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The Art of War - Sun Tzu · Educational Library

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Speaker 1: Chapter one, laying plans, sun Sooux said, the art of
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Speaker 1: war is of vital importance to the state. It is
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Speaker 1: a matter of life and death, a road either to
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Speaker 1: safety or to ruin. Hence, it is a subject of
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Speaker 1: inquiry which can on no account be neglected. The art
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Speaker 1: of war, then, is governed by five constant factors to
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Speaker 1: be taken into account in one's deliberations when seeking to
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Speaker 1: determine the conditions obtaining in the field. These are one
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Speaker 1: the moral law, two Heaven, three Earth, four the commander,
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Speaker 1: five Method and discipline. The moral law causes the people
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Speaker 1: to be in complete accord with their ruler, so that
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Speaker 1: they will follow him regardless of their lives, undispayed by
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Speaker 1: any danger. Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat,
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Speaker 1: times and seasons. Earth comprises distances great and small, danger
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Speaker 1: and security, open ground and narrow passes, the chances of
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Speaker 1: life and death. The commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerity, benevolence, courage,
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Speaker 1: and strictness. By method and discipline nor to be understood.
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Speaker 1: The marshaling of the army and its proper subdivisions, the
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Speaker 1: graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance of roads,
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Speaker 1: by which supplies may reach the army, and the control
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Speaker 1: of military expenditure. These five heads should be familiar to
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Speaker 1: every general. He who knows them will be victorious. He
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Speaker 1: who knows them not will fail. Therefore, in your deliberations,
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Speaker 1: when seeking to determine the military conditions, let them be
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Speaker 1: made the basis of a comparison. In this wise, One
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Speaker 1: which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the moral law?
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Speaker 1: Two which of the two generals has most ability? Three
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Speaker 1: with whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth.
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Speaker 1: Four on which side is disciplined more rigorously enforced, Five
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Speaker 1: which army is stronger, Six on which side are officers
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Speaker 1: and men more highly trained? Seven in which army is
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Speaker 1: there the greater constancy, both in reward and punishment. By
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Speaker 1: means of these seven considerations, I can forecast victory or defeat.
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Speaker 1: The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon
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Speaker 1: it will conquer. Let such a one be retained in command.
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Speaker 1: The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts
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Speaker 1: upon it, will suffer defeat. Let such a one be dismissed,
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Speaker 1: while heeding the profit of my counsel avail yourself, also
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Speaker 1: of any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules.
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Speaker 1: According as circumstances are favorable, one should modify one's plans.
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Speaker 1: All warfare is based on deception. Hence, when able to attack,
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Speaker 1: we must seem unable. When using our forces, we must
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Speaker 1: seem inactive. When we are near, we must make the
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Speaker 1: enemy believe we are far away. When far away, we
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Speaker 1: must make him believe we are near. Hold out bates
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Speaker 1: to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him. If
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Speaker 1: he is secure at all points, be prepared for him.
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Speaker 1: If he is in superior strength, evade him. If your
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Speaker 1: opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend
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Speaker 1: to be weak, that he may grow arrogant. If he
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Speaker 1: is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his
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Speaker 1: forces are united, separate them, Attack him where he is unprepared.
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Speaker 1: Appear where you are not expected. These military devices leading
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Speaker 1: to victory must not be divulged beforehand. Now, the general
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Speaker 1: who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple
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Speaker 1: ere the battle is fought. The general who loses a
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Speaker 1: battle makes but few calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations
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Speaker 1: lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat, how much
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Speaker 1: more no calculation at all. It is by attention to
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Speaker 1: this point that I can foresee who is likely to
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Speaker 1: win or lose. End of Chapter one, Chapter two, Waging
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Speaker 1: War one, Zoo says, in the operations of war, where
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Speaker 1: there are in the field a thousand swift chariots, as
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Speaker 1: many heavy chariots, and one hundred thousand male clant soldiers
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Speaker 1: with provisions enough to carry them a thousand lee. The
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Speaker 1: expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of guests,
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Speaker 1: small items such as glue and paint and sums spent
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Speaker 1: on chariots and armor, will reach the total of one
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Speaker 1: thousand ounces of silver per day. Such is the cost
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Speaker 1: of raising an army of one hundred thousand men. When
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Speaker 1: you engage in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming,
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Speaker 1: then men's weapons will grow dull and their order will
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Speaker 1: be damped. If you lay siege to a town, you
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Speaker 1: will exhaust your strength again. If the campaign is protracted,
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Speaker 1: the resources of the state will not be equal to
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Speaker 1: the strain. Now when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped,
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Speaker 1: your strength exhausted, and your treasure spent other chieftains will
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Speaker 1: spring up to take advantage of your extremity. Then no man,
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Speaker 1: however wise, will be able to avert the consequences that
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Speaker 1: must ensue. Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste
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Speaker 1: and war cleverness, has never been seen associated with long delays.
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Speaker 1: There is no instance of a country having benefited from
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Speaker 1: prolonged warfare. It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted
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Speaker 1: with the evils of war that can thoroughly understand the
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Speaker 1: profitable way of carrying it on. The skillful soldier does
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Speaker 1: not raise a second levee, neither are his supply wagons
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Speaker 1: loaded more than twice. Bring war material with you from home,
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Speaker 1: but forage on the enemy. Thus the army will have
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Speaker 1: food enough for its needs. Poverty of the state exchequer
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Speaker 1: causes an army to be made maintained by contributions from
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Speaker 1: a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a distance
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Speaker 1: causes the people to be impoverished. On the other hand,
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Speaker 1: the proximity of an army causes prices to go up,
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Speaker 1: and high prices cause the people's substance to be drained away.
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Speaker 1: When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be
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Speaker 1: afflicted by heavy exactions. With this loss of substance and
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Speaker 1: exhaustion of strength, the homes of the people will be
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Speaker 1: stripped bare, and three tenths of their income will be dissipated,
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Speaker 1: while government expenses for broken chariots, worn out horses, breastplates
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Speaker 1: and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields, protective mantles,
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Speaker 1: draft oxen, and heavy wagons will amount to four tenths
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Speaker 1: of its total revenue. Hence, a wise general makes a
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Speaker 1: point of foraging on the enemy. One court load of
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Speaker 1: enemies provisions is equivalent to twenty of one's own, and
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Speaker 1: likewise a single pecool of his provender is equivalent to
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Speaker 1: twenty from one's own store. Now, in order to kill
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Speaker 1: the enemy, our men must be roused to anger that
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Speaker 1: there may be advantage from defeating the enemy. They must
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Speaker 1: have their rewards. Therefore, in chariot fighting, when ten or
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Speaker 1: more chariots have been taken, those should be rewarded who
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Speaker 1: took the first. Our own flags should be substituted for
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Speaker 1: those of the enemy, and the chariots mingled and used
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Speaker 1: in conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers should be kindly
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Speaker 1: treated and kept This is called using the conquered foe
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Speaker 1: to augment one's own strength in war. Then let your
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Speaker 1: great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns. Thus it may
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Speaker 1: be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter
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Speaker 1: of the people's fate, the man on whom it depends
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Speaker 1: whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril.
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Speaker 1: End of Chapter two, Chapter three, attack by Stratagem sun
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Speaker 1: Zou said, in the practical art of war, the best
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Speaker 1: thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole
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Speaker 1: and intact to shatter and destroy it. Is not so good.
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Speaker 1: So too, it is better to recapture an army entire
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Speaker 1: than to destroy it, to capture a regiment, a detachment,
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Speaker 1: or a company entire than to destroy them. Hence, to
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Speaker 1: fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence.
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Speaker 1: Supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting. Thus,
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Speaker 1: the highest form of generalship is to balk the enemy's plans.
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Speaker 1: The next best is to prevent the injunction of the
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Speaker 1: enemy's forces. The next inner is to attack the enemy's
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Speaker 1: army in the field. And the worst policy of all
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Speaker 1: is to besiege walled cities. The rule is not to
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Speaker 1: besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided. The
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Speaker 1: preparation of mantelets, movable shelters, and various implements of war
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Speaker 1: will take up three whole months, and the piling up
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Speaker 1: of mounds over against the wall will take three months more.
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Speaker 1: The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his
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Speaker 1: men to the assault like swarming ants, with the result
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Speaker 1: that one third of his men are slain while the
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Speaker 1: town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of
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Speaker 1: a siege. Therefore, the skillful leader subdues the enemy's troops
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Speaker 1: without any fighting. He captures their cities without laying siege
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Speaker 1: to them. He overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in
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Speaker 1: the field. With us force is intact, he will dispute
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Speaker 1: the mastery of the empire, and thus, without losing a man,
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Speaker 1: his triumph will be complete. This is the method of
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Speaker 1: attacking by stratagem. It is the rule in war. If
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Speaker 1: our forces are ten to the enemies one, two surround him.
