 7:27
  to
• 7:27
  fly
• 7:27
  had
• 7:28
  evolved.
• 7:29
  But
• 7:29
  prior
• 7:29
  to
• 7:29
  things
• 7:30
  like
• 7:30
  the
• 7:30
  loss
• 7:30
  of
• 7:31
  teeth,
• 7:31
  prior
• 7:32
  to
• 7:32
  the
• 7:32
  acquisition
• 7:33
  of
• 7:33
  a
• 7:34
  really
• 7:34
  large
• 7:34
  brain,
• 7:35
  and
• 7:35
  prior
• 7:36
  to
• 7:36
  the
• 7:36
  acquisition
• 7:37
  of
• 7:37
  an
• 7:38
  extensively
• 7:38
  pneumatized
• 7:39
  skeleton
• 7:39
  that
• 7:40
  is
• 7:40
  a
• 7:40
  skeleton
• 7:41
  that
• 7:41
  is
• 7:41
  really
• 7:42
  full
• 7:42
  of
• 7:43
  air.
• 7:44
  I
• 7:44
  do
• 7:44
  think
• 7:45
  that
• 7:45
  it
• 7:45
  probably
• 7:45
  was
• 7:46
  warm
• 7:46
  blooded,
• 7:46
  though.
• 7:46
  I
• 7:47
  think
• 7:47
  its
• 7:47
  physiology
• 7:47
  probably
• 7:48
  wasn't
• 7:48
  too
• 7:48
  different
• 7:49
  from
• 7:49
  what
• 7:49
  you'd
• 7:49
  see
• 7:49
  in
• 7:49
  living
• 7:50
  birds
• 7:50
  today.
• 7:50
  Yeah,
• 7:50
  and
• 7:50
  there's
• 7:51
  even
• 7:51
  just
• 7:51
  like
• 7:51
  recent
• 7:51
  work
• 7:52
  still
• 7:52
  trying
• 7:52
  to
• 7:52
  understand
• 7:53
  like,
• 7:53
  how
• 7:53
  well
• 7:54
  could
• 7:54
  Archaeopteryx
• 7:55
  fly?
• 7:55
  Like,
• 7:55
  was
• 7:56
  it
• 7:56
  a.
• 7:56
  Was
• 7:56
  it
• 7:57
  a
• 7:57
  flap
• 7:57
  sometimes,
• 7:58
  then
• 7:58
  glide,
• 7:58
  or
• 7:59
  a
• 7:59
  powered
• 7:59
  flyer?
• 8:00
  And
• 8:00
  I
• 8:00
  think
• 8:00
  it's
• 8:01
  interesting
• 8:01
  that
• 8:01
  we
• 8:02
  can
• 8:02
  get
• 8:02
  information
• 8:03
  like
• 8:03
  that
• 8:03
  from
• 8:03
  fossils,
• 8:04
  but
• 8:04
  also,
• 8:05
  like
• 8:05
  you
• 8:05
  said,
• 8:05
  more
• 8:05
  than
• 8:06
  almost
• 8:06
  200
• 8:06
  years
• 8:06
  later,
• 8:07
  we're
• 8:07
  still
• 8:07
  trying
• 8:07
  to
• 8:07
  figure
• 8:08
  that
• 8:08
  out.
• 8:08
  Yeah.
• 8:09
  It's
• 8:09
  worth
• 8:09
  noting
• 8:10
  that
• 8:10
  Archaeopteryx
• 8:11
  is
• 8:11
  truly
• 8:11
  ancient.
• 8:12
  Right.
• 8:12
  Archaeopteryx
• 8:13
  lived
• 8:13
  about
• 8:14
  150
• 8:15
  million
• 8:16
  years
• 8:16
  ago.
• 8:17
  And
• 8:18
  there
• 8:18
  are
• 8:18
  some
• 8:18
  arguments
• 8:19
  regarding
• 8:20
  exactly
• 8:20
  when
• 8:21
  in
• 8:21
  the
• 8:21
  history
• 8:21
  of
• 8:21
  our
• 8:21
  planet
• 8:22
  the
• 8:22
  modern
• 8:23
  bird
• 8:23
  group
• 8:23
  first
• 8:24
  evolved.
• 8:24
  That
• 8:25
  is
• 8:25
  the
• 8:25
  group
• 8:26
  defined
• 8:26
  by
• 8:26
  the
• 8:27
  most
• 8:27
  recent
• 8:27
  common
• 8:27
  ancestor
• 8:28
  of
• 8:28
  an
• 8:28
  ostrich
• 8:29
  and
• 8:29
  a
• 8:29
  sparrow,
• 8:29
  and
• 8:30
  all
• 8:30
  of
• 8:30
  that
• 8:30
  ancestor
• 8:30
  is
• 8:31
  descendants.
• 8:32
  But
• 8:32
  for
• 8:33
  my
• 8:33
  money,
• 8:33
  that
• 8:33
  group
• 8:34
  is
• 8:34
  probably
• 8:34
  in
• 8:35
  the
• 8:35
  range
• 8:35
  of
• 8:36
  maybe
• 8:36
  100,
• 8:37
  maybe
• 8:37
  90
• 8:38
  million
• 8:38
  years
• 8:39
  ago,
• 8:39
  something
• 8:39
  like
• 8:39
  that.
• 8:40
  So
• 8:40
  Archaeopteryx
• 8:41
  would
• 8:41
  have
• 8:42
  been
• 8:42
  an
• 8:42
  ancient
• 8:43
  fossil
• 8:43
  even
• 8:43
  by
• 8:44
  the
• 8:44
  time
• 8:44
  the
• 8:44
  very
• 8:44
  first
• 8:45
  modern
• 8:45
  birds
• 8:46
  evolved.
• 8:47
  And
• 8:47
  so
• 8:48
  understanding
• 8:49
  really
• 8:49
  detailed
• 8:50
  aspects
• 8:50
  of
• 8:50
  its
• 8:51
  biology,
• 8:51
  like
• 8:52
  how
• 8:52
  good
• 8:52
  a
• 8:52
  flyer
• 8:53
  was
• 8:53
  it?
• 8:53
  Actually,
• 8:54
  those
• 8:54
  are
• 8:55
  really
• 8:55
  difficult
• 8:56
  questions
• 8:56
  to
• 8:57
  constrain
• 8:58
  in
• 8:58
  a
• 8:58
  really
• 8:59
  scientifically
• 8:59
  rigorous
• 9:00
  way.
• 9:01
  So
• 9:01
  to
• 9:01
  me,
• 9:02
  it
• 9:02
  makes
• 9:02
  sense
• 9:03
  that
• 9:03
  that
• 9:03
  sort
• 9:03
  of
• 9:03
  remains
• 9:04
  a
• 9:04
  slightly
• 9:04
  open
• 9:05
  question.
• 9:05
  Exactly
• 9:06
  how
• 9:06
  did
• 9:06
  it
• 9:06
  fly
• 9:07
  and
• 9:07
  how
• 9:07
  good
• 9:07
  was
• 9:07
  it?
• 9:09
  Totally.
• 9:09
  It's
• 9:09
  fascinating.
• 9:10
  So
• 9:10
  since
• 9:10
  the
• 9:10
  discovery
• 9:11
  of
• 9:11
  Archaeopteryx,
• 9:12
  then
• 9:12
  how
• 9:12
  has
• 9:12
  our
• 9:12
  understanding
• 9:13
  of
• 9:13
  modern
• 9:14
  birds
• 9:14
  changed?
• 9:14
  Because
• 9:15
  even
• 9:15
  in
• 9:15
  the
• 9:15
  last
• 9:15
  few
• 9:16
  decades,
• 9:16
  there's
• 9:16
  been
• 9:16
  the
• 9:17
  discovery
• 9:17
  of
• 9:17
  all
• 9:17
  of
• 9:17
  these
• 9:18
  other
• 9:18
  fossils
• 9:19
  that
• 9:19
  have
• 9:19
  really
• 9:19
  informed
• 9:20
  our
• 9:20
  understanding.
• 9:21
  Can
• 9:21
  you
• 9:21
  talk
• 9:21
  to
• 9:21
  us
• 9:21
  a
• 9:21
  little
• 9:21
  bit
• 9:22
  about
• 9:22
  that?
• 9:22
  Yeah,
• 9:22
  absolutely.
• 9:23
  So
• 9:24
  it's
• 9:24
  worth
• 9:24
  kind
• 9:24
  of
• 9:24
  thinking
• 9:25
  about
• 9:25
  bird
• 9:26
  evolutionary
• 9:27
  history
• 9:27
  in
• 9:27
  kind
• 9:27
  of
• 9:28
  two
• 9:28
  stages.
• 9:28
  Right.
• 9:29
  There's
• 9:30
  everything
• 9:30
  leading
• 9:31
  up
• 9:31
  to
• 9:31
  the
• 9:31
  origin
• 9:31
  of
• 9:32
  modern
• 9:32
  birds
• 9:33
  themselves.
• 9:34
  So
• 9:34
  Archaeopteryx,
• 9:35
  of
• 9:35
  course,
• 9:35
  is
• 9:35
  outside
• 9:36
  of
• 9:36
  modern
• 9:36
  bird
• 9:37
  diversity.
• 9:38
  It
• 9:38
  helps
• 9:38
  us
• 9:39
  understand
• 9:39
  how
• 9:40
  and
• 9:40
  when
• 9:40
  some
• 9:40
  of
• 9:40
  those
• 9:41
  features
• 9:41
  that
• 9:41
  we
• 9:41
  associate
• 9:42
  with
• 9:42
  all
• 9:42
  birds
• 9:42
  today
• 9:43
  evolved.
• 9:44
  But
• 9:44
  it
• 9:44
  doesn't
• 9:44
  tell
• 9:45
  us
• 9:45
  anything
• 9:45
  about
• 9:46
  how
• 9:46
  kiwi
• 9:47
  became
• 9:47
  flightless,
• 9:48
  for
• 9:48
  instance,
• 9:49
  or
• 9:49
  how
• 9:50
  hummingbirds
• 9:50
  evolved
• 9:51
  really
• 9:51
  long
• 9:51
  bills
• 9:52
  specialized
• 9:52
  for
• 9:52
  drinking
• 9:53
  nectar.
• 9:54
  To
• 9:54
  answer
• 9:54
  those
• 9:54
  sorts
• 9:55
  of
• 9:55
  questions,
• 9:55
  you
• 9:56
  need
• 9:56
  much
• 9:57
  more
• 9:57
  recent
• 9:57
  fossils,
• 9:58
  fossils
• 9:59
  that
• 9:59
  are
• 9:59
  evolutionarily
• 10:00
  much
• 10:00
  more
• 10:01
  closely
• 10:01
  related
• 10:02
  to
• 10:02
  those
• 10:03
  extant
• 10:04
  living
• 10:04
  bird
• 10:05
  lineages.
• 10:06
  And
• 10:07
  so
• 10:07
  our
• 10:07
  understanding
• 10:08
  of
• 10:08
  the
• 10:08
  fossil
• 10:09
  record
• 10:09
  from
• 10:09
  the
• 10:09
  age
• 10:10
  of
• 10:10
  dinosaurs
• 10:10
  that
• 10:11
  helps
• 10:11
  us
• 10:11
  understand
• 10:12
  the
• 10:12
  transition
• 10:13
  from
• 10:13
  dinosaur
• 10:14
  like
• 10:14
  animals
• 10:14
  to
• 10:14
  bird
• 10:15
  like
• 10:15
  animals
• 10:16
  has
• 10:16
  improved
• 10:16
  vastly
• 10:17
  since
• 10:17
  1861.
• 10:19
  So
• 10:20
  has
• 10:20
  our
• 10:20
  understanding
• 10:21
  of
• 10:21
  much
• 10:21
  more
• 10:22
  recent
• 10:22
  fossils
• 10:23
  that
• 10:23
  have
• 10:23
  revealed
• 10:25
  how
• 10:25
  and
• 10:26
  when
• 10:26
  and
• 10:27
  where
• 10:28
  the
• 10:29
  incredible
• 10:29
  diversity
• 10:30
  of
• 10:30
  major
• 10:31
  modern
• 10:31
  bird
• 10:32
  groups
• 10:33
  has
• 10:33
  evolved.
