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24 - Henry VIIIs Wives Their Impact on History by Martin A. S. Hume · Henry VIIIs Wives Their Impact on History

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Speaker 1: Section twenty three of the Wives of Henry the Eighth
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Speaker 1: and the parts they played in History by Martin Hume.
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Speaker 1: This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Fifteen forty
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Speaker 1: through fifteen forty two. The King's Good Sister and the
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Speaker 1: King's Bad Wife the Lutherans and English Catholics, Part one.
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Speaker 1: During her few months of incomplete wedlock with the King,
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Speaker 1: and had felt uneasily the strange anomaly of her position.
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Speaker 1: She accompanied Henry in his daily life at bed and board,
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Speaker 1: and shared with him the various festivities held in celebration
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Speaker 1: of the marriage, the last of which was a splendid
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Speaker 1: tournament given by the bachelor courtiers at Dorham House on
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Speaker 1: May Day. She had studied English diligently and tried to
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Speaker 1: plead her husband in a hundred well meant but ungainly ways.
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Speaker 1: She had, by her jovial manner and real kindness of heart,
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Speaker 1: become very popular with those around her. But yet she
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Speaker 1: got no nearer to the glum, bloated man by her side.
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Speaker 1: In truth, she was no fit companion for him, either
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Speaker 1: physically or mentally. Her lack of the softer feminine charms,
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Speaker 1: her homely manners, her lack of learning and of musical
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Speaker 1: talent on which Henry set so much store, were not
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Speaker 1: counterbalanced by strong will or commanding ability, which might have
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Speaker 1: enabled her to dominate him, or by feminine craft by
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Speaker 1: which he might have been captivated. She was a woman, however,
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Speaker 1: and could not fail to know that her repudiation in
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Speaker 1: some form was in the air. It was one of
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Speaker 1: the accusations against Cromwell that he had divulged to her
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Speaker 1: what the King had said about the marriage, but so
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Speaker 1: far from doing so, he had steadily avoided compliance with
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Speaker 1: her oft repeated requests for an interview with him. Shortly
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Speaker 1: before Cromwell's fall, Henry had complained to him that Anne's
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Speaker 1: temper was becoming taut, and then Cromwell thought well to
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Speaker 1: warn her, through her chamberlain, that she should try to
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Speaker 1: please the King Moore. The poor woman, desirous of doing right,
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Speaker 1: tactlessly flew to the other extreme, and her cloying fondness
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Speaker 1: aroused Henry's suspicion that Cromwell had informed her of his
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Speaker 1: intention to get rid of her. Anne's Lutheranism, moreover, had
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Speaker 1: begun too great upon the tender conscience of her husband.
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Speaker 1: Under the prompting of the Catholic party, although she scrupulously
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Speaker 1: followed the English ritual and later became a professed Catholic.
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Speaker 1: And to all these reasons, which now made Henry doubly
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Speaker 1: anxious for prompt release, was added another more powerful than
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Speaker 1: any one of Anne's maids of honor, was a very
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Speaker 1: beautiful girl of about eighteen, Katherine, the orphaned daughter of
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Speaker 1: Lord Edmund Howard, brother of the Duke of Norfolk, and
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Speaker 1: consequently first cousin of Anne Boleyn. During the first months
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Speaker 1: of his unsatisfying union with Anne, Henry's eyes must have
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Speaker 1: been cast covetously upon Catherine, for in April fifteen forty
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Speaker 1: she received a grant from him of a certain felon's property,
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Speaker 1: and in the following month twenty three quilts of quilted
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Speaker 1: sarsenet were given to her out of the Royal wardrobe.
