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Alaska Earthquake of 1964 · Stuff You Should Know

• 0:01
  Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio.
• 0:11
  Speaker 2: Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh, and there's
• 0:13
  Speaker 2: Chuck and Jerry's here too, And this is Stuff you
• 0:16
  Speaker 2: should Know about earthquakes in Alaska in nineteen sixty four.
• 0:21
  Speaker 2: I'm going to talk like this, Oh the rest of
• 0:23
  Speaker 2: the podcast. What do you think?
• 0:26
  Speaker 1: I think that sixty percent of the people just stop listening.
• 0:30
  Speaker 2: Well, they are going to be sorry, because this is
• 0:34
  Speaker 2: going to be an interesting episode.
• 0:36
  Speaker 1: Yeah, this is you know, I had no idea how
• 0:40
  Speaker 1: earthquake prone Alaska is was and is until doing this
• 0:45
  Speaker 1: kind of research.
• 0:46
  Speaker 2: Oh. I was raised on that knowledge. My family talked
• 0:49
  Speaker 2: about it a lot.
• 0:51
  Speaker 1: No comment in Toledo.
• 0:53
  Speaker 2: Hey, Chuck, I have a question. Will you ask me
• 0:56
  Speaker 2: the first time I was ever in an earthquake or
• 0:59
  Speaker 2: ever felt in earthquake?
• 1:01
  Speaker 1: When's the first time you ever felt to earthquake?
• 1:04
  Speaker 2: Yesterday? Chuck? Will you ask me a follow up question?
• 1:08
  Speaker 2: Ask what I was reading while I experienced that first earthquake?
• 1:13
  Speaker 1: Well, where were you and what were you reading?
• 1:15
  Speaker 2: I was reading this article about Alaska earth the Alaska
• 1:20
  Speaker 2: earthquake of nineteen sixty four, and I was at home.
• 1:23
  Speaker 1: Wow, I didn't know that you guys felt a trimmer.
• 1:25
  Speaker 2: There was one in Cuba, like a six point eight,
• 1:28
  Speaker 2: and I felt it in Central Florida, plain a day.
• 1:31
  Speaker 1: Wow, I've never I lived in LA for five years
• 1:34
  Speaker 1: and I never felt a single anything.
• 1:36
  Speaker 2: Yeah. I pretty much assumed I would go the rest
• 1:39
  Speaker 2: of my life with that feeling an earthquake, and nope, nope.
• 1:43
  Speaker 2: Cuba had other ideas.
• 1:45
  Speaker 1: Yeah, well, I mean after reading about how like far away,
• 1:49
  Speaker 1: Like there's some pretty startling stuff in this episode, like
• 1:53
  Speaker 1: as far as how far away could feel things, and
• 1:56
  Speaker 1: like the upset that it caused like around the world,
• 2:00
  Speaker 1: it's nuts.
• 2:01
  Speaker 2: Yeah, a lot of people were upset about this for sure.
• 2:05
  Speaker 1: All Right, Well, we're talking about the Good Friday earthquake
• 2:08
  Speaker 1: of nineteen sixty four in Alaska, which at the time
• 2:12
  Speaker 1: was the biggest, well the second largest ever in the
• 2:16
  Speaker 1: world that they had recorded at nine point two, just
• 2:20
  Speaker 1: behind the nine point five that hit Chile in nineteen sixty. Yeah,
• 2:25
  Speaker 1: and considering the devastation that happened in Alaska, and probably
• 2:28
  Speaker 1: only because it happened in Alaska, it only killed one
• 2:32
  Speaker 1: hundred and thirty one people, which is a lot. But
• 2:36
  Speaker 1: I think the earthquake itself in Alaska. How many people
• 2:40
  Speaker 1: It's like fifteen people.
• 2:41
  Speaker 2: Maybe, yeah, I think there was actually in the whole
• 2:44
  Speaker 2: state something like.
• 2:46
  Speaker 1: No, no, no, I'm saying how many people it killed?
• 2:48
  Speaker 2: Was only oh oh, sorry, I thought you're saying how
• 2:50
  Speaker 2: many people lived in Alaska.
• 2:51
  Speaker 1: No, just like the literal earthquake of people in Alaska.
• 2:55
  Speaker 2: I think it was like, yeah, fifteen or sixteen people.
• 2:57
  Speaker 2: That was it from the actual earthquake. Yeah, I wonder
• 3:00
  Speaker 2: why he laughed. Yeah, that was why, because I thought
• 3:03
  Speaker 2: you were making a joke and I thought it was hilarious.
• 3:06
  Speaker 1: So let's get to today.
• 3:08
  Speaker 2: Well, there was one other big thing about this earthquake
• 3:11
  Speaker 2: besides just the massiveness. I mean, nine point five that
• 3:13
  Speaker 2: is awfully close to as high as you can go
• 3:16
  Speaker 2: on the Richter scale.
• 3:17
  Speaker 1: Right, yeah, nine point two was this one? Yeah?
• 3:19
  Speaker 2: Nine point two? Sorry, Chili was the nine point five
• 3:22
  Speaker 2: Still nothing to sneeze at, right, second largest earthquake on record.
• 3:27
  Speaker 2: One of the other reasons that it's important or significant
• 3:29
  Speaker 2: is because it basically opened up the door for seismology
• 3:34
  Speaker 2: and our understanding of earthquakes and tsunamis and basically everything
• 3:38
  Speaker 2: we know about those things today. Kind of kicked off
• 3:42
  Speaker 2: with this nineteen sixty four earthquake because we were able
• 3:45
  Speaker 2: to like go study it. It happened at just the
• 3:47
  Speaker 2: right time in a.
• 3:48
  Speaker 1: Sense, Yeah, for sure. And this was a mega thrust earthquake.
• 3:53
  Speaker 1: And as it turns out, the most destructive kind of
• 3:56
  Speaker 1: earthquake that the world knows is the mega thrust. Out
• 4:00
  Speaker 1: of the ten of the biggest earthquakes ever recorded have
• 4:03
  Speaker 1: been mega thrust. And that is where and you know,
• 4:06
  Speaker 1: we've talked about this in the Earthquakes episode as well
• 4:09
  Speaker 1: as other ones, probably the Japanese tsunami one as well. Sure,
• 4:14
  Speaker 1: but this mega thrust earthquake is what happens when you
• 4:17
  Speaker 1: have two tectonic plates hitting one another, and the case
• 4:22
  Speaker 1: of the mega thrust, the heavier one slides below the
• 4:25
  Speaker 1: lighter one, and that heavier plate just dives into the mantle.
