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07 - Life of Alfred the Great by Bishop of Sherbourne Asser · Life of Alfred the Great

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  Speaker 1: Part two, Section three of the Life of King Alfred.
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  Speaker 1: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
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  Speaker 1: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
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  Speaker 1: visit LibriVox dot org. The Life of King Alfred by Asser,
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  Speaker 1: Bishop of Sherborne, translated by J. A. Giles, Part two,
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  Speaker 1: Section three of his fixed purpose of holy meditation, which
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  Speaker 1: in the midst of prosperity and adversity, he never neglected.
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  Speaker 1: I cannot with advantage now omit to speak. For whereas
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  Speaker 1: he often thought of the necessities of his soul, among
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  Speaker 1: the other good deeds to which his thoughts were night
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  Speaker 1: and day turned, he ordered that two monasteries should be built,
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  Speaker 1: one for monks at Athlone, which is a place rounded
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  Speaker 1: by impassable marshes and rivers, where no one can enter
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  Speaker 1: but by boats, or by a bridge laboriously constructed between
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  Speaker 1: two other heights, at the western end of which bridge
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  Speaker 1: was erected a strong tower of beautiful work, by command
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  Speaker 1: of the aforesaid King. And in this monastery he collected
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  Speaker 1: monks of all kinds from every quarter and placed them
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  Speaker 1: therein for at first, because he had no one of
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  Speaker 1: his own nation, noble and free by birth, who was
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  Speaker 1: willing to enter the monastic life, except children who could
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  Speaker 1: neither choose good nor avoid evil in consequence of their
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  Speaker 1: tender years. Because for many previous years the love of
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  Speaker 1: monastic life had utterly decayed from that nation, as well
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  Speaker 1: as from many other nations. Though many monasteries still remain
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  Speaker 1: in that country, Yet as no one directed the rule
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  Speaker 1: of that kind of life in a regular way. For
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  Speaker 1: what reason I cannot say, either from the invasions of foreigners,
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  Speaker 1: which took place so frequently, both by sea and land,
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  Speaker 1: or because that people abounded in riches of every kind
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  Speaker 1: and so looked with contempt on the monastic life. It
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  Speaker 1: was for this reason that King Alfred sought to gather
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  Speaker 1: monks of different kinds to place in the same monastery.
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  Speaker 1: First he placed there as abbot John the Priest and
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  Speaker 1: monk an Old Saxon by birth. Then certain priests and
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  Speaker 1: deacons from beyond the sea, of whom, finding that he
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  Speaker 1: had not as large a number as he wished, he
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  Speaker 1: procured as many as possible of the same Gallic race,
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  Speaker 1: some of whom being children, he ordered to be taught
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  Speaker 1: in the same monastery, and at a later period to
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  Speaker 1: be admitted to the monastic habit. Note John, the celebrated
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  Speaker 1: John scottis Eregina. End of note. I have myself seen
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  Speaker 1: a young lad of pagan birth who was educated in
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  Speaker 1: that monastery, and by no means the hindmost of them all.
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  Speaker 1: There was also a deed done once in that monastery,
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  Speaker 1: which I would utterly consign to oblivion, although it is
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  Speaker 1: an unworthy deed. For throughout the whole of Scripture, the
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  Speaker 1: base deeds of the wicked are interspersed among the blessed
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  Speaker 1: deeds of the just, as tarrys and darnel are sown
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  Speaker 1: among the wheat. Good deeds are recorded, that they may
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  Speaker 1: be praised and imitated, and that their imitators may be
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  Speaker 1: held in all honor. Wicked deeds are there related, that
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  Speaker 1: they may be censured and avoided, and their imitators be
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  Speaker 1: reproved with all odium, contempt and vengeance. For once upon
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  Speaker 1: a time, a certain priest and a deacon Galls by birth,
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  Speaker 1: and two of the aforesaid monks, by the instigation of
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  Speaker 1: the devil, and excited by some secret jealousy, became so
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  Speaker 1: embittered in secret against their abbot, the above mentioned John,
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  Speaker 1: that like Jews, they circumvented and betrayed their master, for
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  Speaker 1: whereas he had two servants whom he had hired out
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  Speaker 1: of Gaul. They taught these such wicked practices that in
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  Speaker 1: the night, when all men were enjoying the sweet tranquility
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  Speaker 1: of sleep, they should make their way into the church,
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  Speaker 1: armed and shutting it behind them as usual, hide themselves therein,
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  Speaker 1: and wait for the moment when the abbot should enter
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  Speaker 1: the church alone. At length, when he should come alone
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  Speaker 1: to pray, and, bending his knees bow before the holy altar,
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  Speaker 1: the men should rush on him with hostility and try
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  Speaker 1: to slay him on the spot. They then should drag
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  Speaker 1: his lifeless body out of the church and throw it
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  Speaker 1: down before the house of a certain harlot, as if
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  Speaker 1: he had been slain whilst on a visit to her.