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Speaker 1: When Cromwell still awaiting his fate in the tower and
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Speaker 1: whispers were rife of what was intended against the Queen, Marillac,
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Speaker 1: the observant French ambassador wrote in cipher to his master,
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Speaker 1: telling him that there was another lady in the case,
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Speaker 1: and a week afterwards, sixth July, he amplified his hints
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Speaker 1: by saying that either for that reason or some other,
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Speaker 1: Anne had been sent to Richmond on the false pretense
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Speaker 1: that plague had appeared in London, and that Henry, very
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Speaker 1: far from joining her there as he had promised, had
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Speaker 1: not left London and was about to make a progress
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Speaker 1: in another direction. Merrilac rightly says that quote, if there
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Speaker 1: had been any suspicion of plague, the King would not
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Speaker 1: stay for any affair, however great as he is the
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Speaker 1: most timid person that could be in such a case,
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Speaker 1: end quote. The true reason why Anne was sent away
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Speaker 1: was Henry's invariable cowardice that made him afraid to face
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Speaker 1: a person whom he was wronging. Gardiner had promptly done
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Speaker 1: what Cromwell had been ruined for not doing, and had
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Speaker 1: submitted to the King within a few days of the
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Speaker 1: arrest of his rival, a complete plan by which Anne
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Speaker 1: might be repudiated. First, certain ecclesiastics under oath of secrecy
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Speaker 1: were to be asked for their opinion as to the
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Speaker 1: best way to proceed, and the Council was thereupon to
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Speaker 1: discuss and settle the procedure in accordance the question of
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Speaker 1: the previous contract and its repudiation was to be examined,
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Speaker 1: The manner in which the Queen herself was to be
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Speaker 1: approached was to be arranged, and evidence from everyone to
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Speaker 1: whom the King had spoken at the time as to
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Speaker 1: his lack of consent and consummation was to be collected.
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Speaker 1: All this had to be done by the seventh July,
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Speaker 1: when the clergy met at Westminster, summoned by writ under
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Speaker 1: the Great Seal dated the sixth, to decide whether the
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Speaker 1: King's marriage was valid or not. In the circumstances detailed,
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Speaker 1: the obedient Parliament, sitting with closed doors a few days previously,
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Speaker 1: had by Norfolk's orders, petitioned the King to solve certain
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Speaker 1: doubts that had been raised about the marriage, and Henry,
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Speaker 1: ever desirous of pleasing his faithful lieges and to set
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Speaker 1: at rest conscientious scruples, referred the question to his prelates,
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Speaker 1: incented for decision, and two days before this summoned to Richmond,
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Speaker 1: the ambassador of her brother, who came to her at
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Speaker 1: four o'clock in the morning, and she then sent for
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Speaker 1: the Earl of Rutland, the chief of her household, to
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Speaker 1: be present at the interview. The King, she said, had
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Speaker 1: sent her a message and asked for a reply. The
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Speaker 1: effect of the message was to express doubts as to
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Speaker 1: the validity of their marriage, and to ask her if
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Speaker 1: she was content to leave the decision of it to
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Speaker 1: the English clergy. The poor woman, much perturbed, had refused
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Speaker 1: to send an answer without consideration, and she had then
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Speaker 1: desired that her brother's envoy should give or at all
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Speaker 1: events carry the answer to the king. But this he
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Speaker 1: refused to do, and she, in her trouble, could only
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Speaker 1: appeal to Rutland for advice. He prayed about the graciousness
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Speaker 1: and virtue of the King, and assured her that he
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Speaker 1: would quote do nothing but that should stand by the
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Speaker 1: law of God and for the discharge of his conscience
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Speaker 1: and hers, and the quietness of the realm, and at
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Speaker 1: the suit of all his lords and commons. The King
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Speaker 1: was content to refer the question to the learned and
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Speaker 1: virtuous bishops, so that she had cause to be glad
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Speaker 1: rather than sorry. Anne was confused and doubtful, for she
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Speaker 1: did not know what was intended towards her, But considering
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Speaker 1: the helplessness of her position and the danger of resistance,
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Speaker 1: she met the deputation of the council that came to
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Speaker 1: her next day, sixth July, in a spirit of complete surrender.
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Speaker 1: She was, she said in German, always content to obey
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Speaker 1: the King and would abide by the decision of the prelates.
