Latest / Silver FM 100.6 / Your perfectionism isn't a problem -- if you know how to use it
Transcript
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- 0:24Speaker 2: Would you call yourself a perfectionist?
- 0:26Speaker 3: Eh? It depends what we're talking about. You know, it
- 0:29Speaker 3: takes me a thousand years to write things, and I
- 0:32Speaker 3: don't ever want to show you my car. My car
- 0:34Speaker 3: is a hazard.
- 0:35Speaker 2: Oh that's funny, So like opposite extremes.
- 0:37Speaker 3: Yes, yeah, it depends. It depends, is the answer. What
- 0:40Speaker 3: about you?
- 0:41Speaker 2: No, I definitely feel like I am one, have always
- 0:44Speaker 2: been one, and I'm trying to get better at that,
- 0:48Speaker 2: which is kind of funny, right, because I'm even a perfectionist.
- 0:51Speaker 2: About being a perfectionist.
- 0:54Speaker 3: You're trying to get better at it.
- 0:56Speaker 2: Yeah, it's like there's something wrong with it. People talk
- 0:58Speaker 2: about perfectionism like it's a character flaw or something you
- 1:02Speaker 2: need to be cured of. And I guess I've taken
- 1:05Speaker 2: that on myself. I've absorbed that idea. You feel like
- 1:09Speaker 2: it's a bad thing.
- 1:10Speaker 4: Hmm.
- 1:11Speaker 3: I think when you hear the word perfectionists, there's like
- 1:13Speaker 3: this one image that pops into your head, right, like
- 1:17Speaker 3: maybe someone who likes to get things done in a
- 1:19Speaker 3: certain way or needs everything to be just so. But
- 1:24Speaker 3: what I learned reporting this episode is that perfectionism doesn't
- 1:27Speaker 3: have to be a negative trait and it's something that
- 1:31Speaker 3: you can hartist.
- 1:31Speaker 5: See.
- 1:32Speaker 2: I like that. That makes me feel better about myself.
- 1:34Speaker 3: It makes me feel better too.
- 1:37Speaker 2: You're listening to Life Kit. I'm Mariel Sagara and I'm
- 1:40Speaker 2: talking with Life Kit reporter Andy Tagle, who interviewed psychotherapist
- 1:44Speaker 2: and author Catherine Morgan Schaeffler in twenty twenty three. She
- 1:47Speaker 2: wrote a book called The Perfectionist Guide to Losing Control,
- 1:51Speaker 2: A Path to Peace and Power.
- 1:53Speaker 3: So she wrote this book after spending years in private
- 1:56Speaker 3: practice on Wall Street, which is a location that attracts
- 1:59Speaker 3: a lot of high power, high achieving women with careers
- 2:01Speaker 3: and things like big law and finance. So many of
- 2:05Speaker 3: those clients, perhaps unsurprisingly, are perfectionists, right, Yeah, And what
- 2:10Speaker 3: she found through that work is that there are actually
- 2:13Speaker 3: five different types of perfectionists.
- 2:15Speaker 2: Yeah. When I hear that, I immediately want to take
- 2:17Speaker 2: a quiz which type I am? I'm like, which spice
- 2:21Speaker 2: girl are you? You know which spice girl are you?
- 2:23Speaker 2: I think that I always wanted to be Jerry, but
- 2:28Speaker 2: I was actually baby and now as a younger Lass,
- 2:33Speaker 2: and now I'm sporty.
- 2:35Speaker 3: Okay, you were a baby son and a Jerry.
- 2:38Speaker 2: Mood, Yes, sporty rising.
- 2:43Speaker 3: I guess we can move on, but I want to.
- 2:46Speaker 3: I want to unpack that someday.
- 2:47Speaker 2: Yeah, we need to. We need to.
- 2:50Speaker 3: So perfectionists can be Type A right, like intense and
- 2:54Speaker 3: rigid and meticulous. But they can also be messy or
- 2:58Speaker 3: forgetful or lais fait. They can like procrastinate or up
- 3:02Speaker 3: and quit whole projects entirely. But what all these different
- 3:05Speaker 3: kinds of personalities have in common is potential. So perfectionists
- 3:11Speaker 3: see how the world around them can be better. And
- 3:14Speaker 3: that's why perfectionism, when used in a healthy way, can
- 3:17Speaker 3: be a really powerful force for change, a sort of superpower.
