Latest / Okay, But... Birds / Okay, but... boobies!

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Okay, but... boobies! · Okay, But... Birds

• 0:00
  Yeah,
• 0:00
  I
• 0:00
  was
• 0:00
  definitely
• 0:01
  stressed
• 0:01
  out
• 0:02
  a
• 0:02
  lot
• 0:02
  of
• 0:02
  the
• 0:02
  time.
• 0:03
  I
• 0:04
  think
• 0:04
  it
• 0:04
  was
• 0:04
  my
• 0:04
  first
• 0:05
  trip
• 0:05
  outside
• 0:05
  of
• 0:06
  like
• 0:06
  North
• 0:06
  America
• 0:06
  proper.
• 0:07
  And
• 0:07
  then
• 0:07
  I'm
• 0:07
  on
• 0:07
  these
• 0:08
  guano
• 0:09
  islands
• 0:09
  covered
• 0:09
  in
• 0:10
  ticks.
• 0:32
  Okay,
• 0:34
  let's
• 0:34
  get
• 0:34
  the
• 0:34
  obvious
• 0:35
  out
• 0:35
  of
• 0:35
  the
• 0:35
  way.
• 0:35
  Yes,
• 0:36
  this
• 0:36
  episode
• 0:36
  is
• 0:37
  called
• 0:37
  Okay,
• 0:37
  but...
• 0:38
  Boobies,
• 0:38
  and
• 0:38
  I'm
• 0:38
  going
• 0:39
  to
• 0:39
  say
• 0:39
  boobies
• 0:39
  about
• 0:40
  30
• 0:40
  more
• 0:40
  times
• 0:40
  in
• 0:40
  the
• 0:41
  next
• 0:41
  half
• 0:41
  hour.
• 0:42
  No,
• 0:42
  we're
• 0:42
  not
• 0:42
  going
• 0:43
  to
• 0:43
  make
• 0:43
  it
• 0:43
  weird.
• 0:44
  Boobies
• 0:44
  are
• 0:44
  a
• 0:44
  real
• 0:45
  group
• 0:45
  of
• 0:45
  birds
• 0:45
  with
• 0:45
  a
• 0:46
  real
• 0:46
  Spanish
• 0:46
  derived
• 0:47
  name.
• 0:47
  And
• 0:47
  once
• 0:47
  you
• 0:47
  know
• 0:48
  what
• 0:48
  they
• 0:48
  actually
• 0:48
  are,
• 0:49
  the
• 0:49
  joke
• 0:49
  kind
• 0:49
  of
• 0:49
  stops
• 0:50
  being
• 0:50
  a
• 0:50
  joke.
• 0:51
  The
• 0:51
  booby
• 0:51
  most
• 0:52
  people
• 0:52
  picture
• 0:52
  is
• 0:52
  the
• 0:52
  blue
• 0:53
  footed
• 0:53
  booby.
• 0:53
  You
• 0:54
  probably
• 0:54
  haven't
• 0:54
  seen
• 0:54
  one
• 0:54
  in
• 0:55
  person,
• 0:55
  but
• 0:55
  you
• 0:55
  have
• 0:55
  absolutely
• 0:56
  seen
• 0:56
  one.
• 0:59
  Bright,
• 0:59
  almost
• 1:00
  cartoon
• 1:00
  blue
• 1:00
  feet,
• 1:01
  a
• 1:01
  goofy
• 1:01
  high
• 1:02
  stepping
• 1:02
  mating
• 1:02
  dance
• 1:03
  that
• 1:03
  has
• 1:03
  been
• 1:03
  clipped
• 1:03
  and
• 1:04
  reposted
• 1:04
  into
• 1:04
  oblivion.
• 1:05
  A
• 1:05
  face
• 1:06
  like
• 1:06
  it
• 1:06
  just
• 1:06
  walked
• 1:06
  into
• 1:07
  a
• 1:07
  room
• 1:07
  and
• 1:07
  forgot
• 1:07
  why.
• 1:08
  It's
• 1:08
  the
• 1:08
  kind
• 1:08
  of
• 1:09
  bird
• 1:09
  that
• 1:09
  gets
• 1:09
  stuck
• 1:09
  in
• 1:09
  your
• 1:10
  head
• 1:10
  as
• 1:10
  a
• 1:10
  personality
• 1:11
  first
• 1:11
  and
• 1:11
  as
• 1:11
  a
• 1:12
  species
• 1:12
  second.
• 1:12
  Which
• 1:13
  is,
• 1:13
  I
• 1:13
  think,
• 1:13
  why
• 1:14
  most
• 1:14
  people
• 1:14
  picture
• 1:15
  exactly
• 1:15
  one
• 1:15
  booby
• 1:16
  and
• 1:16
  stop
• 1:16
  there.
• 1:17
  There
• 1:17
  are
• 1:17
  more
• 1:17
  though.
• 1:18
  The
• 1:18
  red
• 1:18
  footed,
• 1:22
  the
• 1:22
  brown,
• 1:24
  the
• 1:24
  masked,
• 1:26
  the
• 1:27
  Nazca,
• 1:30
  and
• 1:30
  the
• 1:30
  Peruvian
• 1:32
  Abbott's
• 1:33
  booby.
• 1:33
  If
• 1:33
  you're
• 1:33
  feeling
• 1:33
  generous
• 1:34
  about
• 1:34
  whether
• 1:34
  it
• 1:35
  counts,
• 1:35
  which
• 1:35
  depends
• 1:35
  on
• 1:36
  which
• 1:36
  taxonomist
• 1:36
  you
• 1:37
  ask
• 1:37
  on
• 1:37
  which
• 1:37
  day.
• 1:38
  And
• 1:38
  they're
• 1:38
  close
• 1:38
  cousins,
• 1:39
  the
• 1:39
  northern
• 1:39
  gannet,
• 1:40
  the
• 1:40
  Cape
• 1:40
  gannet
• 1:41
  and
• 1:41
  the
• 1:41
  Australasian
• 1:42
  gannet,
• 1:42
  which
• 1:42
  are
• 1:42
  the
• 1:43
  same
• 1:43
  body
• 1:43
  plane
• 1:43
  and
• 1:43
  a
• 1:44
  colder
• 1:44
  coat.
• 1:44
  So
• 1:45
  why
• 1:45
  booby?
• 1:46
  The
• 1:46
  name
• 1:46
  comes
• 1:46
  from
• 1:46
  the
• 1:47
  Spanish
• 1:47
  bobo,
• 1:47
  meaning
• 1:48
  fool,
• 1:48
  silly
• 1:48
  or
• 1:49
  clown.
• 1:49
  And
• 1:49
  to
• 1:50
  be
• 1:50
  fair,
• 1:50
  the
• 1:50
  nickname
• 1:51
  kind
• 1:51
  of
• 1:51
  earns
• 1:51
  itself.
• 1:52
  But
• 1:52
  only
• 1:52
  on
• 1:52
  land.
• 1:53
  On
• 1:53
  a
• 1:53
  rocky
• 1:54
  island
• 1:54
  surrounded
• 1:54
  by
• 1:55
  guano
• 1:55
  and
• 1:55
  ticks.
• 1:55
  A
• 1:56
  booby
• 1:56
  is
• 1:56
  awkward.
• 1:57
  They
• 1:57
  waddle.
• 1:58
  They
• 1:58
  show
• 1:58
  off
• 1:58
  their
• 1:58
  feet
• 1:58
  to
• 1:59
  each
• 1:59
  other
• 1:59
  with
• 1:59
  their
• 1:59
  body
• 2:00
  language
• 2:00
  of
• 2:00
  someone
• 2:00
  trying
• 2:01
  to
• 2:01
  win
• 2:01
  an
• 2:01
  argument
• 2:01
  at
• 2:02
  a
• 2:02
  bar.
• 2:02
  Spanish
• 2:03
  sailors
• 2:03
  saw
• 2:03
  that
• 2:04
  and
• 2:04
  decided,
• 2:04
  fool.
• 2:05
  Done.
• 2:05
  Got
• 2:06
  it.
• 2:07
  But
• 2:07
  fool
• 2:07
  is
• 2:07
  the
• 2:08
  worst
• 2:08
  possible
• 2:08
  word
• 2:09
  for
• 2:09
  what
• 2:09
  a
• 2:09
  booby
• 2:10
  actually
• 2:10
  is.
• 2:10
  Get
• 2:11
  one
• 2:11
  in
• 2:11
  the
• 2:11
  air
• 2:11
  or
• 2:11
  in
• 2:12
  the
• 2:12
  water
• 2:12
  and
• 2:12
  the
• 2:12
  whole
• 2:13
  story
• 2:13
  changes.
• 2:14
  Boobies
• 2:14
  are
• 2:14
  streamlined,
• 2:15
  missile
• 2:15
  shaped
• 2:16
  plunge
• 2:16
  divers.
• 2:17
  They
• 2:17
  climb,
• 2:18
  fold
• 2:18
  their
• 2:18
  wings
• 2:18
  and
• 2:18
  drop.
• 2:19
  They
• 2:19
  hit
• 2:19
  the
• 2:19
  water
• 2:19
  at
• 2:20
  speeds
• 2:20
  that
• 2:20
  should
• 2:20
  rearrange
• 2:21
  anyone's
• 2:21
  anatomy.
• 2:22
  And
• 2:22
  then
• 2:23
  they
• 2:23
  swim
• 2:23
  with
• 2:23
  their
• 2:24
  wings
• 2:24
  after
• 2:24
  fish
• 2:25
  that
• 2:25
  are
• 2:25
  also
• 2:25
  moving.
• 2:26
  They
• 2:26
  eat
• 2:27
  anchovies,
• 2:27
  sardines,
• 2:28
  squid,
• 2:28
  and
• 2:28
  in
• 2:28
  one
• 2:29
  group,
• 2:29
  a
• 2:29
  fish
• 2:29
  that
• 2:29
  has
• 2:30
  decided
• 2:30
  the
• 2:30
  only
• 2:30
  way
• 2:31
  to
• 2:31
  survive
• 2:31
  is
• 2:31
  to
• 2:31
  leap
• 2:32
  out
• 2:32
  of
• 2:32
  the
• 2:32
  ocean
• 2:32
  and
• 2:32
  glide.
• 2:33
  Boobies
• 2:34
  have
• 2:34
  figured
• 2:34
  out
• 2:34
  how
• 2:34
  to
• 2:34
  deal
• 2:35
  with
• 2:35
  that
• 2:35
  too.
• 2:36
  The
• 2:36
  whole
• 2:36
  family
• 2:36
  has
• 2:37
  built
• 2:37
  a
• 2:37
  life
• 2:37
  around
• 2:37
  being
• 2:38
  the
• 2:38
  apex
• 2:38
  predator
• 2:38
  of
• 2:39
  a
• 2:39
  column
• 2:39
  of
• 2:39
  water
• 2:39
  that
• 2:40
  was
• 2:40
  completely
• 2:40
  unfair
• 2:41
  to
• 2:41
  begin
• 2:41
  with.
• 2:41
  Not
• 2:42
  Foolish,
• 2:42
  specialized
• 2:43
  to
• 2:43
  the
• 2:44
  point
• 2:44
  of
• 2:44
  art.