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Speaker 1: If five to one to attack him. If twice as numerous,
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Speaker 1: to divide our army into two. If equally matched, we
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Speaker 1: can offer battle. If slightly inferior in numbers, we can
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Speaker 1: avoid the enemy. If quite unequal in every way, we
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Speaker 1: can flee from him. Hence, though an obstinate fight may
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Speaker 1: be made by a small force, in the end it
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Speaker 1: must be captured by the larger force. Now, the general
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Speaker 1: is the bulwark of the state. If the bulwark is
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Speaker 1: complete at all points, the state will be strong. If
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Speaker 1: the bulwark is defective, the state will be weak. There
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Speaker 1: are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune
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Speaker 1: upon his army. One by commanding the army to advance
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Speaker 1: or to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it
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Speaker 1: cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army. Two by
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Speaker 1: attempting to govern an army in the same way as
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Speaker 1: he administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which
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Speaker 1: obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier's minds.
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Speaker 1: Three by employing the officers of his army without discrimination
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Speaker 1: through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances.
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Speaker 1: This shakes the confidence of the soldiers. But when the
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Speaker 1: army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure to come
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Speaker 1: from the other Feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy
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Speaker 1: into the army and flinging victory away. Thus we may
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Speaker 1: know that there are five essentials for victory. One he
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Speaker 1: will win who knows when to fight and win not
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Speaker 1: to fight. Two he will win who knows how to
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Speaker 1: handle both superior and inferior forces. Three he will win
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Speaker 1: whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout all
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Speaker 1: its ranks. Four he will win who prepared himself waits
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Speaker 1: to take the enemy unprepared. Five he will win who
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Speaker 1: has military capacity and is not interfered with by the sovereign.
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Speaker 1: Hence the saying, if you know the enemy and know yourself,
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Speaker 1: you need not fear the result of a hundred battles.
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Speaker 1: If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every
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Speaker 1: victory gained, you will also suffer a defeat. If you
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Speaker 1: know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in
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Speaker 1: every battle. End of chapter three, Chapter four Arctical Dispositions,
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Speaker 1: Sun Sou said, the good fighters of old first put
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Speaker 1: themselves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then waited for
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Speaker 1: an opportunity of defeating the enemy. To secure ourselves against
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Speaker 1: defeat lies in our own hands. But the opportunity of
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Speaker 1: defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself. Thus,
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Speaker 1: the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat,
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Speaker 1: but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy. Hence the
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Speaker 1: saying one may know how to conquer without being able
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Speaker 1: to do it. Security against defeat implies defensive tactics. Ability
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Speaker 1: to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive. Standing on
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Speaker 1: the defensive indicates insufficient strength. Attacking a superabundance of strength.
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Speaker 1: The general who is skilled in defense hides in the
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Speaker 1: most secret recesses of the earth. He who is skilled
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Speaker 1: in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven. Thus,
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Speaker 1: on the one hand, we have the ability to protect ourselves.
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Speaker 1: On the other, a victory that is complete. To see
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Speaker 1: victory only when it is within the kin of a
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Speaker 1: common herd is not the acme of excellence. Neither is
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Speaker 1: it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer
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Speaker 1: and the whole empire says well done. To lift an
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Speaker 1: autumn hair is no sign of great strength. To see
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Speaker 1: the sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight.
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Speaker 1: To hear the noise of thunder is no sign of
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Speaker 1: a quick ear. But the ancients called a clever fighter
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Speaker 1: is one who not only wins, but excels in winning
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Speaker 1: with ease. Hence, his victories bring him neither reputation for
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Speaker 1: wisdom nor credit for courage. He wins his battle by
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Speaker 1: making no mistakes. Making no mistakes is what establishes the
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Speaker 1: certainty of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that
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Speaker 1: is already defeated. Hence, the skillful fighter puts himself into
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Speaker 1: a position which makes defeat impossible and does not miss
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Speaker 1: the moment for defeating the enemy. Thus it is that
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Speaker 1: in war, the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the
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Speaker 1: victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to
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Speaker 1: defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory. The consummate
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Speaker 1: leader cultivates the moral law and strictly adheres to method
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Speaker 1: and discipline. Thus it is in his power to control success.
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Speaker 1: In respect of military method, we have firstly measurement, secondly
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Speaker 1: estimation of quantity, thirdly calculation, fourthly balancing of chances. Fifthly victory.
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Speaker 1: Measurement owes its existence to earth, estimation of quantity to measurement,
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Speaker 1: calculation to estimation of quantity, balancing of chances to calculation,
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Speaker 1: and victory to balancing of chances. A victorious army opposed
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Speaker 1: to a routed one is as a pound's weight placed
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Speaker 1: in the scale against a single grain. The on rush
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Speaker 1: of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent
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Speaker 1: up waters into a chasmate thousand fathoms deep. End of
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Speaker 1: Chapter four, Chapter five, Energy, Santu said, the control of
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Speaker 1: a large force is the same principle as the control
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Speaker 1: of a few men. It is merely a question of
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Speaker 1: dividing up their numbers. Fighting with a large army under
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Speaker 1: your command is no wise different from fighting with a
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Speaker 1: small one. It is merely a question of instituting signs
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Speaker 1: and signals to ensure that your whole host may withstand
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Speaker 1: the brunt of the enemy's attack and remain unshaken. This
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Speaker 1: is affected by maneuvers direct and indirect. That the impact
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Speaker 1: of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against
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Speaker 1: an egg. This is affected by the science of weak
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Speaker 1: points and strong In all fighting, the direct method may
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Speaker 1: be used for joining battle, but indirect methods will be
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Speaker 1: needed in order to secure victory. Indirect tactics efficiently applied
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Speaker 1: are inexhaustible, as heaven and earth, unending, as the flow
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Speaker 1: of rivers and streams. Like the sun and moon, they end,
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Speaker 1: but to begin anew. Like the four seasons, they pass
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Speaker 1: away to return once more. There are not more than
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Speaker 1: five musical notes, yet the combination of these five give
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Speaker 1: rise to more melodies than can ever be heard. There
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Speaker 1: are not more than five primary colors blue, yellow, red, white,
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Speaker 1: and black, yet in combination they produce more hues than
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Speaker 1: can ever be seen. There are not more than five
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Speaker 1: cardinal tastes sour, acrid, salt, sweet, bitter, yet combinations of
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Speaker 1: them yield more flavors than can ever be tasted. In battle,
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Speaker 1: there are not more than two methods of attack, the
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Speaker 1: direct and the end direct. Yet these two, in combination
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Speaker 1: give rise to an endless series of maneuvers. The direct
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Speaker 1: and the end direct lead on to each other in turn.
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Speaker 1: It is like moving in a circle. You never come
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Speaker 1: to an end. Who can exhaust the possibilities of their combination.
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Speaker 1: The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent,
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Speaker 1: which will e even rolls stones along in its course.
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Speaker 1: The quality of decision is like the well timed swoop
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Speaker 1: of a falcon, which enables it to strike and destroy
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Speaker 1: its victim. Therefore, the good fighter will be terrible in
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Speaker 1: his onset and prompt in his decision. Energy may be
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Speaker 1: likened to the bending of a crossbow, decision to the
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Speaker 1: releasing of a trigger. Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle,
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Speaker 1: there may be seeming disorder, and yet no real disorder
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Speaker 1: at all. Amid confusion and chaos. Your array may be
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Speaker 1: without head or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat.
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Speaker 1: Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline. Simulated fear postulates courage. Simulated
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Speaker 1: weakness postulates strength. Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder
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Speaker 1: is simply a question of subdivision. Concealing courage under a
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Speaker 1: show of timidity presupposes a fund of latent energy, masking
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Speaker 1: strength with weakness is to be affected by tactical dispositions. Thus,
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Speaker 1: one who is skillful at keeping the enemy on the
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Speaker 1: move maintains deceitful appearances according to which the enemy will act.
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Speaker 1: He sacrifices something that the enemy may snatch at it.
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Speaker 1: By holding out bates, he keeps him on the march. Then,
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Speaker 1: with a body of picked men he lies and wait
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Speaker 1: for him. The clever combatant looks to the effect of
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Speaker 1: combined energy and does not require too much from individuals,
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Speaker 1: hence his ability to pick out the right men and
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Speaker 1: utilize combined energy. When he utilizes combined energy, his fighting
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Speaker 1: men become, as it were, like unto rolling logs or stones.