• 4:31
  Speaker 1: It's you know, we talked about subduction a lot, but
• 4:34
  Speaker 1: it subduces.
• 4:36
  Speaker 2: Right, Yeah, It's subdued by the top one, right, And
• 4:39
  Speaker 2: as it goes further and further in like the whole
• 4:42
  Speaker 2: Earth's crust gets recycled over incredible spans of time. The
• 4:46
  Speaker 2: problem is what causes a megathrust earthquake is that in
• 4:49
  Speaker 2: some places that subdued plate doesn't go down. It locks
• 4:55
  Speaker 2: with the plate on top when they converge, and they
• 4:59
  Speaker 2: just press, impressed and press and press, and then eventually
• 5:02
  Speaker 2: one of them is going to give. It's like a
• 5:05
  Speaker 2: game of chicken or something like that. And when they give,
• 5:08
  Speaker 2: it just slips, and it slips really quickly, and the entire,
• 5:11
  Speaker 2: an entire region of Earth suddenly lurches forward like fifty feet.
• 5:16
  Speaker 2: And when that happens, that's where you get like ten
• 5:20
  Speaker 2: out of the ten most powerful earthquakes. That's where they
• 5:24
  Speaker 2: come from. They're all mega thrust earthquakes, and that's how
• 5:26
  Speaker 2: they're produced.
• 5:27
  Speaker 1: That's right. The one in sixty four in Alaska was
• 5:32
  Speaker 1: at the Alaska Aleutian Subduction Zone, and that's where the
• 5:37
  Speaker 1: plates here in North America side over the Pacific plates
• 5:40
  Speaker 1: is where they meet one another. And I think it
• 5:44
  Speaker 1: runs from the Gulf of Alaska, and as we'll see,
• 5:47
  Speaker 1: the epicenter was kind of right there on the waterfront almost,
• 5:53
  Speaker 1: but it runs along the Gulf of Alaska to Russia's
• 5:56
  Speaker 1: Kamchatka Peninsula.
• 5:58
  Speaker 2: Which is an island in Russia.
• 6:00
  Speaker 1: That's right.
• 6:02
  Speaker 2: Yeah, it's basically like the worst place to live. But
• 6:05
  Speaker 2: at the time when people were settling along Alaska seward
• 6:08
  Speaker 2: and what was the other big city that was affected
• 6:14
  Speaker 2: by this anchorage and then a bunch of other slightly
• 6:17
  Speaker 2: smaller cities, they didn't know that the subduction zone existed.
• 6:21
  Speaker 2: It's nothing you can walk up to and point to.
• 6:23
  Speaker 2: This thing exists under the oceans off shore. So they
• 6:27
  Speaker 2: didn't know. But they found out in a big way
• 6:29
  Speaker 2: after this earthquake that oh, yeah, actually there's a subduction zone.
• 6:34
  Speaker 2: And as a matter of fact, the whole theory of
• 6:35
  Speaker 2: plate tectonics is correct. This was another thing that it
• 6:38
  Speaker 2: proved or showed.
• 6:39
  Speaker 1: Yeah, so you know, you said that that can happen
• 6:43
  Speaker 1: really quickly. That's kind of what happens with these mega
• 6:46
  Speaker 1: thrust earthquakes and why they're so kind of spectacular is
• 6:50
  Speaker 1: that the speed at which it happens. And then in
• 6:52
  Speaker 1: this case, just like how much was was moving. They
• 6:56
  Speaker 1: said that the plates moved they estimate between thirty to
• 6:59
  Speaker 1: six defeat kind of all at the same time, and
• 7:03
  Speaker 1: that the area that moved, this is staggering, was five
• 7:07
  Speaker 1: hundred miles by one hundred and twenty five.
• 7:09
  Speaker 2: Miles suddenly moved sixty feet like in seconds.
• 7:14
  Speaker 1: Yeah, it's just yeah, it's hard to believe, right.
• 7:19
  Speaker 2: And so again, like this five hundred by one hundred
• 7:22
  Speaker 2: and twenty five mile chunk Anchorage, Valdez, sorry, Valdez, Seward
• 7:28
  Speaker 2: and a bunch of other towns are like on that
• 7:31
  Speaker 2: chunk of land that suddenly lurched forward. So not only
• 7:35
  Speaker 2: did the land lurch, this earthquake just had all sorts
• 7:39
  Speaker 2: of crazy effects, in part because the earthquake itself, nine
• 7:43
  Speaker 2: point two, lasted for like four minutes. Yeah, four minutes
• 7:49
  Speaker 2: of a nine point two earthquake sounds terrifying and crazy destructive.
• 7:54
  Speaker 1: Yeah. This was on March twenty seventh of that year,
• 7:57
  Speaker 1: at about five thirty six pm is when it kicked
• 7:59
  Speaker 1: out off. And you know when I talked about like
• 8:02
  Speaker 1: how far reaching it was. Here are some like pretty
• 8:06
  Speaker 1: startling examples. There were water level changes registered across every
• 8:12
  Speaker 1: United State state except for Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Delaware.
• 8:16
  Speaker 1: And when you see things like a well or a
• 8:19
  Speaker 1: pond slashing back and forth, like water that doesn't normally
• 8:23
  Speaker 1: move around is being moved, those are called seashwaves. And
• 8:28
  Speaker 1: those were reported as far away as Australia and South Africa.
• 8:32
  Speaker 2: Yeah, can't you see some little Australian can go a
• 8:36
  Speaker 2: paw the pond's moving.
• 8:39
  Speaker 1: It's a good Australian kid.
• 8:40
  Speaker 2: Yeah, I thought so too. So those what'd you call
• 8:44
  Speaker 2: them seiche waves?
• 8:46
  Speaker 1: I called them siashwaves, seashwaves.
• 8:48
  Speaker 2: Okay, So in the Gulf, the Gulf of Mexico, fishing
• 8:53
  Speaker 2: boats sank off Louisiana because those seishewaves slashing back and
• 8:57
  Speaker 2: forth in the Gulf of Mexico was so potent so
• 9:00
  Speaker 2: that it swamped some boats and sank them in the
• 9:02
  Speaker 2: Gulf of Mexico, which is nowhere near Alaska.
• 9:06
  Speaker 1: Yeah, it swayed the space needle. And by the way,
• 9:09
  Speaker 1: you maybe had been reading too much of German on
• 9:12
  Speaker 1: the show, because I think it probably would be siche
• 9:14
  Speaker 1: in German.