• 10:34
  And
• 10:35
  so
• 10:35
  I
• 10:36
  sort
• 10:36
  of
• 10:36
  think
• 10:36
  about
• 10:37
  those
• 10:37
  kinds
• 10:37
  of
• 10:37
  fossils
• 10:38
  in
• 10:38
  different
• 10:38
  ways
• 10:39
  because
• 10:39
  they
• 10:39
  are
• 10:40
  suited
• 10:40
  to
• 10:40
  answering
• 10:41
  different
• 10:41
  evolutionary
• 10:42
  questions.
• 10:43
  But
• 10:43
  as
• 10:43
  a
• 10:43
  Bird
• 10:44
  paleontologist.
• 10:44
  I'm
• 10:45
  fascinated
• 10:45
  by
• 10:45
  both
• 10:45
  of
• 10:46
  them,
• 10:46
  these
• 10:46
  really
• 10:46
  ancient
• 10:47
  fossils
• 10:47
  that
• 10:47
  help
• 10:48
  us
• 10:48
  understand
• 10:48
  how
• 10:48
  bird
• 10:49
  like
• 10:49
  biology
• 10:50
  first
• 10:50
  evolved.
• 10:50
  And
• 10:51
  then
• 10:51
  those
• 10:51
  fossils
• 10:51
  that
• 10:52
  can
• 10:52
  tell
• 10:52
  us,
• 10:52
  for
• 10:52
  instance,
• 10:53
  when
• 10:53
  did
• 10:53
  this
• 10:54
  group
• 10:54
  become
• 10:54
  restricted
• 10:55
  to
• 10:56
  north
• 10:56
  and
• 10:57
  South
• 10:57
  America,
• 10:58
  when
• 10:59
  we
• 10:59
  know
• 10:59
  from
• 10:59
  the
• 10:59
  fossil
• 10:59
  record
• 11:00
  that
• 11:00
  it
• 11:00
  previously
• 11:00
  occurred,
• 11:01
  let's
• 11:01
  say,
• 11:01
  in
• 11:01
  Eurasia.
• 11:02
  Yeah.
• 11:02
  The
• 11:03
  discovery
• 11:03
  of
• 11:03
  some
• 11:03
  of
• 11:03
  those
• 11:03
  fossils
• 11:04
  that
• 11:04
  really
• 11:04
  clearly
• 11:05
  show
• 11:05
  us
• 11:05
  that
• 11:05
  birds
• 11:06
  were
• 11:06
  diversifying
• 11:06
  before
• 11:07
  the
• 11:07
  asteroid
• 11:07
  hit
• 11:07
  the
• 11:07
  Earth.
• 11:08
  Because
• 11:08
  for
• 11:08
  a
• 11:08
  long
• 11:08
  time,
• 11:09
  this
• 11:09
  idea
• 11:10
  out
• 11:10
  there
• 11:10
  was
• 11:10
  that
• 11:11
  dinosaurs
• 11:11
  dominated
• 11:12
  the
• 11:12
  planet.
• 11:12
  Asteroid
• 11:13
  hit
• 11:13
  the
• 11:13
  Earth,
• 11:14
  they
• 11:14
  all
• 11:14
  went
• 11:14
  extinct,
• 11:15
  and
• 11:15
  then
• 11:16
  there
• 11:16
  was
• 11:16
  ecological
• 11:17
  space
• 11:18
  for
• 11:18
  birds
• 11:18
  to
• 11:18
  diversify
• 11:19
  into
• 11:19
  what
• 11:19
  they
• 11:19
  are
• 11:20
  now.
• 11:20
  But
• 11:20
  that's
• 11:20
  not
• 11:21
  exactly
• 11:21
  the
• 11:21
  story.
• 11:22
  Right.
• 11:22
  I
• 11:23
  think
• 11:23
  that's
• 11:23
  a
• 11:23
  really
• 11:24
  important
• 11:24
  element
• 11:25
  of
• 11:25
  the
• 11:25
  story.
• 11:25
  And
• 11:26
  I'll
• 11:26
  caveat
• 11:26
  that
• 11:27
  by
• 11:27
  saying
• 11:27
  that
• 11:27
  it
• 11:28
  remains
• 11:28
  controversial.
• 11:29
  This
• 11:29
  is
• 11:29
  still
• 11:31
  area
• 11:31
  of
• 11:31
  research.
• 11:33
  But
• 11:33
  you're
• 11:33
  right.
• 11:33
  Trying
• 11:34
  to
• 11:34
  understand
• 11:34
  how
• 11:35
  modern
• 11:36
  birds
• 11:37
  and
• 11:37
  the
• 11:37
  major
• 11:38
  lineages
• 11:38
  of
• 11:38
  modern
• 11:39
  birds
• 11:39
  specifically
• 11:39
  diversified,
• 11:41
  to
• 11:41
  me,
• 11:41
  that
• 11:41
  is
• 11:42
  the
• 11:42
  absolute
• 11:43
  most
• 11:43
  fascinating
• 11:44
  question
• 11:45
  in
• 11:46
  evolutionary
• 11:46
  biology.
• 11:47
  And
• 11:47
  that
• 11:47
  is
• 11:48
  why
• 11:49
  I
• 11:49
  do.
• 11:49
  Unbiased
• 11:50
  opinion.
• 11:51
  Yeah,
• 11:51
  exactly.
• 11:53
  I
• 11:53
  love
• 11:53
  thinking
• 11:54
  about
• 11:54
  that.
• 11:54
  So,
• 11:55
  I
• 11:55
  mean,
• 11:55
  I'm
• 11:55
  a
• 11:55
  weird
• 11:56
  paleontologist
• 11:56
  in
• 11:57
  the
• 11:57
  sense
• 11:57
  that.
• 11:59
  Let
• 11:59
  me
• 11:59
  back
• 11:59
  up.
• 12:00
  Most
• 12:00
  paleontologists
• 12:01
  are
• 12:01
  pretty
• 12:01
  weird.
• 12:02
  I
• 12:02
  think
• 12:03
  most
• 12:04
  biologists
• 12:04
  are
• 12:04
  weird,
• 12:05
  But
• 12:06
  I'm
• 12:06
  a
• 12:07
  weird
• 12:07
  paleontologist
• 12:08
  because
• 12:09
  my
• 12:09
  interest
• 12:09
  in
• 12:09
  fossils,
• 12:10
  I've
• 12:10
  always
• 12:10
  been
• 12:11
  interested
• 12:11
  in
• 12:11
  fossils,
• 12:11
  but
• 12:12
  I've
• 12:12
  also
• 12:12
  been
• 12:12
  interested
• 12:13
  in
• 12:13
  modern
• 12:14
  birds
• 12:14
  for
• 12:14
  a
• 12:14
  long
• 12:14
  time.
• 12:15
  And
• 12:15
  it
• 12:16
  was
• 12:16
  right
• 12:16
  around
• 12:16
  the
• 12:16
  time
• 12:16
  that
• 12:17
  I
• 12:17
  was
• 12:17
  finishing
• 12:17
  up
• 12:17
  my
• 12:17
  undergrad
• 12:18
  that
• 12:18
  I
• 12:18
  became
• 12:18
  fascinated
• 12:19
  by
• 12:20
  this
• 12:20
  idea
• 12:21
  that
• 12:21
  maybe
• 12:21
  these
• 12:22
  two
• 12:22
  interests
• 12:23
  could
• 12:23
  actually
• 12:23
  be
• 12:23
  linked,
• 12:24
  that
• 12:24
  we
• 12:24
  could
• 12:24
  use
• 12:24
  fossils
• 12:25
  to
• 12:25
  better
• 12:25
  understand
• 12:26
  why
• 12:26
  birds
• 12:27
  are
• 12:27
  so
• 12:27
  amazing
• 12:28
  in
• 12:28
  the
• 12:28
  present
• 12:28
  day.
• 12:29
  And
• 12:30
  so
• 12:30
  that's
• 12:31
  really
• 12:31
  what
• 12:31
  motivated
• 12:32
  me
• 12:32
  then,
• 12:32
  and
• 12:33
  it's
• 12:33
  still
• 12:33
  what
• 12:33
  motivates
• 12:33
  me
• 12:34
  now
• 12:34
  at
• 12:34
  this
• 12:34
  point
• 12:35
  in
• 12:35
  my
• 12:35
  career.
• 12:36
  And
• 12:37
  the
• 12:37
  question
• 12:38
  that
• 12:38
  has
• 12:38
  kind
• 12:39
  of
• 12:39
  been
• 12:40
  front
• 12:40
  and
• 12:41
  center
• 12:41
  for
• 12:41
  me
• 12:41
  since
• 12:42
  I
• 12:42
  started
• 12:42
  my
• 12:42
  PhD
• 12:43
  a
• 12:44
  while
• 12:44
  ago
• 12:44
  now
• 12:45
  is
• 12:47
  how
• 12:47
  did
• 12:48
  this
• 12:48
  diversification
• 12:49
  event
• 12:50
  actually
• 12:50
  happen?
• 12:51
  Was
• 12:51
  it
• 12:51
  a
• 12:51
  very
• 12:52
  rapid
• 12:52
  diversification?
• 12:54
  When
• 12:55
  in
• 12:55
  the
• 12:55
  history
• 12:55
  of
• 12:55
  our
• 12:56
  planet
• 12:56
  did
• 12:56
  it
• 12:56
  actually
• 12:57
  happen?
• 12:58
  What
• 12:58
  sort
• 12:58
  of
• 12:59
  evidence
• 12:59
  can
• 12:59
  we
• 13:00
  gather
• 13:00
  to
• 13:01
  test
• 13:01
  alternative
• 13:02
  hypotheses
• 13:02
  regarding
• 13:03
  the
• 13:04
  timing
• 13:04
  and
• 13:04
  pace
• 13:05
  of
• 13:06
  that
• 13:06
  diversification
• 13:07
  from
• 13:07
  the
• 13:08
  fossil
• 13:08
  record?
• 13:09
  Those
• 13:09
  are
• 13:09
  questions
• 13:10
  that
• 13:10
  remain
• 13:11
  really,
• 13:12
  really
• 13:12
  interesting
• 13:12
  to
• 13:13
  me
• 13:13
  because
• 13:13
  fossil
• 13:14
  evidence
• 13:14
  of
• 13:14
  that
• 13:15
  process
• 13:16
  is
• 13:16
  scarce.
• 13:17
  It
• 13:17
  was
• 13:18
  scarce
• 13:18
  when
• 13:18
  I
• 13:19
  started,
• 13:19
  and
• 13:19
  it
• 13:19
  remains
• 13:20
  pretty
• 13:20
  scarce,
• 13:20
  although
• 13:21
  we've
• 13:21
  found
• 13:21
  some
• 13:21
  important
• 13:22
  fossils
• 13:22
  that
• 13:22
  have
• 13:24
  cast
• 13:24
  new
• 13:24
  light
• 13:24
  on
• 13:24
  that
• 13:24
  process.
• 13:25
  So
• 13:26
  my
• 13:26
  opinion
• 13:27
  is
• 13:28
  that
• 13:28
  the
• 13:29
  diversification
• 13:30
  of
• 13:30
  the
• 13:31
  major
• 13:31
  groups
• 13:31
  of
• 13:31
  birds
• 13:32
  was
• 13:33
  largely
• 13:34
  a
• 13:34
  very
• 13:34
  rapid
• 13:35
  thing,
• 13:36
  and
• 13:36
  it
• 13:36
  largely
• 13:37
  took
• 13:37
  place
• 13:37
  in
• 13:37
  the
• 13:38
  Aftermath
• 13:38
  of
• 13:38
  this
• 13:39
  amazing
• 13:39
  mass
• 13:39
  extinction
• 13:40
  event,
• 13:40
  which
• 13:40
  took
• 13:40
  place
• 13:41
  66.02
• 13:43
  million
• 13:43
  years
• 13:43
  ago.
• 13:43
  We
• 13:44
  can
• 13:44
  say
• 13:44
  that
• 13:44
  very
• 13:44
  precisely
• 13:45
  thanks
• 13:45
  to
• 13:46
  good
• 13:47
  radioisotopic
• 13:48
  dating
• 13:49
  of
• 13:51
  the
• 13:51
  impact
• 13:51
  layer.