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Speaker 1: For it is the nature of a log or stone
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Speaker 1: to remain motionless on level ground, and to move when
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Speaker 1: on a slope, if for cornered to come to a standstill,
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Speaker 1: but if round shaped, to go rolling down. Thus the
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Speaker 1: energy developed by good fighting men is as the momentum
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Speaker 1: of a round stone rolled down a mountain thousands of
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Speaker 1: feet in height. So much on the subject of energy.
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Speaker 1: End of chapter five, Chapter six, weak points and strong
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Speaker 1: Sunsu said, whoever is first in the field and awaits
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Speaker 1: the coming of the enemy will be fresh for the fight.
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Speaker 1: Whoever is second in the field and has to hasten
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Speaker 1: to battle, will arrive exhausted. Therefore, the clever combatant imposes
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Speaker 1: his will on the enemy, but does not allow the
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Speaker 1: enemy's will to be imposed on him. By holding out
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Speaker 1: advantages to him, he can cause the enemy to approach
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Speaker 1: of his own accord. Or by inflicting damage, he can
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Speaker 1: make it impossible for the enemy to draw near. If
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Speaker 1: the enemy is taking his ease he can harass him.
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Speaker 1: If he is well supplied with food, he can starve
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Speaker 1: him out. Quietly encamped, he can force him to move.
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Speaker 1: Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend.
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Speaker 1: March swiftly to places where you are not expected. An
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Speaker 1: army may march great distances without distress. If it marches
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Speaker 1: through country where the enemy is not You can be
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Speaker 1: sure of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack
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Speaker 1: places which are undefended. You can ensure the safety of
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Speaker 1: your defense if you only hold positions that cannot be attacked. Hence,
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Speaker 1: that general is skillful in attack whose opponent does not
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Speaker 1: know what to defend, and he is skillful in defense
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Speaker 1: whose opponent does not know what to attack. O divine
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Speaker 1: art of subtlety and secrecy. Through you, we learn to
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Speaker 1: be invisible, through you inaudible, and hence we can hold
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Speaker 1: the enemy's fate in our hands. You may advance and
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Speaker 1: be absolutely irresistible. If you make for the enemy's we points,
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Speaker 1: You may retire and be safe from pursuit if your
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Speaker 1: movements are more rapid than those of the enemy. If
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Speaker 1: we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced to
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Speaker 1: an engagement even though he be sheltered behind a high
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Speaker 1: rampart and a deep ditch. All we need do is
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Speaker 1: attack some other place that he will be obliged to relieve.
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Speaker 1: If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent
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Speaker 1: the enemy from engaging us, even though the lines of
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Speaker 1: our encampment be merely traced out on the ground. All
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Speaker 1: we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable
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Speaker 1: in his way. By discovering the enemy's dispositions and remaining
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Speaker 1: invisible ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated while the
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Speaker 1: enemies must be divided. We can form a single united body,
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Speaker 1: while the enemy must split up into fractions. Hence, there
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Speaker 1: will be a hole pitted against several parts of a whole,
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Speaker 1: which means that we shall be many to the enemies few.
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Speaker 1: And if we are able thus to attack an inferior
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Speaker 1: force with a superior one, our opponents will be in
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Speaker 1: dire straits. The spot where we intend to fight must
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Speaker 1: not be made known, for then the enemy will have
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Speaker 1: to prepare against a possible attack at several different points,
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Speaker 1: and his forces being thus distributed in many directions, the
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Speaker 1: numbers we shall have to face at any given point
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Speaker 1: will be proportionately few. For should the enemy strengthen his van,
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Speaker 1: he will weaken his rear. Should he strengthen his rear,
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Speaker 1: he will weaken his van. Should he strengthen his left,
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Speaker 1: he will weaken his right. Should he strengthen his right,
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Speaker 1: he will weaken his left. If he sends reinforcements everywhere,
26:16
Speaker 1: he will everywhere be weak. Numerical weakness comes from having
26:21
Speaker 1: to prepare against possible attacks. Numerical strength from compelling our
26:27
Speaker 1: adversary to make these preparations against us. Knowing the place
26:32
Speaker 1: and the time of the coming battle, we may concentrate
26:35
Speaker 1: from the greatest distances in order to fight. But if
26:39
Speaker 1: neither time nor place be known, then the left wing
26:42
Speaker 1: will be impotent to succor the right, the right equally
26:46
Speaker 1: impotent to succor the left, the van, unable to relieve
26:49
Speaker 1: the rear or the rear to support the van. How
26:53
Speaker 1: much more so if the furthest portions of the army
26:57
Speaker 1: are anything under a hundred lee apart, and even the
27:00
Speaker 1: nearest are separated by several thee Though according to my
27:06
Speaker 1: estimate the soldiers of Huay exceed our own in number,
27:10
Speaker 1: that shall advantage them nothing in the matter of victory.
27:14
Speaker 1: I say then that victory can be achieved. Though the
27:18
Speaker 1: enemy be stronger in numbers, we may prevent him from
27:21
Speaker 1: fighting scheme so as to discover his plans and the
27:26
Speaker 1: likelihood of their success. Rouse him and learn the principle
27:30
Speaker 1: of his activity or inactivity. Force him to reveal himself
27:35
Speaker 1: so as to find out his vulnerable spots. Carefully compare
27:39
Speaker 1: the opposing army with your own, so that you may
27:43
Speaker 1: know where strength is superabundant and where it is deficient.
27:47
Speaker 1: In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch you can attain
27:52
Speaker 1: is to conceal them. Conceal your dispositions, and you will
27:57
Speaker 1: be safe from the prying of the subtlest spine, from
28:00
Speaker 1: the machinations of the wisest brains. How victory may be
28:06
Speaker 1: produced for them out of the enemy's own tactics. That
28:11
Speaker 1: is what the multitude cannot comprehend. All men can see
28:15
Speaker 1: the tactics whereby I conquer, But what none can see
28:19
Speaker 1: is the strategy out of which victory is evolved. Do
28:23
Speaker 1: not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory,
28:27
Speaker 1: but let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety
28:30
Speaker 1: of circumstances. Military tactics are like unto water. For water,
28:35
Speaker 1: in its natural course runs away from high places and
28:39
Speaker 1: hastens downwards. So in war the way is to avoid
28:44
Speaker 1: what is strong and to strike at what is weak.
28:48
Speaker 1: Water shapes its course according to the nature of the
28:51
Speaker 1: ground over which it flows. The soldier works out his
28:54
Speaker 1: victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing. Therefore,
28:59
Speaker 1: just as water retains no constant shape, so in warfare
29:03
Speaker 1: there are no constant conditions. He who can modify his
29:08
Speaker 1: tactics in relation to his opponent and thereby succeed in winning,
29:13
Speaker 1: may be called a heaven born captain. The five elements water, fire, wood, metal,
29:20
Speaker 1: earth are not always equally predominant. The four seasons make
29:25
Speaker 1: way for each. In turn. There are short days and
29:28
Speaker 1: long The moon has its periods of waning and waxing.
29:35
Speaker 1: End of Chapter six, Chapter seven Maneuvering, Sun Sou said,
29:42
Speaker 1: in war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign.
29:47
Speaker 1: Having collected an army and concentrated his forces, he must
29:51
Speaker 1: blend and harmonize the different elements thereof before pitching his camp.
29:56
Speaker 1: After that comes tactical maneuvering, than which there is nothing
30:00
Speaker 1: more difficult. The difficulty of tactical maneuvering consists in turning
30:06
Speaker 1: the devious into the direct and misfortune into gain. Thus,
30:12
Speaker 1: to take a long and circuitous route after enticing the
30:16
Speaker 1: enemy out of the way, and though starting after him,
30:20
Speaker 1: to contrive to reach the goal before him, shows knowledge
30:24
Speaker 1: of the artifice of deviation. Maneuvering with an army is
30:29
Speaker 1: advantageous with an undisciplined multitude, most dangerous. If you set
30:36
Speaker 1: a fully equipped army in march in order to snatch
30:39
Speaker 1: an advantage, the chances are that you will be too late.
30:43
Speaker 1: On the other hand, to detach a flying column for
30:47
Speaker 1: the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage and stores. Thus,
30:52
Speaker 1: if you order your men to roll up their buff
30:55
Speaker 1: coats and make forced marches without halting day or night,
30:59
Speaker 1: covering the usual distance at a stretch, doing one hundred
31:03
Speaker 1: lee in order to arrest an advantage, the leaders of
31:06
Speaker 1: all your three divisions will fall into the hands of
31:10
Speaker 1: the enemy. The stronger men will be in front, the
31:14
Speaker 1: jaded ones will fall behind, and on this plan, only
31:18
Speaker 1: one tenth of your army will reach its destination. If
31:22
Speaker 1: you march fifty lee in order to out maneuver the enemy,
31:26
Speaker 1: you will lose the leader of your first division, and
31:29
Speaker 1: only half your force will reach the goal. If you
31:32
Speaker 1: march thirty lee with the same object, two thirds of
31:36
Speaker 1: your army will arrive. We will take it then that
31:41
Speaker 1: an army without its baggage train is lost. Without provisions,
31:45
Speaker 1: it is lost. Without basis of supply, it is lost.