• 9:15
  Speaker 2: Yeah, something happened my brain like just ticked into just
• 9:20
  Speaker 2: enough German that I mispronounced stuff a lot.
• 9:22
  Speaker 1: Now, well I may be wrong too, but because maybe
• 9:25
  Speaker 1: it's a German word, I have no idea.
• 9:26
  Speaker 2: Well, let's spell it for everybody and then the listeners
• 9:28
  Speaker 2: can make up for themselves how to pronounce it, shall we.
• 9:31
  Speaker 2: I'll take the first letter, you take the second. We'll
• 9:34
  Speaker 2: just alternate, like that.
• 9:35
  Speaker 1: Okay, s E C H.
• 9:39
  Speaker 2: E E E waves.
• 9:42
  Speaker 1: Just want to get the end. Yeah, that thing rocked
• 9:45
  Speaker 1: the space Needle, which is about a thousand miles away.
• 9:48
  Speaker 1: And they did, you know, geological surveys afterward. They showed
• 9:53
  Speaker 1: some parts of the coast were close to forty feet
• 9:56
  Speaker 1: higher than they used to be. Other parts were, you know,
• 9:59
  Speaker 1: a to eight feet lower than they used to be.
• 10:02
  Speaker 1: It literally changed the coastline of Alaska as much as
• 10:07
  Speaker 1: fifty feet in some parts. And this is like, you know,
• 10:10
  Speaker 1: this is the kind of thing you think of when
• 10:11
  Speaker 1: you think of an earthquake, like in a movie, Like
• 10:14
  Speaker 1: you know, train tracks getting curled up, and telephone lines
• 10:17
  Speaker 1: snapping like toothpicks, and cars being sucked into the earth.
• 10:20
  Speaker 2: This is the kind of thing that presents a challenge
• 10:23
  Speaker 2: to the rock.
• 10:24
  Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, only he could save us, exactly.
• 10:27
  Speaker 2: Unfortunately he was just a little tike if he was
• 10:30
  Speaker 2: even born at this time, so he couldn't help anybody.
• 10:33
  Speaker 2: One of the things that just fascinates me is that
• 10:36
  Speaker 2: there were entire swaths of forests on the coastline that
• 10:41
  Speaker 2: dropped into the ocean, not like oh, the lands caving
• 10:45
  Speaker 2: in and all these these trees are like falling over
• 10:48
  Speaker 2: down into the ocean. The entire stretch of forest still
• 10:53
  Speaker 2: standing upright, just plunged downward into the ocean and was
• 10:57
  Speaker 2: covered by the water. It just dropped. And that to
• 11:01
  Speaker 2: me just is crazy fascinating. I like anything underwater I
• 11:05
  Speaker 2: find fascinating, but also the idea of that happening like
• 11:08
  Speaker 2: that suddenly is just mind boggling to me.
• 11:12
  Speaker 1: Anything underwater's fascinating.
• 11:14
  Speaker 2: Anything that's not supposed to be underwater that is underwater.
• 11:18
  Speaker 1: Ah.
• 11:18
  Speaker 2: Okay, have you seen the Drowned House?
• 11:22
  Speaker 1: I don't think so.
• 11:24
  Speaker 2: It's like a found footage, but it's actually good found footage.
• 11:28
  Speaker 2: It's an indie film where these scuba divers are exploring
• 11:31
  Speaker 2: this house that was like at the bottom of a reservoir,
• 11:35
  Speaker 2: so it's now underwater, and just that alone is awesome,
• 11:38
  Speaker 2: But the plot's pretty cool too.
• 11:39
  Speaker 1: So you're going deep with your horror.
• 11:44
  Speaker 2: I mean, there's just so much bad horror out there
• 11:47
  Speaker 2: that you really have to hunt.
• 11:50
  Speaker 1: Yeah, and I didn't mean that to be a pun.
• 11:53
  Speaker 2: By the way, going deep with the horror, yeah underwater?
• 11:57
  Speaker 2: Oh oh yeah, German part of me, I'm taking everything
• 12:01
  Speaker 2: quite literally. There's no such thing as anything funny.
• 12:06
  Speaker 1: You know, we're going to talk a lot about the
• 12:08
  Speaker 1: effects of the water, because again it's some pretty like
• 12:12
  Speaker 1: devastating and remarkable stuff happened. I was right, It was
• 12:16
  Speaker 1: only about fifteen people were killed from the actual earthquake.
• 12:19
  Speaker 1: Most of the people died in the tsunamis that followed, right.
• 12:22
  Speaker 1: There was one big one and a lot of smaller ones.
• 12:25
  Speaker 1: I think the big one reached a wave reached a
• 12:28
  Speaker 1: height of about two hundred feet, which is incredible to
• 12:32
  Speaker 1: think about it. You know, as far south as California,
• 12:36
  Speaker 1: like twelve people died in California from an earthquake that
• 12:41
  Speaker 1: happened in Alaska.
• 12:42
  Speaker 2: Yeah, I went southward. It also went westward, went right
• 12:46
  Speaker 2: past Hawaii all the way to Japan. It it kind
• 12:49
  Speaker 2: of petered out by the time it hit Japan. But
• 12:52
  Speaker 2: I mean, like that's a long way for a single
• 12:54
  Speaker 2: wave to travel. I mean two hundred feet that's just nuts.
• 12:58
  Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, this is a big wave.
• 13:01
  Speaker 2: It is. It's a giant So with a tsunami, though,
• 13:05
  Speaker 2: you have a really long time, you kind of have
• 13:08
  Speaker 2: some warning after an earthquake, you can expect if you're
• 13:11
  Speaker 2: along the coast that a tsunami is probably coming, so
• 13:14
  Speaker 2: you can get away from that. The problem was is
• 13:17
  Speaker 2: that all sorts of different towns and communities along the
• 13:20
  Speaker 2: coast got swamped like almost immediately with tsunamis, not two
• 13:25
  Speaker 2: hundred foot tsunamis, but still enough to like reck an
• 13:27
  Speaker 2: entire town. And that was another thing that kind of
• 13:31
  Speaker 2: the science finally got to the bottom of. But in
• 13:34
  Speaker 2: some of these tsunamis, like for example, there's a village
• 13:37
  Speaker 2: called Chenega, and four minutes after the earthquake, it just
• 13:43
  Speaker 2: got washed away. There were sixty eight people who live there,
• 13:46
  Speaker 2: twenty three of them died and the only thing that
• 13:48
  Speaker 2: survived as far as their buildings are concerned, was the schoolhouse,
• 13:52
  Speaker 2: which was built on higher ground one hundred feet above
• 13:55
  Speaker 2: sea level. So like everything else in the town was
• 13:58
  Speaker 2: just gone thanks to a tsunami that hit like lightning fast.