- 3:21Speaker 3: Absolutely well.
- 3:22Speaker 2: On this episode of Life, kit Andy is going to
- 3:24Speaker 2: talk to Catherine about all the different ways perfectionism can
- 3:27Speaker 2: show up and how we can harness it.
- 3:34Speaker 3: Catherine. In the book, you say, a lot of messaging
- 3:36Speaker 3: around perfectionism is gendered. Let's start there.
- 3:40Speaker 4: Yes, well, you know, I think language really helps control
- 3:46Speaker 4: the way that we think about whether something is good
- 3:50Speaker 4: or bad, and in turn, whether we are good or bad.
- 3:53Speaker 4: And it kind of has this regulatory function where it
- 3:57Speaker 4: teaches us like how to be more of what or
- 4:00Speaker 4: quote unquote supposed to be in the same way that
- 4:02Speaker 4: the word bossy, for example, regulates authoritative qualities and girls
- 4:08Speaker 4: and women and why there's no you know, there's no
- 4:11Speaker 4: male version for the word bossy. That's kind of what
- 4:14Speaker 4: perfectionism is turning into. And so I wanted to write
- 4:18Speaker 4: this book to nip that in the bud and just
- 4:21Speaker 4: to say before this becomes, you know, something that floats
- 4:25Speaker 4: around for the next five or ten years without us
- 4:27Speaker 4: realizing what we're doing, which is quelling the ambition and
- 4:32Speaker 4: expressions of power in women by pathologizing perfectionism ad nauseum
- 4:37Speaker 4: and then telling women to find balance, which is a
- 4:41Speaker 4: directive that is given to women so much all over
- 4:45Speaker 4: the place, in advertising and food and podcasts and mommy
- 4:50Speaker 4: blogs just everywhere.
- 4:53Speaker 3: Catherine what's wrong with the messaging about just finding balance.
- 4:57Speaker 4: Well, balance in its original definition of energetic equilibrium is healthy.
- 5:05Speaker 4: But balance, as it has come to mean now is
- 5:08Speaker 4: just being good at being busy. To say that a
- 5:11Speaker 4: woman is balanced is not to say that she's hit
- 5:15Speaker 4: her sweet spot of energetic equilibrium. It is to say
- 5:18Speaker 4: that she can juggle so many tasks and give her
- 5:21Speaker 4: another thing and she won't drop the ball, look at
- 5:23Speaker 4: her go And that has nothing to do with health.
- 5:27Speaker 4: And what kind of balance we're offering to women is elusive.
- 5:31Speaker 4: It never comes, and we don't notice that it's not
- 5:37Speaker 4: here and that it's not real because we're too busy
- 5:40Speaker 4: blaming ourselves that it's not here yet, because we're constantly
- 5:44Speaker 4: getting the message of like, if you just had an instapot,
- 5:47Speaker 4: you could be balanced. If you just had this app
- 5:49Speaker 4: you could be balanced. If you just woke up one
- 5:52Speaker 4: hour earlier, you could be balanced. And I think perfectionists
- 5:57Speaker 4: are people who are not balanced and who are constantly told,
- 6:01Speaker 4: you know, slow down, you're doing too much. You need
- 6:05Speaker 4: to be balanced, as if we are, you know, as
- 6:08Speaker 4: if balance means health, when it doesn't anymore.
- 6:12Speaker 3: Yeah, absolutely, just find balance, that's all you need to
- 6:14Speaker 3: do to find wealth. Take away one. Perfectionism isn't a
- 6:17Speaker 3: bad word or a slight It's a neutral quality, a
- 6:21Speaker 3: tool that, when used correctly, can be powerful.
- 6:27Speaker 4: So I think of perfectionism as a natural human impulse,
- 6:32Speaker 4: one that is healthy, and perfectionists, the way I define
- 6:37Speaker 4: and understand the term, are people who more often than
- 6:41Speaker 4: not see the gap between the reality and the ideal
- 6:47Speaker 4: and long to bridge the gap, and not only long
- 6:50Speaker 4: to bridge that gap, but feel actively compelled to do so.