• 2:45
  I
• 2:45
  have
• 2:45
  a
• 2:45
  personal
• 2:46
  stake
• 2:46
  in
• 2:46
  this
• 2:46
  one.
• 2:47
  Boobies
• 2:47
  were
• 2:47
  one
• 2:48
  of
• 2:48
  the
• 2:48
  first
• 2:48
  wild
• 2:48
  birds
• 2:48
  I
• 2:49
  ever
• 2:49
  did
• 2:49
  real
• 2:49
  field
• 2:50
  work
• 2:50
  on
• 2:50
  on
• 2:50
  several
• 2:51
  guano
• 2:51
  islands
• 2:51
  off
• 2:51
  the
• 2:52
  central
• 2:52
  and
• 2:52
  northern
• 2:52
  coasts
• 2:53
  of
• 2:53
  Peru.
• 2:53
  With
• 2:53
  the
• 2:54
  guests
• 2:54
  you're
• 2:54
  about
• 2:54
  to
• 2:54
  meet.
• 2:55
  Dr.
• 2:55
  Carlos
• 2:56
  Zavalaga,
• 2:56
  marine
• 2:57
  biologist
• 2:57
  and
• 2:57
  director
• 2:57
  of
• 2:58
  the
• 2:58
  Marine
• 2:58
  Ecosystem
• 2:59
  Research
• 2:59
  Unit
• 2:59
  and
• 3:00
  Peruvian
• 3:00
  Seabird
• 3:01
  Group
• 3:01
  at
• 3:01
  Universidad
• 3:02
  Scientifica
• 3:03
  del
• 3:03
  Sur
• 3:03
  in
• 3:03
  Lima,
• 3:04
  has
• 3:04
  spent
• 3:05
  more
• 3:05
  than
• 3:05
  30
• 3:05
  years
• 3:05
  studying
• 3:06
  seabirds
• 3:06
  of
• 3:06
  the
• 3:06
  Humboldt
• 3:07
  Current.
• 3:07
  And
• 3:08
  he
• 3:08
  is
• 3:08
  one
• 3:08
  of
• 3:08
  the
• 3:08
  people
• 3:08
  who
• 3:09
  taught
• 3:09
  me
• 3:09
  how
• 3:09
  to
• 3:09
  study
• 3:10
  them,
• 3:10
  too.
• 3:11
  After
• 3:11
  the
• 3:11
  break,
• 3:11
  Carlos
• 3:12
  walks
• 3:12
  us
• 3:12
  through
• 3:13
  what
• 3:13
  makes
• 3:13
  the
• 3:13
  booby
• 3:13
  family
• 3:14
  the
• 3:14
  way
• 3:14
  it
• 3:14
  is
• 3:14
  and
• 3:14
  the
• 3:15
  part
• 3:15
  of
• 3:15
  their
• 3:15
  biology
• 3:15
  you
• 3:16
  really
• 3:16
  only
• 3:16
  appreciate
• 3:17
  when
• 3:17
  you
• 3:17
  watch
• 3:17
  them
• 3:17
  hunt.
• 3:18
  We
• 3:18
  get
• 3:18
  into
• 3:19
  how
• 3:19
  multiple
• 3:19
  booby
• 3:19
  species
• 3:20
  live
• 3:20
  in
• 3:20
  the
• 3:20
  same
• 3:20
  ocean
• 3:21
  without
• 3:21
  eating
• 3:21
  each
• 3:22
  other
• 3:22
  out
• 3:22
  of
• 3:22
  house
• 3:22
  and
• 3:22
  home.
• 3:23
  And
• 3:23
  we
• 3:23
  talk
• 3:23
  about
• 3:24
  what's
• 3:24
  happening
• 3:24
  to
• 3:24
  these
• 3:25
  birds
• 3:25
  right
• 3:25
  now
• 3:25
  off
• 3:26
  the
• 3:26
  coast
• 3:26
  of
• 3:26
  Peru,
• 3:27
  where
• 3:27
  the
• 3:27
  pressures
• 3:27
  stacking
• 3:28
  up
• 3:28
  on
• 3:28
  them
• 3:28
  are
• 3:28
  getting
• 3:29
  more
• 3:29
  frequent,
• 3:29
  harder
• 3:30
  to
• 3:30
  recover
• 3:30
  from,
• 3:31
  and
• 3:31
  harder
• 3:31
  to
• 3:31
  ignore.
• 3:32
  Stay
• 3:32
  tuned.
• 3:38
  Well,
• 3:39
  welcome
• 3:39
  back,
• 3:39
  everyone.
• 3:40
  I'm
• 3:40
  really
• 3:40
  excited
• 3:40
  to
• 3:41
  have
• 3:41
  Carlos
• 3:41
  with
• 3:41
  me
• 3:41
  today
• 3:42
  to
• 3:42
  talk
• 3:42
  all
• 3:42
  about
• 3:42
  boobies.
• 3:43
  And
• 3:43
  it's
• 3:44
  good
• 3:44
  to
• 3:44
  see
• 3:44
  you
• 3:44
  again,
• 3:45
  Carlos.
• 3:45
  Thank
• 3:46
  you,
• 3:46
  Scott.
• 3:46
  Yeah,
• 3:47
  we've
• 3:47
  spent
• 3:47
  some
• 3:48
  time
• 3:48
  together
• 3:48
  in
• 3:48
  the
• 3:48
  field.
• 3:49
  Actually,
• 3:49
  some
• 3:49
  of
• 3:49
  my
• 3:49
  first
• 3:50
  field
• 3:50
  experiences
• 3:51
  were
• 3:51
  with
• 3:51
  you
• 3:51
  in
• 3:51
  Peru,
• 3:52
  so
• 3:52
  I'm
• 3:52
  excited
• 3:53
  to
• 3:53
  revisit
• 3:54
  some
• 3:54
  of
• 3:54
  that
• 3:54
  today.
• 3:55
  This
• 3:55
  group
• 3:55
  of
• 3:55
  birds,
• 3:55
  boobies,
• 3:56
  are
• 3:56
  a
• 3:57
  group
• 3:57
  of
• 3:57
  birds
• 3:57
  most
• 3:57
  people
• 3:58
  have
• 3:58
  heard
• 3:58
  of,
• 3:58
  usually
• 3:59
  because
• 3:59
  they
• 3:59
  think
• 4:00
  maybe
• 4:00
  blue
• 4:01
  feet
• 4:01
  or
• 4:01
  a
• 4:01
  funny
• 4:02
  name.
• 4:02
  And
• 4:02
  I'm
• 4:02
  wondering
• 4:03
  if
• 4:03
  you
• 4:03
  could
• 4:03
  tell
• 4:03
  us
• 4:03
  a
• 4:03
  little
• 4:03
  bit
• 4:04
  more
• 4:04
  about
• 4:04
  this
• 4:04
  really
• 4:04
  cool
• 4:05
  family
• 4:05
  of
• 4:05
  birds.
• 4:06
  Okay,
• 4:07
  so
• 4:07
  these
• 4:07
  birds
• 4:08
  are
• 4:08
  seabirds,
• 4:09
  of
• 4:09
  course.
• 4:09
  They
• 4:10
  are
• 4:10
  completely
• 4:11
  marine
• 4:11
  birds,
• 4:12
  unlike
• 4:13
  any
• 4:13
  other
• 4:13
  seabirds
• 4:14
  that
• 4:14
  can
• 4:14
  also
• 4:15
  feed
• 4:16
  on
• 4:16
  fresh
• 4:16
  water,
• 4:17
  like
• 4:18
  some
• 4:18
  species
• 4:18
  of
• 4:19
  pelicans,
• 4:19
  for
• 4:19
  example,
• 4:20
  or
• 4:20
  cormorants.
• 4:21
  But
• 4:22
  the
• 4:22
  boobies
• 4:22
  are
• 4:23
  occupying
• 4:24
  most
• 4:24
  of
• 4:24
  the
• 4:24
  planet
• 4:25
  except
• 4:26
  Antarctica.
• 4:27
  They
• 4:27
  are
• 4:28
  excellent
• 4:28
  planche
• 4:29
  divers.
• 4:30
  So
• 4:31
  they
• 4:32
  get
• 4:32
  some
• 4:33
  altitude
• 4:33
  before
• 4:34
  falling
• 4:35
  freely
• 4:36
  in
• 4:36
  the
• 4:36
  water
• 4:37
  and
• 4:38
  attaining
• 4:39
  depths
• 4:40
  of,
• 4:41
  I
• 4:41
  don't
• 4:42
  know,
• 4:42
  2,
• 4:42
  4,
• 4:43
  5,
• 4:43
  6
• 4:44
  meters
• 4:45
  and
• 4:47
  capturing
• 4:47
  the
• 4:47
  pre
• 4:48
  underwater,.
• 4:48
  Of
• 4:49
  course,
• 4:49
  that's,
• 4:49
  I
• 4:49
  mean,
• 4:50
  it's
• 4:50
  pretty
• 4:50
  amazing.
• 4:50
  They
• 4:50
  have
• 4:51
  specialized
• 4:51
  nostrils
• 4:52
  too,
• 4:52
  right?
• 4:52
  Yes.
• 4:53
  Actually,
• 4:54
  if
• 4:54
  you
• 4:54
  check
• 4:55
  the
• 4:55
  conical,
• 4:56
  you
• 4:56
  know,
• 4:57
  shape
• 4:57
  of
• 4:58
  the
• 4:58
  bill
• 4:59
  and
• 5:00
  you
• 5:00
  don't
• 5:00
  see
• 5:00
  the
• 5:00
  typical,
• 5:01
  you
• 5:01
  know,
• 5:01
  holes,
• 5:02
  nostrils,
• 5:03
  other
• 5:03
  birds
• 5:04
  have
• 5:04
  in
• 5:04
  their
• 5:04
  bills.
• 5:05
  They
• 5:05
  are
• 5:06
  hidden,
• 5:06
  pointing
• 5:07
  a
• 5:07
  little
• 5:07
  bit
• 5:08
  like
• 5:08
  den
• 5:08
  warts,
• 5:09
  but
• 5:10
  it's
• 5:10
  just,
• 5:12
  it's
• 5:12
  a
• 5:12
  very
• 5:12
  thin
• 5:13
  layer
• 5:15
  at
• 5:15
  both
• 5:16
  sides
• 5:16
  of
• 5:16
  the
• 5:17
  Coleman
• 5:17
  of
• 5:17
  the
• 5:18
  upper
• 5:18
  bill.
• 5:19
  Yeah.
• 5:19
  For
• 5:19
  anyone
• 5:20
  who's
• 5:20
  like
• 5:21
  jumped
• 5:21
  into
• 5:21
  a
• 5:22
  pool
• 5:22
  as
• 5:22
  a
• 5:22
  kid
• 5:22
  or
• 5:23
  the
• 5:23
  ocean
• 5:23
  and
• 5:23
  then
• 5:23
  Got
• 5:24
  that
• 5:24
  nose
• 5:24
  full
• 5:24
  of
• 5:25
  water.
• 5:25
  Makes
• 5:26
  sense
• 5:26
  that
• 5:26
  boobies
• 5:27
  would
• 5:27
  have
• 5:27
  this
• 5:27
  adaptation
• 5:28
  to
• 5:28
  not
• 5:28
  have
• 5:28
  that
• 5:28
  happen
• 5:29
  every
• 5:29
  time
• 5:29
  they
• 5:30
  try
• 5:30
  to
• 5:30
  get
• 5:30
  food.