• 14:02
  Speaker 1: Yeah, I've got one for everyone here. Valdis, at Port Valdiz,
• 14:08
  Speaker 1: they were, you know, everything kind of along the coastline.
• 14:10
  Speaker 1: There was obviously swept into the ocean. Thirty two people
• 14:14
  Speaker 1: very sadly passed in Valdiese and it ended up catching
• 14:20
  Speaker 1: on fire, the oil tankers and stuff that were there,
• 14:24
  Speaker 1: and then those were brought out to see so like
• 14:27
  Speaker 1: you talk about a movie like oil tankers on fire
• 14:30
  Speaker 1: in a wave being transported across the ocean.
• 14:34
  Speaker 2: Yeah, for sure. And then one of the other problems
• 14:36
  Speaker 2: with Port Valdez was that the town was built on
• 14:39
  Speaker 2: sand and gravel, not bedrock. And one of the things
• 14:43
  Speaker 2: about Omega Thrust earthquake is it liquefies the soil. It
• 14:47
  Speaker 2: turns what seemed to be totally solid ground into essentially
• 14:51
  Speaker 2: a liquid and it can swallow stuff up like almost immediately.
• 14:54
  Speaker 2: So huge parts of that town were also swallowed up
• 14:58
  Speaker 2: by the earth all of a sudden, like this is
• 15:01
  Speaker 2: Biblical end Times kind of stuff. You know.
• 15:04
  Speaker 1: Yeah, and you know, at the risk of just going
• 15:07
  Speaker 1: on and on, I got one more, I think, and
• 15:10
  Speaker 1: then we can probably take a break. But if you're
• 15:12
  Speaker 1: talking about Anchorage, you know, the biggest city there that
• 15:16
  Speaker 1: got you know, an Alaska at least that got hit.
• 15:20
  Speaker 1: There was a landslide because it also triggered landslides. We
• 15:22
  Speaker 1: should have mentioned that, and the entire business district sank
• 15:26
  Speaker 1: about nine feet. There were some building collapses, to be sure,
• 15:30
  Speaker 1: but others just look kind of like the forest just dropped,
• 15:33
  Speaker 1: like you know, anywhere from nine to twenty feet below
• 15:37
  Speaker 1: ones that were just on the other side of the street.
• 15:39
  Speaker 2: Did you see photos of that?
• 15:41
  Speaker 1: Oh yeah, Life magazine has a I mean there's a
• 15:43
  Speaker 1: ton of good photos online that are just kind of
• 15:46
  Speaker 1: hard to wrap your head around, like what you're looking
• 15:48
  Speaker 1: at sometimes.
• 15:48
  Speaker 2: Yeah, it takes a section for sure, like one of
• 15:51
  Speaker 2: those three d I posters, but with earthquake stuff instead.
• 15:55
  Speaker 1: We did a whole episode on those.
• 15:57
  Speaker 2: We did, and if I remember correctly, that was pretty interesting.
• 16:00
  Speaker 1: Yeah, the magic I think.
• 16:03
  Speaker 2: You want to take that break you mentioned.
• 16:05
  Speaker 1: Yeah, we'll take a break and talk about sort of
• 16:07
  Speaker 1: what happened after right after this.
• 16:31
  Speaker 2: So four minutes later, the earthquake stops, but there's still tsunamis,
• 16:37
  Speaker 2: there's fires at sea, even like whole towns of collapse,
• 16:41
  Speaker 2: Like it takes a little while for the dust to
• 16:43
  Speaker 2: finally settle. When it does, I think, like the next day,
• 16:49
  Speaker 2: Lyndon Johnson, who was president at the time, said, Alaska
• 16:52
  Speaker 2: as a whole is a major disaster area. Remember I said,
• 16:56
  Speaker 2: like telephone poles snapped and there were no roads anymore
• 17:00
  Speaker 2: or railroads. That meant that people couldn't communicate with the
• 17:05
  Speaker 2: outside world. So if you had family and friends outside
• 17:08
  Speaker 2: of Alaska and they heard about this earthquake, they couldn't
• 17:11
  Speaker 2: get in touch with you, and you couldn't get in
• 17:13
  Speaker 2: touch with them. So it was a very hairy time
• 17:15
  Speaker 2: for a lot of people until they could find out
• 17:18
  Speaker 2: whether their loved ones were alive or not. And I
• 17:20
  Speaker 2: think that damage is something like three billion dollars in
• 17:23
  Speaker 2: today's dollars. Yeah, which again, like this is a state
• 17:27
  Speaker 2: with like a population of I think two hundred and
• 17:29
  Speaker 2: fifty thousand people at the time, Like it was not
• 17:32
  Speaker 2: populated at all, but that's how much damage that earthquake did.
• 17:37
  Speaker 1: Still, Yeah, they had to you know, I mentioned earlier
• 17:41
  Speaker 1: that it changed the shape of Alaska and its coastline.
• 17:44
  Speaker 1: It was so drastic that they had to kind of
• 17:47
  Speaker 1: redraw the shipping lanes and say like hey, like you
• 17:51
  Speaker 1: can't go that way anymore because of this, and they
• 17:54
  Speaker 1: had to kind of, you know, redraw all of that area.
• 17:58
  Speaker 1: Some people were, you know, Alaska strong, so we're not leaving.
• 18:02
  Speaker 1: We're gonna build on top of where we were. Other
• 18:04
  Speaker 1: people said, you know what, I'm going to go higher.
• 18:08
  Speaker 1: Entire towns were gone and then popped up in other places,
• 18:12
  Speaker 1: and Valdis is a great example because the Army Corps
• 18:16
  Speaker 1: of Engineers came in and said, you know, Josh Clark
• 18:19
  Speaker 1: one day will say that this was built on a
• 18:21
  Speaker 1: gravel foundation, so you shouldn't even rebuild there. And there
• 18:24
  Speaker 1: were only about five hundred, you know, plus or minus
• 18:27
  Speaker 1: people living there at the time, and they said, you
• 18:29
  Speaker 1: got three years to get out of here. We got
• 18:32
  Speaker 1: a new Valdis for you about four miles away, and
• 18:35
  Speaker 1: that's generally what happened. People left set up the new
• 18:40
  Speaker 1: town of Valdis, which now has close to four thousand people,
• 18:43
  Speaker 1: and they burned the rest of what was there down
• 18:46
  Speaker 1: just to make sure that people didn't kind of like
• 18:49
  Speaker 1: set up and squat there.