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  Speaker 1: This was their machination, adding crime to crime. As it
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  Speaker 1: is said, the last error shall be worse than the first.
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  Speaker 1: But the divine mercy, which always delights to aid the innocent,
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  Speaker 1: frustrated in great part the wicked design of the wicked men,
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  Speaker 1: so that it should not turn out in every respect
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  Speaker 1: as they had proposed. When therefore the whole of the
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  Speaker 1: evil council had been explained by those wicked teachers to
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  Speaker 1: their wicked agents, and the knight, which had been fixed
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  Speaker 1: on as most fit, was come. The two armed Ruffians
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  Speaker 1: were placed with a promise of impunity, to await in
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  Speaker 1: the church for the arrival of the abbot. In the
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  Speaker 1: middle of the night, John, as usual, entered the church
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  Speaker 1: to pray without any one's knowing of it, and knelt
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  Speaker 1: before the altar. The two ruffians rushed upon him with
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  Speaker 1: drawn swords and dealt him some severe wounds. But he,
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  Speaker 1: being a man of a brave mind, and as we
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  Speaker 1: have heard say, not unacquainted with the art of self defense,
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  Speaker 1: if he had not been a follower of a better calling,
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  Speaker 1: no sooner heard the sound of the robbers before he
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  Speaker 1: saw them, than he rose up against them before he
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  Speaker 1: was wounded, and, shouting as loud as he could, struggled
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  Speaker 1: against them, crying out that they were devils and not men,
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  Speaker 1: for he himself knew no better, as he thought that
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  Speaker 1: no men would dare to attempt such a deed. He was, however, wounded,
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  Speaker 1: before any of his people could come to his help.
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  Speaker 1: His attendants, roused by the noise, were frightened when they
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  Speaker 1: heard the word devils, and both those two, who like Jews,
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  Speaker 1: sought to betray their master, and the others, who knew
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  Speaker 1: nothing of the matter, rushed together to the doors of
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  Speaker 1: the church. But before they got there, those Ruffians escaped,
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  Speaker 1: leaving the abbot half dead. The monks raised the old
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  Speaker 1: man in a fainting condition and carried him home with
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  Speaker 1: tears and lamentations. Nor did those two deceitful monks shed
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  Speaker 1: tears less than the innocent. But God's mercy did not
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  Speaker 1: allow so bold a deed to pass unpunished. The Ruffians
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  Speaker 1: who perpetrated it, and all who urged them to it,
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  Speaker 1: were taken and put in prison, where by various tortures
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  Speaker 1: they came to a disgraceful end. Let us now return
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  Speaker 1: to our narrative. Another monastery also was built by the
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  Speaker 1: same king as a residence for nuns near the eastern
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  Speaker 1: gate of Shaftesbury, and his own daughter Ethelgiva was placed
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  Speaker 1: in it as abbess. With her, many other noble ladies,
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  Speaker 1: bound by the rules of the monasterick life dwell in
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  Speaker 1: that monastery. These two edifices were enriched by the king
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  Speaker 1: with much land as well as personal property. These things
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  Speaker 1: being thus disposed of, the king, began, as was his practice,
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  Speaker 1: to consider within himself what more he could do to
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  Speaker 1: augment and show forth his piety what he had begun
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  Speaker 1: wisely and thoughtfully conceived for the public benefit, as adhered
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  Speaker 1: to with equally beneficial result. For he had heard it
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  Speaker 1: out of the book of the Law that the Lord
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  Speaker 1: had promised to restore to him tenfold, and he knew
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  Speaker 1: that the Lord had kept his promise and had actually
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  Speaker 1: restored to him tenfold. Encouraged by this example, and wishing
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  Speaker 1: to exceed the practices of his predecessors, he vowed humbly
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  Speaker 1: and faithfully to devote to God half his services, both
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  Speaker 1: day and night, and also half of all his wealth,
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  Speaker 1: such as lawfully and justly came annually into his possession.