• 5:31
  So
• 5:31
  for
• 5:31
  the
• 5:32
  boobies
• 5:32
  specifically,
• 5:32
  the
• 5:33
  gannets
• 5:33
  are
• 5:33
  this
• 5:33
  amazing
• 5:34
  group
• 5:34
  of
• 5:34
  bird
• 5:34
  kind
• 5:34
  of
• 5:34
  in
• 5:35
  the
• 5:35
  high
• 5:35
  and
• 5:35
  low
• 5:35
  latitudes
• 5:36
  around
• 5:37
  Australia
• 5:37
  and
• 5:38
  South
• 5:38
  Africa
• 5:38
  and
• 5:39
  then
• 5:39
  up
• 5:39
  into
• 5:39
  the
• 5:40
  Atlantic
• 5:40
  Ocean.
• 5:40
  But
• 5:41
  for
• 5:41
  the
• 5:41
  boobies
• 5:41
  there's
• 5:41
  people
• 5:42
  consider
• 5:42
  between
• 5:43
  six
• 5:43
  and
• 5:43
  seven
• 5:43
  species
• 5:44
  of
• 5:44
  boobies
• 5:45
  and
• 5:45
  three
• 5:45
  of
• 5:45
  those,
• 5:46
  brown,
• 5:46
  red
• 5:47
  footed
• 5:47
  and
• 5:47
  masked
• 5:48
  are
• 5:48
  all
• 5:48
  around
• 5:49
  the
• 5:49
  planet.
• 5:49
  So
• 5:50
  they're
• 5:50
  what
• 5:50
  we
• 5:50
  call
• 5:50
  pan
• 5:51
  tropical,
• 5:51
  right?
• 5:52
  Yeah.
• 5:52
  And
• 5:52
  then
• 5:52
  there's
• 5:53
  more
• 5:53
  in
• 5:54
  the
• 5:54
  eastern
• 5:54
  tropical
• 5:54
  Pacific.
• 5:55
  That's
• 5:55
  where
• 5:55
  you
• 5:55
  find
• 5:56
  Peruvian
• 5:56
  blue
• 5:57
  footed
• 5:57
  and
• 5:58
  Nazca.
• 5:59
  And
• 6:00
  given
• 6:00
  that
• 6:00
  they're
• 6:00
  all
• 6:00
  like
• 6:01
  living
• 6:01
  kind
• 6:01
  of
• 6:02
  in
• 6:02
  ocean
• 6:02
  environments,
• 6:03
  obviously
• 6:03
  ocean
• 6:04
  environments
• 6:04
  vary
• 6:05
  a
• 6:05
  little
• 6:05
  bit.
• 6:05
  Do
• 6:06
  they
• 6:06
  directly
• 6:06
  compete
• 6:06
  for
• 6:07
  food
• 6:07
  or
• 6:07
  are
• 6:07
  there
• 6:08
  ways
• 6:08
  they
• 6:08
  partition
• 6:09
  food
• 6:09
  resources
• 6:10
  where
• 6:10
  they
• 6:10
  have
• 6:10
  multiple
• 6:11
  species
• 6:11
  occurring?
• 6:12
  Well,
• 6:12
  some
• 6:13
  of
• 6:13
  them
• 6:13
  are
• 6:14
  what
• 6:14
  we
• 6:15
  biologists
• 6:16
  call
• 6:16
  allopatric.
• 6:18
  They
• 6:19
  are
• 6:19
  not
• 6:20
  mixed
• 6:21
  in
• 6:21
  space
• 6:22
  and
• 6:22
  time.
• 6:23
  One
• 6:23
  way
• 6:24
  to
• 6:24
  avoid
• 6:24
  competition
• 6:25
  is
• 6:25
  just
• 6:25
  by
• 6:25
  partitioning
• 6:26
  the
• 6:26
  space
• 6:27
  they
• 6:27
  use.
• 6:28
  For
• 6:28
  example,
• 6:29
  the
• 6:29
  Nazca
• 6:30
  boobies
• 6:31
  in
• 6:31
  the
• 6:31
  Galapagos
• 6:32
  are
• 6:32
  more
• 6:33
  traveling
• 6:34
  long
• 6:34
  distances,
• 6:35
  feeding
• 6:35
  on
• 6:36
  flying
• 6:36
  fish
• 6:37
  mainly.
• 6:38
  The
• 6:39
  red
• 6:39
  footed
• 6:39
  boobies
• 6:40
  are
• 6:40
  intermediate,
• 6:41
  they
• 6:41
  are
• 6:42
  between
• 6:42
  the
• 6:42
  pelagic
• 6:43
  and
• 6:43
  more
• 6:43
  incher
• 6:44
  and
• 6:45
  the
• 6:45
  blue
• 6:45
  footed
• 6:45
  boobies
• 6:46
  are
• 6:46
  more
• 6:46
  inch
• 6:47
  or
• 6:47
  feeder.
• 6:47
  So
• 6:48
  the
• 6:48
  competition
• 6:49
  is
• 6:51
  not
• 6:51
  so
• 6:52
  extreme.
• 6:53
  In
• 6:54
  Peru
• 6:54
  for
• 6:54
  example,
• 6:55
  we
• 6:55
  have
• 6:55
  two
• 6:56
  species
• 6:56
  of
• 6:56
  boobies,
• 6:57
  the
• 6:57
  Peruvian
• 6:57
  booby
• 6:58
  which
• 6:59
  is
• 7:00
  endemic
• 7:01
  of
• 7:01
  the
• 7:01
  Humboldt
• 7:02
  Current,
• 7:03
  which
• 7:03
  is,
• 7:05
  let's
• 7:05
  say
• 7:06
  cold
• 7:06
  water
• 7:08
  upwelling
• 7:09
  system.
• 7:11
  And
• 7:11
  in
• 7:11
  the
• 7:12
  north
• 7:12
  of
• 7:12
  Peru
• 7:13
  we
• 7:13
  have
• 7:13
  the
• 7:13
  blue
• 7:14
  footed
• 7:14
  booby.
• 7:15
  And
• 7:15
  there
• 7:15
  is
• 7:15
  an
• 7:15
  area
• 7:16
  where
• 7:16
  both
• 7:16
  blue
• 7:17
  footed
• 7:17
  and
• 7:17
  Peruvian
• 7:18
  boobies
• 7:19
  breed
• 7:20
  in
• 7:20
  the
• 7:20
  same
• 7:20
  place.
• 7:21
  And
• 7:21
  there,
• 7:22
  so
• 7:22
  there
• 7:22
  may
• 7:22
  be
• 7:23
  level
• 7:24
  of
• 7:24
  competition,
• 7:26
  but
• 7:26
  to
• 7:26
  avoid
• 7:26
  that,
• 7:28
  what
• 7:28
  is
• 7:29
  going
• 7:29
  on
• 7:29
  is
• 7:30
  that
• 7:30
  in
• 7:30
  this
• 7:30
  place
• 7:31
  there
• 7:31
  is
• 7:31
  a
• 7:31
  large
• 7:32
  population
• 7:32
  of
• 7:32
  blue
• 7:33
  footed
• 7:33
  boobies
• 7:34
  and
• 7:34
  a
• 7:34
  small
• 7:34
  population
• 7:35
  of
• 7:36
  Peruvian
• 7:37
  boobies.
• 7:38
  So
• 7:38
  Peruvian
• 7:39
  boobies
• 7:39
  are
• 7:39
  more
• 7:40
  prominent
• 7:40
  in
• 7:40
  the
• 7:41
  south.
• 7:42
  So
• 7:42
  in
• 7:42
  the
• 7:42
  north
• 7:43
  when
• 7:43
  they
• 7:43
  are
• 7:43
  competing
• 7:44
  with
• 7:44
  the
• 7:44
  blue
• 7:45
  footed
• 7:45
  boobies,
• 7:46
  they
• 7:46
  are
• 7:46
  in
• 7:46
  smaller
• 7:47
  numbers.
• 7:47
  So
• 7:47
  the
• 7:47
  competition
• 7:49
  would
• 7:49
  be
• 7:50
  lower
• 7:51
  if
• 7:51
  for
• 7:51
  example,
• 7:52
  there
• 7:52
  were
• 7:52
  more
• 7:52
  Peruvian
• 7:53
  boobies
• 7:53
  in
• 7:53
  this
• 7:54
  place.
• 7:54
  They
• 7:55
  both
• 7:55
  feed
• 7:56
  on
• 7:56
  anchovies
• 7:57
  and
• 7:58
  they
• 7:58
  feed
• 7:59
  almost
• 7:59
  the
• 7:59
  same
• 8:00
  way
• 8:00
  in
• 8:00
  the
• 8:00
  same
• 8:00
  areas.
• 8:01
  How
• 8:01
  do
• 8:02
  we
• 8:02
  know
• 8:02
  that?
• 8:02
  Because
• 8:03
  we
• 8:04
  place
• 8:04
  them
• 8:04
  in
• 8:04
  small
• 8:05
  devices
• 8:06
  and
• 8:07
  we
• 8:07
  know
• 8:07
  exactly
• 8:08
  where
• 8:08
  they're
• 8:08
  going.
• 8:08
  So
• 8:09
  they
• 8:09
  share
• 8:10
  the
• 8:10
  feeding
• 8:10
  area,
• 8:11
  but
• 8:12
  again
• 8:12
  they
• 8:13
  avoid
• 8:13
  competition
• 8:14
  by
• 8:14
  reducing
• 8:15
  one
• 8:15
  of
• 8:15
  them,
• 8:16
  at
• 8:16
  least
• 8:16
  reducing
• 8:16
  their
• 8:17
  numbers.
• 8:18
  Right,
• 8:18
  yeah.
• 8:19
  Can
• 8:19
  you
• 8:19
  talk
• 8:19
  a
• 8:19
  little
• 8:20
  bit
• 8:20
  about
• 8:20
  how
• 8:21
  you
• 8:21
  figured
• 8:21
  that
• 8:21
  out?
• 8:21
  And
• 8:22
  I
• 8:22
  helped
• 8:22
  a
• 8:22
  little
• 8:22
  bit
• 8:22
  back
• 8:23
  when
• 8:23
  I
• 8:23
  was
• 8:23
  in
• 8:23
  Peru
• 8:24
  to
• 8:24
  get
• 8:25
  these
• 8:25
  GPS
• 8:25
  loggers
• 8:26
  on
• 8:26
  the
• 8:26
  boobies
• 8:27
  and
• 8:27
  also
• 8:27
  depth
• 8:28
  loggers
• 8:28
  on
• 8:28
  their
• 8:28
  legs.