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Speaker 1: And with this answer Gardiner posted back to London that
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Speaker 1: night to appear at the Synod the next morning. Neither
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Speaker 1: Anne nor anyone for her appeared. The whole evidence, which
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Speaker 1: was that already mentioned, was to show the existence of
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Speaker 1: a prior contract of the annolling, of which no sufficient
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Speaker 1: proofs had been produced, the avowals of the King and
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Speaker 1: the Queen to their confidants that the marriage had never
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Speaker 1: been consummated and never would be. And lastly, the absence
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Speaker 1: of quote inner consent end quote on the part of
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Speaker 1: the King from the first. Under the pressure of Gardener,
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Speaker 1: for Cranmer, overshadowed by a cloud, and in hourly fear
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Speaker 1: of Cromwell's fate, was ready to sign anything, the union
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Speaker 1: was declared to be invalid and both parties were pronounced
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Speaker 1: capable of remarriage. A bill was then hurriedly rushed through
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Speaker 1: Parliament confirming the decision of convocation, and Cranmer, for the
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Speaker 1: third time, as Primate, annulled his Master's marriage. Anne was
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Speaker 1: still profoundly disturbed at the fate that might be in
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Speaker 1: store for her, and when Suffolk, Southampton and Ryothlesley went
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Speaker 1: to Richmond on the tenth July to obtain her acceptance
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Speaker 1: of the decision, she fainted at the sight of them.
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Speaker 1: They did their best to reassure her, giving her from
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Speaker 1: the King a large present of money and a specially
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Speaker 1: affectionate letter. She was assured that if she would acquiesce
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Speaker 1: and remain in the realm, she should be the King's
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Speaker 1: adopted sister, with precedents before all other ladies but the
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Speaker 1: King's wife and daughters. A large appennage should be secured
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Speaker 1: to her, and jewels, furniture, and the household of a
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Speaker 1: royal princess provided for her. She was still doubtful and
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Speaker 1: some persuasion had to be used before she would consent
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Speaker 1: to sign the letter dictated to her as the King's sister,
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Speaker 1: But at last she did so and was made to
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Speaker 1: say that quote though the case was hard and sorrowful,
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Speaker 1: for the great love she bears to his noble person,
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Speaker 1: yet having more regard for God and his truth than
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Speaker 1: for any worldly affection, she accepts the judgment praying that
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Speaker 1: the King will take her as one of his most
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Speaker 1: humble servants, and so determine of her that she may
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Speaker 1: sometimes enjoy his presence. End quote. This seemed almost too
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Speaker 1: good to be true when Henry read it, and he
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Speaker 1: insisted upon its being written and signed again in German,
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Speaker 1: that Anne might not subsequently profess ignorance of its wording.
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Speaker 1: When Anne, however, was asked to write to her brother
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Speaker 1: saying that she was fully satisfied, she at first refused.
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Speaker 1: Why should she write to him before he wrote to her.