- 6:55Speaker 4: And how you pursue the ideal and why you pursue
- 7:01Speaker 4: the ideal, those are the factors that determine whether your
- 7:05Speaker 4: perfectionism is healthy or not. If we go to the
- 7:09Speaker 4: how are you pursuing the ideal in a way that
- 7:14Speaker 4: hurts you or exploits or hurts other people around you?
- 7:18Speaker 4: And if we go to the why are you pursuing
- 7:21Speaker 4: the ideal? Because you think achieving you know, one goal
- 7:25Speaker 4: after the next is going to certify your belonging into
- 7:29Speaker 4: some group or some sense of self worth or some
- 7:32Speaker 4: kind of external validation. And there are healthy reasons to
- 7:38Speaker 4: pursue the ideal. And I think it's actually, you know,
- 7:42Speaker 4: one of the forces that make the world go around.
- 7:47Speaker 3: Next up, take away two. People chase their version of
- 7:49Speaker 3: perfect in a lot of different ways. There's nothing wrong
- 7:53Speaker 3: with longing to bridge the gap between your reality and
- 7:56Speaker 3: your ideal, but be wary of how and why you
- 7:59Speaker 3: pursue perfect because there are pros and cons for every
- 8:03Speaker 3: type of perfectionist.
- 8:05Speaker 4: Yes, so the classic perfectionist is what comes to mind
- 8:08Speaker 4: when we all think about the perfectionist. So this is
- 8:11Speaker 4: somebody who is highly organized, buttoned up, and they are
- 8:16Speaker 4: going to do what they said they're going to do
- 8:19Speaker 4: when they said they would do it in the way
- 8:21Speaker 4: that they said that they would do it. And each
- 8:24Speaker 4: type of perfectionist has pros and cons. And the pros
- 8:28Speaker 4: of classic perfectionists is that they're highly reliable and they
- 8:31Speaker 4: add structure to any environment they enter. The cons are
- 8:35Speaker 4: that they can sometimes not be as spontaneous or welcome collaboration,
- 8:43Speaker 4: and those are qualities which tend to engender connection.
- 8:47Speaker 3: And so.
- 8:49Speaker 4: Being with a classic perfectionist, whether it's in a family
- 8:53Speaker 4: system or a work system, can sometimes end up feeling
- 8:56Speaker 4: more transactional, and this hurts both the people around the
- 9:00Speaker 4: perfectionist and the perfectionists themselves. Because classic perfectionists can tend
- 9:05Speaker 4: to feel undervalued for all.
- 9:07Speaker 3: That they do.
- 9:08Speaker 4: Then there's the procrastinator perfectionist, and the procrastinator perfectionist waits
- 9:13Speaker 4: for the conditions to be perfect before they start, and
- 9:17Speaker 4: of course that never happens. So procrastinator perfectionists tend to ruminate,
- 9:23Speaker 4: and that's part of the negative qualities of this type.
- 9:29Speaker 4: And on the positive side, they can prepare so well.
- 9:34Speaker 4: They can see things from a three hundred and sixty
- 9:37Speaker 4: degree angle, they can really understand all the different legs
- 9:43Speaker 4: of decisions, and they are not impulsive, which can be
- 9:47Speaker 4: a real asset. But of course they have real challenges
- 9:53Speaker 4: around getting projects off the ground because they just encounter
- 9:57Speaker 4: so much anxiety around beginnings.
- 10:00Speaker 3: What about messy perfectionists.
- 10:02Speaker 4: The messy perfectionist is in love with beginnings. They can
- 10:07Speaker 4: start anything effortlessly, just breeze through all the anxiety that
- 10:12Speaker 4: a procrastinated perfectionists might. But the problem with the messy
- 10:18Speaker 4: perfectionists is that when they hit the middle of a
- 10:22Speaker 4: process and the tedium that is involved in staying committed
- 10:27Speaker 4: to goals and carrying out those goals, they can kind
- 10:30Speaker 4: of lose interest and lose energy because the middle isn't perfect.
- 10:35Speaker 4: It doesn't match the perfect romanticized energy around starting. And
- 10:42Speaker 4: I want to make a side note to say that
- 10:44Speaker 4: all of these types of perfectionists can be expressed in
- 10:49Speaker 4: lots of different contexts. So you can be a messy
- 10:52Speaker 4: perfectionist when it comes to dating and love, going on
- 10:55Speaker 4: the first date, love the second date, and then the
- 10:57Speaker 4: third date you're like, this person is true really loudly,
- 11:01Speaker 4: and I don't like this, and I don't know where
- 11:04Speaker 4: this conversation is going, and this and that and whatever.