31:51
Speaker 1: We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with
31:54
Speaker 1: the designs of our neighbors. We are not fit to
31:57
Speaker 1: lead an army on the march. Unless we are familiar
32:00
Speaker 1: with the face of the country, its mountains and forests,
32:04
Speaker 1: its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps. We shall
32:11
Speaker 1: be unable to turn natural advantage to account unless we
32:14
Speaker 1: make use of local guides. In war, practice dissimulation, and
32:20
Speaker 1: you will succeed. Whether to concentrate or to divide your
32:24
Speaker 1: troops must be decided by circumstances. Let your rapidity be
32:29
Speaker 1: that of the wind, Your come pactness that of the forest.
32:34
Speaker 1: In rating and plundering, be like fire, in immovability, like
32:39
Speaker 1: a mountain. Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night,
32:45
Speaker 1: And when you move, fall like a thunderbolt. When you
32:50
Speaker 1: plunder a countryside. Let the spoil be divided amongst your men.
32:54
Speaker 1: When you capture new territory, cut it up into allotments
32:58
Speaker 1: for the benefit of the soldiering, Ponder and deliberate before
33:03
Speaker 1: you make a move. He will conquer who has lurket
33:07
Speaker 1: the artifice of deviation. Such is the art of maneuvering.
33:12
Speaker 1: The Book of Army Management says, on the field of battle,
33:16
Speaker 1: the spoken word does not carry far enough, hence the
33:19
Speaker 1: institution of gongs and drums. Nor can ordinary objects be
33:24
Speaker 1: seen clearly enough, hence the institution of banners and flags.
33:29
Speaker 1: Gongs and drums. Banners and flags are means whereby the
33:34
Speaker 1: ears and eyes of the host may be focused on
33:37
Speaker 1: one particular point the host, thus forming a single united body.
33:43
Speaker 1: It is impossible either for the brave to advance alone
33:46
Speaker 1: or for the cowardly to retreat alone. This is the
33:50
Speaker 1: art of handling large masses of men in night fighting.
33:54
Speaker 1: Then make much use of signal fires, in drums, and
33:58
Speaker 1: in fighting by day, of flags and banners as a
34:02
Speaker 1: means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army.
34:05
Speaker 1: A whole army may be robbed of its spirit. A
34:09
Speaker 1: commander in chief may be robbed of his presence of mind. Now,
34:13
Speaker 1: a soldier's spirit is keenest in the morning, by noonday
34:17
Speaker 1: it has begun to flag, and in the evening his
34:20
Speaker 1: mind is bent only on returning to camp. A clever
34:25
Speaker 1: general therefore avoids an army when its spirit is keen,
34:29
Speaker 1: but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return.
34:33
Speaker 1: This is the art of studying moods disciplined and calm,
34:39
Speaker 1: to await the appearance of disorder in hubbub amongst the enemy.
34:43
Speaker 1: This is the art of retaining self possession. To be
34:47
Speaker 1: near the goal while the enemy is still far from it.
34:51
Speaker 1: To wait at ease while the enemy is toiling and struggling.
34:55
Speaker 1: To be well fed while the enemy is famished. This
34:59
Speaker 1: is the the art of husbanding one's strength. To refrain
35:04
Speaker 1: from intercepting an enemy whose banners are in perfect order,
35:08
Speaker 1: to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in calm
35:10
Speaker 1: and confident array. This is the art of studying circumstances.
35:17
Speaker 1: It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against
35:21
Speaker 1: the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill.
35:25
Speaker 1: Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight. Do not
35:29
Speaker 1: attack soldiers whose temper is keen. Do not swallow bait
35:34
Speaker 1: offered by the enemy. Do not interfere with an army
35:38
Speaker 1: that is returning home. When you surround an army, leave
35:42
Speaker 1: an outlet free. Do not press a desperate foe too hard.
35:47
Speaker 1: Such is the art of warfare. End of Chapter seven,
35:54
Speaker 1: Chapter eight. Variation in Tactics, Sun Sou said in war,
36:01
Speaker 1: the general receives his commands from the sovereign, collects his army,
36:06
Speaker 1: and concentrates his forces when in difficult country. Do not
36:10
Speaker 1: encamp in country where high roads intersect. Join hands with
36:15
Speaker 1: your allies. Do not linger in dangerously isolated positions in himed.
36:21
Speaker 1: In situations you must resort to stratagem. In desperate position,
36:26
Speaker 1: you must fight. There are roads which must not be followed,
36:31
Speaker 1: armies which must be not attacked, towns which must not
36:36
Speaker 1: be besieged, positions which must not be contested, commands of
36:41
Speaker 1: the sovereign which must not be obeyed. The general who
36:46
Speaker 1: thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany variation of tactics knows
36:51
Speaker 1: how to handle his troops. The general who does not
36:55
Speaker 1: understand these may be well acquainted with the configuration of
36:59
Speaker 1: the country, yet he will not be able to turn
37:02
Speaker 1: his knowledge to practical account. So the student of war,
37:07
Speaker 1: who is unversed in the art of war, of varying
37:10
Speaker 1: his plans, even though he be acquainted with the five advantages,
37:15
Speaker 1: will fail to make the best use of his men. Hence,
37:19
Speaker 1: the wise leader's plans considerations of advantage and of disadvantage
37:24
Speaker 1: will be blended together. If our expectation of advantage be
37:29
Speaker 1: tempered in this way, we may succeed in accomplishing the
37:32
Speaker 1: essential part of our schemes. If, on the other hand,
37:37
Speaker 1: in the midst of difficulties, we are always ready to
37:40
Speaker 1: seize an advantage, we may extricate ourselves from misfortune, reduce
37:46
Speaker 1: the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them, and make
37:51
Speaker 1: trouble for them, and keep them constantly engaged, hold out
37:56
Speaker 1: specious allurements, and make them rush to any given point.
38:00
Speaker 1: The art of war teaches us to rely not on
38:04
Speaker 1: the likelihood of the enemies not coming, but on our
38:07
Speaker 1: own readiness to receive him. Not on the chance of
38:11
Speaker 1: his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we
38:14
Speaker 1: have made our position unassailable. There are five dangerous faults
38:20
Speaker 1: which may affect a general one. Recklessness which leads to destruction.
38:26
Speaker 1: Two cowardice, which leads to capture. Three a hasty temper
38:31
Speaker 1: which can be provoked by insults. Four a delicacy of
38:35
Speaker 1: honor which is sensitive to shame. Five over solicitude for
38:40
Speaker 1: his men, which exposes him to worry and trouble. These
38:46
Speaker 1: are the five besetting sins of a general ruinous to
38:50
Speaker 1: the conduct of war. When an army is overthrown and
38:54
Speaker 1: its leader slain, the cause will surely be found among
38:58
Speaker 1: these five dangerous faults. Let them be the subject of meditation.
39:06
Speaker 1: End of Chapter eight, Chapter nine, The Army on the march,
39:12
Speaker 1: Sun sou said, we come now to the question of
39:15
Speaker 1: encamping the army and observing signs of the enemy. Pass
39:19
Speaker 1: quickly over mountains, and keep in the neighborhood of valleys.
39:23
Speaker 1: Camp in high places facing the sun. Do not climb
39:27
Speaker 1: heights in order to fight so much from mountain warfare.
39:32
Speaker 1: After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.
39:36
Speaker 1: When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march,
39:40
Speaker 1: do not advance to meet it in midstream. It will
39:44
Speaker 1: be best to let half the army get across and
39:46
Speaker 1: then deliver your attack. If you are anxious to fight,
39:51
Speaker 1: You should not go to meet the invader near a
39:53
Speaker 1: river which he has to cross. More your craft higher
39:57
Speaker 1: up than the enemy, and facing the sun, do not
40:01
Speaker 1: move upstream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare.
40:07
Speaker 1: In crossing salt marshes, your sole concern should be to
40:10
Speaker 1: get over them quickly without any delay. If forced to
40:14
Speaker 1: fight in the salt marsh, you should have water and
40:17
Speaker 1: grass near you, and get your back to a clump
40:20
Speaker 1: of trees. So much for operations in salt marshes. In
40:26
Speaker 1: dry level country, take up an easily accessible position with
40:30
Speaker 1: rising ground to your right and on your rear, so
40:34
Speaker 1: that the danger may be in front and safely lie behind.