• 8:29
  So
• 8:29
  can
• 8:29
  you
• 8:29
  talk
• 8:29
  to
• 8:30
  us
• 8:30
  a
• 8:30
  little
• 8:30
  bit
• 8:30
  about
• 8:30
  just
• 8:30
  what
• 8:30
  that
• 8:31
  field
• 8:31
  work
• 8:31
  is
• 8:31
  like
• 8:32
  and
• 8:32
  then
• 8:33
  what
• 8:33
  the
• 8:33
  data
• 8:33
  showed
• 8:34
  because
• 8:34
  you
• 8:34
  were
• 8:34
  tracking
• 8:35
  them
• 8:35
  both
• 8:36
  on
• 8:36
  Lobos
• 8:36
  de
• 8:36
  Tierra
• 8:37
  and
• 8:37
  Lobos
• 8:37
  da
• 8:37
  Fuero,
• 8:38
  which
• 8:38
  are
• 8:38
  these
• 8:38
  islands
• 8:38
  in
• 8:39
  northern
• 8:39
  Peru
• 8:39
  where
• 8:40
  I
• 8:40
  had
• 8:40
  the
• 8:40
  pleasure
• 8:40
  of
• 8:40
  living
• 8:41
  for
• 8:41
  a
• 8:41
  few
• 8:41
  weeks
• 8:41
  with
• 8:42
  you
• 8:42
  back
• 8:42
  in.
• 8:43
  What
• 8:43
  is
• 8:44
  it?
• 8:44
  It
• 8:44
  was
• 8:44
  like
• 8:44
  almost
• 8:45
  20
• 8:45
  years
• 8:45
  ago.
• 8:47
  20
• 8:47
  years
• 8:47
  ago.
• 8:48
  Crazy.
• 8:49
  Yeah.
• 8:50
  Tell
• 8:50
  us
• 8:50
  a
• 8:50
  little
• 8:50
  bit
• 8:50
  about
• 8:50
  tracking
• 8:51
  them
• 8:51
  and
• 8:51
  getting
• 8:52
  that
• 8:52
  depth
• 8:52
  information
• 8:53
  to
• 8:53
  really
• 8:53
  understand
• 8:53
  like
• 8:54
  this
• 8:54
  whether
• 8:55
  there
• 8:55
  is
• 8:55
  or
• 8:55
  isn't
• 8:55
  competition
• 8:56
  between
• 8:56
  blue
• 8:56
  footed
• 8:56
  and
• 8:57
  Peruvian
• 8:57
  boobies.
• 8:57
  Sure.
• 8:59
  There
• 8:59
  was
• 8:59
  like
• 8:59
  the
• 9:00
  beginning
• 9:00
  of
• 9:01
  my
• 9:02
  studies
• 9:02
  with
• 9:02
  boobies.
• 9:03
  So
• 9:03
  my
• 9:03
  first
• 9:04
  contact
• 9:04
  with
• 9:05
  boobies,
• 9:05
  I
• 9:05
  was
• 9:06
  studying
• 9:06
  other
• 9:07
  seabirds
• 9:07
  before
• 9:08
  that
• 9:08
  date
• 9:08
  or
• 9:09
  that
• 9:09
  year.
• 9:11
  But
• 9:11
  the
• 9:11
  movies
• 9:12
  were
• 9:12
  like,
• 9:12
  you
• 9:12
  know,
• 9:13
  part
• 9:13
  of
• 9:13
  the
• 9:13
  landscape
• 9:14
  for
• 9:14
  me.
• 9:14
  It's
• 9:15
  like
• 9:15
  I
• 9:16
  was
• 9:16
  just,
• 9:16
  you
• 9:16
  know,
• 9:17
  working
• 9:17
  with
• 9:17
  cormorants
• 9:18
  and
• 9:18
  the
• 9:18
  movies
• 9:19
  were
• 9:19
  on
• 9:19
  the
• 9:19
  back
• 9:20
  of
• 9:20
  the
• 9:21
  background,
• 9:21
  you
• 9:21
  know,
• 9:21
  in
• 9:22
  the
• 9:22
  landscape.
• 9:22
  So
• 9:22
  which
• 9:23
  is
• 9:23
  watching
• 9:23
  them
• 9:24
  just
• 9:24
  from
• 9:24
  distance,
• 9:25
  you
• 9:26
  know.
• 9:26
  But
• 9:27
  in
• 9:28
  Lobos,
• 9:29
  one
• 9:29
  day
• 9:29
  I
• 9:30
  was
• 9:30
  working
• 9:31
  for
• 9:31
  an
• 9:31
  institution
• 9:32
  here
• 9:32
  in
• 9:32
  Peru
• 9:33
  and
• 9:33
  my
• 9:34
  work
• 9:34
  was
• 9:34
  to
• 9:35
  count
• 9:35
  sea
• 9:35
  lions
• 9:36
  on
• 9:36
  Lobos
• 9:37
  de
• 9:37
  Tierra
• 9:37
  island
• 9:38
  in
• 9:38
  northern
• 9:38
  Peru.
• 9:39
  So
• 9:39
  I
• 9:39
  landed
• 9:40
  on
• 9:40
  the
• 9:40
  island
• 9:40
  for
• 9:40
  first
• 9:41
  time
• 9:41
  and
• 9:41
  my
• 9:42
  first
• 9:42
  impression
• 9:42
  was
• 9:43
  just
• 9:43
  watching
• 9:44
  the
• 9:44
  blue
• 9:44
  footed
• 9:45
  movies
• 9:45
  because
• 9:45
  they
• 9:46
  were
• 9:46
  all
• 9:47
  over
• 9:47
  the
• 9:47
  place
• 9:48
  who
• 9:49
  were
• 9:49
  not
• 9:49
  scared
• 9:50
  of
• 9:50
  humans
• 9:51
  so
• 9:52
  you
• 9:52
  could
• 9:52
  walk
• 9:53
  beside
• 9:53
  them
• 9:53
  without
• 9:54
  any
• 9:54
  problems.
• 9:55
  And
• 9:56
  I
• 9:56
  said,
• 9:56
  someday
• 9:57
  I
• 9:57
  will
• 9:57
  come
• 9:57
  back.
• 9:59
  And
• 9:59
  it
• 9:59
  was
• 10:00
  true.
• 10:00
  So
• 10:00
  I
• 10:00
  met
• 10:01
  a
• 10:01
  person
• 10:02
  in
• 10:02
  Mexico
• 10:05
  who
• 10:05
  was
• 10:06
  building
• 10:06
  this
• 10:07
  small
• 10:08
  GPS
• 10:09
  to
• 10:09
  be
• 10:10
  used
• 10:10
  in
• 10:10
  zippers
• 10:11
  mainly,
• 10:13
  and
• 10:13
  from
• 10:14
  Italy.
• 10:14
  His
• 10:15
  name
• 10:15
  is
• 10:15
  Giacomo,
• 10:16
  who
• 10:16
  was
• 10:16
  with
• 10:17
  us
• 10:17
  in
• 10:18
  the.
• 10:18
  In
• 10:18
  the.
• 10:20
  And
• 10:20
  it
• 10:20
  was
• 10:20
  an
• 10:20
  anecdote,
• 10:21
  you
• 10:21
  know,
• 10:21
  because
• 10:22
  I
• 10:22
  was
• 10:22
  a
• 10:22
  PhD
• 10:23
  student
• 10:24
  in
• 10:25
  the
• 10:25
  US
• 10:25
  and
• 10:26
  I,
• 10:26
  you
• 10:26
  know,
• 10:26
  was
• 10:27
  in
• 10:27
  this
• 10:27
  meeting
• 10:27
  and
• 10:28
  so
• 10:28
  I
• 10:28
  met
• 10:28
  Giacomo
• 10:29
  and
• 10:29
  I
• 10:29
  said,
• 10:30
  oh,
• 10:30
  Giacomo,
• 10:30
  how
• 10:31
  are
• 10:31
  you?
• 10:31
  I
• 10:31
  said,
• 10:31
  oh,
• 10:32
  yeah,
• 10:32
  I
• 10:32
  study
• 10:33
  blue.
• 10:33
  Well,
• 10:33
  I
• 10:34
  would
• 10:34
  like
• 10:34
  to
• 10:34
  study
• 10:34
  blue
• 10:35
  footed
• 10:35
  movies,
• 10:35
  but
• 10:35
  I
• 10:36
  don't
• 10:36
  have
• 10:36
  money.
• 10:37
  And
• 10:37
  I.
• 10:37
  And
• 10:37
  he
• 10:37
  said,
• 10:38
  no
• 10:38
  worries,
• 10:41
  give
• 10:41
  me
• 10:41
  a
• 10:42
  date
• 10:42
  and
• 10:42
  a
• 10:43
  place
• 10:44
  to
• 10:45
  land
• 10:45
  on
• 10:45
  Lima
• 10:46
  and
• 10:46
  I
• 10:46
  will
• 10:46
  go
• 10:47
  with
• 10:47
  you.
• 10:48
  And
• 10:48
  that
• 10:48
  was
• 10:48
  it.
• 10:49
  So
• 10:49
  he
• 10:49
  brought
• 10:49
  the
• 10:50
  GPS
• 10:51
  and
• 10:51
  he
• 10:51
  brought
• 10:52
  everything.
• 10:52
  He
• 10:52
  taught
• 10:53
  me
• 10:53
  how
• 10:53
  to
• 10:54
  use
• 10:54
  them.
• 10:55
  For
• 10:55
  first
• 10:55
  time,
• 10:56
  first
• 10:56
  question
• 10:57
  we
• 10:57
  had
• 10:57
  was,
• 10:57
  okay,
• 10:58
  the
• 10:58
  blue
• 10:59
  footed
• 10:59
  boobies
• 11:00
  are
• 11:00
  found
• 11:00
  usually
• 11:01
  in
• 11:01
  tropical
• 11:01
  waters.
• 11:02
  Right.
• 11:02
  So
• 11:04
  in
• 11:04
  Panama,
• 11:04
  southern
• 11:05
  Mexico,
• 11:06
  et
• 11:06
  cetera.
• 11:07
  And
• 11:07
  what
• 11:07
  they
• 11:07
  are
• 11:07
  doing
• 11:08
  here
• 11:08
  in
• 11:08
  Peru,
• 11:09
  of
• 11:09
  course,
• 11:10
  they
• 11:10
  are
• 11:10
  in
• 11:11
  Lobos
• 11:12
  de
• 11:12
  Tierra
• 11:13
  island,
• 11:13
  which
• 11:13
  is
• 11:13
  in
• 11:13
  northern
• 11:14
  Peru,
• 11:15
  but
• 11:15
  still
• 11:16
  under
• 11:16
  the
• 11:17
  influence
• 11:17
  of
• 11:17
  the
• 11:17
  Humboldt
• 11:18
  current.
• 11:19
  Yeah,
• 11:19
  the
• 11:20
  water
• 11:20
  is
• 11:20
  still
• 11:20
  very
• 11:20
  cold
• 11:20
  there,
• 11:21
  right?
• 11:21
  Yeah,
• 11:22
  still
• 11:23
  within
• 11:23
  the
• 11:24
  Humboldt
• 11:24
  Current
• 11:25
  realm.
• 11:27
  And
• 11:27
  my
• 11:28
  first
• 11:28
  question
• 11:28
  was,
• 11:29
  are
• 11:29
  they
• 11:29
  going
• 11:30
  offshore
• 11:31
  to
• 11:32
  tropical
• 11:32
  waters,
• 11:33
  you
• 11:33
  know,
• 11:33
  outside
• 11:34
  the
• 11:34
  Humboldt
• 11:35
  Current
• 11:37
  waters.
• 11:39
  They
• 11:39
  are
• 11:39
  feeding
• 11:40
  on
• 11:41
  tropical
• 11:42
  fish
• 11:42
  species,
• 11:43
  not
• 11:43
  anchovies.