- 11:06Speaker 3: Okay, how about intense perfectionists. This is the perfectionist.
- 11:11Speaker 4: That's kind of I think publicly we think of someone
- 11:15Speaker 4: like Steve Jobs or Gordon Ramsey on a win tour
- 11:19Speaker 4: as intense perfectionists. They have razor sharp focus. They are
- 11:25Speaker 4: really great at generating outcomes. Sometimes they can prize the
- 11:31Speaker 4: outcomes so much that they lose the sense of team building,
- 11:37Speaker 4: for example, or relationship building in the process, and they
- 11:41Speaker 4: get the outcome at the great expense and opportunity cost
- 11:45Speaker 4: of everyone around them, sort of satisfaction and sometimes even
- 11:52Speaker 4: you know, level of comfort or safety depending on whether
- 11:55Speaker 4: they're having outbursts or not.
- 11:57Speaker 3: Okay, and then finally Parisian perfection.
- 12:00Speaker 4: So the Parisian perfectionists. The easiest way to describe it
- 12:03Speaker 4: is that they want to be perfectly liked, and that
- 12:07Speaker 4: is how this perfectionism manifests on a surface level. But
- 12:11Speaker 4: on a deeper level, it's about wanting perfect connection, wanting
- 12:15Speaker 4: perfect connection to themselves, to their community, to their partners.
- 12:19Speaker 4: Maladaptively expressed Parisian perfectionism looks like people pleasing at the
- 12:25Speaker 4: expense of sacrificing one's own sense of identity and pleasure.
- 12:30Speaker 4: But on the pro side, Parisian perfectionists are genuinely warm
- 12:35Speaker 4: people who focus on inclusion, collaborate well, love working with others,
- 12:41Speaker 4: and they're effortlessly inviting all of those things in.
- 12:46Speaker 3: Think you know what kind of perfectionist you are. We'll
- 12:48Speaker 3: get into what to do next after the break.
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- 14:33Speaker 3: Well, Catherine, your book taught me that I am mostly
- 14:35Speaker 3: a Parisian perfectionist, and I feel both seen and attacked
- 14:40Speaker 3: by this information. How is knowing your category helpful? Yeah,
- 14:45Speaker 3: that's such a great question.
- 14:46Speaker 4: I offer all of these categorizations as perspectives and not
- 14:52Speaker 4: the truth. I really offer these as starting places to
- 14:54Speaker 4: begin to understand patterns and to say, what do I
- 14:58Speaker 4: like about this pattern? What do I want to continue
- 15:00Speaker 4: about that? How does this show up again in all
- 15:03Speaker 4: of these different ways with my parenting, with my friendships,
- 15:07Speaker 4: with dating, with work, with my family, and my own
- 15:11Speaker 4: relationship to myself? And it's just a starting place to
- 15:15Speaker 4: begin to ask and answer those questions.
- 15:18Speaker 3: Take Away three Understanding your particular brand of perfectionism can
- 15:22Speaker 3: help you better see yourself and use that information to
- 15:25Speaker 3: your advantage. For example, Catherine, you have a lot of
- 15:28Speaker 3: tools in the book about ways to work with and
- 15:30Speaker 3: reframe our type of perfectionism. One of those was understanding
- 15:35Speaker 3: the difference between explaining and expressing something. Could you walk
- 15:40Speaker 3: us through that idea?
- 15:41Speaker 4: So Explaining is saying what's happening, right, so I am
- 15:49Speaker 4: leaving work early. Expressing is saying what's happening and what
- 15:54Speaker 4: you feel about what is happening. I am leaving work
- 15:57Speaker 4: early because I am feeling stressed. And when you only explain,
- 16:05Speaker 4: you know, I need this by tomorrow, and you don't
- 16:09Speaker 4: express I need this by tomorrow because I had a
- 16:12Speaker 4: conversation with the client today and I'm starting to feel
- 16:16Speaker 4: anxious about whether they're going.
- 16:17Speaker 3: To back out.