40:38
Speaker 1: So much for campaigning in flat country. There are four
40:43
Speaker 1: useful branches of military knowledge which enabled the Yellow Emperor
40:47
Speaker 1: to vanquish four several sovereigns. All armies prefer high ground
40:52
Speaker 1: to low, and sunny places to dark. If you are
40:55
Speaker 1: careful of your men and camp on hard ground, the
40:59
Speaker 1: army will be free from disease of every kind, and
41:02
Speaker 1: this will spell victory. When you come to a hill
41:05
Speaker 1: or a bank, occupy the sunnyside with a slope on
41:09
Speaker 1: your right rear. Thus you will at once act for
41:13
Speaker 1: the benefit of your soldiers and utilize the natural advantages
41:17
Speaker 1: of the ground. When, in consequence of heavy rains up country,
41:22
Speaker 1: a river which you wish to ford is swollen and
41:24
Speaker 1: flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides. Country
41:30
Speaker 1: in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between
41:34
Speaker 1: deep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires, and crevasses
41:42
Speaker 1: should be left with all possible speed and not approached.
41:47
Speaker 1: While we keep away from such places, we should get
41:50
Speaker 1: the enemy to approach them. While we face them, we
41:54
Speaker 1: should let the enemy have them on his rear. If
41:58
Speaker 1: in the neighborhood of your camp there should be any
42:00
Speaker 1: hilly country, ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled
42:06
Speaker 1: with reeds, or woods with thick undergrowth, they must be
42:09
Speaker 1: carefully routed out and searched. For these are places where
42:13
Speaker 1: men in ambush and insidious spies are likely to be lurking.
42:18
Speaker 1: When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet,
42:21
Speaker 1: he is relying on the natural strengths of his position.
42:25
Speaker 1: When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle,
42:28
Speaker 1: he is anxious for the other side to advance. If
42:32
Speaker 1: his place of encampment is easy of access, he is
42:36
Speaker 1: tendering a bait. Movement amongst the trees of a forest
42:41
Speaker 1: shows that the enemy is advancing. The appearance of a
42:44
Speaker 1: number of screens in the midst of thick grass means
42:48
Speaker 1: that the enemy wants to make us suspicious. The rising
42:51
Speaker 1: of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade.
42:56
Speaker 1: Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming. When
43:00
Speaker 1: there is dust rising in a high column, it is
43:03
Speaker 1: the sign of chariots advancing. When the dust is low
43:07
Speaker 1: but spread over a wide area, it betokens the approach
43:11
Speaker 1: of infantry. When it branches out in different directions, it
43:15
Speaker 1: shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood. A
43:19
Speaker 1: few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that
43:22
Speaker 1: the army is encamping. Humble words and increased preparations are
43:28
Speaker 1: signs that the enemy is about to advance. The violent
43:32
Speaker 1: language in driving forward as if to attack are signs
43:36
Speaker 1: that he will retreat. When the light chariots come out
43:39
Speaker 1: first and take up position on the wings, it is
43:42
Speaker 1: a sign that the enemy is forming for battle. Beast's
43:46
Speaker 1: proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot. When
43:52
Speaker 1: there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank,
43:55
Speaker 1: it means that the critical moment has come. When some
43:59
Speaker 1: are seen in advancing and some retreating, it is a lure.
44:04
Speaker 1: When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are
44:08
Speaker 1: faint from want of food. If those who are sent
44:11
Speaker 1: to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the army is
44:15
Speaker 1: suffering from thirst. If the enemy sees an advantage to
44:18
Speaker 1: be gained, it makes no effort to secure it. The
44:21
Speaker 1: soldiers are exhausted. If birds gather on any spot it
44:26
Speaker 1: is unoccupied clamor by night betokens nervousness. If there is
44:33
Speaker 1: disturbance in the camp, the general's authority is weak. If
44:37
Speaker 1: the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot.
44:42
Speaker 1: If the officers are angry, it means that the men
44:45
Speaker 1: are weary. When an army feeds its horses with grain
44:49
Speaker 1: and kills its cattle for food, and when the men
44:52
Speaker 1: do not hang their cooking pots over the campfires, showing
44:55
Speaker 1: that they will not return to their tents, you may
44:58
Speaker 1: know that they are determined to fight to the death.
45:03
Speaker 1: The sight of men whispering together in small knots are
45:06
Speaker 1: speaking in subued tones, points to disaffection amongst the rank
45:11
Speaker 1: and file. Two frequent rewards signify that the enemy is
45:16
Speaker 1: at the end of his resources. Too many punishments betray
45:20
Speaker 1: a condition of dire distress. To begin by bluster, but
45:25
Speaker 1: after which to take fight at the enemy's numbers shows
45:28
Speaker 1: a supreme lack of intelligence. When envoys are sent with
45:33
Speaker 1: compliments in their mouths, it is a sign that the
45:36
Speaker 1: enemy wishes for a truce. If the enemy's troops march
45:41
Speaker 1: up angrily and remain facing ours for a long time
45:44
Speaker 1: without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the
45:49
Speaker 1: situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection. If
45:54
Speaker 1: our troops are no more in number than the enemy,
45:57
Speaker 1: that is amply sufficient, it only means that no direct
46:01
Speaker 1: attack can be made. What we can do is simply
46:05
Speaker 1: to concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch
46:09
Speaker 1: on the enemy, and obtain reinforcements. He who exercises no
46:14
Speaker 1: forethought but makes light of his opponents is sure to
46:17
Speaker 1: be captured by them. If soldiers are punished before they
46:22
Speaker 1: have grown attached to you, they will not prove submissive,
46:26
Speaker 1: and unless submissive, then will be practically useless. If when
46:30
Speaker 1: soldiers have become attached to you, punishments are not enforced,
46:35
Speaker 1: they will still be useless. Therefore, soldiers must be treated
46:40
Speaker 1: in the first instance with humanity, but kept under control
46:44
Speaker 1: by means of ourn discipline. This is a certain road
46:49
Speaker 1: to victory. If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced,
46:54
Speaker 1: the army will be well disciplined. If not, its discipline
46:58
Speaker 1: will be bad. If a general shows confidence in his
47:03
Speaker 1: men but always insists on his art as being obeyed,
47:06
Speaker 1: the gain will be mutual. End of Chapter nine, Chapter ten. Terrain,
47:15
Speaker 1: Sunsu said, we may distinguish six kinds of terrain to wit.
47:21
Speaker 1: One accessible ground, two entangling ground, three temporizing ground, four
47:28
Speaker 1: narrow passes, five precipitous heights, six positions at a great
47:34
Speaker 1: distance from the enemy. Ground which can be freely traversed
47:39
Speaker 1: by both sides is called accessible. With regard to ground
47:43
Speaker 1: of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying the
47:47
Speaker 1: raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard your lines of supplies.
47:52
Speaker 1: Then you will be able to fight with advantage. Ground
47:56
Speaker 1: which can be abandoned but is hard to reoccupy is
47:59
Speaker 1: called intang From a position of this sort, If the
48:03
Speaker 1: enemy is unprepared, you may sally forth and defeat him.
48:08
Speaker 1: But if the enemy is prepared for your coming and
48:10
Speaker 1: you fail to defeat him, then return being impossible. Disaster
48:15
Speaker 1: will ensue. When the position is such that neither side
48:20
Speaker 1: will gain by making the first move. It is called
48:23
Speaker 1: temporizing ground. In a position of this sort, even though
48:27
Speaker 1: the enemy should offer us an attractive bait, it will
48:30
Speaker 1: be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat,
48:35
Speaker 1: thus enticing the enemy in his turn. Then, when part
48:39
Speaker 1: of his army is come out, we may deliver our
48:42
Speaker 1: attack with advantage. With regard to narrow passes, if you
48:47
Speaker 1: can occupy them first, let them be strongly garrisoned, and
48:51
Speaker 1: await the advent of the enemy. Should the army forestall
48:54
Speaker 1: you in occupying a pass, do not go after him
48:58
Speaker 1: if the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it
49:01
Speaker 1: is weakly garrisoned. With regard to precipitous heights, if you
49:06
Speaker 1: are beforehand with your adversary, you should occupy the raised
49:11
Speaker 1: and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come up.
49:15
Speaker 1: If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not
49:18
Speaker 1: follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away.
49:23
Speaker 1: If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy,
49:25
Speaker 1: and the strength of the two armies is equal, it
49:28
Speaker 1: is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will
49:32
Speaker 1: be to your disadvantage. These six are the principles connected
49:37
Speaker 1: with earth. The general who has attained a responsible post
49:42
Speaker 1: must be careful to study them. Now an army is
49:45
Speaker 1: exposed to six several calamities, not arising from natural causes,
49:51
Speaker 1: but from faults for which the general is responsible. These
49:55
Speaker 1: are one flight, two in subordination, three collapse, four ruin,
50:03
Speaker 1: five disorganization, six route, other conditions being equal. If one
50:10
Speaker 1: force is hurled against another ten times its size, the
50:14
Speaker 1: results will be the flight of the farmer. When the
50:18
Speaker 1: common soldiers are too strong, in their officers too weak,
50:21
Speaker 1: the result is in subordination. When the officers are too
50:25
Speaker 1: strong and the common soldiers too weak, the result is collapse.