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Speaker 1: She asked, if he sent a complaint, she would answer
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Speaker 1: it as the King wished. But after a few days
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Speaker 1: she gave way on this point when further pressed. So
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Speaker 1: delighted was Henry at so much submission to his will
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Speaker 1: that he was kindness and generosity itself. On the fourteenth July,
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Speaker 1: he sent the councilors again to Richmond with another handsome
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Speaker 1: present and a letter to his right dear and write
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Speaker 1: entirely beloved sister, thanking her gratefully for her wise and
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Speaker 1: honorable proceedings. Quote, as it is done in respect of
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Speaker 1: God and his truth, and continuing your conformity, you shall
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Speaker 1: find us a perfect friend content to repute you as
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Speaker 1: our dearest sister end quote. He promised her four thousand
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Speaker 1: pounds a year with the two royal residences of Richmond
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Speaker 1: and Bletchingly, and a welcome at court when she pleased
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Speaker 1: to come. In return, she sent him another amiable letter
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Speaker 1: and the wedding ring, expressing herself fully satisfied. She certainly
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Speaker 1: carried out her parts of the arrangement to perfection, whether
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Speaker 1: from fear or complaisance, assuring the envoys of her brother,
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Speaker 1: the Duke, that she was well treated, as in a
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Speaker 1: material sense indeed she was, and thenceforward made the best
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Speaker 1: of her life in England. Her brother and the German
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Speaker 1: Protestants were, of course furiously indignant, but as the injured
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Speaker 1: lady expressed herself not only satisfied but delighted with her position,
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Speaker 1: no ground could be found for open quarrel. She was
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Speaker 1: probably a person of little refinement of feeling, and highly
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Speaker 1: appreciated the luxury and abundance with which she thenceforward was surrounded,
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Speaker 1: enjoying as she always did, recreation and fine dress, in
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Speaker 1: which she was distinguished above any of Henry's wives. On
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Speaker 1: the day after the Senate had met in Westminster, to
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Speaker 1: decide the invalidity of the marriage. Seventh July, Pate, the
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Speaker 1: English ambassador, saw the Emperor at Bruges with a message
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Speaker 1: from Henry which foreshadowed an entire change in the foreign
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Speaker 1: policy of England. Charles received Pate at midnight and was
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Speaker 1: agreeably surprised to learn that conscientious scruples had made Henry
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Speaker 1: doubt the validity of his union with Anne. The Emperor's
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Speaker 1: stiff demeanor changed at once, and as the news came
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Speaker 1: day by day of the the progress of the separation
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Speaker 1: of Henry from his Protestant wife, the cordiality of the
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Speaker 1: Emperor grew towards him. Whilst England itself was in full
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Speaker 1: Catholic reaction, the fall of Cromwell had, as it was
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Speaker 1: intended to do, provided Henry with a scapegoat. This spoliation
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Speaker 1: and destruction of the religious houses by which the King
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Speaker 1: and many of the Catholic nobles had profited enormously, was
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Speaker 1: laid to the dead man's door. The policy of plundering
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Speaker 1: the Church of Union with Lutherans and the favoring of
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Speaker 1: heresy had been the work of the wicked minister, and
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Speaker 1: not of the good King. That ill served an ungratefully
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Speaker 1: used king, who was always innocent and never in the wrong,
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Speaker 1: who simply differed from other good Catholics in his independence
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Speaker 1: of the Bishop of Rome, merely a domestic disagreement with
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Speaker 1: such suave hypocrisy as this, difficulties were soon smoothed over,
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Speaker 1: and to prove the perfect sincerity with which Henry proceeded.
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Speaker 1: Protestants like Barnes, Gerrard and Jerome were burnt impartially side
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Speaker 1: by side with Catholics who did not accept the spiritual
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Speaker 1: supremacy of Henry over the Church in England, such as
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Speaker 1: Abel Powell, Featherstone and Cook. The Catholic and Aristocratic party
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Speaker 1: in England had thus triumphed all along the line by
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Speaker 1: the aid of anti Protestant churchmen like Gardiner and Tunstall.
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Speaker 1: Their heavy handed enemy Cromwell had gone bearing the whole
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Speaker 1: responsibility for the past. The King had been flattered by
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Speaker 1: exoneration from blame and pleased by the release of his wife,
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Speaker 1: so deftly and pleasantly effected. No one but Cromwell was
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Speaker 1: to blame for anything. They were all good Catholics, whom
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Speaker 1: the other Catholic powers surely could not attack for a
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Speaker 1: paltry quarrel with the Pope, and best of all, the
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Speaker 1: ecclesiastical spoil was secured to them and their heirs forever,
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Speaker 1: for they all maintained the supremacy of the King in England.