- 16:18Speaker 4: When you only explain, it emphasizes this transactional no team,
- 16:24Speaker 4: no collaboration, no sense of actually knowing or connecting to
- 16:28Speaker 4: the person. All that matters is the outcome and we
- 16:32Speaker 4: just need to get it done. And it really makes
- 16:34Speaker 4: people around you feel disconnected, and it can make you
- 16:37Speaker 4: feel disconnected to yourself. And if you only, on the
- 16:42Speaker 4: other hand, express, which is what a lot of messy
- 16:46Speaker 4: perfectionists and Parisian perfectionists tend to over index on, then
- 16:51Speaker 4: you're talking a lot about how you feel and what
- 16:54Speaker 4: the experience of being you is like, but you're not
- 16:57Speaker 4: actually asserting your wants or needs. And so you might
- 17:01Speaker 4: say I'm feeling really burnt out. Okay, Well, why don't
- 17:07Speaker 4: you explain that you're feeling really burnt out because you
- 17:13Speaker 4: have been covering for someone who's been sick for three
- 17:17Speaker 4: weeks and you can no longer do that. You've realized
- 17:19Speaker 4: that that's not tenable, right, And so I think that
- 17:24Speaker 4: part of our communication patterns in some of these personality
- 17:28Speaker 4: types can pop up, and they're not necessarily bad. We
- 17:33Speaker 4: don't need to subtract anything. We don't need to get
- 17:37Speaker 4: rid of parts of who you are. We just need
- 17:39Speaker 4: to add to help you connect more with yourself and others,
- 17:45Speaker 4: and help you understand yourself and help others understand you
- 17:48Speaker 4: better too.
- 17:49Speaker 3: And finally take away four to better know when your
- 17:53Speaker 3: perfectionism't as healthy or getting away from you. Learn the
- 17:57Speaker 3: difference between control the power.
- 18:01Speaker 4: So control and power, like lust and love, look very similar,
- 18:05Speaker 4: they're not the same thing. Control is about manipulating. Power
- 18:12Speaker 4: is about influencing. Control is myopic.
- 18:16Speaker 1: You have to.
- 18:18Speaker 4: Plan everything one step at a time because what you
- 18:22Speaker 4: do next depends on all the factors that you are
- 18:25Speaker 4: aware of and have information for. Whereas power is really visionary.
- 18:29Speaker 4: It allows you to take the luxury of taking great
- 18:33Speaker 4: leaps of faith and being able to say no matter
- 18:37Speaker 4: what happens with the outcome, I know who I am
- 18:41Speaker 4: and what's important to me, and I trust myself that
- 18:44Speaker 4: I'll understand what to do next. Whereas control is more frantic.
- 18:49Speaker 4: It has a desperate energy and an attendant anxiety that
- 18:53Speaker 4: other people around you can feel. And when we feel powerless,
- 18:58Speaker 4: we double down on superfer control and it backfires every time.
- 19:03Speaker 4: In the moment, it feels like being controlling is the
- 19:06Speaker 4: responsible thing to do. When you can't find your own power.
- 19:11Speaker 3: What do we gain when we see control?
- 19:14Speaker 4: So I think one of the reasons why people feel
- 19:17Speaker 4: locked out of joy is because they haven't forgiven themselves
- 19:23Speaker 4: for past versions of themselves that did or did not
- 19:29Speaker 4: do something. And if you don't forgive yourself, you don't
- 19:32Speaker 4: trust yourself. And if you can't trust yourself, you can't
- 19:36Speaker 4: give yourself license to have power. You micro manage yourself,
- 19:41Speaker 4: you try to control yourself. It's just like a boss
- 19:44Speaker 4: who doesn't trust their employee. They're going to be checking
- 19:47Speaker 4: in every second on what they do, and they meet
- 19:50Speaker 4: that person with suspicion instead of confidence. When you have
- 19:55Speaker 4: that kind of relationship with yourself, you just cannot bring
- 19:58Speaker 4: your full self to the table. You can't relax, and
- 20:02Speaker 4: if you don't trust yourself, you're trying to move through
- 20:05Speaker 4: life memorizing the right thing to do instead of trusting
- 20:09Speaker 4: yourself and the way that you feel and whether on
- 20:12Speaker 4: the most basic level you feel good or not. Just
- 20:15Speaker 4: being around this person make me feel good, Just being
- 20:18Speaker 4: at this job make me feel good. You don't trust
- 20:21Speaker 4: yourself to do that, and so you just end up
- 20:24Speaker 4: in your head. You're thinking, you're making pros and cons
- 20:27Speaker 4: lists all day, You're denying your instincts, any say in
- 20:31Speaker 4: the matter, and you just can't, in my opinion, think
- 20:36Speaker 4: yourself through your life. You have to be open, and
- 20:42Speaker 4: to be open, you have to be able to say
- 20:45Speaker 4: I don't know what is coming next. There is some
- 20:50Speaker 4: degree of surrender required for that. You cannot be in
- 20:53Speaker 4: surrender and in control at the same time.