• 13:55
  It's
• 13:55
  essentially
• 13:55
  within
• 13:56
  10
• 13:56
  million
• 13:56
  years
• 13:57
  of
• 13:57
  that
• 13:58
  impact
• 13:59
  event
• 13:59
  that
• 14:00
  what
• 14:00
  we
• 14:00
  think
• 14:00
  of
• 14:00
  today
• 14:01
  as
• 14:01
  the
• 14:02
  orders
• 14:02
  of
• 14:03
  birds,
• 14:03
  the
• 14:04
  40
• 14:04
  plus
• 14:05
  major
• 14:05
  groups
• 14:06
  of
• 14:06
  birds
• 14:06
  that
• 14:06
  encompass
• 14:07
  all
• 14:07
  11,000
• 14:08
  living
• 14:09
  species,
• 14:11
  first
• 14:12
  appeared.
• 14:16
  There's
• 14:17
  been
• 14:17
  a
• 14:17
  lot
• 14:17
  of
• 14:17
  effort
• 14:18
  to
• 14:18
  find
• 14:19
  bird
• 14:19
  remains
• 14:20
  from
• 14:20
  the
• 14:20
  age
• 14:20
  of
• 14:20
  dinosaurs.
• 14:21
  And
• 14:21
  indeed,
• 14:22
  we
• 14:22
  found
• 14:22
  tons
• 14:23
  of
• 14:24
  fossil
• 14:24
  bird
• 14:25
  like
• 14:25
  animals
• 14:25
  from
• 14:26
  the
• 14:26
  age
• 14:26
  of
• 14:26
  dinosaurs,
• 14:27
  beginning
• 14:27
  with
• 14:27
  Archaeopteryx
• 14:28
  in
• 14:28
  1861.
• 14:29
  But
• 14:30
  since
• 14:30
  then,
• 14:30
  there
• 14:30
  have
• 14:31
  been
• 14:31
  thousands
• 14:31
  and
• 14:32
  thousands
• 14:33
  of
• 14:33
  fossil
• 14:34
  bird
• 14:35
  like
• 14:35
  animals
• 14:35
  discovered
• 14:36
  from
• 14:36
  the
• 14:37
  age
• 14:37
  of
• 14:37
  dinosaurs.
• 14:38
  The
• 14:38
  issue
• 14:39
  is
• 14:39
  that
• 14:39
  almost
• 14:40
  all
• 14:40
  of
• 14:40
  them
• 14:41
  are
• 14:41
  outside
• 14:42
  the
• 14:42
  modern
• 14:43
  bird
• 14:43
  group.
• 14:43
  And
• 14:43
  so
• 14:44
  they
• 14:44
  don't
• 14:44
  bear
• 14:45
  on
• 14:45
  this
• 14:45
  question
• 14:46
  of
• 14:46
  when
• 14:47
  the
• 14:47
  major
• 14:47
  lineages
• 14:48
  of
• 14:48
  birds
• 14:49
  diversified.
• 14:50
  There
• 14:50
  are
• 14:51
  only
• 14:51
  a
• 14:51
  very
• 14:51
  small
• 14:52
  handful
• 14:52
  of
• 14:52
  bird
• 14:53
  fossils
• 14:53
  that
• 14:53
  actually
• 14:54
  do
• 14:54
  very
• 14:55
  clearly
• 14:55
  appear
• 14:55
  to
• 14:55
  be
• 14:56
  within
• 14:56
  the
• 14:57
  modern
• 14:57
  bird
• 14:57
  group
• 14:58
  from
• 14:58
  the
• 14:58
  age
• 14:59
  of
• 14:59
  dinosaurs.
• 15:00
  And
• 15:00
  those
• 15:01
  fossils
• 15:01
  are
• 15:02
  from
• 15:02
  the
• 15:02
  very,
• 15:03
  very
• 15:03
  end
• 15:03
  of
• 15:03
  the
• 15:04
  age
• 15:04
  of
• 15:04
  dinosaurs,
• 15:04
  like
• 15:05
  less
• 15:05
  than
• 15:06
  67
• 15:07
  million
• 15:07
  years
• 15:08
  ago,
• 15:09
  when
• 15:09
  the
• 15:09
  asteroid
• 15:10
  hit
• 15:10
  66.02
• 15:11
  million
• 15:12
  years
• 15:12
  ago.
• 15:12
  So
• 15:13
  it's
• 15:13
  really
• 15:13
  maddening.
• 15:14
  We
• 15:14
  know
• 15:15
  that
• 15:15
  there
• 15:15
  was
• 15:16
  early
• 15:16
  modern
• 15:16
  bird
• 15:17
  fossils
• 15:17
  right
• 15:17
  at
• 15:17
  the
• 15:17
  end
• 15:18
  of
• 15:18
  the
• 15:18
  age
• 15:18
  of
• 15:18
  dinosaurs.
• 15:18
  But
• 15:19
  no
• 15:19
  matter
• 15:19
  how
• 15:19
  hard
• 15:20
  we've
• 15:20
  looked
• 15:21
  at
• 15:21
  this
• 15:21
  point,
• 15:21
  sort
• 15:22
  of
• 15:22
  pushing
• 15:22
  clear
• 15:23
  evidence
• 15:23
  of
• 15:24
  modern
• 15:24
  birds
• 15:25
  past
• 15:26
  about
• 15:26
  67
• 15:26
  million
• 15:27
  years,
• 15:28
  that
• 15:28
  evidence
• 15:28
  is
• 15:29
  just
• 15:29
  lacking
• 15:29
  at
• 15:30
  the
• 15:30
  moment.
• 15:31
  And
• 15:31
  some
• 15:32
  of
• 15:32
  that
• 15:32
  early
• 15:32
  evidence
• 15:33
  of
• 15:34
  modern
• 15:34
  birds
• 15:34
  from
• 15:34
  the
• 15:35
  age
• 15:35
  of
• 15:35
  dinosaurs
• 15:36
  is
• 15:37
  really
• 15:37
  interesting
• 15:38
  and
• 15:38
  I
• 15:38
  think
• 15:38
  telling
• 15:40
  because
• 15:41
  of
• 15:41
  the
• 15:42
  particular
• 15:42
  groups
• 15:42
  of
• 15:42
  birds
• 15:43
  that
• 15:43
  those
• 15:43
  fossils
• 15:44
  belong
• 15:44
  to.
• 15:45
  So,
• 15:45
  for
• 15:46
  instance,
• 15:46
  a
• 15:47
  few
• 15:47
  years
• 15:47
  ago,
• 15:48
  we
• 15:48
  named
• 15:48
  a
• 15:48
  new
• 15:49
  fossil
• 15:49
  bird
• 15:49
  from
• 15:49
  about
• 15:50
  66.7
• 15:53
  million
• 15:53
  years
• 15:54
  ago.
• 15:54
  This
• 15:55
  bird
• 15:55
  came
• 15:55
  from
• 15:56
  the
• 15:56
  border
• 15:56
  of
• 15:56
  Belgium
• 15:56
  and
• 15:57
  the
• 15:57
  Netherlands,
• 15:57
  and
• 15:58
  we
• 15:58
  named
• 15:58
  it
• 15:58
  Asteriornis.
• 16:00
  And
• 16:00
  so
• 16:00
  this
• 16:01
  fossil,
• 16:01
  Asteriornis
• 16:02
  is
• 16:02
  interesting
• 16:03
  because
• 16:03
  it's
• 16:04
  clearly
• 16:04
  a
• 16:05
  member
• 16:05
  of
• 16:05
  the,
• 16:06
  the
• 16:06
  modern
• 16:06
  bird
• 16:06
  group.
• 16:09
  And
• 16:09
  it
• 16:09
  seems
• 16:10
  to
• 16:10
  be
• 16:10
  pretty
• 16:11
  clear
• 16:11
  which
• 16:12
  group
• 16:12
  of
• 16:12
  birds
• 16:12
  it
• 16:12
  belongs
• 16:13
  to.
• 16:13
  It
• 16:13
  seems
• 16:14
  like
• 16:14
  an
• 16:14
  early
• 16:14
  relative
• 16:15
  of
• 16:16
  the
• 16:16
  group
• 16:16
  that
• 16:16
  today
• 16:16
  includes
• 16:17
  chickens
• 16:18
  and
• 16:18
  their
• 16:18
  relatives,
• 16:19
  and
• 16:19
  ducks
• 16:20
  and
• 16:20
  their
• 16:20
  relatives.
• 16:21
  And
• 16:21
  one
• 16:22
  of
• 16:22
  the
• 16:22
  really
• 16:22
  interesting
• 16:22
  things
• 16:23
  about
• 16:23
  that
• 16:23
  group,
• 16:24
  lots
• 16:25
  of
• 16:25
  interesting
• 16:25
  things
• 16:25
  about
• 16:26
  that
• 16:26
  group,
• 16:26
  but
• 16:26
  one
• 16:26
  of
• 16:27
  the
• 16:27
  really
• 16:27
  interesting
• 16:27
  things
• 16:27
  about
• 16:28
  that
• 16:28
  group
• 16:28
  is
• 16:29
  that
• 16:30
  collectively
• 16:31
  the
• 16:31
  duck
• 16:31
  and
• 16:32
  chicken
• 16:32
  group
• 16:32
  we
• 16:32
  call
• 16:32
  Gallo
• 16:33
  and
• 16:33
  Serique,
• 16:35
  that
• 16:35
  is
• 16:35
  one
• 16:36
  of
• 16:36
  the
• 16:37
  three,
• 16:37
  four,
• 16:38
  five
• 16:39
  very
• 16:39
  deepest
• 16:40
  lineages
• 16:41
  of
• 16:41
  modern
• 16:42
  birds
• 16:43
  in
• 16:43
  the
• 16:44
  world.
• 16:45
  We've
• 16:45
  got
• 16:45
  this
• 16:46
  very
• 16:46
  clear
• 16:46
  evidence
• 16:47
  of
• 16:47
  a
• 16:47
  modern
• 16:47
  bird
• 16:48
  from
• 16:48
  the
• 16:48
  age
• 16:48
  of
• 16:48
  dinosaurs,
• 16:49
  even
• 16:49
  though
• 16:49
  it's
• 16:50
  just
• 16:50
  barely
• 16:50
  from
• 16:50
  the
• 16:51
  age
• 16:51
  of
• 16:51
  dinosaurs.
• 16:52
  But
• 16:52
  it
• 16:52
  belongs
• 16:53
  to
• 16:53
  one
• 16:53
  of
• 16:54
  those
• 16:54
  very,
• 16:54
  very
• 16:54
  deep
• 16:55
  lineages
• 16:55
  of
• 16:55
  birds
• 16:56
  that
• 16:56
  pretty
• 16:57
  uncontroversially
• 16:58
  before
• 16:58
  its
• 16:59
  discovery,
• 16:59
  we
• 17:00
  thought
• 17:00
  probably
• 17:01
  would
• 17:01
  have
• 17:01
  been
• 17:01
  around
• 17:02
  prior
• 17:02
  to
• 17:03
  the
• 17:03
  asteroid
• 17:03
  impact.
• 17:04
  What
• 17:04
  we
• 17:04
  don't
• 17:05
  have
• 17:05
  is
• 17:06
  any
• 17:06
  evidence
• 17:06
  from
• 17:07
  this
• 17:08
  huge
• 17:08
  group
• 17:08
  of
• 17:09
  birds
• 17:09
  that
• 17:09
  we
• 17:09
  collectively
• 17:10
  call
• 17:10
  Neoavians,
• 17:12
  which
• 17:12
  represents
• 17:12
  over
• 17:13
  10,000
• 17:13
  living
• 17:14
  species.
• 17:14
  This
• 17:14
  is
• 17:15
  the
• 17:15
  group
• 17:15
  that
• 17:15
  includes
• 17:16
  hummingbirds,
• 17:18
  passerines,
• 17:19
  and
• 17:20
  almost
• 17:20
  any
• 17:20
  other
• 17:21
  bird
• 17:21
  that
• 17:21
  you
• 17:21
  can
• 17:21
  name
• 17:22
  that
• 17:22
  isn't
• 17:23
  a
• 17:23
  galoanserran.
• 17:24
  So
• 17:24
  a
• 17:24
  duck
• 17:24
  relative
• 17:25
  or
• 17:25
  a
• 17:25
  chick
• 17:25
  relative,
• 17:26
  a
• 17:26
  chicken
• 17:26
  relative
• 17:27
  or
• 17:28
  a
• 17:28
  paleonth,
• 17:29
  an
• 17:29
  ostrich
• 17:30
  relative.