• 18:50
  Speaker 2: Yeah, it's kind of cool. You can go hike the
• 18:53
  Speaker 2: old Valdis town. There's an intersection still of the two
• 18:57
  Speaker 2: main drags, and I think, like there's the street sign
• 19:00
  Speaker 2: up still and then they have plaques showing what used
• 19:03
  Speaker 2: to be where. It looks like a pretty cool hike.
• 19:06
  Speaker 1: Yeah.
• 19:07
  Speaker 2: So, Chuck, we talked about how this kind of changed science.
• 19:12
  Speaker 2: I think we should really kind of expand on that
• 19:14
  Speaker 2: because it really changed science. Chuck.
• 19:18
  Speaker 1: Yeah, and you know, this next part we need to
• 19:20
  Speaker 1: think specifically, I think Livia used a Smithsonian Magazine article
• 19:24
  Speaker 1: by Christian Elliott for this part. So big thanks to
• 19:28
  Speaker 1: Christian Elliot for all the hard work and Livia so
• 19:32
  Speaker 1: well of course in Libya always she's our north star
• 19:35
  Speaker 1: after all. But you know, we've already kind of said it,
• 19:39
  Speaker 1: but I guess more specifically we should say that, you know,
• 19:43
  Speaker 1: at this time in nineteen sixty four, the idea of
• 19:46
  Speaker 1: what we knew about plate tectonics was not you know, entrenched,
• 19:51
  Speaker 1: Like people kind of had a good idea of what
• 19:53
  Speaker 1: they thought was going on for a long time. People
• 19:56
  Speaker 1: had been checking out maps and saying like, hey, I
• 19:58
  Speaker 1: think that this used to be connected right here, and
• 20:02
  Speaker 1: maybe things stripped it apart, but it was still sort
• 20:05
  Speaker 1: of being actively debated at the time, and this really
• 20:10
  Speaker 1: kind of like laid bare, like, yeah, this is not
• 20:13
  Speaker 1: a hypothesis anymore.
• 20:15
  Speaker 2: Yeah, I mean, it's crazy to think that plate tectonics
• 20:17
  Speaker 2: wasn't accepted until the sixties, but that's that's exactly how
• 20:21
  Speaker 2: it was. So this was such a massive earthquake, it
• 20:24
  Speaker 2: just presented all sorts of different places where evidence kind
• 20:29
  Speaker 2: of came along that said, Okay, explain this, what explains
• 20:31
  Speaker 2: this what explains that? And it turns out that plate
• 20:34
  Speaker 2: tectonics essentially was the only theory that fit, you know,
• 20:39
  Speaker 2: that explained how the earth went up here, or how
• 20:42
  Speaker 2: it sunk here, or how it moved fifty feet onto
• 20:45
  Speaker 2: the sea here, or why this you know, this town
• 20:48
  Speaker 2: just got swallowed up. All of this could be explained
• 20:51
  Speaker 2: by plate tectonics and not the other rival theories. I
• 20:55
  Speaker 2: think the the other rival theory was that earthquakes were
• 20:59
  Speaker 2: God's will, and play tectonics just explains it better.
• 21:04
  Speaker 1: Yeah, I agree. This is obviously a gold mine for
• 21:08
  Speaker 1: the US Geological Survey. So they got people to Alaska
• 21:12
  Speaker 1: like really quick, and you know, got out all their
• 21:16
  Speaker 1: do hickeys and whirley gigs and measuring tape, and we're like, hey,
• 21:21
  Speaker 1: we can really learn a lot from this stuff. You know,
• 21:25
  Speaker 1: people are being taken care of, so now we need
• 21:27
  Speaker 1: to kind of figure out what happens moving forward. One
• 21:32
  Speaker 1: of the interesting things they found, and some of the
• 21:35
  Speaker 1: stuff gets really really interesting. I think that popped up especially.
• 21:38
  Speaker 1: I'll just tease out the fungus that's coming among us soon.
• 21:43
  Speaker 2: Nice.
• 21:44
  Speaker 1: But they looked at those forests that you were talking
• 21:46
  Speaker 1: about that sunk below the ocean they you know, filled
• 21:50
  Speaker 1: up with like sediment and seawater and stuff. And they
• 21:52
  Speaker 1: were digging around down there trying to just study it.
• 21:55
  Speaker 1: And they kept digging and they said, you know what,
• 21:57
  Speaker 1: there's other like below this stuff. We're finding older land plants.
• 22:02
  Speaker 1: And so this has happened before, you guys, like probably
• 22:06
  Speaker 1: more than several times over the last like thousands or
• 22:10
  Speaker 1: millions of years, and it's gonna happen again.
• 22:13
  Speaker 2: Yeah, can't you kind of just see like if you
• 22:15
  Speaker 2: sped it up like a forest just sinking into the
• 22:18
  Speaker 2: sea and then being covered with sediment and a new
• 22:20
  Speaker 2: forest grows on top of it, and that sinks in
• 22:22
  Speaker 2: the sea, and if you do it fast enough that
• 22:24
  Speaker 2: bugs Bunny Powerhouse song just starts playing like it just
• 22:27
  Speaker 2: becomes a conveyor belt.
• 22:29
  Speaker 1: Yeah, it's just nuts to think about.
• 22:31
  Speaker 2: But that's exactly what they found with that. And they
• 22:34
  Speaker 2: found that from the Alaska earthquake. And they were like, Okay,
• 22:36
  Speaker 2: didn't know that this happened. Now that we know this,
• 22:40
  Speaker 2: this is a thing, we can start looking for it
• 22:41
  Speaker 2: in other places we think are earthquake prone. And they
• 22:45
  Speaker 2: started looking around and they found it in other places
• 22:48
  Speaker 2: as a matter of fact, the big one along the
• 22:50
  Speaker 2: Cascadian subduction zone that threatens California every moment of every day.
• 22:57
  Speaker 2: We know about that thanks to the science that they
• 23:01
  Speaker 2: figured out thanks to the Alaska earthquake of sixty four.