• 11:44
  And
• 11:45
  this
• 11:45
  was
• 11:45
  the
• 11:45
  first
• 11:46
  question
• 11:46
  we
• 11:46
  had
• 11:47
  and
• 11:48
  that
• 11:48
  was
• 11:49
  a
• 11:49
  magnificent
• 11:50
  opportunity.
• 11:51
  Opportunity
• 11:53
  for
• 11:53
  testing
• 11:53
  this
• 11:54
  because
• 11:54
  the
• 11:55
  blue
• 11:56
  footed
• 11:56
  boobies
• 11:56
  were
• 11:57
  actually
• 11:57
  breeding
• 11:58
  in
• 11:58
  a
• 11:59
  system.
• 12:00
  So
• 12:00
  let's
• 12:01
  do
• 12:01
  it.
• 12:01
  And
• 12:01
  we
• 12:01
  did
• 12:02
  it.
• 12:02
  And
• 12:02
  we
• 12:02
  find
• 12:03
  out
• 12:03
  that
• 12:05
  the
• 12:05
  blue
• 12:05
  footed
• 12:05
  boobies
• 12:06
  were
• 12:06
  feeding
• 12:07
  inside
• 12:07
  the
• 12:07
  Humboldt
• 12:08
  Current
• 12:09
  and
• 12:09
  feeding
• 12:09
  on
• 12:09
  anchovies.
• 12:11
  So
• 12:11
  that
• 12:11
  was
• 12:11
  very
• 12:12
  new
• 12:12
  for
• 12:12
  us.
• 12:13
  Very
• 12:13
  new.
• 12:13
  Yeah.
• 12:14
  And
• 12:15
  so
• 12:15
  that
• 12:15
  was
• 12:15
  before
• 12:16
  I
• 12:16
  went.
• 12:16
  So
• 12:16
  was
• 12:17
  Giacomo
• 12:17
  was
• 12:17
  with
• 12:18
  us
• 12:18
  when
• 12:18
  I
• 12:18
  went
• 12:18
  out.
• 12:18
  I
• 12:18
  remember
• 12:19
  he
• 12:19
  bought
• 12:19
  that
• 12:19
  trumpet
• 12:20
  in
• 12:20
  Lima
• 12:20
  to
• 12:20
  learn
• 12:21
  how
• 12:21
  to
• 12:21
  play
• 12:21
  the
• 12:21
  trumpet
• 12:22
  out
• 12:22
  on
• 12:22
  the
• 12:22
  island.
• 12:25
  What
• 12:25
  a
• 12:25
  nice
• 12:26
  guy.
• 12:26
  But
• 12:26
  can
• 12:26
  you
• 12:26
  talk
• 12:27
  to
• 12:27
  everyone
• 12:27
  about
• 12:27
  how
• 12:28
  you
• 12:28
  figure
• 12:28
  out
• 12:28
  what
• 12:28
  they're
• 12:29
  eating?
• 12:29
  Because
• 12:29
  I
• 12:29
  was,
• 12:30
  I
• 12:31
  helped
• 12:31
  with
• 12:31
  this
• 12:31
  a
• 12:31
  bit
• 12:31
  when
• 12:31
  I
• 12:32
  was
• 12:32
  out
• 12:32
  there
• 12:32
  too,
• 12:32
  but
• 12:33
  it's
• 12:33
  kind
• 12:33
  of
• 12:34
  gross.
• 12:34
  Yeah.
• 12:35
  Okay.
• 12:35
  Okay,
• 12:36
  that's
• 12:36
  interesting.
• 12:39
  Usually
• 12:40
  when
• 12:41
  you
• 12:41
  grab
• 12:41
  a
• 12:42
  booby
• 12:44
  to,
• 12:44
  you
• 12:44
  know,
• 12:46
  attach
• 12:47
  a
• 12:47
  GPS
• 12:48
  logger,
• 12:48
  for
• 12:49
  example,
• 12:49
  you
• 12:49
  need
• 12:49
  to
• 12:49
  grab
• 12:50
  it.
• 12:50
  So
• 12:50
  you
• 12:50
  use
• 12:51
  a
• 12:51
  long
• 12:51
  pole.
• 12:52
  Sometimes
• 12:52
  you
• 12:53
  can
• 12:53
  just
• 12:53
  do
• 12:53
  it
• 12:53
  with
• 12:54
  your
• 12:54
  hands.
• 12:55
  Of
• 12:55
  course
• 12:55
  you
• 12:55
  need
• 12:56
  to
• 12:56
  use
• 12:56
  a
• 12:56
  glove
• 12:57
  because
• 12:57
  the
• 12:57
  bill
• 12:58
  of
• 12:59
  any
• 12:59
  booby
• 13:00
  organette
• 13:01
  is
• 13:01
  very
• 13:01
  dangerous.
• 13:02
  They
• 13:02
  have
• 13:04
  serrated
• 13:06
  and
• 13:07
  they
• 13:07
  are
• 13:07
  very
• 13:07
  sharp.
• 13:08
  It's
• 13:08
  very
• 13:08
  dangerous.
• 13:09
  Okay.
• 13:12
  So
• 13:12
  you
• 13:12
  need
• 13:12
  to
• 13:12
  use
• 13:12
  gloves,
• 13:13
  of
• 13:13
  course.
• 13:14
  Nazca
• 13:14
  boobies
• 13:14
  in
• 13:14
  the
• 13:15
  Galapagos,
• 13:15
  I
• 13:15
  grab
• 13:16
  them
• 13:16
  from
• 13:17
  the
• 13:17
  bill,
• 13:18
  just
• 13:20
  extend
• 13:21
  my
• 13:21
  hand
• 13:21
  and
• 13:22
  grab
• 13:22
  them
• 13:22
  from
• 13:22
  the
• 13:22
  bill
• 13:23
  without
• 13:23
  any
• 13:23
  problems.
• 13:24
  And
• 13:24
  if
• 13:24
  they
• 13:24
  are
• 13:25
  returning
• 13:25
  from
• 13:26
  a
• 13:27
  foraging
• 13:27
  trip,
• 13:29
  they
• 13:29
  immediately
• 13:31
  regurgitate.
• 13:32
  So
• 13:32
  you
• 13:33
  don't
• 13:33
  need
• 13:33
  to
• 13:33
  do
• 13:33
  anything,
• 13:34
  it's
• 13:34
  just
• 13:35
  the
• 13:35
  act
• 13:35
  of
• 13:36
  grabbing
• 13:36
  them.
• 13:37
  Yeah,
• 13:38
  you
• 13:38
  know,
• 13:40
  makes
• 13:41
  that
• 13:41
  they
• 13:41
  can.
• 13:42
  They
• 13:43
  regurgitate
• 13:44
  all
• 13:44
  the
• 13:44
  food.
• 13:44
  So
• 13:44
  you
• 13:45
  have
• 13:46
  all
• 13:46
  the
• 13:46
  anchovies,
• 13:47
  all
• 13:47
  the
• 13:47
  fish
• 13:48
  they
• 13:48
  feed
• 13:48
  on
• 13:49
  during
• 13:49
  that
• 13:49
  time,
• 13:50
  that
• 13:50
  trip.
• 13:51
  So
• 13:51
  we
• 13:51
  were
• 13:52
  collecting
• 13:52
  those
• 13:53
  and
• 13:53
  then
• 13:53
  putting
• 13:54
  in
• 13:54
  bags
• 13:55
  and
• 13:55
  then
• 13:55
  because
• 13:56
  we
• 13:56
  needed
• 13:56
  to,
• 13:56
  you
• 13:57
  know,
• 13:57
  grab
• 13:57
  10,
• 13:58
  12,
• 13:58
  15
• 14:00
  boobies
• 14:00
  in
• 14:00
  a
• 14:00
  row.
• 14:01
  So
• 14:02
  we
• 14:02
  return
• 14:02
  it
• 14:02
  to
• 14:03
  our
• 14:03
  station
• 14:04
  with
• 14:05
  15
• 14:05
  bags
• 14:06
  of
• 14:06
  food,
• 14:07
  15
• 14:07
  bags.
• 14:08
  Of
• 14:08
  booby
• 14:08
  vomit
• 14:08
  that
• 14:09
  you
• 14:09
  then
• 14:09
  had
• 14:09
  to
• 14:09
  sort
• 14:09
  through.
• 14:11
  You
• 14:11
  know
• 14:11
  what,
• 14:12
  they
• 14:12
  were
• 14:12
  fresh.
• 14:13
  Yeah,
• 14:14
  it's
• 14:14
  not
• 14:14
  that
• 14:14
  gross.
• 14:14
  I
• 14:15
  mean,
• 14:15
  it's
• 14:15
  not
• 14:15
  the.
• 14:15
  Not
• 14:16
  so
• 14:16
  smelly,
• 14:16
  you
• 14:17
  know.
• 14:17
  Yeah,
• 14:18
  I
• 14:18
  mean
• 14:18
  it's
• 14:19
  still
• 14:19
  oily
• 14:19
  fish,
• 14:19
  even
• 14:20
  though
• 14:20
  it's
• 14:20
  fresh.
• 14:20
  Oily
• 14:21
  fish.
• 14:21
  But
• 14:22
  I'm
• 14:22
  pretty
• 14:22
  sure
• 14:22
  some
• 14:23
  of
• 14:23
  the
• 14:23
  clothes
• 14:23
  I
• 14:23
  wore
• 14:23
  when
• 14:24
  I
• 14:24
  was
• 14:24
  out
• 14:24
  there
• 14:24
  had
• 14:24
  fish
• 14:25
  stains
• 14:25
  like
• 14:25
  for
• 14:26
  the
• 14:26
  rest
• 14:26
  of
• 14:26
  time
• 14:26
  until
• 14:27
  I
• 14:27
  got
• 14:27
  rid
• 14:27
  of
• 14:27
  it.
• 14:27
  I
• 14:28
  can
• 14:28
  imagine,
• 14:28
  you
• 14:29
  know,
• 14:29
  you
• 14:29
  coming
• 14:29
  from
• 14:30
  genetic
• 14:31
  lab,
• 14:33
  you
• 14:33
  know,
• 14:34
  very.
• 14:34
  Everything
• 14:34
  you
• 14:35
  know
• 14:35
  is
• 14:35
  very
• 14:35
  Pristine
• 14:36
  and
• 14:36
  clean,
• 14:37
  you
• 14:37
  know,
• 14:38
  and
• 14:39
  coming
• 14:39
  for
• 14:39
  first
• 14:40
  time
• 14:40
  to
• 14:40
  a
• 14:40
  guano
• 14:41
  island
• 14:41
  when
• 14:42
  is
• 14:42
  everything
• 14:42
  is
• 14:43
  the
• 14:43
  opposite.
• 14:44
  You
• 14:44
  know,
• 14:45
  traveling
• 14:46
  in
• 14:46
  fishermen
• 14:47
  boats,
• 14:48
  they
• 14:48
  are
• 14:48
  not
• 14:48
  clean
• 14:49
  at
• 14:49
  all.
• 14:50
  You
• 14:50
  know,
• 14:50
  working
• 14:50
  with
• 14:51
  the
• 14:51
  boobies
• 14:51
  and
• 14:51
  the
• 14:52
  wano
• 14:52
  and
• 14:52
  the
• 14:52
  ticks
• 14:53
  and
• 14:53
  then
• 14:53
  the
• 14:53
  vomits.