• 17:31
  So
• 17:32
  as
• 17:32
  far
• 17:32
  as
• 17:32
  we
• 17:33
  can
• 17:33
  tell,
• 17:33
  it
• 17:33
  seems
• 17:34
  like
• 17:34
  the
• 17:34
  massive
• 17:35
  diversification
• 17:35
  of
• 17:35
  this
• 17:36
  group,
• 17:36
  Neoavies,
• 17:37
  seems
• 17:38
  to
• 17:38
  have
• 17:38
  been
• 17:39
  a
• 17:39
  post
• 17:40
  asteroid
• 17:41
  phenomenon.
• 17:42
  And
• 17:43
  so
• 17:43
  I
• 17:43
  think
• 17:43
  this
• 17:44
  hypothesis
• 17:44
  that
• 17:44
  you
• 17:45
  mentioned,
• 17:46
  that
• 17:46
  the
• 17:46
  ecological
• 17:47
  space
• 17:47
  that
• 17:47
  opened
• 17:48
  up
• 17:48
  after
• 17:48
  the
• 17:49
  asteroid
• 17:49
  impact
• 17:49
  eliminated
• 17:51
  all
• 17:51
  non
• 17:51
  avian
• 17:52
  dinosaurs
• 17:52
  and
• 17:53
  so
• 17:53
  many
• 17:53
  other
• 17:53
  things,
• 17:55
  facilitating
• 17:56
  the
• 17:56
  rapid
• 17:56
  diversification
• 17:57
  of
• 17:57
  birds
• 17:58
  in
• 17:58
  the
• 17:58
  asteroids
• 17:59
  aftermath.
• 17:59
  I
• 18:00
  think
• 18:00
  that
• 18:00
  hypothesis
• 18:01
  is
• 18:01
  still
• 18:02
  valid.
• 18:03
  And
• 18:03
  indeed
• 18:04
  I
• 18:04
  think
• 18:04
  as
• 18:04
  time
• 18:05
  goes
• 18:05
  on,
• 18:05
  that
• 18:05
  hypothesis
• 18:06
  becomes
• 18:07
  stronger
• 18:07
  and
• 18:08
  stronger.
• 18:10
  Did
• 18:11
  you
• 18:11
  guys
• 18:11
  come
• 18:11
  up
• 18:11
  with
• 18:11
  the
• 18:12
  name
• 18:12
  Wonder
• 18:12
  Chicken
• 18:12
  or
• 18:13
  was
• 18:13
  that
• 18:13
  the
• 18:13
  press?
• 18:13
  I
• 18:14
  think
• 18:14
  I
• 18:14
  probably
• 18:14
  did.
• 18:15
  I
• 18:15
  think
• 18:15
  I
• 18:15
  was
• 18:15
  thinking
• 18:16
  of
• 18:16
  the
• 18:17
  old
• 18:17
  Simpsons
• 18:18
  episode
• 18:18
  where
• 18:19
  Homer
• 18:20
  gets
• 18:20
  a
• 18:21
  wonder
• 18:21
  bat
• 18:21
  and
• 18:21
  he
• 18:22
  hits
• 18:22
  tons
• 18:22
  of
• 18:24
  it
• 18:24
  was
• 18:24
  pretty
• 18:25
  deeply
• 18:26
  intellectual
• 18:29
  as
• 18:29
  these
• 18:29
  things
• 18:29
  are.
• 18:30
  Asteriornis
• 18:31
  took
• 18:31
  a
• 18:31
  little
• 18:31
  bit
• 18:32
  more
• 18:32
  thought.
• 18:32
  So
• 18:33
  that
• 18:33
  name
• 18:33
  was
• 18:34
  proposed
• 18:34
  by
• 18:35
  my
• 18:35
  co
• 18:35
  author
• 18:35
  and
• 18:35
  really
• 18:36
  good
• 18:36
  friend
• 18:36
  Dan
• 18:36
  Sepka,
• 18:37
  who's
• 18:38
  a
• 18:38
  world
• 18:38
  expert
• 18:38
  in
• 18:39
  fossil
• 18:39
  penguins,
• 18:40
  among
• 18:40
  other
• 18:41
  things.
• 18:42
  And
• 18:43
  so
• 18:43
  that
• 18:43
  name
• 18:43
  comes
• 18:44
  from
• 18:44
  the
• 18:45
  Greek
• 18:45
  goddess
• 18:46
  Asteria,
• 18:47
  who
• 18:48
  was
• 18:49
  the
• 18:49
  Titan
• 18:50
  goddess
• 18:50
  of
• 18:51
  falling
• 18:51
  stars.
• 18:52
  And
• 18:52
  so
• 18:53
  that
• 18:53
  seemed
• 18:53
  apropos
• 18:54
  because
• 18:54
  Asteriornis
• 18:55
  is
• 18:55
  from
• 18:56
  so
• 18:56
  close
• 18:56
  in
• 18:56
  time
• 18:57
  to
• 18:57
  the
• 18:57
  asteroid
• 18:57
  impact.
• 18:58
  And
• 18:58
  there
• 18:59
  were
• 18:59
  a
• 18:59
  few
• 18:59
  other
• 18:59
  reasons,
• 19:00
  kind
• 19:00
  of
• 19:00
  cute
• 19:00
  reasons
• 19:01
  that
• 19:01
  made
• 19:01
  Asteria
• 19:02
  an
• 19:03
  appropriate
• 19:03
  namesake
• 19:04
  for
• 19:04
  this
• 19:05
  fossil,
• 19:05
  including
• 19:05
  the
• 19:06
  fact
• 19:06
  that
• 19:07
  she
• 19:07
  supposedly
• 19:07
  transformed
• 19:08
  herself
• 19:08
  into
• 19:09
  a
• 19:09
  quail.
• 19:10
  And
• 19:10
  of
• 19:10
  course
• 19:11
  quails
• 19:11
  are
• 19:12
  Galloanserans,
• 19:13
  being
• 19:13
  close
• 19:13
  relatives
• 19:14
  of
• 19:14
  chickens
• 19:15
  and
• 19:15
  other
• 19:16
  pheasant
• 19:16
  like
• 19:17
  birds.
• 19:17
  Yeah,
• 19:17
  no,
• 19:18
  that's
• 19:18
  fascinating.
• 19:18
  I
• 19:18
  mean
• 19:18
  it
• 19:19
  must
• 19:19
  have
• 19:19
  been
• 19:19
  so
• 19:19
  exciting.
• 19:20
  And
• 19:20
  that
• 19:20
  got
• 19:21
  a
• 19:21
  lot
• 19:21
  of
• 19:21
  attention
• 19:21
  obviously,
• 19:22
  because
• 19:22
  it
• 19:22
  did,
• 19:22
  like
• 19:23
  you
• 19:23
  say,
• 19:23
  placed
• 19:24
  at
• 19:24
  least
• 19:24
  one
• 19:24
  of
• 19:24
  these
• 19:25
  lineages
• 19:25
  of
• 19:25
  modern
• 19:25
  birds
• 19:26
  pretty
• 19:26
  solidly
• 19:27
  as
• 19:27
  existing
• 19:28
  prior
• 19:28
  to
• 19:29
  the
• 19:29
  impact
• 19:29
  of
• 19:30
  the
• 19:30
  asteroids.
• 19:30
  But
• 19:30
  yeah,
• 19:30
  for
• 19:31
  people
• 19:31
  listening,
• 19:32
  in
• 19:32
  terms
• 19:32
  of
• 19:32
  modern
• 19:33
  bird
• 19:33
  diversity,
• 19:34
  there's
• 19:34
  yeah,
• 19:35
  about
• 19:35
  11,000
• 19:35
  extant
• 19:36
  species,
• 19:36
  depending
• 19:37
  on
• 19:37
  how
• 19:37
  you
• 19:37
  describe
• 19:37
  a
• 19:38
  species.
• 19:38
  And
• 19:39
  over
• 19:39
  6,000
• 19:40
  of
• 19:40
  those
• 19:40
  are
• 19:41
  one
• 19:41
  group,
• 19:41
  the
• 19:42
  passerines,
• 19:43
  which
• 19:43
  are
• 19:43
  the
• 19:43
  perching
• 19:44
  and
• 19:44
  singing
• 19:44
  birds.
• 19:45
  But
• 19:45
  I
• 19:45
  will
• 19:45
  say
• 19:45
  the
• 19:46
  really
• 19:46
  cool
• 19:46
  thing
• 19:47
  about
• 19:47
  basically
• 19:47
  all
• 19:48
  of
• 19:48
  those
• 19:48
  groups
• 19:48
  of
• 19:49
  Neoavies
• 19:49
  is
• 19:50
  that
• 19:50
  by
• 19:50
  10,
• 19:50
  15
• 19:51
  million
• 19:51
  years
• 19:52
  after
• 19:52
  the
• 19:53
  asteroid
• 19:53
  impact,
• 19:54
  we've
• 19:55
  got
• 19:55
  direct
• 19:55
  fossil
• 19:56
  evidence
• 19:56
  of
• 19:56
  almost
• 19:56
  all
• 19:57
  of
• 19:57
  them.
• 19:57
  And
• 19:57
  so
• 19:58
  that's
• 19:58
  the
• 19:58
  really
• 19:58
  clear
• 19:59
  fossil
• 20:00
  story
• 20:00
  here.
• 20:01
  These
• 20:01
  groups
• 20:02
  do
• 20:02
  seem
• 20:02
  to
• 20:03
  appear
• 20:03
  relatively
• 20:04
  abruptly
• 20:04
  in
• 20:04
  the
• 20:04
  fossil
• 20:05
  record
• 20:05
  after
• 20:05
  the
• 20:06
  impact,
• 20:06
  but
• 20:06
  there's
• 20:07
  simply
• 20:07
  no
• 20:07
  evidence
• 20:07
  of
• 20:08
  them
• 20:08
  in
• 20:08
  the
• 20:08
  fossil
• 20:08
  record
• 20:09
  before
• 20:09
  the
• 20:09
  impact,
• 20:10
  despite
• 20:10
  the
• 20:11
  fact
• 20:11
  that
• 20:11
  we
• 20:11
  have
• 20:11
  all
• 20:11
  of
• 20:12
  those
• 20:12
  thousands
• 20:12
  and
• 20:13
  thousands
• 20:13
  of
• 20:14
  sort
• 20:14
  of
• 20:14
  dino
• 20:15
  bird
• 20:16
  fossil
• 20:17
  groups
• 20:17
  from
• 20:18
  before
• 20:18
  the
• 20:18
  impact.
• 20:18
  And
• 20:19
  so
• 20:19
  I
• 20:19
  think
• 20:20
  the
• 20:20
  fossil
• 20:20
  evidence
• 20:21
  that
• 20:22
  this
• 20:22
  group,
• 20:22
  Neoavies,
• 20:23
  which
• 20:23
  of
• 20:23
  course
• 20:23
  includes
• 20:24
  passerines,
• 20:25
  arose
• 20:26
  after
• 20:26
  the
• 20:26
  end
• 20:27
  Cretaceous
• 20:27
  mass
• 20:28
  extinction
• 20:28
  event.
• 20:29
  My
• 20:30
  opinion
• 20:30
  is
• 20:30
  that
• 20:30
  that
• 20:30
  hypothesis
• 20:31
  is
• 20:31
  a
• 20:31
  very
• 20:31
  strong
• 20:32
  one.
• 20:33
  Well,
• 20:34
  and
• 20:34
  that's
• 20:34
  why
• 20:34
  we're
• 20:34
  talking
• 20:35
  to
• 20:35
  you,
• 20:35
  to
• 20:35
  get
• 20:35
  the
• 20:36
  take
• 20:36
  on
• 20:37
  how
• 20:37
  all
• 20:37
  of
• 20:37
  these
• 20:38
  birds
• 20:38
  diversified
• 20:39
  and
• 20:39
  when
• 20:39
  they
• 20:39
  occurred.
• 20:40
  The
• 20:40
  fossil
• 20:40
  record
• 20:40
  is
• 20:40
  interesting
• 20:41
  and
• 20:41
  it
• 20:41
  might
• 20:41
  be.