• 23:05
  Speaker 1: Yeah, at birthed a new science in paleo seismology, which
• 23:09
  Speaker 1: is that I meaning that didn't happen every day. We
• 23:11
  Speaker 1: try all the time to birth new sciences and no
• 23:14
  Speaker 1: one's listening.
• 23:15
  Speaker 2: Now, but we don't have cool names like paleo seismology
• 23:18
  Speaker 2: or megathrust, and maybe we should rethink things.
• 23:20
  Speaker 1: That's true. Mega thrust is the sexiest science.
• 23:23
  Speaker 2: Yeah, it sounds like a Guar album.
• 23:26
  Speaker 1: Oh it does actually.
• 23:27
  Speaker 2: Yeah. Another thing was that we kind of talked about
• 23:30
  Speaker 2: that we didn't really understand before were tsunamis title waves,
• 23:35
  Speaker 2: And of course we knew about tsunamis and title waves,
• 23:37
  Speaker 2: and I guess science has kind of had a pretty
• 23:40
  Speaker 2: decent grasp. I'm like, Okay, an epicenter of a major
• 23:45
  Speaker 2: earthquake out at sea is going to send a tsunami
• 23:47
  Speaker 2: and maybe we can't even calculate how long it'll take
• 23:50
  Speaker 2: to get there and all that stuff. But they were
• 23:53
  Speaker 2: baffled by why some of these coastal areas were hit
• 23:56
  Speaker 2: by tsunamis within just a couple of minutes of the earthquake.
• 24:00
  Speaker 2: It just did not fit into the understanding of tidal
• 24:02
  Speaker 2: waves at the time.
• 24:04
  Speaker 1: Yeah, for sure. So they you know, did some literal
• 24:07
  Speaker 1: digging and some figurative digging, and they came to this
• 24:12
  Speaker 1: was the unique shape of Alaska's coastline at the time,
• 24:16
  Speaker 1: where you know, very jagged and you'd have some deep
• 24:18
  Speaker 1: fiords where glaciers had cut into the land that would
• 24:22
  Speaker 1: send silts onto the ocean floor. And the quake just
• 24:26
  Speaker 1: kind of stirred all this stuff up, like you know,
• 24:29
  Speaker 1: sand in a glass that had been settled down there
• 24:32
  Speaker 1: for centuries and centuries. And these were basically underwater landslides
• 24:37
  Speaker 1: that caused these waves. So it was I think that
• 24:41
  Speaker 1: a new term was birth, which was land landslide tsunami.
• 24:45
  Speaker 2: Yeah. Yeah, it's like dropping something heavy in a bathtub
• 24:48
  Speaker 2: and preduke like that. But it's a little different, but
• 24:52
  Speaker 2: the same thing kind of.
• 24:54
  Speaker 1: That's right. And you man, you got to tell them
• 24:56
  Speaker 1: about this spungus.
• 24:56
  Speaker 2: This is it I hard to believe, this is yours.
• 24:59
  Speaker 2: I'll tee it up for you, all right, there is
• 25:01
  Speaker 2: a mystery with some fungus. Get to it.
• 25:06
  Speaker 1: Yeah, so Crypto caucus, that's pretty easy. Cryptoccus Gatti too,
• 25:12
  Speaker 1: TI's two eyes.
• 25:13
  Speaker 2: No is Cryptococcus Gotti?
• 25:16
  Speaker 1: Yeah, I got Ti? That's right. And how you have
• 25:18
  Speaker 1: to say it?
• 25:19
  Speaker 2: I think so, but you have to go up really high.
• 25:21
  Speaker 1: Pitched got te. So this is a microscopic fungus. It
• 25:27
  Speaker 1: can be pretty bad. It can cause fatal infections. But
• 25:30
  Speaker 1: it's like this native to the tropics, So Alaska's like,
• 25:33
  Speaker 1: we don't have to worry about that kind of thing. Sure,
• 25:35
  Speaker 1: it grows on rotting wood in the tropics, and apparently
• 25:39
  Speaker 1: it survives pretty well in seawater. At the turn of
• 25:42
  Speaker 1: the twentieth century, apparently some of this fungus ended up
• 25:45
  Speaker 1: among us and by way of a ballast in the
• 25:49
  Speaker 1: water of a ship that was going on a route
• 25:52
  Speaker 1: from Brazil to Vancouver and off the coast of the
• 25:55
  Speaker 1: Pacific northwest there. Once this stuff was spilled out of
• 25:59
  Speaker 1: that ballast, it said, Hey, we like the seawater. We're
• 26:03
  Speaker 1: going to adapt and we're here. You don't know we're
• 26:05
  Speaker 1: here yet, but we're going to be here. In nineteen
• 26:07
  Speaker 1: sixty four, when this tsunami happens, and it's going to
• 26:10
  Speaker 1: spread us now far and wide, right, Yeah.
• 26:14
  Speaker 2: I mean that tsunami took this stuff that had just
• 26:16
  Speaker 2: been hanging out off the coast that no one even
• 26:18
  Speaker 2: knew was there except maybe that ship captain if he
• 26:22
  Speaker 2: was nefarious, that's right, and just spread it inland. This
• 26:25
  Speaker 2: is nineteen sixty four, and now all of a sudden,
• 26:27
  Speaker 2: the fungus is like, Okay, we're in a new habitat,
• 26:30
  Speaker 2: new ecosystem. Let's get to adapting here. And it did.
• 26:33
  Speaker 2: It survived that tsunami and started to readapt to life
• 26:37
  Speaker 2: on land, but life on land in the tundra essentially.
• 26:42
  Speaker 2: And so as that stuff started adapting and adapting, by
• 26:46
  Speaker 2: the nineties it was capable of infecting people again. And
• 26:50
  Speaker 2: there was this mysterious outbreak of Cryptococcus gati and they
• 26:55
  Speaker 2: could not figure out what the heck was going on because,
• 26:57
  Speaker 2: as far as anybody knew, the only place you found
• 27:00
  Speaker 2: that was in the tropics on rotting wood. I guess
• 27:03
  Speaker 2: some epidemiologists kind of put two and two together based
• 27:07
  Speaker 2: on the tsunami. He was like, basically, the only way
• 27:10
  Speaker 2: you could have taken this stuff and gotten it all
• 27:13
  Speaker 2: over the land is from a tsunami, so he figured
• 27:16
  Speaker 2: that's what happened.