• 14:54
  It
• 14:55
  was
• 14:55
  very
• 14:55
  traumatic
• 14:56
  for
• 14:56
  you,
• 14:56
  for
• 14:56
  sure.
• 14:59
  It
• 14:59
  was
• 14:59
  definitely
• 15:00
  what
• 15:00
  I
• 15:00
  describe
• 15:00
  now
• 15:01
  as
• 15:01
  type
• 15:01
  two
• 15:01
  fun.
• 15:02
  Yeah,
• 15:02
  I
• 15:02
  was
• 15:02
  definitely
• 15:03
  stressed
• 15:03
  out
• 15:03
  a
• 15:04
  lot
• 15:04
  of
• 15:04
  the
• 15:04
  time.
• 15:05
  I
• 15:06
  think
• 15:06
  it
• 15:06
  was
• 15:06
  my
• 15:06
  first
• 15:06
  trip
• 15:07
  outside
• 15:07
  of,
• 15:07
  like,
• 15:08
  North
• 15:08
  America
• 15:08
  proper.
• 15:09
  And
• 15:09
  then
• 15:09
  I'm
• 15:09
  on
• 15:09
  these
• 15:10
  guano
• 15:11
  islands
• 15:11
  covered
• 15:11
  in
• 15:11
  ticks.
• 15:12
  I
• 15:12
  remember
• 15:13
  when
• 15:13
  we
• 15:13
  got
• 15:13
  to
• 15:13
  Lobos
• 15:14
  de
• 15:14
  Tierra,
• 15:15
  I
• 15:15
  guess,
• 15:15
  because
• 15:15
  we'd
• 15:15
  been
• 15:16
  in
• 15:16
  the
• 15:16
  boat
• 15:16
  for
• 15:16
  14
• 15:17
  or
• 15:17
  15
• 15:17
  hours
• 15:18
  at
• 15:18
  that
• 15:18
  point,
• 15:18
  and
• 15:18
  it
• 15:19
  was
• 15:19
  morning.
• 15:20
  We
• 15:20
  did
• 15:20
  the
• 15:20
  sampling
• 15:20
  and
• 15:21
  I
• 15:21
  went
• 15:21
  to
• 15:21
  lay
• 15:21
  down
• 15:21
  and
• 15:22
  I
• 15:22
  was
• 15:22
  in
• 15:22
  that
• 15:22
  little
• 15:22
  hut,
• 15:23
  and
• 15:23
  I
• 15:23
  remember
• 15:23
  feeling
• 15:24
  like
• 15:24
  I
• 15:24
  was
• 15:24
  being
• 15:24
  watched
• 15:25
  and
• 15:25
  looking
• 15:25
  over
• 15:26
  on
• 15:26
  the
• 15:27
  pillow
• 15:27
  and
• 15:27
  there
• 15:27
  were
• 15:27
  like
• 15:28
  five
• 15:28
  giant
• 15:29
  adult
• 15:29
  ticks
• 15:30
  just
• 15:30
  slowly
• 15:30
  walking
• 15:31
  towards
• 15:31
  my
• 15:31
  head.
• 15:32
  And
• 15:32
  I
• 15:32
  was
• 15:32
  like,
• 15:32
  nope,
• 15:33
  absolutely
• 15:33
  not.
• 15:34
  I'm
• 15:34
  not
• 15:34
  going
• 15:34
  to
• 15:34
  nap.
• 15:36
  Yeah.
• 15:36
  Oh,
• 15:37
  man.
• 15:40
  Okay.
• 15:41
  Even
• 15:41
  just
• 15:42
  using
• 15:42
  a
• 15:42
  rope
• 15:42
  ladder
• 15:43
  to
• 15:43
  get
• 15:43
  onto
• 15:43
  some
• 15:43
  of
• 15:43
  those
• 15:44
  islands
• 15:44
  was,
• 15:44
  like,
• 15:45
  the
• 15:45
  first
• 15:45
  time
• 15:45
  I'd
• 15:45
  ever
• 15:46
  used
• 15:46
  a
• 15:46
  rope
• 15:46
  ladder.
• 15:47
  It's
• 15:47
  hard
• 15:47
  to
• 15:48
  paint
• 15:48
  a
• 15:48
  picture
• 15:48
  for
• 15:48
  people
• 15:48
  listening,
• 15:49
  but
• 15:49
  for
• 15:49
  some
• 15:49
  of
• 15:49
  these
• 15:50
  islands,
• 15:50
  like,
• 15:50
  you
• 15:50
  have
• 15:50
  to
• 15:51
  go
• 15:52
  up
• 15:52
  to
• 15:52
  a
• 15:53
  dock
• 15:53
  that
• 15:53
  was
• 15:53
  originally
• 15:54
  built
• 15:54
  for,
• 15:54
  like,
• 15:55
  the
• 15:55
  guano
• 15:55
  ships
• 15:56
  that
• 15:56
  would
• 15:56
  collect
• 15:56
  bags
• 15:57
  of
• 15:57
  guano.
• 15:57
  And
• 15:58
  like,
• 15:58
  the
• 15:58
  rope
• 15:58
  ladder,
• 15:59
  I
• 15:59
  feel
• 15:59
  in
• 15:59
  my
• 15:59
  head
• 16:00
  it
• 16:00
  was
• 16:00
  35ft,
• 16:01
  but
• 16:01
  maybe
• 16:01
  it
• 16:02
  wasn't
• 16:02
  that
• 16:02
  long,
• 16:02
  but
• 16:02
  it
• 16:02
  was
• 16:03
  a
• 16:03
  long
• 16:03
  rope
• 16:03
  ladder.
• 16:04
  Until
• 16:04
  I
• 16:04
  get
• 16:05
  onto
• 16:05
  that
• 16:05
  out
• 16:06
  of
• 16:06
  a
• 16:06
  boat
• 16:06
  that's
• 16:06
  moving
• 16:07
  in,
• 16:08
  you
• 16:08
  know,
• 16:08
  the
• 16:08
  surf,
• 16:09
  and
• 16:09
  then
• 16:10
  climbing
• 16:10
  up
• 16:10
  a
• 16:10
  rope
• 16:10
  ladder,
• 16:11
  which,
• 16:11
  if
• 16:11
  you're
• 16:11
  listening,
• 16:11
  you
• 16:12
  don't
• 16:12
  use,
• 16:12
  like
• 16:12
  a
• 16:12
  normal
• 16:13
  ladder.
• 16:13
  You
• 16:13
  have
• 16:13
  to
• 16:14
  climb
• 16:14
  up
• 16:14
  with
• 16:14
  the
• 16:15
  ladder,
• 16:15
  like,
• 16:15
  between
• 16:16
  you.
• 16:16
  It's
• 16:16
  hard
• 16:16
  to
• 16:17
  describe.
• 16:17
  But
• 16:17
  anyways,
• 16:18
  lots
• 16:18
  of
• 16:18
  firsts
• 16:19
  for
• 16:19
  me
• 16:19
  on
• 16:19
  that
• 16:19
  trip.
• 16:20
  Definitely.
• 16:21
  Yeah.
• 16:22
  Sorry,
• 16:22
  Scott.
• 16:23
  No,
• 16:24
  don't
• 16:24
  apologize.
• 16:26
  I
• 16:27
  had
• 16:27
  a
• 16:27
  great
• 16:27
  time.
• 16:27
  I
• 16:27
  mean,
• 16:28
  it
• 16:28
  was
• 16:28
  definitely
• 16:29
  character
• 16:29
  building.
• 16:30
  And
• 16:30
  I
• 16:31
  think
• 16:31
  fondly
• 16:31
  about
• 16:32
  the
• 16:32
  guard
• 16:33
  on
• 16:33
  Lobos
• 16:33
  de
• 16:34
  Fuera
• 16:34
  who
• 16:35
  would
• 16:35
  give
• 16:35
  us
• 16:36
  mangoes.
• 16:38
  That
• 16:38
  was
• 16:38
  pretty
• 16:38
  clutch
• 16:39
  for
• 16:39
  my
• 16:39
  mental
• 16:39
  health.
• 16:40
  Fresh
• 16:41
  fish
• 16:41
  as
• 16:41
  well.
• 16:42
  Yeah.
• 16:43
  I
• 16:43
  mean,
• 16:43
  the
• 16:43
  ceviche
• 16:44
  was
• 16:44
  amazing.
• 16:44
  Yeah.
• 16:45
  I
• 16:45
  don't
• 16:46
  remember
• 16:46
  until
• 16:47
  today
• 16:49
  having
• 16:51
  so
• 16:51
  high
• 16:52
  infestation
• 16:52
  of
• 16:53
  ticks.
• 16:53
  There
• 16:53
  were
• 16:53
  millions
• 16:54
  of
• 16:54
  them
• 16:54
  and
• 16:55
  they
• 16:55
  were
• 16:56
  crawling
• 16:56
  over
• 16:56
  your
• 16:57
  body.
• 16:57
  So
• 16:58
  we
• 16:58
  needed
• 16:58
  to
• 16:58
  take
• 16:59
  the
• 16:59
  blood
• 16:59
  sample
• 16:59
  with
• 16:59
  all
• 17:00
  the
• 17:00
  ticks
• 17:00
  on
• 17:01
  us,
• 17:02
  you
• 17:02
  know,
• 17:03
  and
• 17:03
  then
• 17:03
  we
• 17:04
  finished.
• 17:05
  All
• 17:05
  of
• 17:05
  us
• 17:06
  ran
• 17:06
  to
• 17:06
  the
• 17:07
  dock
• 17:07
  and
• 17:07
  jumped
• 17:08
  off
• 17:08
  the
• 17:08
  water.
• 17:09
  Yeah.
• 17:09
  With
• 17:09
  all
• 17:10
  our
• 17:10
  clothes
• 17:10
  on.
• 17:11
  Yeah.
• 17:13
  I
• 17:13
  mean,
• 17:13
  we
• 17:13
  didn't
• 17:14
  care.
• 17:14
  How
• 17:14
  high
• 17:15
  was
• 17:15
  the
• 17:15
  dock
• 17:16
  to
• 17:16
  the
• 17:16
  water?
• 17:17
  We
• 17:17
  didn't
• 17:17
  care.
• 17:18
  So
• 17:18
  we
• 17:18
  just
• 17:18
  jumped.
• 17:19
  No.
• 17:19
  Yeah,
• 17:20
  that
• 17:20
  was
• 17:20
  probably
• 17:21
  the
• 17:21
  highest
• 17:21
  I've
• 17:21
  ever
• 17:22
  jumped
• 17:22
  into
• 17:22
  water
• 17:23
  from.
• 17:23
  And
• 17:23
  also
• 17:24
  the
• 17:24
  water
• 17:24
  was
• 17:24
  very
• 17:24
  cold.
• 17:25
  For
• 17:25
  anyone
• 17:25
  who
• 17:25
  sing
• 17:25
  the
• 17:26
  Humboldt
• 17:26
  Current
• 17:26
  is
• 17:27
  cold
• 17:27
  water.
• 17:28
  It
• 17:28
  is
• 17:28
  very
• 17:28
  refreshing.