50:30
Speaker 1: When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on
50:34
Speaker 1: meeting the enemy, give battle on their own account from
50:38
Speaker 1: a feeling of resentment, before the commander in chief can
50:41
Speaker 1: tell whether or not he is in a position to fight.
50:44
Speaker 1: The result is ruin when the general is weak and
50:48
Speaker 1: without authority. When his orders are not clear and distinct.
50:52
Speaker 1: When there are no fixed duties assigned to officers and men,
50:56
Speaker 1: and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner,
51:00
Speaker 1: the result is utter disorganization. When a general, unable to
51:06
Speaker 1: estimate the enemy strength, allows an inferior force to engage
51:10
Speaker 1: a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a
51:14
Speaker 1: powerful one and neglects to place picked soldiers in the
51:17
Speaker 1: front rank, the result must be route. There are six
51:22
Speaker 1: ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by
51:25
Speaker 1: the general who has attained a responsible post. The natural
51:30
Speaker 1: formation of the country is the soldier's best ally, But
51:33
Speaker 1: a power of estimating the adversary, of controlling the force
51:37
Speaker 1: of victory, and of shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances
51:42
Speaker 1: constitutes the test of a great general. He who knows
51:47
Speaker 1: these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into practice,
51:51
Speaker 1: will win his battles. He who knows them not nor
51:55
Speaker 1: practices them, will surely be defeated. If fighting is sure
52:00
Speaker 1: to result in victory, then you must fight, even though
52:04
Speaker 1: the ruler forbid it. If fighting will not result in victory,
52:08
Speaker 1: then you must not fight, even at the ruler's bidding.
52:12
Speaker 1: The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without
52:16
Speaker 1: fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country
52:20
Speaker 1: and do good service for his sovereign, is the jewel
52:23
Speaker 1: of the kingdom. Regard your soldiers as your children, and
52:29
Speaker 1: they will follow you into the deepest valleys. Look upon
52:32
Speaker 1: them as your own beloved sons, and they will stand
52:36
Speaker 1: by you, even unto death. If, however, you are indulgent
52:41
Speaker 1: but unable to make your authority felt, kind hearted, but
52:45
Speaker 1: unable to enforce your commands, and incapable moreover of quelling disorder,
52:51
Speaker 1: then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children. They
52:55
Speaker 1: are useless for any practical purpose. If we know that
53:00
Speaker 1: our own men are in a condition to attack, but
53:02
Speaker 1: are unaware that the enemy is not open to attack,
53:06
Speaker 1: we have gone only half way towards victory. If we
53:10
Speaker 1: know that the enemy is open to attack, but are
53:12
Speaker 1: unaware that our own men are not in condition to attack,
53:16
Speaker 1: we have gone only half way towards victory. If we
53:21
Speaker 1: know that the enemy is open to attack, and also
53:24
Speaker 1: know that our men are in a condition to attack,
53:27
Speaker 1: but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes
53:30
Speaker 1: fighting impracticable, we have still gone only half way towards victory. Hence,
53:37
Speaker 1: the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered. Once
53:43
Speaker 1: he has broken camp, he is never at a loss.
53:47
Speaker 1: Hence the saying, if you know the enemy and know yourself,
53:51
Speaker 1: your victory will not stand in doubt. If you know
53:54
Speaker 1: heaven and no earth, you may make your victory complete.
54:01
Speaker 1: End of Chapter ten, Chapter eleven, The nine situations. Sansu
54:08
Speaker 1: said the art of woir recognizes nine varieties of ground.
54:13
Speaker 1: Dispersive ground, facile ground, contentious ground, open ground, ground of
54:20
Speaker 1: intersecting highways, serious ground, difficult ground, hemmed in ground, desperate ground.
54:31
Speaker 1: When a chieftain is fighting in its own territory, it
54:34
Speaker 1: is dispersive ground. When he has penetrated into hostile territory
54:39
Speaker 1: but to no great distance, it is facile ground. Ground
54:44
Speaker 1: the possession of which imports great advantage to either side
54:47
Speaker 1: is contentious ground. Ground on which each side has liberty
54:52
Speaker 1: of movement. Is open ground. Ground which forms the key
54:57
Speaker 1: to three contiguous states, so that he who occupies at
55:01
Speaker 1: first as most of the empire at his command. Is
55:04
Speaker 1: a ground of intersecting highways. When an army has penetrated
55:10
Speaker 1: into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a number
55:13
Speaker 1: of fortified cities in its rear. It is serious ground,
55:18
Speaker 1: mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fins, all country that
55:23
Speaker 1: is hard to traverse. This is difficult ground, ground which
55:30
Speaker 1: is reached through narrow gorges and from which we can
55:33
Speaker 1: only retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number
55:37
Speaker 1: of the enemy would suffice to crush a large body
55:40
Speaker 1: of our men. This is hemmed in ground, ground on
55:45
Speaker 1: which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting
55:48
Speaker 1: without delay. Is desperate ground on dispersive ground. Therefore, fight
55:56
Speaker 1: not on fascile ground. Halt not on contentious ground. Attack
56:02
Speaker 1: knot on open ground. Do not try to block the
56:06
Speaker 1: enemy's way on the ground of intersecting highways. Join hands
56:10
Speaker 1: with your allies on serious ground, Gather in plunder in
56:16
Speaker 1: difficult ground, keep steadily on the march on hemmed in ground.
56:21
Speaker 1: Resort to stratagem on desperate ground. Fight. Those who were
56:29
Speaker 1: called skillful leaders of old knew how to drive a
56:32
Speaker 1: wedge between the enemy's front and rear to prevent cooperation
56:37
Speaker 1: between his large and small divisions. To hinder the good
56:41
Speaker 1: troops from rescuing the band, the officers from rallying their men.
56:47
Speaker 1: When the enemy's men were united, they managed to keep
56:51
Speaker 1: them in disorder. When it was to their advantage, they
56:54
Speaker 1: made a forward move when otherwise they stopped. Still asked
57:00
Speaker 1: how to cope with a great host of the enemy
57:02
Speaker 1: in orderly array and on the point of marching to
57:04
Speaker 1: the attack, I should say, begain by seizing something which
57:09
Speaker 1: your opponent holds dear, then he will be amenable to
57:13
Speaker 1: your will. Rapidity is the essence of war. Take advantage
57:19
Speaker 1: of the enemy's unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes,
57:23
Speaker 1: and attack unguarded spots. The following are the principles to
57:28
Speaker 1: be observed by an invading force. The further you penetrate
57:33
Speaker 1: into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of
57:36
Speaker 1: your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.
57:42
Speaker 1: Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your
57:46
Speaker 1: army with food. Carefully study the well being of your men,
57:51
Speaker 1: and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard
57:56
Speaker 1: your strength. Keep your army continually on the move, and
58:00
Speaker 1: devise unfathomable plans throw your soldiers into positions whence there
58:06
Speaker 1: is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight.
58:11
Speaker 1: If they will face death, there is nothing they may
58:13
Speaker 1: not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth their
58:17
Speaker 1: uttermost strength. Soldiers, when in desperate straits, lose the sense
58:23
Speaker 1: of fear. If there is no place of refuge, they
58:26
Speaker 1: will stand firm. If they are in hostile country, they
58:30
Speaker 1: will show a stubborn front. If there is no help
58:33
Speaker 1: for it, they will fight hard. Thus, without waiting to
58:37
Speaker 1: be marshaled, the soldiers will be constantly on the quivive,
58:42
Speaker 1: without waiting to be asked, and they will do your
58:44
Speaker 1: will without restrictions. They will be faithful without giving orders.
58:49
Speaker 1: They can be trusted. Prohibit the taking of omens, and
58:53
Speaker 1: do away with superstitious doubts. Then, until death itself comes,
58:58
Speaker 1: no calamity need be. If our soldiers are not overburdened
59:03
Speaker 1: with money, it is not because they have a distaste
59:06
Speaker 1: for riches. If their lives are not unduly long, it
59:10
Speaker 1: is not because they are disinclined to longevity. On the
59:14
Speaker 1: day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers may
59:18
Speaker 1: weep those sitting up bedewing their garments, and those lying down,
59:22
Speaker 1: letting the tears run down their cheeks. But let them
59:26
Speaker 1: once be brought to bay, and they will display the
59:29
Speaker 1: courage of a chew or kwai. The skillful tactician may
59:34
Speaker 1: be likened to a shueijan. Now, the shuejan is a
59:38
Speaker 1: snake that is found in the Chuung mountains. Strike at
59:42
Speaker 1: its head, and you will be attacked by its tail.