• 27:17
  Speaker 1: Yeah, and it's I just I would love to know
• 27:20
  Speaker 1: more about the story of how they traced it to
• 27:22
  Speaker 1: this one ship that went from Brazil to Vancouver. You know,
• 27:27
  Speaker 1: obviously shipping records, but it's still like quite a bit
• 27:30
  Speaker 1: of scientific detective work.
• 27:31
  Speaker 2: Yeah, for sure, for sure. And I'm not sure if
• 27:34
  Speaker 2: he figured that part out too or not, but I
• 27:36
  Speaker 2: know that I was reading in that article by Christian
• 27:40
  Speaker 2: Elliott in Smithsonian. He's talking about how the guy figured
• 27:43
  Speaker 2: out how it got onto land at least.
• 27:45
  Speaker 1: Yeah, pretty cool. All right, So we'll take our final
• 27:48
  Speaker 1: break here and we'll talk about maybe a silver lining
• 27:51
  Speaker 1: that came out of this right after this, all right. So,
• 28:16
  Speaker 1: you know, anytime something like this happens, there is usually
• 28:19
  Speaker 1: a scientific silver lining as far as just learning, you know,
• 28:22
  Speaker 1: about things that took place, learning how to maybe not
• 28:26
  Speaker 1: prevent in the future, but at least get more lead
• 28:29
  Speaker 1: time in the future. And then also and most importantly
• 28:32
  Speaker 1: probably is like how to build and where to build
• 28:34
  Speaker 1: moving forward.
• 28:35
  Speaker 2: Yeah, and the Alaska earthquake taught us not there, Nope,
• 28:41
  Speaker 2: not there either, Yeah, not there, not there, And it
• 28:45
  Speaker 2: just goes on like that, right, But people were like, no,
• 28:47
  Speaker 2: we want to build there. So one of the things
• 28:49
  Speaker 2: that we learned how to do was to number one,
• 28:52
  Speaker 2: figure out where not to build, but also how to
• 28:55
  Speaker 2: build so that like buildings just didn't immediately call apps
• 29:00
  Speaker 2: and whole towns weren't just swallowed up at the drop
• 29:02
  Speaker 2: of a richter. You know.
• 29:04
  Speaker 1: Yeah, for sure, Alaska as a state started adopting you know,
• 29:10
  Speaker 1: obviously new building codes, and you know, especially if it
• 29:15
  Speaker 1: was like a big building, if it was like a
• 29:17
  Speaker 1: like a large apartment building, which I mean I don't
• 29:20
  Speaker 1: think Alaska has a ton of those, but you know,
• 29:22
  Speaker 1: larger buildings. They are now kind of neck and neck
• 29:27
  Speaker 1: with California for having the strictest building codes, and it's
• 29:31
  Speaker 1: worked pretty well. There was another big earthquake and Anchorage
• 29:33
  Speaker 1: in twenty eighteen that injured about one hundred and seventeen people.
• 29:37
  Speaker 1: That was a seven point zero and caused seventy six
• 29:41
  Speaker 1: million dollars in damages. But and you know, stuff got destroyed,
• 29:44
  Speaker 1: like roads and stuff, to be sure, but no one died.
• 29:47
  Speaker 1: There were no like really serious injuries, and a lot
• 29:50
  Speaker 1: of those buildings stayed you know upright.
• 29:54
  Speaker 2: Yeah, And So one reason or one way that they
• 29:56
  Speaker 2: developed those building codes and also where to build was
• 30:00
  Speaker 2: the widespread deployment of seismographs. Right. I think in the
• 30:05
  Speaker 2: nineteen sixty four earthquake, there were only two seismograph stations
• 30:08
  Speaker 2: in all of Alaska, right, and the oldest one had
• 30:12
  Speaker 2: been installed sixty years before. Right after that, they started
• 30:16
  Speaker 2: throwing seismic stations up all over Alaska, around California, in
• 30:21
  Speaker 2: western Canada, and we started to develop more and more information.
• 30:27
  Speaker 2: One thing I saw is that the thing that really
• 30:30
  Speaker 2: got seismographs out there though, was the arms race. The
• 30:34
  Speaker 2: nuclear arms race.
• 30:35
  Speaker 1: Oh yeah, we.
• 30:36
  Speaker 2: Were using seismographs to listen out for other countries secretly
• 30:40
  Speaker 2: testing nukes, and that that's what we were using them
• 30:43
  Speaker 2: for initially, and then people were like, huh, let's start
• 30:45
  Speaker 2: actually listening for earthquakes. So by being able to get
• 30:48
  Speaker 2: a lot of information about big and small quakes, how
• 30:52
  Speaker 2: frequently they were, where they were epicentered, we were able
• 30:56
  Speaker 2: to really kind of zero in and come up with
• 30:59
  Speaker 2: entire maps of where to build, where not to build.
• 31:02
  Speaker 2: There's this National Seismic Hazard Map, which is a party
• 31:07
  Speaker 2: in a map from what I understand, and we have
• 31:13
  Speaker 2: that thanks to this earthquake in the science that it
• 31:15
  Speaker 2: kicked off.
• 31:16
  Speaker 1: Yeah, for sure. I think just like less than ten
• 31:19
  Speaker 1: years later, there were up to ninety seismic stations in
• 31:22
  Speaker 1: Alaska alone, and then by the mid two thousands, I
• 31:28
  Speaker 1: think one hundred and ninety seven sites in Alaska and
• 31:32
  Speaker 1: Western Canada. That was just over like a three year
• 31:35
  Speaker 1: period through the National Science Foundation's us Array project from
• 31:39
  Speaker 1: twenty fourteen to twenty seventeen is when they got all
• 31:41
  Speaker 1: those and then what we learned about, you know, tsunamis
• 31:45
  Speaker 1: and people living along the coast like that led to
• 31:47
  Speaker 1: a lot of new information as far as what was
• 31:52
  Speaker 1: ended up being the National Tsunami Warning Center.
• 31:54
  Speaker 2: Yeah, we definitely got way better at predicting where tsunamis
• 31:58
  Speaker 2: would hit, how bad it would be. And one of
• 32:00
  Speaker 2: the other things too, is I guess people didn't really
• 32:03
  Speaker 2: realize this, but if you were living on the coast,
• 32:05
  Speaker 2: probably if you were of European descent, I'll bet if
• 32:07
  Speaker 2: you were indigenous, you already knew this. But if you
• 32:10
  Speaker 2: feel an earthquake, go run to high land, Yeah, because
• 32:13
  Speaker 2: there's probably a tsunami coming within a couple minutes. That
• 32:17
  Speaker 2: seemed to have been widely understood only after the earthquake
• 32:22
  Speaker 2: in Alaska, which I guess makes sense if we didn't
• 32:24
  Speaker 2: understand local tsunamis at the time.