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  Speaker 1: And this vow, as far as human discretion can perceive
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  Speaker 1: and keep, he skillfully and wisely endeavored to fulfill. But
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  Speaker 1: that he might, with his usual caution, avoid that which
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  Speaker 1: scripture warns us against. If you offer a right but
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  Speaker 1: do not divide a aright, you sin. He considered how
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  Speaker 1: he might divide aright that which he had vowed to God. And,
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  Speaker 1: as Solomon had said, the heart of the King is
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  Speaker 1: the hand of God, that is his counsel. He ordered,
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  Speaker 1: with wise policy, which could come only from above, that
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  Speaker 1: his officers should first divide into two parts the revenues
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  Speaker 1: of every year. When this division was made, he assigned
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  Speaker 1: the first part to worldly uses, and ordered that one
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  Speaker 1: third it should be paid to his soldiers, and also
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  Speaker 1: to his ministers, the nobles who dwelt at court, where
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  Speaker 1: they discharged diverse duties. For so, the king's family was
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  Speaker 1: arranged at all times into three classes. The king's attendants
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  Speaker 1: were most wisely distributed into three companies, so that the
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  Speaker 1: first company should be on duty at court for one month,
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  Speaker 1: night and day, at the end of which they returned
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  Speaker 1: to their homes, and were relieved by the second company.
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  Speaker 1: At the end of the second month. In the same way,
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  Speaker 1: the third company relieved the second, who returned to their homes,
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  Speaker 1: where they spent two months until their services were again wanted.
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  Speaker 1: The third company also gave place to the first in
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  Speaker 1: the same way, and also spent two months at home.
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  Speaker 1: Thus was the threefold division of the companies arranged at
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  Speaker 1: all times in the royal household. To these. Therefore was
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  Speaker 1: paid the first of the three portions aforesaid to each,
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  Speaker 1: according to their respective dignities peculiar services, the second to
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  Speaker 1: the operatives, whom he had collected from every nation, and
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  Speaker 1: had about him in large numbers men skilled in every
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  Speaker 1: kind of construction. The third portion was assigned to foreigners
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  Speaker 1: who came to him out of every nation far and near.
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  Speaker 1: Whether they asked money of him or not, he cheerfully
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  Speaker 1: gave to each with wonderful munificence, according to their respective merits,
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  Speaker 1: according to what is written, God loveth a cheerful giver.
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  Speaker 1: But the second part of all his revenues, which came
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  Speaker 1: yearly into his possession, and was included in the receipts
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  Speaker 1: of the exchequer, as we mentioned a little before, he
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  Speaker 1: with ready devotion, gave to God, ordering his ministers to
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  Speaker 1: divide it carefully into four parts, on the condition that
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  Speaker 1: the first part should be discreetly bestowed on the poor
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  Speaker 1: of every nation who came to him. And on this
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  Speaker 1: subject he said that, as far as human discretion could guarantee,
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  Speaker 1: the remark of Pope Saint Gregory should be followed, give
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  Speaker 1: not much to whom you should give little, nor little
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  Speaker 1: to whom much, nor something to whom nothing, nor nothing
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  Speaker 1: to whom something. The second of the four portions was
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  Speaker 1: given to the two monasteries which he had built, and
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  Speaker 1: to those who therein had dedicated themselves to God's service.
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  Speaker 1: As we have mentioned above. The third portion was assigned
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  Speaker 1: to the school which he had studiously collected, together, consisting
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  Speaker 1: of many of the nobility of his own nation. The
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  Speaker 1: fourth portion was for the use of all the neighboring
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  Speaker 1: monasteries in all Saxony and Mercia, and also during some
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  Speaker 1: years in turn, to the churches and servants of God
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  Speaker 1: dwelling in Britain, Wales, Cornwall, Gaul, Armorica, Northumbria, and sometimes
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  Speaker 1: all so in Ireland. According to his means, he either
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  Speaker 1: distributed to them beforehand or afterwards, if life and success
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  Speaker 1: should not fail him. When the King had arranged these matters,
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  Speaker 1: he remembered that sentence of divine scripture, whosoever will give
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  Speaker 1: alms ought to begin from himself, and prudently began to
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  Speaker 1: reflect what he could offer to God from the service
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  Speaker 1: of his body and mind. For he proposed to consecrate
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  Speaker 1: to God no less out of this than he had
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  Speaker 1: done of things external to himself. Moreover, he promised, as
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  Speaker 1: far as his infirmity and means would allow to give
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  Speaker 1: up to God the half of his services bodily and mental,
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  Speaker 1: by night and by day, voluntarily and with all his might.