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Speaker 1: Good Catholics though they were, but withal they knew that
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Speaker 1: Henry must have someone close to him to keep him
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Speaker 1: in the straight way. The nobles were not afraid of Cranmer,
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Speaker 1: for he kept in the background and was a man
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Speaker 1: of poor spirit. And moreover, for the moment the danger
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Speaker 1: was hardly from the reformers. The nobles had triumphed by
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Speaker 1: the aid of Gardiner, and Gardiner was now the strong
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Speaker 1: spirit near the king. But the aims of the nobles
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Speaker 1: were somewhat different from those of churchmen, and a Catholic
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Speaker 1: bishop as the sole director of the national policy, might
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Speaker 1: carry them farther than they wished to go. Henry's concupiscence
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Speaker 1: must therefore once more be utilized, and the woman upon
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Speaker 1: whom he cast his eyes, if possible, made into a
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Speaker 1: political instrument to forward the faction that favored her. Gardiner
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Speaker 1: was nothing loth, for he was sure of himself. But
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Speaker 1: how eager Norfolk and his party were to take advantage
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Speaker 1: of Henry's fancy for Catherine Howard to effect her lodgment
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Speaker 1: by his side as queen is seen by the almost
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Speaker 1: indecent haste with which they began to spread the news
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Speaker 1: of her rise, even before the final decision was given
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Speaker 1: as to the validity of the marriage with Anne. On
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Speaker 1: the twelfth July, a humble dependent of them hows Mistress
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Speaker 1: Joan Balmour, of whom more will be heard, wrote to Catherine,
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Speaker 1: congratulating her upon her coming greatness and begging for an
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Speaker 1: office about her person quote for I trust the Queen
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Speaker 1: of Britain will not forget her secretary end quote. Less
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Speaker 1: than a fortnight later, twenty first July, the French ambassador
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Speaker 1: gives as a peace of gossip that Katherine Howard was
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Speaker 1: already pregnant by the King, and that the marriage was
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Speaker 1: therefore being hurried on. Exactly when or where the wedding
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Speaker 1: took place is not known, but it was a private one,
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Speaker 1: and by the eleventh August Katherine was called queen and
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Speaker 1: acknowledged as such by all the court. On the fifteenth
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Speaker 1: Merrilac wrote that her name had been added to the
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Speaker 1: prayers in the church service, and that the king had
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Speaker 1: gone on a hunting expedition, presumably accompanied by his new wife,
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Speaker 1: whilst quote Madame de Cleves, so far from claiming to
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Speaker 1: be married, is more joyous than ever, and wears new
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Speaker 1: dresses every day end quote. Everybody thus was well satisfied
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Speaker 1: except the Protestants. Henry indeed was delighted with his tiny,
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Speaker 1: sparkling girl wife, and did his best to be a
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Speaker 1: gallant bridegroom to her, though there was none of the
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Speaker 1: pomp and splendor that accompanied his previous nuptials. The autumn
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Speaker 1: of fifteen forty was passed in a leisurely progress through
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Speaker 1: the Shires to Grafton, where most of the honeymoon was spent.
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Speaker 1: The rose crowned was chosen by Henry as his bride's
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Speaker 1: personal cognizance, and the most was made of her royal
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Speaker 1: descent and connections by the enamored king. The King is
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Speaker 1: so amorous of her, wrote merrill Ac in September, that
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Speaker 1: he cannot treat her well enough, and caresses her more
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Speaker 1: than he did the others. Even thus early, however, whispers
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Speaker 1: were heard of the king's fickleness. Once it was said
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Speaker 1: that Anne of Cleaves was pregnant by him, and he
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Speaker 1: would cast aside Catherine in her favor, and shortly afterwards
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Speaker 1: he refrained from seeing his new wife for ten days
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Speaker 1: together because of something she had done to offend him.