59:45
Speaker 1: Strike at its tail, and you will be attacked by
59:48
Speaker 1: its head. Strike at its middle, and you will be
59:51
Speaker 1: attacked by head and tail. Both. Asked if an army
59:55
Speaker 1: can be made to imitate the shue jan, I should
59:58
Speaker 1: answer yes. For the men Wou and the men of
1:00:01
Speaker 1: Huey are enemies. Yet if they are crossing a river
1:00:05
Speaker 1: in the same boat and are caught by a storm,
1:00:08
Speaker 1: they will come to each other's assistance, just as the
1:00:12
Speaker 1: left hand helps the right. Hence, it is not enough
1:00:16
Speaker 1: to put one's trust in the tethering of horses and
1:00:19
Speaker 1: the burying of chariot wheels in the ground. The principle
1:00:23
Speaker 1: on which to manage an army is to set up
1:00:25
Speaker 1: one standard of courage which all must reach. How to
1:00:30
Speaker 1: make the best of both strong and weak, that is
1:00:33
Speaker 1: a question involving the proper use of ground. Thus the
1:00:37
Speaker 1: skillful general conducts his army just as though he were
1:00:41
Speaker 1: leading a single man willingly by the hand. It is
1:00:45
Speaker 1: the business of a general to be quiet and thus
1:00:49
Speaker 1: insure secrecy upright and just, and thus maintain order. He
1:00:54
Speaker 1: must be able to mystify his officers and men by
1:00:58
Speaker 1: false reports and appearances, and thus keep them in total ignorance.
1:01:04
Speaker 1: By altering his arrangements and changing his plans, he keeps
1:01:08
Speaker 1: the enemy without definite knowledge. By shifting his camp and
1:01:12
Speaker 1: taking circuitous routes, he prevents the enemy from anticipating his
1:01:16
Speaker 1: purpose at the critical moment. The leader of an army
1:01:21
Speaker 1: acts like one who is climbed up a height and
1:01:24
Speaker 1: then kicks away the ladder behind him. He carries his
1:01:28
Speaker 1: men deep into hostile territory before he shows his hand.
1:01:33
Speaker 1: He burns his boats and breaks his cooking pots. Like
1:01:36
Speaker 1: a shepherd driving a flock of sheep. He drives his
1:01:39
Speaker 1: men this way and that, and nothing knows whither he
1:01:43
Speaker 1: is going to muster his host and bring it into danger.
1:01:48
Speaker 1: This may be termed the business of the general. A
1:01:52
Speaker 1: different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground. The
1:01:56
Speaker 1: expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics, and the fundamental laws
1:02:01
Speaker 1: of human nature. These are things that must most certainly
1:02:05
Speaker 1: be studied when invading hostile territory. The general principle is
1:02:10
Speaker 1: that penetrating deeply brings cohesion. Penetrating but a short way
1:02:16
Speaker 1: means dispersion. When you leave your own country behind and
1:02:20
Speaker 1: take your army across neighborhood territory, you find yourself on
1:02:25
Speaker 1: critical ground. When there are means of communication on all
1:02:29
Speaker 1: four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways. When
1:02:34
Speaker 1: you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground.
1:02:38
Speaker 1: When you penetrate but a little way, it is facile
1:02:42
Speaker 1: ground when you have the enemy's strongholds on your rear
1:02:47
Speaker 1: and narrow passes in front. It is hemmed in ground.
1:02:52
Speaker 1: When there is no place of refuge at all, it
1:02:55
Speaker 1: is desperate ground. Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would despise
1:03:00
Speaker 1: hire my men with unity of purpose. On fascile ground,
1:03:03
Speaker 1: I would see that there is close connection between all
1:03:06
Speaker 1: parts of my army. On contentious ground, I would hurry
1:03:10
Speaker 1: up my rear. On open ground, I would keep a
1:03:13
Speaker 1: vigilant eye on my defenses. On ground of intersecting highways.
1:03:17
Speaker 1: I would consolidate my alliances. On serious ground, I would
1:03:23
Speaker 1: try to ensure a continuous stream of supplies. On difficult ground,
1:03:28
Speaker 1: I would keep pushing on along the road. On himmed
1:03:31
Speaker 1: in ground, I would block any way of retreat. On
1:03:34
Speaker 1: desperate ground, I would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness
1:03:39
Speaker 1: of saving their lives. For it is the soldier's disposition
1:03:44
Speaker 1: to offer an obstinate resistance when surrounded, to fight hard
1:03:48
Speaker 1: when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when
1:03:52
Speaker 1: he has fallen into danger. We cannot enter into alliance
1:03:56
Speaker 1: with neighboring princes until we are acquainted with their designs.
1:04:01
Speaker 1: We are not fit to lead an army on the
1:04:03
Speaker 1: march unless we are familiar with the face of the country,
1:04:06
Speaker 1: its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes
1:04:12
Speaker 1: and swamps. We shall be unable to turn natural advantages
1:04:17
Speaker 1: to account unless we make use of local guides. To
1:04:22
Speaker 1: be ignorant of any one of the following four or
1:04:25
Speaker 1: five principles does not befit a warlike prince. When a
1:04:30
Speaker 1: warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his generalship shows itself
1:04:34
Speaker 1: in preventing the concentration of the enemy's forces. He overawes
1:04:39
Speaker 1: his opponents, and their allies are prevented from joining against him.
1:04:44
Speaker 1: Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all
1:04:47
Speaker 1: in sundry, nor does he foster the power of other states.
1:04:52
Speaker 1: He carries out his own secret designs, keeping his antagonists
1:04:56
Speaker 1: in awe. Thus he is able to capture their sa
1:05:00
Speaker 1: cities and overthrow their kingdoms. Bestow rewards without regard to rule,
1:05:07
Speaker 1: issue orders without regard to previous arrangements, and you will
1:05:11
Speaker 1: be able to handle a whole army as though you
1:05:14
Speaker 1: had to do with but a single man. Confront your
1:05:17
Speaker 1: soldiers with the deed itself. Never let them know your design.
1:05:22
Speaker 1: When the outlook is right, to bring it before their eyes,
1:05:25
Speaker 1: but tell them nothing when the situation is gloomy. Place
1:05:29
Speaker 1: your army in deadly peril and it will survive. Bunge
1:05:34
Speaker 1: it into desperate straits and it will come off in safety.
1:05:37
Speaker 1: For it is precisely when a force has fallen into
1:05:40
Speaker 1: harm's way that it is capable of striking a blow
1:05:44
Speaker 1: for victory. Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating
1:05:49
Speaker 1: ourselves to the enemy's purpose. By persistently hanging on the
1:05:54
Speaker 1: enemy's flank, we shall succeed in the long run in
1:05:57
Speaker 1: killing the commander in chief. This is called ability to
1:06:02
Speaker 1: accomplish a thing by sheer cunning. On the day that
1:06:06
Speaker 1: you take up your command, block the frontier passes, destroy
1:06:10
Speaker 1: the official tallies, and stop the passage of all emissaries.
1:06:15
Speaker 1: Be stern in the council chamber, so that you may
1:06:18
Speaker 1: control the situation. If the enemy leaves the door open,
1:06:21
Speaker 1: you must rush in. Forestall your opponent by seizing what
1:06:26
Speaker 1: he holds deer and subtly contrive to time his arrival
1:06:30
Speaker 1: on the ground. Walk in the path to find by rule,
1:06:34
Speaker 1: and accommodate yourself to the enemy until you can fight
1:06:38
Speaker 1: a decisive battle. At first, then exhibit the coyness of
1:06:43
Speaker 1: a maiden until the enemy gives you an opening. Afterwards,
1:06:47
Speaker 1: emulate the rapidity of a running hare, and it will
1:06:51
Speaker 1: be too late for the enemy to oppose you. End
1:06:55
Speaker 1: of chapter eleven. Chapter twelve, Attack by fire. Sun Sou
1:07:03
Speaker 1: said there are five ways of attacking with fire. The
1:07:07
Speaker 1: first is to burn soldiers in their camp. The second
1:07:11
Speaker 1: is to burn stores. The third is to burn baggage trains.
1:07:16
Speaker 1: The fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines. The fifth
1:07:20
Speaker 1: is to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy. In order
1:07:24
Speaker 1: to carry out an attack, we must have means available.
1:07:28
Speaker 1: The materials for raising fire should always be kept in readiness.