• 20:42
  I
• 20:42
  think
• 20:42
  people
• 20:42
  would
• 20:42
  be
• 20:43
  interested
• 20:43
  in
• 20:43
  hearing
• 20:43
  about
• 20:44
  what
• 20:45
  conditions
• 20:45
  are
• 20:46
  required
• 20:46
  for
• 20:46
  a
• 20:47
  good
• 20:47
  fossil
• 20:47
  to
• 20:47
  form.
• 20:48
  And
• 20:48
  obviously
• 20:48
  it's
• 20:48
  variable.
• 20:49
  But
• 20:49
  the
• 20:50
  reason
• 20:50
  that
• 20:50
  the
• 20:50
  fossil.
• 20:50
  I
• 20:50
  mean,
• 20:51
  one
• 20:51
  of
• 20:51
  the.
• 20:51
  I'm
• 20:51
  not
• 20:51
  a
• 20:51
  paleontologist.
• 20:52
  We
• 20:52
  know
• 20:53
  that.
• 20:53
  But
• 20:53
  the
• 20:53
  fossil
• 20:54
  record
• 20:54
  is
• 20:54
  incomplete
• 20:54
  in
• 20:55
  part
• 20:55
  because
• 20:55
  it
• 20:55
  depends
• 20:56
  on
• 20:56
  where
• 20:56
  you
• 20:56
  die.
• 20:56
  Right.
• 20:57
  And
• 20:57
  the
• 20:58
  conditions
• 20:58
  after
• 20:59
  death
• 20:59
  to
• 20:59
  create
• 21:00
  a
• 21:00
  fossil.
• 21:00
  Can
• 21:00
  you
• 21:01
  tell
• 21:01
  us
• 21:01
  a
• 21:01
  little
• 21:01
  bit
• 21:02
  about
• 21:02
  that?
• 21:02
  The
• 21:02
  bird
• 21:03
  fossil
• 21:03
  record
• 21:03
  is
• 21:04
  extra
• 21:04
  annoying.
• 21:06
  Being
• 21:06
  a
• 21:07
  bird
• 21:07
  paleontologist
• 21:08
  is
• 21:08
  just
• 21:08
  the
• 21:08
  most
• 21:08
  insane
• 21:09
  decision
• 21:10
  to
• 21:10
  make,
• 21:10
  because
• 21:11
  the
• 21:11
  bird
• 21:11
  fossil
• 21:12
  record
• 21:12
  is
• 21:13
  much
• 21:13
  poorer
• 21:13
  than
• 21:14
  the
• 21:14
  fossil
• 21:14
  record
• 21:14
  of
• 21:14
  most
• 21:15
  other
• 21:15
  groups
• 21:15
  of
• 21:15
  vertebrate
• 21:16
  animals,
• 21:16
  simply
• 21:17
  because
• 21:18
  birds
• 21:19
  bodies
• 21:20
  are
• 21:20
  relatively
• 21:20
  lightweight
• 21:21
  and
• 21:21
  their
• 21:21
  skeletons
• 21:22
  tend
• 21:22
  to
• 21:22
  be
• 21:22
  pretty
• 21:22
  fragile.
• 21:24
  So
• 21:24
  my
• 21:25
  friends
• 21:25
  who
• 21:25
  study
• 21:25
  fossil
• 21:26
  turtles
• 21:26
  have
• 21:26
  it
• 21:27
  so
• 21:27
  easy
• 21:28
  because
• 21:28
  basically
• 21:29
  turtles
• 21:30
  are
• 21:30
  essentially
• 21:31
  living
• 21:31
  rocks,
• 21:32
  and
• 21:32
  so
• 21:32
  they
• 21:32
  preserve
• 21:33
  well
• 21:33
  in
• 21:33
  the
• 21:34
  fossil
• 21:34
  record.
• 21:35
  And
• 21:35
  when
• 21:35
  I've
• 21:35
  gone
• 21:36
  out
• 21:36
  looking
• 21:36
  for
• 21:36
  bird
• 21:36
  fossils,
• 21:38
  I
• 21:38
  found
• 21:39
  very
• 21:39
  few
• 21:39
  bird
• 21:40
  fossils
• 21:40
  in
• 21:40
  the
• 21:40
  field
• 21:40
  in
• 21:41
  my
• 21:41
  life,
• 21:41
  but
• 21:41
  I
• 21:41
  found
• 21:41
  a
• 21:42
  lot
• 21:42
  of
• 21:42
  fossil
• 21:42
  turtles.
• 21:44
  The
• 21:44
  other
• 21:44
  annoying
• 21:45
  thing
• 21:45
  about
• 21:45
  modern
• 21:46
  birds
• 21:46
  is
• 21:47
  that
• 21:48
  very
• 21:48
  frustratingly,
• 21:48
  they
• 21:49
  lost
• 21:49
  their
• 21:49
  teeth.
• 21:50
  And
• 21:51
  so
• 21:51
  teeth
• 21:51
  fossilize
• 21:52
  really
• 21:52
  well
• 21:52
  because
• 21:53
  they're
• 21:53
  so
• 21:53
  hard.
• 21:54
  Enamel
• 21:55
  preserves
• 21:55
  extremely
• 21:56
  well
• 21:56
  in
• 21:56
  the
• 21:56
  fossil
• 21:56
  record,
• 21:57
  but
• 21:57
  as
• 21:57
  soon
• 21:57
  as
• 21:57
  teeth
• 21:58
  have
• 21:58
  been
• 21:58
  lost,
• 21:58
  evolutionarily,
• 22:01
  the
• 22:01
  ability
• 22:02
  for
• 22:03
  those
• 22:03
  very
• 22:03
  hard
• 22:03
  tissues
• 22:04
  to
• 22:04
  get
• 22:04
  preserved
• 22:05
  disappears.
• 22:06
  So
• 22:06
  bird
• 22:07
  skeletons
• 22:08
  are
• 22:08
  relatively
• 22:09
  scarce
• 22:10
  in
• 22:10
  the
• 22:10
  fossil
• 22:10
  record
• 22:11
  compared
• 22:11
  to
• 22:11
  other
• 22:11
  groups.
• 22:12
  But
• 22:12
  as
• 22:12
  I've
• 22:13
  already
• 22:13
  mentioned,
• 22:13
  there
• 22:13
  are
• 22:14
  thousands
• 22:14
  and
• 22:14
  thousands
• 22:14
  of
• 22:15
  important
• 22:15
  bird
• 22:15
  fossils
• 22:16
  out
• 22:16
  there
• 22:16
  that
• 22:17
  we're
• 22:17
  able
• 22:17
  to
• 22:17
  study.
• 22:18
  So
• 22:18
  I
• 22:18
  guess
• 22:19
  I
• 22:19
  can't
• 22:19
  complain
• 22:19
  too
• 22:20
  much.
• 22:21
  You
• 22:22
  have
• 22:22
  a
• 22:22
  job.
• 22:24
  Yeah,
• 22:25
  that's
• 22:25
  true.
• 22:27
  Now,
• 22:28
  the
• 22:29
  bird
• 22:29
  fossil
• 22:29
  record
• 22:30
  is
• 22:30
  more
• 22:31
  tied
• 22:31
  to
• 22:32
  sort
• 22:32
  of
• 22:33
  special
• 22:33
  preservational
• 22:34
  conditions
• 22:35
  than
• 22:35
  the
• 22:35
  fossil
• 22:36
  record
• 22:36
  of
• 22:36
  other
• 22:36
  groups
• 22:36
  of
• 22:36
  vertebrate
• 22:37
  animals.
• 22:37
  Just
• 22:38
  because
• 22:38
  it's
• 22:38
  so
• 22:39
  difficult
• 22:39
  to
• 22:39
  preserve
• 22:39
  birds
• 22:40
  in
• 22:40
  the
• 22:40
  fossil
• 22:40
  record.
• 22:41
  So
• 22:41
  remains
• 22:42
  of
• 22:42
  very
• 22:43
  slow
• 22:43
  moving
• 22:44
  bodies
• 22:44
  of
• 22:44
  water
• 22:45
  that
• 22:46
  had
• 22:46
  relatively
• 22:46
  high
• 22:47
  sedimentation
• 22:48
  rates.
• 22:49
  Those
• 22:49
  are
• 22:50
  the
• 22:50
  sorts
• 22:50
  of
• 22:50
  paleoenvironments
• 22:52
  that
• 22:53
  tend
• 22:53
  to
• 22:53
  preserve
• 22:54
  bird
• 22:54
  fossils
• 22:55
  better
• 22:55
  than
• 22:56
  other
• 22:56
  environments.
• 22:58
  The
• 22:59
  fossil
• 22:59
  record
• 22:59
  of
• 23:00
  birds
• 23:00
  from
• 23:01
  about
• 23:01
  let's
• 23:02
  say
• 23:02
  50
• 23:02
  to
• 23:03
  55
• 23:03
  million
• 23:04
  years
• 23:04
  ago
• 23:05
  is
• 23:05
  pretty
• 23:05
  amazing
• 23:06
  because
• 23:07
  of
• 23:07
  this
• 23:08
  chance
• 23:10
  occurrence
• 23:11
  that
• 23:11
  there
• 23:11
  are
• 23:12
  a
• 23:12
  number
• 23:12
  of
• 23:12
  fossil
• 23:13
  deposits
• 23:14
  that
• 23:14
  were
• 23:14
  formed
• 23:15
  in
• 23:15
  those
• 23:15
  sorts
• 23:15
  of
• 23:16
  environmental
• 23:16
  conditions
• 23:18
  all
• 23:18
  around
• 23:19
  the
• 23:19
  world.
• 23:20
  And
• 23:20
  therefore
• 23:20
  we've
• 23:21
  got
• 23:21
  this
• 23:21
  beautiful
• 23:22
  snapshot
• 23:23
  of
• 23:24
  fossil
• 23:24
  birds
• 23:24
  from
• 23:25
  between,
• 23:25
  about,
• 23:25
  well,
• 23:26
  let's
• 23:26
  say
• 23:26
  48
• 23:27
  and
• 23:27
  about
• 23:27
  53
• 23:28
  million
• 23:28
  years
• 23:28
  ago.
• 23:29
  And
• 23:29
  that,
• 23:29
  of
• 23:30
  course,
• 23:30
  is
• 23:30
  a
• 23:30
  really
• 23:30
  interesting
• 23:31
  interval
• 23:31
  in
• 23:31
  the
• 23:31
  history
• 23:32
  of
• 23:32
  our
• 23:32
  planet.
• 23:33
  We're
• 23:33
  less
• 23:33
  than
• 23:34
  20
• 23:34
  million
• 23:34
  years
• 23:34
  after
• 23:35
  the
• 23:35
  asteroid
• 23:35
  impact.
• 23:36
  So
• 23:36
  those
• 23:37
  localities
• 23:38
  provide
• 23:38
  us
• 23:38
  with
• 23:39
  some
• 23:39
  of
• 23:39
  the
• 23:39
  best
• 23:39
  early
• 23:40
  snapshots
• 23:41
  of
• 23:41
  sort
• 23:42
  of
• 23:42
  very
• 23:42
  early
• 23:42
  representatives
• 23:43
  of
• 23:43
  major
• 23:44
  modern
• 23:44
  bird
• 23:44
  groups.
• 23:46
  And
• 23:46
  so
• 23:47
  some
• 23:47
  of
• 23:47
  those
• 23:48
  really
• 23:48
  amazing
• 23:49
  localities
• 23:49
  are
• 23:49
  in
• 23:50
  North
• 23:50
  America.
• 23:50
  In
• 23:51
  fact,
• 23:52
  I
• 23:52
  know
• 23:52
  you're
• 23:52
  based
• 23:53
  in
• 23:53
  Colorado.
• 23:54
  One
• 23:54
  of
• 23:54
  the
• 23:55
  most
• 23:55
  famous
• 23:55
  of
• 23:55
  all
• 23:55
  of
• 23:56
  these
• 23:56
  localities
• 23:57
  does
• 23:58
  sort
• 23:58
  of
• 23:58
  crop
• 23:58
  out
• 23:59
  in
• 23:59
  Colorado.