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  Speaker 1: But inasmuch as he could not equally distinguish the lengths
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  Speaker 1: of the hours by night on account of the darkness,
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  Speaker 1: and oft times of the day on account of the
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  Speaker 1: storms and clouds, he began to consider by what means
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  Speaker 1: and without any difficulty, relying on the mercy of God,
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  Speaker 1: he might discharge the promised tenor of his vow until
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  Speaker 1: his death. After long reflection on these things, he at length,
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  Speaker 1: by a useful and shrewd invention, commanded his chaplains to
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  Speaker 1: supply wax in a sufficient quantity, and he caused it
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  Speaker 1: to be weighed in such a manner that, when there
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  Speaker 1: was so much of it in the scales as would
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  Speaker 1: equal the weight of seventy two pence, he caused the
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  Speaker 1: chaplains to make six candles thereof, each of equal length,
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  Speaker 1: so that each candle might have twelve divisions marked longitudinally
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  Speaker 1: upon it. Note pence denarii twelve divisions unkii policus, end
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  Speaker 1: of note. By this plan, therefore those six candles burned
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  Speaker 1: for twenty four hours a night and day without fail
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  Speaker 1: before the sacred relics of many of God's elect which
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  Speaker 1: always accompanied him wherever he went, but sometimes when they
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  Speaker 1: would not continue burning a whole day and night till
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  Speaker 1: the same hour that they were lighted the preceding evening.
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  Speaker 1: From the violence of the wind, which blew day and
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  Speaker 1: night without intermission through the doors and windows of the churches,
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  Speaker 1: the fissures of the divisions, the plankings or the wall,
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  Speaker 1: or the thin canvas of the tents. They then unavoidably
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  Speaker 1: burned out and finished their course before the appointed time.
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  Speaker 1: The King therefore considered by what means he might shut
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  Speaker 1: out the wind, and so by a useful and cunning invention,
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  Speaker 1: he ordered a lantern to be beautifully constructed of wood
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  Speaker 1: and white ox horn, which, when skillfully plained till it
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  Speaker 1: is thin, is no less transparent than a vessel of glass.
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  Speaker 1: This lantern, therefore, was wonderfully made of wood and horn,
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  Speaker 1: as we before said, and by night a candle was
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  Speaker 1: put into it, which shone as brightly without as within,
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  Speaker 1: and was not extinguished by the wind. For the opening
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  Speaker 1: of the lantern was also closed up, according to the
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  Speaker 1: King's command, by a door made of horn. By this contrivance,
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  Speaker 1: then six candles lighted in succession, lasted four and twenty hours,
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  Speaker 1: neither more nor less, and when these were extinguished, others
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  Speaker 1: were lighted. When all these things were properly arranged, the king,
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  Speaker 1: eager to give up to God the half of his
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  Speaker 1: deli service, as he had vowed, and more also, if
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  Speaker 1: his ability on the one hand and his malady on
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  Speaker 1: the other would allow him, showed himself a minute investigator
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  Speaker 1: of the truth in all his judgments, and this especially
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  Speaker 1: for the sake of the poor, to whose interest day
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  Speaker 1: and night, among other duties of this life he ever,
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  Speaker 1: was wonderfully attentive, for in the whole kingdom the poor
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  Speaker 1: besides him had few or no protectors, for all the
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  Speaker 1: powerful and noble of that country had turned their thoughts
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  Speaker 1: rather to secular than to heavenly things. Each was more
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  Speaker 1: bent on secular matters to his own profit than on
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  Speaker 1: the public good. He strove also in his own judgments
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  Speaker 1: for the benefit of both the noble and the ignoble,
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  Speaker 1: who often perversely quarreled at the meetings of his earls
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  Speaker 1: and officers, so that hardly one of them admitted the
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  Speaker 1: justice of what had been decided by the earls and prefects,
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  Speaker 1: And in consequence of this pertinacious and obstinate dissension, all
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  Speaker 1: desired to have the judgment of the King, and both
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  Speaker 1: sides sought at once to gratify their desire. But if
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  Speaker 1: any one was conscious of injustice on his side in
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  Speaker 1: the suit, though by law and agreement, he was compelled, however,
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  Speaker 1: reluctant to go before the King. Yet with his own
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  Speaker 1: good will, he never would consent to go, for he
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  Speaker 1: knew that in the King's presence no part of his
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  Speaker 1: wrong would be hidden, and no wonder, for the King
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  Speaker 1: was a most acute investigator in passing sentence, as he
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  Speaker 1: was in all other things. He inquired into almost all
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  Speaker 1: the judgments which were given in his own absence throughout
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  Speaker 1: all his dominion, whether they were just or unjust. If
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  Speaker 1: he perceived there was iniquity in those judgments, he summoned
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  Speaker 1: the judges, either through his own agency or through others
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  Speaker 1: of his faithful servants, and asked them mildly why they
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  Speaker 1: had judged so unjustly, whether through ignorance or malevolence, that is,
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  Speaker 1: whether for the love or fear of any one, or
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  Speaker 1: hatred of others, or also for the desire of money.