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Speaker 1: The moral deterioration of Henry's character, which had progressed in
21:35
Speaker 1: proportion with the growing conviction of his own infallibility and immunity,
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Speaker 1: had now reached its lowest depth. He was rapidly becoming
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Speaker 1: more and more bulky, and his temper, never angelic, was
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Speaker 1: now irascible in the extreme. His health was bad, and
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Speaker 1: increasing age had made him more than ever impatient of
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Speaker 1: contradiction or restraint, and no consideration but that of his
22:06
Speaker 1: own interest and safety influenced him. The policy which he
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Speaker 1: adopted under the guidance of Gardiner and Norfolk, was one
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Speaker 1: of rigorous enforcement of the Six Articles, and at the
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Speaker 1: same time of his own spiritual supremacy in England. All
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Speaker 1: chance of a coalition of Henry with the Lutherans was
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Speaker 1: now out of the question. Squire Henry means to be
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Speaker 1: God and to do as pleases himself, said Luther at
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Speaker 1: the time, and the Emperor freed from that danger, and
22:40
Speaker 1: faced with the greater peril of a coalition of the
22:43
Speaker 1: French and Turks industriously endeavored to come to some maudus
22:49
Speaker 1: fevendi with his German electors. The rift between Charles and
22:54
Speaker 1: Francis was daily widening, and Henry himself was aiding the
22:59
Speaker 1: process to his full ability, for he knew that whilst
23:03
Speaker 1: they were disunited he was safe. But for the first
23:08
Speaker 1: time in his reign, except when he defied the Pope,
23:12
Speaker 1: he adopted a policy, probably his own and not that
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Speaker 1: of his ministers, calculated to offend both the Catholic powers,
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Speaker 1: whilst he was alienated from the reforming element on the continent.
23:27
Speaker 1: By an act of Parliament, the ancient penal laws against
23:31
Speaker 1: foreign denizens were re enacted, and all foreigners but established
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Speaker 1: merchants were to be expelled the country, whilst alien merchants
23:42
Speaker 1: resident were to pay double taxation. The taxation of Englishmen,
23:49
Speaker 1: enormous under Cromwell, was now recklessly increased, with the set
23:54
Speaker 1: purpose of keeping the lieges poor, just as the atrocious
23:59
Speaker 1: religious executeations were mainly to keep them submissive and incapable
24:04
Speaker 1: of questioning the despot's will. But though Englishmen might be
24:10
Speaker 1: stricken dumb by persecution, the expulsion or oppression of foreigners
24:15
Speaker 1: led to much acrimony and reprisals on the part both
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Speaker 1: of the Emperor and Francis. An entirely gratuitous policy of
24:25
Speaker 1: irritation towards France on the frontier of Calais and elsewhere
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Speaker 1: was also adopted, apparently to impress the Emperor and for
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Speaker 1: the satisfaction of Henry's arrogance when he thought it might
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Speaker 1: be safe to exercise it. The general drift of English
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Speaker 1: policy at the time was undoubtedly to draw closer to
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Speaker 1: the Emperor, not entirely to the satisfaction of the Duke
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Speaker 1: of Norfolk, who was usually pro French, but even here
24:54
Speaker 1: the oppressive act against foreigners by which Henry hoped to
24:58
Speaker 1: show Charles that his friends ship was worth buying, made
25:02
Speaker 1: cordiality in the interim extremely difficult. When Chapoos in the
25:08
Speaker 1: Emperor's name remonstrated with the Council about the new decree
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Speaker 1: forbidding the export of goods from England except in English bottoms,
25:17
Speaker 1: the English ministers rudely said that the King could pass
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Speaker 1: what laws he liked in his own country, just as
25:24
Speaker 1: the Emperor could in his. Charles and his sister, the
25:29
Speaker 1: Regent of the Netherlands, took the hint and utterly astounded
25:34
Speaker 1: Henry by forbidding goods being shipped in the Netherlands in
25:38
Speaker 1: English vessels. The danger was understood at once. Not only
25:44
Speaker 1: did this strike a heavy blow at English trade, but
25:48
Speaker 1: it upset the laboriously constructed pretense of close communion with
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Speaker 1: the Emperor which had been used to hoodwink the French.