• 24:00
  And
• 24:00
  there
• 24:00
  are
• 24:00
  other
• 24:01
  sort
• 24:01
  of
• 24:01
  roughly
• 24:01
  contemporaneous
• 24:03
  fossil
• 24:03
  localities
• 24:04
  still,
• 24:04
  including
• 24:04
  one
• 24:05
  here
• 24:05
  in
• 24:05
  England,
• 24:05
  not
• 24:05
  too
• 24:05
  far
• 24:06
  away
• 24:06
  from
• 24:06
  where
• 24:06
  I
• 24:06
  am,
• 24:07
  that
• 24:07
  crops
• 24:08
  out
• 24:08
  on
• 24:08
  the
• 24:09
  coast
• 24:09
  of
• 24:09
  southeast
• 24:09
  England
• 24:10
  called
• 24:10
  the
• 24:10
  London
• 24:11
  Clay
• 24:11
  Formation
• 24:12
  and
• 24:13
  the
• 24:13
  London
• 24:13
  Clay
• 24:14
  preserves.
• 24:14
  It's
• 24:15
  about
• 24:15
  53
• 24:15
  million
• 24:16
  years
• 24:16
  old,
• 24:16
  which
• 24:17
  places
• 24:17
  it
• 24:18
  just
• 24:18
  after
• 24:19
  an
• 24:19
  extremely
• 24:20
  warm
• 24:20
  interval
• 24:21
  in
• 24:21
  the
• 24:21
  history
• 24:21
  of
• 24:21
  our
• 24:21
  planet,
• 24:22
  the
• 24:22
  Paleocene
• 24:23
  Eocene
• 24:23
  thermal
• 24:24
  maximum.
• 24:25
  And
• 24:25
  it's
• 24:25
  that
• 24:26
  locality
• 24:26
  that
• 24:27
  has
• 24:27
  produced
• 24:28
  early
• 24:29
  representatives
• 24:30
  of
• 24:30
  groups
• 24:30
  that
• 24:30
  we
• 24:30
  think
• 24:31
  of
• 24:31
  as
• 24:31
  tropical
• 24:32
  in
• 24:32
  the
• 24:32
  present
• 24:32
  day,
• 24:33
  but
• 24:33
  whose
• 24:34
  distributions
• 24:35
  extended
• 24:35
  to
• 24:35
  very
• 24:35
  high
• 24:36
  latitudes
• 24:36
  around
• 24:37
  53
• 24:37
  million
• 24:37
  years
• 24:37
  ago,
• 24:38
  because
• 24:38
  the
• 24:38
  Earth
• 24:38
  was
• 24:39
  much
• 24:39
  warmer
• 24:39
  then.
• 24:40
  And
• 24:40
  that
• 24:40
  includes
• 24:41
  things
• 24:41
  like
• 24:42
  troguns.
• 24:43
  Yeah.
• 24:43
  The
• 24:43
  Trogan
• 24:43
  example
• 24:44
  is
• 24:44
  one
• 24:44
  I
• 24:44
  use
• 24:44
  in
• 24:44
  class.
• 24:45
  I
• 24:45
  show
• 24:45
  them
• 24:45
  the
• 24:46
  contemporary
• 24:46
  distribution
• 24:47
  and
• 24:47
  I
• 24:48
  ask
• 24:48
  how
• 24:49
  did
• 24:49
  they
• 24:49
  do
• 24:49
  this?
• 24:49
  They
• 24:49
  couldn't
• 24:50
  fly
• 24:50
  across
• 24:50
  oceans,
• 24:51
  and
• 24:51
  it
• 24:52
  takes
• 24:52
  them
• 24:52
  a
• 24:52
  while,
• 24:52
  but
• 24:52
  eventually
• 24:53
  they
• 24:53
  think
• 24:53
  about
• 24:53
  the
• 24:53
  fact
• 24:54
  that
• 24:54
  the
• 24:54
  Earth
• 24:54
  was
• 24:54
  warmer
• 24:55
  before
• 24:55
  and
• 24:55
  that
• 24:55
  these
• 24:56
  more
• 24:56
  contiguous
• 24:57
  tropical
• 24:58
  rainforests,
• 24:58
  which
• 24:59
  are
• 24:59
  kind
• 24:59
  of
• 24:59
  trogun
• 24:59
  habitat,
• 25:00
  were,
• 25:02
  were
• 25:02
  more
• 25:02
  connected
• 25:02
  at
• 25:03
  that
• 25:03
  time.
• 25:03
  Yeah,
• 25:03
  troguns
• 25:04
  are
• 25:04
  good
• 25:04
  to
• 25:04
  think
• 25:05
  about.
• 25:05
  A
• 25:05
  neat
• 25:05
  example,
• 25:06
  right.
• 25:06
  Because
• 25:06
  they're
• 25:06
  pantropical.
• 25:07
  Right.
• 25:07
  You've
• 25:07
  got
• 25:07
  them
• 25:08
  at
• 25:09
  kind
• 25:09
  of
• 25:09
  equatorial
• 25:10
  latitudes
• 25:11
  and
• 25:11
  sort
• 25:11
  of
• 25:11
  flanking
• 25:12
  those
• 25:12
  equatorial
• 25:12
  latitudes
• 25:13
  all
• 25:13
  around
• 25:13
  the
• 25:13
  world.
• 25:15
  But
• 25:16
  when
• 25:16
  those
• 25:17
  sorts
• 25:17
  of
• 25:17
  warm,
• 25:18
  wet
• 25:18
  conditions
• 25:19
  associated
• 25:20
  with
• 25:21
  what
• 25:21
  we
• 25:21
  would
• 25:21
  think
• 25:22
  of
• 25:22
  today
• 25:22
  as
• 25:22
  tropical
• 25:23
  forests
• 25:24
  extended
• 25:24
  up
• 25:25
  to
• 25:25
  the
• 25:25
  sorts
• 25:26
  of
• 25:26
  latitudes
• 25:26
  where
• 25:27
  you
• 25:27
  and
• 25:27
  I
• 25:27
  grew
• 25:27
  up.
• 25:30
  Yeah,
• 25:31
  I
• 25:31
  mean,
• 25:31
  that's
• 25:32
  Trogan
• 25:32
  habitat,
• 25:33
  baby.
• 25:34
  Yeah,
• 25:34
  for
• 25:35
  sure.
• 25:35
  We
• 25:35
  haven't
• 25:35
  shout
• 25:36
  out,
• 25:36
  given
• 25:37
  Canada
• 25:37
  a
• 25:37
  shout
• 25:37
  out
• 25:37
  yet,
• 25:38
  so
• 25:38
  I
• 25:38
  appreciate
• 25:38
  you
• 25:38
  pointing
• 25:39
  that
• 25:39
  out,
• 25:39
  I
• 25:39
  think.
• 25:39
  I
• 25:40
  don't
• 25:40
  know
• 25:40
  if
• 25:40
  people
• 25:40
  can
• 25:40
  hear
• 25:40
  it
• 25:41
  in
• 25:41
  my
• 25:41
  voice.
• 25:41
  I
• 25:41
  can
• 25:41
  hear
• 25:41
  it
• 25:42
  in
• 25:42
  your
• 25:42
  voice,
• 25:42
  though.
• 25:43
  You
• 25:43
  still
• 25:43
  sound
• 25:43
  Canadian.
• 25:44
  Yeah,
• 25:44
  I
• 25:44
  know
• 25:44
  it
• 25:45
  faded
• 25:45
  because
• 25:45
  I
• 25:45
  did
• 25:45
  my
• 25:46
  PhD
• 25:46
  in
• 25:46
  the
• 25:46
  US,
• 25:48
  but.
• 25:49
  Yeah,
• 25:49
  I
• 25:49
  don't
• 25:50
  know.
• 25:50
  Especially
• 25:50
  when
• 25:50
  I
• 25:50
  talk
• 25:50
  to
• 25:51
  my
• 25:51
  friends
• 25:51
  from
• 25:51
  Canada.
• 25:51
  I
• 25:52
  know
• 25:52
  my
• 25:52
  accent
• 25:53
  let
• 25:53
  it
• 25:54
  out.
• 25:57
  Like
• 25:57
  you
• 25:58
  said,
• 25:58
  you
• 25:58
  started
• 25:58
  your
• 25:58
  PhD
• 25:59
  in
• 25:59
  2010.
• 25:59
  How
• 26:00
  have
• 26:00
  the
• 26:00
  tools
• 26:00
  that
• 26:01
  are
• 26:01
  available
• 26:01
  to
• 26:01
  use
• 26:01
  to
• 26:02
  ask
• 26:02
  questions
• 26:02
  changed?
• 26:03
  I
• 26:03
  don't
• 26:03
  know.
• 26:03
  I
• 26:03
  hear
• 26:03
  a
• 26:03
  lot
• 26:03
  about,
• 26:04
  you
• 26:04
  know,
• 26:04
  micro
• 26:04
  CT
• 26:05
  scanning
• 26:05
  and
• 26:05
  things
• 26:05
  and
• 26:06
  imaging
• 26:06
  in
• 26:06
  ways
• 26:07
  that
• 26:07
  instead
• 26:07
  of
• 26:08
  chipping
• 26:08
  a
• 26:08
  fossil
• 26:08
  out
• 26:09
  of
• 26:09
  the
• 26:09
  rock
• 26:09
  and
• 26:09
  then
• 26:09
  putting
• 26:10
  it
• 26:10
  back
• 26:10
  together,
• 26:10
  you
• 26:10
  can
• 26:11
  actually
• 26:11
  look
• 26:12
  at
• 26:12
  it
• 26:12
  while
• 26:12
  it's
• 26:12
  still
• 26:13
  there.
• 26:13
  Can
• 26:13
  you
• 26:14
  talk
• 26:14
  just
• 26:14
  a
• 26:14
  little
• 26:14
  bit
• 26:14
  about
• 26:14
  that?
• 26:14
  Yeah,
• 26:15
  of
• 26:15
  course.
• 26:15
  So.
• 26:15
  So
• 26:16
  those
• 26:16
  sorts
• 26:16
  of
• 26:16
  tools
• 26:17
  that
• 26:17
  allow
• 26:18
  us
• 26:18
  to
• 26:18
  interpret
• 26:19
  anatomy
• 26:20
  more
• 26:21
  precisely
• 26:22
  at
• 26:22
  higher
• 26:23
  resolution
• 26:24
  have
• 26:25
  been
• 26:25
  actually
• 26:26
  revolutionary
• 26:27
  for
• 26:27
  the
• 26:27
  field
• 26:28
  of
• 26:28
  vertebrate
• 26:28
  paleontology.
• 26:29
  So,
• 26:29
  for
• 26:29
  instance,
• 26:29
  with
• 26:29
  this
• 26:30
  fossil,
• 26:30
  Asteriornis,
• 26:31
  you
• 26:31
  mentioned
• 26:31
  the
• 26:32
  Wonder
• 26:32
  Chicken.
• 26:34
  That
• 26:34
  fossil
• 26:35
  is
• 26:35
  teeny
• 26:36
  tiny,
• 26:36
  very
• 26:36
  delicate.
• 26:37
  The
• 26:37
  skull
• 26:38
  itself
• 26:38
  is,
• 26:38
  like,
• 26:39
  less
• 26:39
  than
• 26:39
  7cm
• 26:40
  long.
• 26:41
  And
• 26:41
  so
• 26:42
  had
• 26:42
  we
• 26:42
  tried
• 26:42
  to
• 26:42
  chip
• 26:43
  that
• 26:43
  fossil
• 26:43
  out
• 26:44
  of
• 26:44
  the
• 26:44
  rock
• 26:44
  that
• 26:44
  surrounds
• 26:45
  it,
• 26:45
  we
• 26:45
  probably
• 26:46
  would
• 26:46
  have
• 26:46
  damaged
• 26:46
  it
• 26:47
  and
• 26:48
  in
• 26:48
  the
• 26:48
  process,
• 26:50
  obliterated
• 26:50
  some
• 26:51
  of
• 26:51
  the
• 26:51
  most
• 26:51
  important
• 26:52
  fossil
• 26:52
  evidence
• 26:53
  that
• 26:53
  exists
• 26:54
  of
• 26:54
  birds
• 26:55
  from
• 26:55
  before
• 26:56
  the
• 26:56
  asteroid
• 26:56
  impact
• 26:57
  at
• 26:57
  the
• 26:57
  end
• 26:57
  of
• 26:57
  the
• 26:57
  age
• 26:58
  of
• 26:58
  dinosaurs.