- 21:03Speaker 3: Catherine, thank you so much for talking with me today.
- 21:05Speaker 3: Thank you. This has been such a pleasure to recap.
- 21:13Speaker 3: Take Away one, Perfectionism is powerful. You just have to
- 21:18Speaker 3: learn to use it to your advantage. Take Away two.
- 21:22Speaker 3: There are a lot of different ways to reach for perfection.
- 21:26Speaker 3: There's nothing wrong with longing to bridge the gap between
- 21:28Speaker 3: your reality and your ideal, but be wary of how
- 21:32Speaker 3: and why you pursue perfection. Building on that, takeaway three,
- 21:37Speaker 3: understanding your particular brand of perfectionism can help you better
- 21:40Speaker 3: see yourself and work towards your strengths. Ask yourself, are
- 21:45Speaker 3: you hurting or helping the people around you in pursuit
- 21:48Speaker 3: of your ideals? Does this action serve to connect or
- 21:52Speaker 3: distance you from your values? Are you pursuing this ideal
- 21:56Speaker 3: for the right reasons, or are you seeking some kind
- 21:59Speaker 3: of art arbitrary external validation. Finally, pick away four, seek power,
- 22:06Speaker 3: not control. Remember, as Catherine says, you are perfect as is,
- 22:12Speaker 3: meaning you are complete and therefore worthy of rest and
- 22:16Speaker 3: joy exactly as you are in this current moment. Don't
- 22:21Speaker 3: wait for that mythical perfect balance or to achieve perfect personhood.
- 22:26Speaker 3: Lean into your strengths and start trusting your own instincts
- 22:29Speaker 3: today right now. You got this.
- 22:35Speaker 2: That was reporter Andy Tagle talking to author Katherine Morgan
- 22:38Speaker 2: Schaffler before we go. If you have a moment I
- 22:42Speaker 2: was wondering, would you rate and review Life Kit in
- 22:45Speaker 2: your podcast app Tell us a favorite tip that you've learned,
- 22:48Speaker 2: or what kind.
- 22:49Speaker 1: Of episodes you'd like the best.
- 22:50Speaker 2: We love hearing from you. This episode of Life Kit
- 22:53Speaker 2: was produced by Claire Marie Schneider with help from Kayla Lattimore.
- 22:57Speaker 2: Our digital editor is Malika Greeb, and our visuals editor
- 23:00Speaker 2: is c j Rikolon. Megan Kane is our senior supervising editor,
- 23:03Speaker 2: and Lauren Gonzalez is our executive producer. Our production team
- 23:07Speaker 2: also includes Margaret Serino and Sylvia Douglas. Engineering support comes
- 23:11Speaker 2: from Jimmy Keeley. Special thanks to Darius Cook. I'm Mariel Sagara.
- 23:16Speaker 2: Thanks for listening.
- 23:19Speaker 10: This week on Shortwave, you are what you eat. May
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- 23:30Speaker 11: and if you have in some resistance, you are double
- 23:34Speaker 11: the likelihood of developing major depression.
- 23:36Speaker 10: We explore the link between your body and your brain.
- 23:39Speaker 10: Listen on Shortwave, the science podcast from NPR.
- 23:43Speaker 8: This is Tanya Mosley, co host of Fresh Air. Don't
- 23:46Speaker 8: miss my interview with Coleman Domingo. We talk about euphoria,
- 23:50Speaker 8: filling in for Jimmy Kimmel and doing comedy with comedy
- 23:54Speaker 8: masters like Tina Fey.
- 23:55Speaker 3: They're like mad scientists. They almost look at the math
- 23:58Speaker 3: of it.
- 23:58Speaker 8: Find Fresh Air on the NPR app or wherever you
- 24:01Speaker 8: listen to podcasts.