• 17:29
  Almost
• 17:30
  takes
• 17:30
  your
• 17:30
  breath
• 17:30
  away.
• 17:30
  But
• 17:31
  yeah,
• 17:31
  that's
• 17:32
  funny
• 17:32
  that
• 17:32
  that
• 17:32
  was
• 17:32
  like
• 17:32
  the
• 17:33
  tickiest
• 17:33
  it's
• 17:33
  ever
• 17:33
  been.
• 17:34
  I
• 17:34
  thought
• 17:34
  that
• 17:34
  was
• 17:34
  just
• 17:35
  like,
• 17:35
  I
• 17:35
  mean,
• 17:35
  I
• 17:35
  guess
• 17:35
  lobo
• 17:36
  stuff
• 17:36
  wear
• 17:36
  Tahira
• 17:37
  weren't
• 17:37
  as
• 17:37
  ticky.
• 17:38
  But
• 17:38
  for
• 17:38
  folks
• 17:38
  listening,
• 17:39
  seabirds
• 17:39
  can
• 17:39
  get
• 17:39
  a
• 17:40
  lot
• 17:40
  of
• 17:40
  these
• 17:40
  ectoparasites,
• 17:41
  right.
• 17:41
  They're
• 17:41
  living
• 17:41
  in
• 17:42
  these
• 17:42
  really
• 17:42
  dense
• 17:43
  colonies
• 17:43
  which
• 17:43
  is
• 17:43
  a
• 17:44
  great
• 17:44
  place
• 17:44
  for
• 17:44
  things
• 17:44
  like
• 17:45
  ticks
• 17:45
  and
• 17:45
  other
• 17:46
  parasites
• 17:46
  to
• 17:47
  live.
• 17:47
  But
• 17:48
  yeah,
• 17:49
  I've
• 17:49
  never
• 17:49
  seen
• 17:49
  that
• 17:49
  many
• 17:50
  ticks
• 17:50
  in
• 17:50
  my
• 17:50
  life.
• 17:50
  And
• 17:51
  they're
• 17:51
  different
• 17:51
  than
• 17:51
  the
• 17:52
  ticks
• 17:52
  that
• 17:52
  people
• 17:52
  in
• 17:52
  North
• 17:53
  America
• 17:53
  might
• 17:53
  be
• 17:53
  familiar
• 17:54
  with
• 17:54
  where
• 17:54
  we
• 17:55
  have
• 17:55
  these
• 17:55
  hard
• 17:55
  bodied
• 17:56
  ticks
• 17:56
  that
• 17:56
  you
• 17:56
  can't
• 17:57
  really
• 17:57
  kill.
• 17:58
  These
• 17:58
  ticks
• 17:59
  are
• 17:59
  soft
• 17:59
  bodied
• 18:00
  or
• 18:00
  gassed
• 18:01
  ticks
• 18:01
  and
• 18:02
  you
• 18:02
  can
• 18:02
  squish
• 18:02
  them
• 18:03
  which
• 18:03
  is
• 18:03
  really
• 18:03
  satisfying.
• 18:04
  But
• 18:04
  when
• 18:04
  there's
• 18:05
  10,000
• 18:05
  of
• 18:05
  them
• 18:05
  on
• 18:06
  your
• 18:06
  arm,
• 18:07
  you
• 18:07
  can't
• 18:08
  squish
• 18:08
  all
• 18:08
  of
• 18:08
  them.
• 18:09
  Yeah.
• 18:10
  Particularly
• 18:10
  when
• 18:11
  you
• 18:11
  are
• 18:11
  focused
• 18:11
  on
• 18:12
  taking
• 18:12
  blood.
• 18:13
  Yeah,
• 18:14
  yeah.
• 18:14
  You
• 18:15
  cannot
• 18:15
  move
• 18:15
  so
• 18:15
  you
• 18:16
  need
• 18:16
  to
• 18:16
  be
• 18:16
  very
• 18:16
  precise
• 18:17
  and
• 18:17
  you
• 18:17
  know
• 18:17
  all
• 18:17
  the,
• 18:18
  you
• 18:18
  know
• 18:18
  in
• 18:18
  your
• 18:18
  face
• 18:19
  or
• 18:19
  everything.
• 18:20
  So
• 18:20
  it's,
• 18:20
  it's.
• 18:20
  Well
• 18:21
  that's
• 18:21
  the
• 18:21
  way
• 18:22
  that
• 18:22
  was
• 18:22
  the
• 18:22
  way.
• 18:22
  Yeah,
• 18:23
  that's
• 18:23
  the
• 18:23
  way
• 18:23
  we
• 18:23
  got
• 18:24
  through
• 18:24
  it.
• 18:24
  We
• 18:24
  found
• 18:24
  out
• 18:25
  some
• 18:25
  cool
• 18:25
  things
• 18:25
  about
• 18:26
  the
• 18:26
  fact
• 18:26
  that
• 18:27
  blue
• 18:27
  footed
• 18:27
  and
• 18:27
  Peruvian
• 18:28
  boobies
• 18:28
  hybridize
• 18:29
  and
• 18:29
  they
• 18:29
  have
• 18:29
  this
• 18:29
  really
• 18:29
  interesting
• 18:30
  population
• 18:30
  structure
• 18:31
  and
• 18:31
  all
• 18:31
  of
• 18:31
  that.
• 18:31
  And
• 18:32
  yeah,
• 18:32
  we're
• 18:32
  even,
• 18:33
  you
• 18:33
  know,
• 18:33
  revisiting
• 18:34
  all
• 18:34
  of
• 18:34
  this
• 18:34
  work
• 18:34
  with
• 18:34
  whole
• 18:35
  genomes
• 18:35
  now.
• 18:35
  And
• 18:36
  Danny
• 18:36
  Jackson
• 18:37
  is
• 18:37
  leading
• 18:37
  this
• 18:37
  cool
• 18:38
  new
• 18:38
  paper
• 18:38
  about
• 18:38
  booby
• 18:39
  phylogenomics.
• 18:39
  So
• 18:40
  I'm
• 18:40
  excited
• 18:40
  for
• 18:40
  that
• 18:40
  to
• 18:40
  come
• 18:41
  out
• 18:41
  soon.
• 18:42
  I
• 18:42
  think
• 18:42
  most
• 18:42
  people
• 18:43
  probably
• 18:43
  are
• 18:43
  more
• 18:43
  familiar
• 18:44
  with
• 18:44
  blue
• 18:45
  footed
• 18:45
  boobies
• 18:45
  because
• 18:46
  they
• 18:46
  have
• 18:46
  these
• 18:46
  bright
• 18:46
  blue
• 18:47
  feet
• 18:47
  and
• 18:47
  they
• 18:47
  do
• 18:47
  these
• 18:48
  funny
• 18:48
  displays.
• 18:49
  How
• 18:49
  does
• 18:50
  the,
• 18:50
  the
• 18:51
  appearance
• 18:51
  and
• 18:51
  the,
• 18:52
  the
• 18:52
  behavior
• 18:52
  of
• 18:53
  the
• 18:53
  Peruvian
• 18:53
  booby
• 18:53
  differ?
• 18:54
  Yeah,
• 18:55
  this
• 18:55
  is
• 18:55
  more
• 18:55
  like
• 18:56
  cartoon,
• 18:57
  you
• 18:57
  know.
• 18:58
  That's
• 18:58
  awesome.
• 18:58
  I
• 18:58
  wish
• 18:59
  I
• 18:59
  had
• 18:59
  one
• 18:59
  of
• 18:59
  those.
• 19:00
  But
• 19:00
  it
• 19:00
  has
• 19:02
  the
• 19:02
  necessary
• 19:02
  feature
• 19:03
  to
• 19:03
  show
• 19:03
  you
• 19:04
  what
• 19:05
  makes
• 19:05
  the
• 19:05
  difference
• 19:06
  between
• 19:06
  Peruvian
• 19:07
  booby
• 19:07
  and
• 19:08
  blue
• 19:08
  footed
• 19:08
  booby.
• 19:09
  And
• 19:11
  one
• 19:11
  of
• 19:11
  them
• 19:11
  is
• 19:12
  the
• 19:12
  size.
• 19:12
  The
• 19:13
  blue
• 19:13
  footed
• 19:13
  boobies
• 19:13
  are
• 19:14
  slightly
• 19:16
  larger
• 19:17
  than
• 19:18
  Peruvian
• 19:18
  booby.
• 19:20
  In
• 19:20
  average
• 19:20
  a
• 19:21
  Peruvian
• 19:21
  booby
• 19:21
  can
• 19:22
  weigh
• 19:24
  I
• 19:24
  would
• 19:24
  say
• 19:25
  1300
• 19:27
  grams,
• 19:29
  1.3
• 19:30
  kilograms,
• 19:30
  whereas
• 19:31
  an
• 19:31
  average
• 19:32
  of
• 19:32
  the
• 19:32
  Peruvian
• 19:33
  booby
• 19:33
  is
• 19:34
  1.6,
• 19:36
  1.7.
• 19:38
  Maybe
• 19:40
  this
• 19:40
  is
• 19:40
  One
• 19:40
  of
• 19:41
  the
• 19:41
  differences,
• 19:43
  the
• 19:43
  other
• 19:43
  one
• 19:44
  is
• 19:44
  the
• 19:44
  sexual
• 19:45
  dimorphism.
• 19:47
  In
• 19:48
  boobies,
• 19:49
  females
• 19:50
  are
• 19:50
  larger
• 19:51
  than
• 19:51
  males.
• 19:52
  So
• 19:52
  this
• 19:52
  is
• 19:53
  something
• 19:54
  not
• 19:54
  very
• 19:54
  common
• 19:55
  in
• 19:55
  nature,
• 19:56
  particularly
• 19:56
  in
• 19:57
  birds
• 19:57
  where
• 19:58
  the
• 19:58
  males
• 19:58
  are
• 19:59
  usually
• 19:59
  larger
• 20:00
  than
• 20:00
  the
• 20:00
  females
• 20:01
  or
• 20:02
  they
• 20:02
  are
• 20:02
  similar.
• 20:03
  But
• 20:05
  in
• 20:05
  boobies
• 20:05
  the
• 20:06
  female
• 20:06
  are
• 20:06
  larger.
• 20:07
  Well,
• 20:08
  in
• 20:08
  the
• 20:08
  blue
• 20:09
  footed
• 20:09
  booby,
• 20:11
  the
• 20:11
  female
• 20:12
  is
• 20:12
  much
• 20:13
  larger
• 20:14
  than
• 20:15
  the
• 20:15
  male
• 20:15
  than
• 20:15
  in
• 20:16
  the
• 20:16
  Peruvian
• 20:16
  booby.
• 20:17
  What
• 20:17
  it
• 20:17
  means,
• 20:17
  it
• 20:18
  means
• 20:18
  that
• 20:18
  when
• 20:18
  you
• 20:19
  are
• 20:20
  in
• 20:20
  a
• 20:20
  blue
• 20:20
  footed
• 20:21
  colony,
• 20:22
  just
• 20:22
  by
• 20:22
  the
• 20:23
  size,
• 20:23
  you
• 20:23
  can
• 20:24
  recognize
• 20:24
  or
• 20:25
  discriminate
• 20:26
  between
• 20:26
  a
• 20:27
  female
• 20:27
  and
• 20:27
  a
• 20:28
  male.