• 26:59
  So,
• 27:00
  fortunately,
• 27:00
  we
• 27:00
  were
• 27:00
  able
• 27:00
  to
• 27:01
  take
• 27:01
  the
• 27:01
  little
• 27:01
  rock
• 27:01
  that
• 27:01
  surrounds
• 27:02
  the
• 27:02
  skull,
• 27:03
  put
• 27:03
  it
• 27:03
  in
• 27:03
  a
• 27:03
  very
• 27:03
  high
• 27:04
  resolution,
• 27:04
  very
• 27:04
  powerful
• 27:05
  micro
• 27:05
  CT
• 27:06
  scanner
• 27:06
  that
• 27:06
  we
• 27:06
  have
• 27:07
  in
• 27:07
  the
• 27:07
  basement
• 27:07
  of
• 27:07
  the
• 27:08
  Museum
• 27:08
  of
• 27:08
  Zoology
• 27:09
  here
• 27:09
  in
• 27:09
  Cambridge,
• 27:10
  and
• 27:10
  thereby
• 27:11
  digitally
• 27:12
  peer
• 27:12
  inside
• 27:13
  the
• 27:13
  rock
• 27:14
  and
• 27:14
  at
• 27:15
  micron
• 27:16
  scale,
• 27:17
  observe
• 27:18
  the
• 27:18
  very
• 27:18
  detailed
• 27:20
  osteology
• 27:21
  of
• 27:21
  that
• 27:21
  skull.
• 27:22
  So
• 27:23
  that's
• 27:23
  an
• 27:23
  amazing
• 27:23
  thing.
• 27:24
  It's
• 27:24
  something
• 27:25
  that
• 27:25
  not
• 27:26
  very
• 27:26
  many
• 27:26
  people
• 27:26
  were
• 27:27
  doing
• 27:27
  in
• 27:27
  2010,
• 27:28
  but
• 27:29
  by
• 27:29
  2026,
• 27:30
  early
• 27:30
  2026,
• 27:31
  when
• 27:31
  we're
• 27:31
  having
• 27:31
  this
• 27:31
  discussion,
• 27:32
  that
• 27:33
  has
• 27:33
  become
• 27:33
  a
• 27:34
  standard
• 27:34
  approach
• 27:35
  in
• 27:35
  the
• 27:35
  field
• 27:35
  of
• 27:35
  vertebrate
• 27:36
  paleontology,
• 27:36
  and
• 27:37
  for
• 27:37
  good
• 27:37
  reason.
• 27:38
  Yeah,
• 27:38
  it's
• 27:39
  amazing
• 27:39
  to
• 27:39
  look
• 27:39
  at
• 27:39
  the
• 27:39
  visualizations
• 27:40
  of
• 27:40
  Those
• 27:40
  and
• 27:41
  these
• 27:42
  3D
• 27:42
  models
• 27:42
  you
• 27:43
  can
• 27:43
  generate
• 27:43
  and
• 27:43
  spin
• 27:44
  around
• 27:44
  on
• 27:44
  your
• 27:44
  computer.
• 27:45
  And
• 27:45
  I
• 27:45
  just
• 27:46
  can't
• 27:46
  imagine
• 27:47
  zooming
• 27:47
  back
• 27:47
  in
• 27:48
  time
• 27:48
  to
• 27:48
  some
• 27:48
  of
• 27:48
  the
• 27:48
  first
• 27:49
  paleontologists
• 27:50
  and
• 27:50
  being
• 27:50
  like,
• 27:50
  look
• 27:50
  what
• 27:51
  we
• 27:51
  can
• 27:51
  do
• 27:51
  now.
• 27:52
  Their
• 27:52
  heads
• 27:52
  would
• 27:53
  have
• 27:53
  exploded
• 27:54
  with
• 27:54
  excitement,
• 27:55
  I
• 27:55
  think.
• 27:55
  So
• 27:55
  if
• 27:56
  someone
• 27:56
  walks
• 27:56
  up
• 27:56
  to
• 27:56
  you
• 27:56
  and
• 27:56
  asks,
• 27:57
  what
• 27:57
  is
• 27:57
  a
• 27:58
  bird?
• 27:58
  What
• 27:58
  do
• 27:58
  you
• 27:58
  tell
• 27:59
  them?
• 27:59
  I
• 27:59
  can
• 28:00
  get
• 28:00
  pedantic
• 28:00
  about
• 28:00
  that
• 28:01
  because
• 28:02
  it
• 28:03
  can
• 28:03
  be
• 28:03
  a
• 28:03
  tricky
• 28:04
  question
• 28:04
  to
• 28:05
  answer,
• 28:05
  but
• 28:06
  I
• 28:06
  think
• 28:06
  there's
• 28:06
  only
• 28:07
  One
• 28:07
  kind
• 28:07
  of
• 28:08
  objectively
• 28:09
  accurate
• 28:10
  way
• 28:11
  to
• 28:11
  answer
• 28:11
  that
• 28:12
  question.
• 28:13
  So
• 28:13
  for
• 28:13
  me,
• 28:13
  when
• 28:14
  I
• 28:14
  think
• 28:14
  of
• 28:14
  birds,
• 28:15
  I
• 28:15
  think
• 28:15
  of
• 28:15
  modern
• 28:15
  birds
• 28:16
  or
• 28:17
  the
• 28:17
  bird
• 28:17
  crown
• 28:18
  group
• 28:19
  as
• 28:19
  a
• 28:20
  natural
• 28:20
  group
• 28:20
  of
• 28:21
  organisms
• 28:21
  that
• 28:21
  we
• 28:21
  can
• 28:21
  define.
• 28:22
  We
• 28:22
  can
• 28:23
  define
• 28:23
  it
• 28:23
  as
• 28:24
  the
• 28:24
  most
• 28:24
  recent
• 28:24
  common
• 28:25
  ancestor
• 28:25
  of
• 28:25
  an
• 28:26
  ostrich
• 28:26
  and
• 28:26
  a
• 28:27
  sparrow
• 28:27
  and
• 28:27
  all
• 28:28
  of
• 28:28
  that
• 28:28
  ancestor's
• 28:29
  descendants.
• 28:29
  So
• 28:30
  that
• 28:31
  definition
• 28:32
  encompasses,
• 28:33
  of
• 28:33
  course,
• 28:33
  all
• 28:33
  11,000
• 28:34
  plus
• 28:34
  living
• 28:35
  species
• 28:35
  of
• 28:35
  birds,
• 28:36
  but
• 28:36
  also
• 28:36
  all
• 28:37
  of
• 28:37
  that
• 28:37
  extinct
• 28:38
  diversity,
• 28:39
  like
• 28:39
  those
• 28:40
  early
• 28:40
  hummingbirds
• 28:41
  from
• 28:41
  Europe
• 28:41
  that
• 28:41
  we
• 28:42
  were
• 28:42
  talking
• 28:42
  about,
• 28:43
  those
• 28:43
  early
• 28:44
  Croghans
• 28:44
  from
• 28:45
  the
• 28:45
  London
• 28:46
  Clay
• 28:47
  and
• 28:47
  Asteriornis
• 28:48
  too,
• 28:49
  going
• 28:49
  back
• 28:49
  to
• 28:49
  the
• 28:49
  most
• 28:49
  recent
• 28:50
  common
• 28:50
  ancestor
• 28:51
  of
• 28:51
  all
• 28:51
  living
• 28:52
  birds.
• 28:53
  And
• 28:53
  of
• 28:53
  course,
• 28:53
  that
• 28:54
  definition
• 28:55
  excludes
• 28:56
  most
• 28:56
  of
• 28:57
  what
• 28:57
  we
• 28:57
  know
• 28:58
  of
• 28:59
  from
• 28:59
  the
• 28:59
  Mesozoic
• 29:00
  fossil
• 29:00
  record,
• 29:01
  the
• 29:01
  age
• 29:01
  of
• 29:01
  dinosaurs,
• 29:02
  including
• 29:02
  Archaeopteryx,
• 29:03
  but
• 29:03
  including
• 29:04
  all
• 29:04
  of
• 29:04
  these
• 29:05
  other
• 29:05
  sort
• 29:05
  of
• 29:06
  premodern
• 29:07
  birds.
• 29:08
  And
• 29:08
  I
• 29:09
  think
• 29:09
  that
• 29:10
  is
• 29:10
  okay
• 29:12
  because
• 29:12
  we
• 29:12
  can
• 29:13
  define
• 29:13
  the
• 29:13
  relationship
• 29:14
  of
• 29:14
  birds
• 29:15
  to
• 29:15
  those
• 29:17
  earlier
• 29:17
  organisms
• 29:18
  also
• 29:19
  with
• 29:19
  respect
• 29:20
  to
• 29:20
  how
• 29:21
  these
• 29:21
  things
• 29:21
  are
• 29:22
  related
• 29:22
  evolutionarily.
• 29:24
  And
• 29:24
  really,
• 29:24
  I
• 29:25
  think
• 29:25
  that's
• 29:25
  the
• 29:25
  only
• 29:25
  way
• 29:25
  to
• 29:25
  do
• 29:26
  it.
• 29:27
  And
• 29:27
  the
• 29:27
  reason
• 29:27
  that
• 29:28
  we
• 29:28
  can't
• 29:28
  just
• 29:28
  say
• 29:28
  that
• 29:29
  a
• 29:29
  bird
• 29:30
  is
• 29:30
  anything
• 29:30
  with
• 29:31
  feathers
• 29:32
  is
• 29:32
  because.
• 29:33
  Which
• 29:33
  would
• 29:33
  be
• 29:33
  easy
• 29:34
  and
• 29:34
  nice
• 29:34
  and
• 29:34
  I
• 29:34
  guess,
• 29:35
  true,
• 29:36
  except
• 29:37
  evolution
• 29:38
  happens.
• 29:39
  Right.
• 29:39
  And
• 29:40
  so
• 29:41
  paleontologists
• 29:42
  tend
• 29:43
  to
• 29:43
  balk
• 29:43
  at
• 29:43
  the
• 29:43
  idea
• 29:44
  of
• 29:45
  defining
• 29:46
  groups
• 29:47
  with
• 29:47
  respect
• 29:48
  to
• 29:48
  features
• 29:48
  that
• 29:49
  they
• 29:49
  share,
• 29:50
  because
• 29:50
  over
• 29:50
  really
• 29:51
  long
• 29:51
  periods
• 29:51
  of
• 29:51
  time,
• 29:52
  we
• 29:52
  know
• 29:52
  that
• 29:52
  those
• 29:52
  features
• 29:53
  change.
• 29:54
  The
• 29:54
  only
• 29:55
  sort
• 29:55
  of
• 29:57
  uniformly,
• 29:58
  I
• 29:58
  think,
• 29:58
  accurate
• 29:58
  way
• 29:58
  to
• 29:59
  define
• 30:00
  groups
• 30:01
  of
• 30:01
  organisms
• 30:01
  is
• 30:01
  with
• 30:02
  respect
• 30:02
  to
• 30:03
  evolutionary
• 30:03
  relationships.
• 30:04
  Well,
• 30:05
  we're
• 30:05
  on
• 30:05
  the
• 30:05
  same
• 30:05
  page
• 30:06
  there.
• 30:08
  Agreed.
• 30:09
  So
• 30:09
  we
• 30:09
  reached
• 30:09
  the
• 30:09
  part
• 30:09
  of
• 30:10
  the
• 30:10
  show
• 30:10
  that
• 30:10
  we
• 30:10
  call
• 30:10
  that's
• 30:11
  BS
• 30:11
  or
• 30:11
  that's
• 30:11
  bird
• 30:12
  stuff,
• 30:12
  where
• 30:12
  we
• 30:12
  give
• 30:12
  our
• 30:13
  guests
• 30:13
  an
• 30:13
  opportunity
• 30:13
  to
• 30:14
  debunk
• 30:14
  a
• 30:14
  myth
• 30:14
  that
• 30:14
  ruffles
• 30:15
  their
• 30:15
  feathers.
• 30:15
  So,
• 30:16
  Daniel,
• 30:16
  what
• 30:16
  do
• 30:17
  you
• 30:17
  want
• 30:17
  to
• 30:17
  call
• 30:17
  BS
• 30:17
  on?