25:58
Speaker 1: Henry himself bully and hectored as if he was the
26:02
Speaker 1: first injured party, and then took Chapouse aside in a
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Speaker 1: window bay and hinted at an alliance. He said that
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Speaker 1: the French were plotting against the Emperor and trying to
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Speaker 1: gain his Henry's support, which, however, he would prefer to
26:19
Speaker 1: give to the Emperor if he wished for it. Henry saw, indeed,
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Speaker 1: that he had drawn the bow too tight, and was
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Speaker 1: ready to shuffle out of the position into which his
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Speaker 1: own arrogance had led him. So Gardiner was sent in
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Speaker 1: the winter to see the Emperor with the king's friend Kennevet,
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Speaker 1: who was to be the new resident ambassador, the object
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Speaker 1: of the visit being partly to impress the French and
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Speaker 1: partly to persuade Charles of Henry's strict Catholicism, and so
26:53
Speaker 1: to render more difficult any such agreement being made as
26:57
Speaker 1: that aimed at by the meeting at Vorms between the
27:00
Speaker 1: Lutheran princes and their suzerin. Gardiner's mission was not very successful,
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Speaker 1: for Charles understood the move perfectly, but it was not
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Speaker 1: his policy then to alienate Henry, for he was slowly
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Speaker 1: maturing his plans for crushing France utterly, and hoped whilst
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Speaker 1: Catholic influence was paramount in England to obtain the help
27:25
Speaker 1: or at least the neutrality of Henry. The fall of
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Speaker 1: Cromwell had been hailed by Catholics in England as the
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Speaker 1: salvation of their faith and high hopes had attended the
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Speaker 1: elevation of Gardiner. But the crushing taxation, the arbitrary measures,
27:44
Speaker 1: and above all, the cruel persecution of those who, however
27:49
Speaker 1: slightly questioned the King's spiritual supremacy caused renewed discontent among
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Speaker 1: the extreme Catholics, who still looked yearningly towards Cardinal Pole
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Speaker 1: and his house. It is not probable that any Yorkist
28:06
Speaker 1: conspiracy existed in England at the time. The people were
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Speaker 1: too much terrified for that. But Henry's ambassadors and agents
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Speaker 1: in Catholic countries had been forced sometimes to dally with
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Speaker 1: the foreign view of the King's supremacy, and Gardener, whose
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Speaker 1: methods were even more unscrupulous than those of Cromwell, suddenly
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Speaker 1: pounced upon those of Henry's ministers who might be supposed
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Speaker 1: to have come into contact with the friends of the
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Speaker 1: House of York. Pate, the English ambassador with the Emperor,
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Speaker 1: was suspicious and escaped to Rome, but Sir Thomas Wyatt,
28:47
Speaker 1: who had been the ambassador in Spain, was led to
28:51
Speaker 1: the tower handcuffed with ignominy. Doctor Mason, another ambassador, was
28:57
Speaker 1: also lodged in the fortress at the time suggestion of Bonner,
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Speaker 1: even Sir Ralph Sadler, one of the Secretaries of State,
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Speaker 1: was imprisoned for a short time, whilst Sir John Wallop,
29:10
Speaker 1: the ambassador in France, was recalled and consigned to a dungeon,
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Speaker 1: as was Sir Thomas Palmer, Knight Porter of Calais, and others,
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Speaker 1: though most of them were soon afterwards pardoned at the
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Speaker 1: instance of Catherine Howard. In the early spring of fifteen
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Speaker 1: forty one, an unsuccessful attempt was made into Catholic rising
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Speaker 1: in Yorkshire, where the feeling was very bitter, and though
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Speaker 1: the revolt was quickly suppressed, it was considered a good
29:42
Speaker 1: opportunity for striking terror into those who still doubted the
29:46
Speaker 1: spiritual supremacy of Henry and resented the plunder of the monasteries.
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Speaker 1: The atrocious crime was perpetuated of bringing out the mother
29:57
Speaker 1: of Pohl, the aged Countess of Salisbury, last of the Plantagenets,
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Speaker 1: from her prison in the tower to the headsman's block.
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Speaker 1: Lord Leonard Gray was another blameless victim, whilst Lord Dacre
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Speaker 1: of the South was on a trumped up charge of
30:16
Speaker 1: murder hanged like a common malefactor at Tyburn. Lord Lyell,
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Speaker 1: Henry's illegitimate uncle, was also kept in the tower till
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Speaker 1: his death. End of Section twenty three