1:07:33
Speaker 1: There is a proper season for making attacks with fire
1:07:37
Speaker 1: and special days for starting a conflagration. The proper season
1:07:42
Speaker 1: is when the weather is very dry. The special days
1:07:45
Speaker 1: are those when the moon is in the constellations of
1:07:48
Speaker 1: the sieve, the wall, the wing, or the crossboar. For
1:07:52
Speaker 1: these four are all days of rising wind. In attacking
1:07:58
Speaker 1: with fire, one should be prepared to meet five possible developments.
1:08:03
Speaker 1: One when fire breaks out inside the enemy's camp, respond
1:08:07
Speaker 1: at once with an attack from without. Two If there
1:08:11
Speaker 1: is an outbreak of fire but the enemy's soldiers remain quiet,
1:08:15
Speaker 1: bide your time and do not attack. Three when the
1:08:20
Speaker 1: force of the flames has reached its height, follow it
1:08:23
Speaker 1: up with an attack if that is practicable. If not,
1:08:26
Speaker 1: stay where you are. Four. If it is possible to
1:08:30
Speaker 1: make an assault with fire from without, do not wait
1:08:33
Speaker 1: for it to break out within, but the lever your
1:08:36
Speaker 1: attack at a favorable moment. Five. When you start a fire,
1:08:41
Speaker 1: be to windward of it. Do not attack from the leeward.
1:08:46
Speaker 1: A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long, but
1:08:49
Speaker 1: a night breeze soon falls. In every army, the five
1:08:54
Speaker 1: developments connected with fire must be known, the movements of
1:08:58
Speaker 1: the stars calculated, and a watch kept for the proper days. Hence,
1:09:03
Speaker 1: those who use fire as an aid to the attack
1:09:06
Speaker 1: show intelligence. Those who use water as an aid to
1:09:10
Speaker 1: the attack gain an accession of strength. By means of water.
1:09:14
Speaker 1: An enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed of all
1:09:18
Speaker 1: his belongings. Unhappy is the fate of one who tries
1:09:22
Speaker 1: to win his battles and succeed in his attacks without
1:09:26
Speaker 1: cultivating the spirit of enterprise, for the result is waste
1:09:30
Speaker 1: of time and general stagnation. Hence the saying the enlightened
1:09:36
Speaker 1: ruler lays his plans well ahead. The good general cultivates
1:09:40
Speaker 1: his resources. Move not unless you see an advantage. Use
1:09:46
Speaker 1: not your troops unless there is something to be gained.
1:09:49
Speaker 1: Fight not unless the position is critical. No ruler should
1:09:54
Speaker 1: put troops into the field merely to gratify his own spleen.
1:09:58
Speaker 1: No general should fight a battle simply out of peak.
1:10:02
Speaker 1: If it is to your advantage, make a forward move.
1:10:06
Speaker 1: If not, stay where you are, anger may in time
1:10:10
Speaker 1: change to gladness. Vexation may be succeeded by content. But
1:10:15
Speaker 1: a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come
1:10:19
Speaker 1: again into being, nor can the dead ever be brought
1:10:23
Speaker 1: back to life. Hence, the enlightened ruler is heedful and
1:10:26
Speaker 1: the good general full of caution. This is the way
1:10:30
Speaker 1: to keep a country at peace and an army intact.
1:10:35
Speaker 1: End of Chapter twelve, Chapter thirteen, the use of spies,
1:10:41
Speaker 1: sun Zou said, raising a host of one hundred thousand
1:10:45
Speaker 1: men and marching them great distances entails heavy loss on
1:10:50
Speaker 1: the people and a drain on the resources of the state.
1:10:53
Speaker 1: The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces of silver.
1:10:58
Speaker 1: There will be commotion at home and abroad, and men
1:11:02
Speaker 1: will drop down exhausted on the highways. As many as
1:11:06
Speaker 1: seven hundred thousand families will be impeded in their labor.
1:11:11
Speaker 1: Hostile armies may face each other for years, striving for victory,
1:11:16
Speaker 1: which is decided in a single day, this being so
1:11:20
Speaker 1: to remain in ignorance of the enemy's condition simply because
1:11:24
Speaker 1: one begrudges the outlay of one hundred ounces of silver
1:11:27
Speaker 1: in honors and emollients is the height of inhumanity. One
1:11:32
Speaker 1: who acts thus is no leader of men, no present
1:11:35
Speaker 1: help to his sovereign, no master of victory. Thus, what
1:11:40
Speaker 1: enables the wise sovereign and the good general to strike
1:11:43
Speaker 1: and conquer and achieve things beyond the reach of ordinary
1:11:47
Speaker 1: men is for knowledge. Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited
1:11:52
Speaker 1: from spirits. It cannot be obtained inductively from experience, and
1:11:57
Speaker 1: nor by any deductive calculation. Knowledge of the enemy's dispositions
1:12:03
Speaker 1: can only be obtained from other men. Hence the use
1:12:07
Speaker 1: of spies, of whom there are five classes. One local spies,
1:12:12
Speaker 1: two inward spies, three converted spies, four doomed spies, five
1:12:20
Speaker 1: surviving spies. When these five kinds of spy are all
1:12:24
Speaker 1: at work, none can discover the secret system. This is
1:12:29
Speaker 1: called divine manipulation of the threads. It is the sovereign's
1:12:34
Speaker 1: most precious faculty. Having local spies means employing the services
1:12:39
Speaker 1: of the inhabitants of a district, Having inward spies, making
1:12:43
Speaker 1: use of officials of the enemy, Having converted spies, getting
1:12:48
Speaker 1: hold of the enemy spies and using them for our purposes.
1:12:53
Speaker 1: Having doomed spies doing certain things openly for purposes of
1:12:58
Speaker 1: deception and the law. Are spies to know of them
1:13:01
Speaker 1: and report them to the enemy. Surviving spies finally are
1:13:06
Speaker 1: those who bring back news from the enemy's camp. Hence,
1:13:11
Speaker 1: it is that none in the whole army are more
1:13:14
Speaker 1: intimate relations to be maintained than with spies. None should
1:13:19
Speaker 1: be more liberally rewarded. In no other business should greater
1:13:24
Speaker 1: secrecy be preserved. Spies cannot be usefully employed without certain
1:13:29
Speaker 1: intuitive sagacity. They cannot be properly managed without benevolence and straightforwardness.
1:13:35
Speaker 1: Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make certain of
1:13:39
Speaker 1: the truth of their reports. Be subtle, Be subtle, and
1:13:44
Speaker 1: use your spies for every kind of business. If a
1:13:48
Speaker 1: secret piece of news is divulged by a spy before
1:13:52
Speaker 1: the time is ripe, he must be put to death,
1:13:55
Speaker 1: together with the man to whom the secret was told.
1:13:59
Speaker 1: Whenever the object be to crush an army, to storm
1:14:02
Speaker 1: a city, or to assassinate an individual, it is always
1:14:06
Speaker 1: necessary to begin by finding out the names of the attendants,
1:14:11
Speaker 1: the aids de camp and door keepers, and centuries of
1:14:14
Speaker 1: the general in command. Our spies must be commissioned to
1:14:19
Speaker 1: ascertain these the enemy spies who have come to spy
1:14:23
Speaker 1: on us must be sought out, tempted with bribes, led away,
1:14:27
Speaker 1: and comfortably housed. Thus they will become converted spies and
1:14:32
Speaker 1: available for our service. It is through the information brought
1:14:36
Speaker 1: by the converted spy that we are able to acquire
1:14:39
Speaker 1: and employ local and inward spies. It is owing to
1:14:44
Speaker 1: his information again that we can cause the doomed spy
1:14:48
Speaker 1: to carry false tidings to the enemy. Lastly, it is
1:14:53
Speaker 1: by his information that the surviving spy can be used
1:14:57
Speaker 1: on appointed occasions. The end end aim of spying in
1:15:02
Speaker 1: all its five varieties is knowledge of the enemy, and
1:15:06
Speaker 1: this knowledge can only be derived, in the first instance
1:15:10
Speaker 1: from the converted spy. Hence, it is essential that the
1:15:14
Speaker 1: converted spy be treated with the utmost liberality of old.
1:15:19
Speaker 1: The rise of the Yin dynasty was due to Ai Ching,
1:15:22
Speaker 1: who had served under Hisha. Likewise, the rise of the
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Speaker 1: Chu dynasty was due to lu Yah, who had served
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Speaker 1: under the Yen. Hence, it is only the enlightened ruler
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Speaker 1: in the wise general who will use the highest intelligence
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Speaker 1: of the army for purposes of spying, and thereby they
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Speaker 1: achieve great results. Spies are the most important element in water,
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Speaker 1: because on them depends an armies ability to move. End
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Speaker 1: of Chapter thirteen.