• 30:18
  What
• 30:18
  I
• 30:18
  think
• 30:18
  is
• 30:19
  sort
• 30:19
  of
• 30:19
  BS
• 30:20
  is
• 30:21
  this
• 30:21
  assumption
• 30:22
  that
• 30:22
  as
• 30:22
  time
• 30:22
  goes
• 30:23
  on,
• 30:23
  we'll
• 30:23
  find
• 30:24
  early
• 30:24
  representatives
• 30:25
  of
• 30:26
  many,
• 30:26
  many
• 30:27
  major
• 30:27
  groups
• 30:27
  of
• 30:28
  modern
• 30:28
  birds.
• 30:29
  Things
• 30:29
  like
• 30:29
  early
• 30:29
  hummingbirds,
• 30:30
  things
• 30:30
  like
• 30:31
  early
• 30:31
  passerines,
• 30:32
  things
• 30:32
  like
• 30:32
  early
• 30:32
  parrots,
• 30:33
  which
• 30:34
  I
• 30:34
  think
• 30:34
  almost
• 30:35
  certainly
• 30:35
  did
• 30:36
  not
• 30:36
  exist
• 30:37
  during
• 30:37
  the
• 30:38
  age
• 30:38
  of
• 30:39
  dinosaurs,
• 30:40
  because
• 30:40
  we
• 30:41
  have
• 30:41
  such
• 30:41
  an
• 30:42
  extensive
• 30:42
  fossil
• 30:42
  record
• 30:43
  of
• 30:43
  bird
• 30:43
  like
• 30:43
  forms
• 30:44
  now
• 30:44
  from
• 30:44
  before
• 30:45
  the
• 30:45
  asteroid
• 30:45
  impact,
• 30:46
  with
• 30:47
  no
• 30:47
  evidence
• 30:47
  for
• 30:48
  any
• 30:48
  of
• 30:49
  these
• 30:49
  groups
• 30:49
  of
• 30:49
  neoavian
• 30:50
  birds
• 30:51
  yet,
• 30:51
  no
• 30:51
  really
• 30:52
  compelling
• 30:52
  evidence.
• 30:54
  Whereas
• 30:54
  after
• 30:54
  the
• 30:55
  extinction
• 30:55
  event,
• 30:55
  all
• 30:56
  of
• 30:56
  a
• 30:56
  sudden
• 30:56
  we've
• 30:56
  got
• 30:57
  early
• 30:57
  representatives
• 30:58
  of
• 30:58
  virtually
• 30:58
  all
• 30:59
  of
• 30:59
  these
• 30:59
  major
• 30:59
  groups
• 31:00
  of
• 31:00
  modern
• 31:01
  birds.
• 31:02
  So
• 31:02
  a
• 31:02
  strict
• 31:03
  reading
• 31:03
  of
• 31:03
  the
• 31:03
  fossil
• 31:03
  record
• 31:04
  is
• 31:04
  not
• 31:05
  called
• 31:05
  for.
• 31:05
  Obviously,
• 31:06
  we
• 31:06
  have
• 31:06
  to
• 31:06
  draw
• 31:07
  some
• 31:07
  inferences
• 31:08
  about
• 31:08
  exactly
• 31:09
  when,
• 31:10
  before
• 31:10
  and
• 31:11
  after
• 31:11
  the
• 31:11
  mass
• 31:11
  extinction
• 31:12
  event,
• 31:13
  aspects
• 31:13
  of
• 31:14
  Modern
• 31:14
  bird
• 31:14
  diversification
• 31:15
  took
• 31:15
  place,
• 31:16
  but
• 31:17
  the
• 31:17
  signal
• 31:17
  seems
• 31:18
  to
• 31:18
  be
• 31:18
  really,
• 31:18
  really
• 31:19
  strong
• 31:19
  that
• 31:19
  there
• 31:20
  was
• 31:20
  a
• 31:20
  massive
• 31:21
  diversification
• 31:22
  of
• 31:22
  the
• 31:22
  major
• 31:22
  groups
• 31:23
  of
• 31:23
  neoavian
• 31:24
  bir
• 31:25
  the
• 31:25
  mass
• 31:25
  extinction
• 31:25
  event.
• 31:26
  And
• 31:27
  I
• 31:27
  will
• 31:27
  say
• 31:28
  all
• 31:28
  of
• 31:29
  what
• 31:29
  I've
• 31:29
  just
• 31:29
  articulated,
• 31:30
  of
• 31:30
  course,
• 31:30
  is
• 31:30
  testable.
• 31:31
  So
• 31:31
  if
• 31:32
  an
• 31:32
  early
• 31:32
  owl
• 31:33
  or
• 31:34
  an
• 31:34
  early
• 31:34
  ostrich
• 31:36
  or
• 31:36
  an
• 31:36
  early
• 31:37
  kingfisher
• 31:37
  or
• 31:37
  something
• 31:38
  like
• 31:38
  that
• 31:38
  turns
• 31:38
  up
• 31:39
  in
• 31:39
  rocks
• 31:39
  that
• 31:39
  are
• 31:39
  100
• 31:40
  million
• 31:40
  years
• 31:40
  old,
• 31:41
  well,
• 31:42
  I'll
• 31:42
  shut
• 31:42
  up.
• 31:42
  Right,
• 31:43
  because
• 31:44
  we
• 31:45
  can
• 31:45
  reject
• 31:45
  my
• 31:46
  little
• 31:46
  hypothesis
• 31:46
  here,
• 31:47
  but
• 31:47
  I
• 31:47
  simply
• 31:48
  don't
• 31:48
  think
• 31:48
  that's
• 31:48
  going
• 31:48
  to
• 31:49
  be
• 31:49
  the
• 31:49
  case,
• 31:49
  given
• 31:49
  how
• 31:50
  many
• 31:50
  fossils
• 31:50
  have
• 31:51
  turned
• 31:51
  up
• 31:51
  from
• 31:51
  both
• 31:51
  before
• 31:52
  and
• 31:52
  after
• 31:52
  the
• 31:53
  asteroid
• 31:53
  impact
• 31:55
  that
• 31:55
  just
• 31:56
  haven't
• 31:57
  suggested
• 31:58
  that
• 31:58
  neoavian
• 31:59
  birds
• 31:59
  had
• 31:59
  diversified
• 32:00
  much
• 32:00
  before
• 32:00
  the
• 32:00
  mass
• 32:01
  extinction
• 32:01
  event.
• 32:02
  So
• 32:02
  I
• 32:02
  just
• 32:02
  think
• 32:03
  that
• 32:03
  is
• 32:04
  bird
• 32:04
  stuff,
• 32:05
  Scott.
• 32:06
  It's
• 32:06
  definitely
• 32:07
  bird
• 32:07
  stuff.
• 32:07
  I'm
• 32:08
  going
• 32:08
  to
• 32:08
  go
• 32:08
  back
• 32:08
  to
• 32:08
  my
• 32:09
  early
• 32:09
  birds
• 32:10
  lectures
• 32:10
  and
• 32:10
  just
• 32:10
  tweak
• 32:11
  them
• 32:11
  to
• 32:11
  make
• 32:11
  sure
• 32:12
  I'm
• 32:12
  in
• 32:12
  line
• 32:12
  so
• 32:13
  that
• 32:13
  these
• 32:13
  Canadians
• 32:13
  are
• 32:14
  aligned
• 32:14
  across
• 32:15
  the
• 32:15
  pond
• 32:15
  with
• 32:15
  how
• 32:15
  we
• 32:15
  teach
• 32:16
  gratitude.
• 32:18
  Awesome.
• 32:18
  Well,
• 32:18
  thanks
• 32:18
  so
• 32:19
  much
• 32:19
  for
• 32:19
  joining
• 32:19
  us
• 32:19
  today.
• 32:19
  This
• 32:19
  has
• 32:20
  been
• 32:20
  an
• 32:20
  awesome
• 32:20
  conversation,
• 32:21
  as
• 32:21
  I
• 32:21
  knew
• 32:21
  it
• 32:21
  would
• 32:21
  be.
• 32:21
  And
• 32:22
  it's
• 32:22
  good
• 32:22
  to
• 32:22
  see
• 32:22
  you.
• 32:23
  Yeah,
• 32:23
  thank
• 32:23
  you,
• 32:23
  Scott.
• 32:24
  I'm
• 32:24
  so
• 32:24
  excited
• 32:25
  to
• 32:25
  have.
• 32:26
  I've
• 32:26
  been
• 32:26
  invited
• 32:26
  to
• 32:26
  join
• 32:27
  the
• 32:27
  podcast.
• 32:27
  I
• 32:27
  love
• 32:27
  the
• 32:28
  podcast.
• 32:28
  And
• 32:29
  yeah,
• 32:29
  I
• 32:29
  can't
• 32:29
  wait
• 32:30
  to
• 32:30
  see
• 32:30
  this
• 32:31
  up
• 32:31
  online
• 32:31
  on
• 32:32
  Spotify.
• 32:37
  Birds
• 32:37
  are
• 32:37
  dinosaurs.
• 32:38
  And
• 32:38
  around
• 32:38
  here
• 32:38
  we
• 32:38
  like
• 32:39
  our
• 32:39
  snacks.
• 32:39
  So
• 32:39
  we
• 32:39
  end
• 32:40
  each
• 32:40
  episode
• 32:40
  with
• 32:40
  a
• 32:40
  dinosaur
• 32:41
  nugget.
• 32:41
  Today
• 32:42
  we
• 32:42
  could
• 32:43
  just
• 32:43
  leave
• 32:43
  it
• 32:43
  there.
• 32:44
  Microphone
• 32:44
  drop.
• 32:45
  But
• 32:46
  really,
• 32:46
  birds
• 32:46
  are
• 32:47
  dinosaurs.
• 32:47
  And
• 32:48
  although
• 32:49
  some
• 32:49
  modern
• 32:49
  bird
• 32:49
  lineages
• 32:50
  do
• 32:50
  predate
• 32:51
  the
• 32:51
  mass
• 32:51
  extinction
• 32:51
  event
• 32:52
  that
• 32:52
  caused
• 32:52
  the
• 32:52
  extinction
• 32:53
  of
• 32:53
  non
• 32:53
  avian
• 32:53
  dinosaurs.
• 32:54
  Remember
• 32:55
  the
• 32:55
  wonder
• 32:55
  chicken?
• 32:56
  Many
• 32:56
  lineages
• 32:57
  of
• 32:57
  modern
• 32:57
  birds
• 32:57
  first
• 32:58
  appear
• 32:58
  in
• 32:58
  the
• 32:58
  fossil
• 32:59
  record
• 32:59
  around
• 32:59
  10
• 32:59
  million
• 33:00
  years
• 33:00
  later.
• 33:01
  Oh,
• 33:02
  and
• 33:02
  trogons
• 33:02
  and
• 33:03
  hummingbirds
• 33:03
  used
• 33:03
  to
• 33:03
  fly
• 33:04
  around
• 33:04
  Europe.
• 33:05
  That's
• 33:05
  a
• 33:05
  wrap
• 33:05
  on
• 33:06
  this
• 33:06
  week's
• 33:06
  episode.
• 33:06
  Okay,
• 33:07
  but
• 33:07
  what
• 33:07
  makes
• 33:07
  a
• 33:07
  bird
• 33:08
  a
• 33:08
  bird?
• 33:08
  If
• 33:09
  you
• 33:09
  liked
• 33:09
  it,
• 33:09
  make
• 33:09
  sure
• 33:09
  to
• 33:10
  leave
• 33:10
  a
• 33:10
  comment
• 33:10
  like
• 33:10
  and
• 33:11
  subscribe
• 33:11
  and
• 33:11
  share
• 33:11
  this
• 33:11
  with
• 33:12
  a
• 33:12
  friend.
• 33:12
  We'll
• 33:12
  catch
• 33:12
  you
• 33:13
  next
• 33:13
  time.
• 33:13
  Byeee.
• 33:19
  Okay,
• 33:19
  But...
• 33:19
  Birds
• 33:20
  is
• 33:20
  hosted
• 33:21
  by
• 33:21
  Scott
• 33:21
  Taylor
• 33:22
  with
• 33:22
  production
• 33:23
  and
• 33:23
  creative
• 33:23
  by
• 33:23
  Zach
• 33:24
  Karl.