• 32:27
  Speaker 1: Yeah, for sure they. I think the retreating glaciers are
• 32:33
  Speaker 1: potentially causing even more trouble as far as today goes
• 32:36
  Speaker 1: in Alaska. That permafrost could make the land more vulnerable
• 32:41
  Speaker 1: to you know, destruction. I know, I mentioned the twenty
• 32:44
  Speaker 1: eighteen one. There was even bigger one just a few
• 32:46
  Speaker 1: years ago in twenty twenty one, that reached eight point two,
• 32:50
  Speaker 1: but being Alaska, it was fortunately in a more remote area. Yeah,
• 32:55
  Speaker 1: and so a lot less damage. That's kind of you know,
• 32:57
  Speaker 1: the one benefit of Alaska. The reason this one was
• 33:00
  Speaker 1: so bad, it was because it hit the towns and
• 33:02
  Speaker 1: cities along.
• 33:02
  Speaker 2: The coast right exactly for sure. Yeah. And the fossil
• 33:07
  Speaker 2: fuel industry was joyous because there pipeline, the Trans Alaska Pipeline,
• 33:14
  Speaker 2: did not suffer much damage in earthquake in two thousand
• 33:18
  Speaker 2: and two, I.
• 33:18
  Speaker 1: Think, Yeah, I mean that's one of the big worries
• 33:22
  Speaker 1: is that there's so much oil activity there in fossil
• 33:26
  Speaker 1: fuel infrastructure that you know, an another big one that
• 33:30
  Speaker 1: did a lot of damage to that could cause you know,
• 33:34
  Speaker 1: big obviously human concerns, but very much could devastate the
• 33:39
  Speaker 1: region environmentally for sure.
• 33:42
  Speaker 2: And I mean in part because so the Trans Alaska pipeline.
• 33:48
  Speaker 2: In this case, it was the Dnali fault that caused
• 33:51
  Speaker 2: a seven point nine magnitude earthquake the two thousand and
• 33:53
  Speaker 2: two to one, and that pipeline goes right across the fault.
• 33:57
  Speaker 2: So yes, it is a very seems like a tenuous
• 34:02
  Speaker 2: technology as it stands. For sure, you got anything else
• 34:06
  Speaker 2: about the Alaska earthquake of nineteen sixty four, I do not. Nope, Okay,
• 34:13
  Speaker 2: I don't either, So I guess that means it's time
• 34:15
  Speaker 2: for listener mail.
• 34:18
  Speaker 1: Well, we're going to forego listener mail for the next
• 34:20
  Speaker 1: couple of weeks to chat a little bit like at
• 34:23
  Speaker 1: fireside chat about our upcoming sea voyage with Virgin Cruises
• 34:29
  Speaker 1: above the Valiant Lady, We're going to be taken to see, Okay,
• 34:33
  Speaker 1: taking and taken to see. We're going from New York
• 34:36
  Speaker 1: City to Bermuda October second through seventh with our colleagues,
• 34:42
  Speaker 1: our old pals. You know that we started the stuff
• 34:44
  Speaker 1: shows with way back in the day, A couple of
• 34:46
  Speaker 1: which stuff Mom never told you, and stuff they don't
• 34:49
  Speaker 1: want you to know. We'll be there with us, we'll
• 34:51
  Speaker 1: be doing a live show, we'll be doing some other stuff.
• 34:54
  Speaker 1: They keep talking about these other events we're going to do.
• 34:56
  Speaker 1: I don't know if it's like a trivia night or
• 34:58
  Speaker 1: definitely like meet and greets and stuff. But we're pretty
• 35:01
  Speaker 1: excited about it.
• 35:02
  Speaker 2: Yeah for sure. And I think, did you say we're
• 35:05
  Speaker 2: going to Bermuda? Yeah, okay, so I think it's worth
• 35:09
  Speaker 2: saying again we're going to Bermuda on this and it's
• 35:11
  Speaker 2: going to be a pretty fun five night cruise. And
• 35:14
  Speaker 2: I believe there's still passages that can be booked, but
• 35:17
  Speaker 2: they're actually selling like pretty fast. I'm impressed with us, Chuck.
• 35:21
  Speaker 1: I know, I'm excited. And we just found out, you know,
• 35:24
  Speaker 1: Matt and Noel and Ben with stuff they don't want
• 35:27
  Speaker 1: you to know, have been on one of these before.
• 35:29
  Speaker 1: And they said it was a great time. And they said,
• 35:31
  Speaker 1: here's a little pro tip. You know, the venue where
• 35:35
  Speaker 1: we're doing our actual the live podcast portion, you know,
• 35:37
  Speaker 1: can't fit twenty seven hundred like everybody on board, right,
• 35:42
  Speaker 1: And they said, hey, pro tip here is when you
• 35:45
  Speaker 1: get on board, you sign up for the different stuff.
• 35:47
  Speaker 1: So I think through the app, so they like tell
• 35:50
  Speaker 1: everybody to get on there and sign up for your
• 35:51
  Speaker 1: live show. But I think they're also like, they're gonna
• 35:54
  Speaker 1: have cameras and you can watch it on TV in
• 35:56
  Speaker 1: your room as well.
• 35:57
  Speaker 2: Oh, Nate, closed circuit Is there anything more wondrous than
• 36:01
  Speaker 2: close circuit TV?
• 36:03
  Speaker 1: I don't know. We should do a show about it.
• 36:06
  Speaker 2: Yeah, that should be our onboard show, that's right. Yes,
• 36:09
  Speaker 2: So you can go to Virgin dot com slash Stuff
• 36:13
  Speaker 2: at Sea.
• 36:15
  Speaker 1: Right, yeah, or just google Stuff at Sea Virgin Cruises,
• 36:19
  Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know Cruise. It'll all get you.
• 36:21
  Speaker 2: There, and there really is no better time to learn
• 36:24
  Speaker 2: how to walk around with a parrot on your shoulder
• 36:26
  Speaker 2: than this particular.
• 36:27
  Speaker 1: Cruise, agreed.
• 36:28
  Speaker 2: So yeah, So we'll see you guys in October, but
• 36:31
  Speaker 2: even before then, we'll see you on the next episode
• 36:33
  Speaker 2: of Stuff you Should Know. And in the meantime you
• 36:36
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• 36:43
  Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For
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