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  Speaker 1: At length, if the judges acknowledged they had given judgment
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  Speaker 1: because they knew no better, he discreetly and moderately reproved
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  Speaker 1: their inexperience and folly In such terms as these, I
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  Speaker 1: wonder truly at your insolence, that, whereas by God's favor
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  Speaker 1: and mine you have occupied the rank and office of
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  Speaker 1: the wise, you have neglected the studies and labors of
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  Speaker 1: the wise. Either therefore at once give up the discharge
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  Speaker 1: of the temporal duties which you hold, or endeavor more
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  Speaker 1: zealously to study the lessons of wisdom. Such are my commands.
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  Speaker 1: At these words, the earls and prefects would tremble and
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  Speaker 1: endeavor to turn all their thoughts to the study of justice.
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  Speaker 1: So that, one to say, almost all his earls, prefects,
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  Speaker 1: and officers, though unlearned from their cradles, were sedulously bent
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  Speaker 1: upon acquiring learning, choosing rather laboriously to acquire the knowledge
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  Speaker 1: of a new discipline than to resign their functions. But
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  Speaker 1: if any one of them, from old age or slowness
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  Speaker 1: of talent, was unable to make progress in liberal studies,
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  Speaker 1: he commanded his son if he had one or one
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  Speaker 1: of his kinsmen, or if there was no other person
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  Speaker 1: to be, had his own freedmen or servant, whom he
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  Speaker 1: had some time before advanced to the office of reading,
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  Speaker 1: to recite Saxon books before him night and day, whenever
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  Speaker 1: he had any leisure. And they lamented with deep sighs
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  Speaker 1: in their inmost hearts, that in their youth they had
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  Speaker 1: never attended to such studies. And they blessed the young
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  Speaker 1: men of our days, who happily could be instructed in
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  Speaker 1: liberal arts whilst they execrated their own lot, that they
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  Speaker 1: had not learned these things in their youth, And now,
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  Speaker 1: when they are old, though wishing to learn them, they
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  Speaker 1: are unable. But this skill of young and old in
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  Speaker 1: acquiring letters we have explained to the knowledge of the
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  Speaker 1: aforesaid king. Note some of the manuscripts recorded in a
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  Speaker 1: note or appendix written by a later hand that King
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  Speaker 1: Alfred died on the twenty sixth of October a d.
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  Speaker 1: Nine hundred, in the thirtieth of his reign. The different
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  Speaker 1: dates assigned to the death of Alfred, says Sir Francis
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  Speaker 1: Palgrave Afford singular proof of the uncertainty arising from various
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  Speaker 1: modes of computation. The Saxon Chronicle and Florence of Worcester
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  Speaker 1: agree in placing the event in nine hundred one, the
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  Speaker 1: first six nights before all Saints, the last with more
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  Speaker 1: precision in Dictione Quarta et feria quarta five Chale nove
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  Speaker 1: Simon of Durham in eight hundred eighty nine, and the
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  Speaker 1: Saxon Chronicle in another passage in nine hundred. The concurrence
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  Speaker 1: of Florence of Worcester seemed to afford the greatest certainty,
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  Speaker 1: and the date of nine hundred one has therefore been preferred.
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  Speaker 1: End of note, end of Part two, Section three, End
• 22:36
  Speaker 1: of the Life of King Alfred by asser Bishop of Sherborne,
• 22:41
  Speaker 1: translated by J. A. Giles,