• 20:29
  But
• 20:29
  when
• 20:29
  you
• 20:29
  are
• 20:29
  in
• 20:30
  a
• 20:30
  Peruvian
• 20:30
  booby
• 20:31
  colony,
• 20:31
  that's
• 20:32
  more
• 20:32
  difficult,
• 20:32
  it's
• 20:33
  much
• 20:33
  harder.
• 20:34
  Harder.
• 20:35
  And
• 20:36
  another
• 20:36
  characteristic
• 20:37
  is
• 20:37
  the
• 20:38
  color
• 20:38
  of
• 20:38
  the
• 20:38
  iris,
• 20:39
  the
• 20:39
  eye.
• 20:40
  See,
• 20:41
  it's
• 20:41
  red
• 20:41
  wine
• 20:42
  in
• 20:42
  the
• 20:42
  Peruvian
• 20:43
  booby.
• 20:44
  Red
• 20:45
  wine,
• 20:46
  yeah.
• 20:46
  Carlos
• 20:46
  is
• 20:47
  holding
• 20:47
  up
• 20:47
  a
• 20:48
  little
• 20:48
  figurine
• 20:49
  of
• 20:49
  each
• 20:49
  of
• 20:49
  the
• 20:49
  booby
• 20:50
  species.
• 20:50
  If
• 20:50
  you're
• 20:50
  listening
• 20:51
  and
• 20:51
  not
• 20:51
  watching.
• 20:51
  And
• 20:51
  yeah,
• 20:52
  the
• 20:52
  color
• 20:52
  of
• 20:52
  Peruvian
• 20:53
  booby
• 20:53
  eyes
• 20:54
  is
• 20:54
  the
• 20:54
  color
• 20:54
  of
• 20:54
  red
• 20:54
  wine.
• 20:55
  A
• 20:55
  beautiful,
• 20:56
  really
• 20:56
  amazing
• 20:57
  color
• 20:57
  actually.
• 20:57
  It's
• 20:58
  well
• 20:58
  represented
• 20:59
  here.
• 21:00
  It
• 21:00
  is,
• 21:00
  yeah.
• 21:00
  Yeah.
• 21:01
  That's
• 21:01
  an
• 21:01
  awesome
• 21:01
  sculpture.
• 21:02
  Whereas
• 21:02
  the,
• 21:03
  the
• 21:03
  blue
• 21:03
  footed
• 21:03
  booby
• 21:04
  is
• 21:04
  yellow.
• 21:05
  Yellow,
• 21:06
  yeah.
• 21:06
  That's
• 21:07
  quite
• 21:07
  different.
• 21:08
  Yeah.
• 21:09
  And
• 21:09
  very
• 21:09
  satisfying
• 21:10
  that
• 21:10
  when
• 21:10
  they
• 21:10
  hybridize,
• 21:11
  the
• 21:11
  hybrids
• 21:11
  have
• 21:12
  orange
• 21:12
  eyes.
• 21:12
  The
• 21:13
  perfect
• 21:13
  combination.
• 21:14
  Yeah,
• 21:14
  it's
• 21:14
  amazing.
• 21:15
  Exactly.
• 21:16
  Yeah,
• 21:16
  that's
• 21:16
  amazing.
• 21:17
  And
• 21:18
  yeah.
• 21:19
  And
• 21:19
  when
• 21:19
  you
• 21:19
  are
• 21:20
  in
• 21:20
  a
• 21:20
  blue
• 21:20
  footed
• 21:20
  booby
• 21:21
  colony
• 21:21
  and
• 21:21
  also
• 21:22
  in
• 21:22
  the
• 21:22
  Peruvian
• 21:22
  booby
• 21:23
  colony,
• 21:24
  you
• 21:24
  will,
• 21:25
  you
• 21:25
  will
• 21:25
  hear
• 21:26
  in
• 21:26
  the
• 21:27
  colony
• 21:27
  the
• 21:27
  background
• 21:28
  noise,
• 21:28
  the
• 21:28
  boobies
• 21:29
  and
• 21:30
  you
• 21:30
  will
• 21:30
  hear
• 21:30
  grunts,
• 21:31
  but
• 21:32
  also
• 21:32
  whistles.
• 21:33
  So
• 21:34
  you
• 21:34
  will
• 21:34
  hear
• 21:35
  something
• 21:35
  like.
• 21:38
  But
• 21:39
  also
• 21:39
  you
• 21:40
  will
• 21:40
  hear.
• 21:43
  So
• 21:44
  this
• 21:45
  is
• 21:45
  because
• 21:46
  the
• 21:46
  females
• 21:47
  grants
• 21:48
  in
• 21:48
  both
• 21:48
  species.
• 21:50
  Both
• 21:50
  species.
• 21:51
  Whereas
• 21:51
  the
• 21:51
  males
• 21:52
  whistle.
• 21:53
  Yeah.
• 21:54
  So
• 21:55
  I
• 21:55
  think
• 21:55
  that's
• 21:55
  the
• 21:56
  main.
• 21:56
  There
• 21:56
  are
• 21:56
  other
• 21:57
  differences
• 21:57
  of
• 21:57
  course,
• 21:59
  but
• 21:59
  I
• 21:59
  think
• 21:59
  they
• 22:00
  are
• 22:00
  the
• 22:00
  main
• 22:00
  ones.
• 22:01
  Of
• 22:01
  course.
• 22:01
  The
• 22:01
  color
• 22:02
  of
• 22:02
  the
• 22:02
  feet,
• 22:03
  this
• 22:03
  is
• 22:03
  pretty
• 22:04
  obvious.
• 22:04
  Right?
• 22:04
  And
• 22:06
  movies
• 22:06
  of
• 22:06
  course
• 22:07
  is
• 22:07
  blue.
• 22:08
  But
• 22:08
  they
• 22:09
  have
• 22:09
  different
• 22:09
  tones
• 22:10
  of
• 22:10
  blue.
• 22:11
  Yeah.
• 22:11
  Depending
• 22:12
  on
• 22:12
  their
• 22:12
  carotenoids.
• 22:13
  Right.
• 22:13
  So
• 22:13
  I
• 22:13
  guess
• 22:13
  the
• 22:14
  color
• 22:14
  of
• 22:14
  the
• 22:14
  eyes
• 22:14
  is
• 22:15
  related
• 22:15
  to
• 22:15
  carotenoid
• 22:16
  coloration,
• 22:17
  which
• 22:17
  we've
• 22:17
  talked
• 22:17
  about
• 22:17
  on
• 22:17
  a
• 22:18
  previous
• 22:18
  episode
• 22:18
  as
• 22:18
  well.
• 22:19
  Whereas
• 22:19
  the
• 22:19
  color
• 22:19
  of
• 22:19
  their
• 22:19
  feet
• 22:20
  is
• 22:20
  the
• 22:20
  same.
• 22:20
  This
• 22:20
  cool
• 22:21
  combination
• 22:21
  of
• 22:21
  carotenoids
• 22:22
  and
• 22:22
  structural
• 22:23
  blue.
• 22:23
  Right,
• 22:24
  yeah.
• 22:24
  And
• 22:24
  it's
• 22:25
  used
• 22:25
  as
• 22:26
  a
• 22:26
  measure
• 22:26
  of
• 22:27
  quality
• 22:27
  for
• 22:28
  sexual
• 22:29
  selection.
• 22:30
  In
• 22:31
  this
• 22:31
  species.
• 22:32
  The
• 22:33
  Peruvian
• 22:33
  boobies,
• 22:34
  they
• 22:34
  have
• 22:34
  a
• 22:35
  gray,
• 22:36
  gray
• 22:37
  feet.
• 22:38
  And
• 22:38
  in
• 22:39
  the
• 22:39
  hybrid
• 22:41
  you
• 22:41
  will
• 22:41
  find
• 22:42
  the
• 22:42
  gray
• 22:42
  feet,
• 22:42
  but
• 22:43
  there
• 22:43
  are
• 22:43
  dots
• 22:43
  of
• 22:44
  blue.
• 22:45
  Little
• 22:45
  blue
• 22:45
  patches.
• 22:46
  Yeah,
• 22:46
  like
• 22:46
  the
• 22:46
  perfect
• 22:47
  hybrid,
• 22:48
  the
• 22:48
  blue
• 22:48
  footed
• 22:49
  and
• 22:49
  the
• 22:49
  Peruvian
• 22:50
  booby.
• 22:51
  Yeah,
• 22:51
  it's
• 22:51
  exactly
• 22:52
  what
• 22:52
  you'd
• 22:52
  expect
• 22:52
  if
• 22:53
  you
• 22:53
  mix
• 22:53
  the
• 22:53
  two
• 22:53
  Together.
• 22:54
  And
• 22:54
  that
• 22:54
  red
• 22:54
  coloration
• 22:55
  of
• 22:55
  the
• 22:55
  Peruvian
• 22:56
  booby's
• 22:56
  eyes
• 22:56
  is
• 22:56
  probably
• 22:57
  also
• 22:57
  carotenoids,
• 22:58
  but
• 22:58
  ones
• 22:58
  that
• 22:58
  have
• 22:59
  been
• 22:59
  modified
• 22:59
  to
• 22:59
  be
• 22:59
  red
• 23:00
  instead
• 23:00
  of
• 23:00
  yellow,
• 23:01
  which
• 23:01
  is
• 23:01
  pretty
• 23:02
  impressive.
• 23:02
  Yeah,
• 23:02
  I
• 23:03
  love
• 23:03
  them.
• 23:03
  They're
• 23:03
  such
• 23:03
  awesome
• 23:04
  birds.
• 23:04
  What
• 23:05
  has
• 23:05
  been
• 23:05
  kind
• 23:05
  of
• 23:05
  surprising
• 23:06
  about
• 23:06
  them
• 23:07
  for
• 23:07
  you
• 23:07
  or
• 23:07
  what
• 23:07
  have
• 23:08
  you
• 23:08
  come
• 23:08
  to
• 23:08
  realize
• 23:09
  about
• 23:09
  like
• 23:09
  the
• 23:09
  difficulty
• 23:10
  of
• 23:10
  life
• 23:10
  for
• 23:10
  a
• 23:10
  seabird
• 23:11
  from
• 23:11
  studying
• 23:12
  boobies
• 23:12
  specifically,
• 23:13
  you
• 23:13
  know,
• 23:13
  when,
• 23:13
  when
• 23:14
  you.
• 23:14
  Study
• 23:14
  them
• 23:15
  deeply
• 23:16
  and
• 23:16
  you
• 23:17
  find
• 23:17
  out
• 23:17
  some
• 23:19
  special
• 23:19
  features
• 23:20
  of
• 23:20
  them
• 23:21
  that
• 23:22
  makes
• 23:22
  them
• 23:23
  so
• 23:23
  different.
• 23:25
  The
• 23:25
  blue
• 23:25
  footed
• 23:26
  boobies
• 23:26
  dive
• 23:27
  deeper
• 23:27
  than
• 23:28
  the
• 23:29
  Peruvian
• 23:29
  boobies,
• 23:30
  for
• 23:30
  example.
• 23:31
  This
• 23:31
  is
• 23:31
  one
• 23:31
  major
• 23:32
  difference.
• 23:33
  And
• 23:34
  when
• 23:34
  I
• 23:34
  studied
• 23:35
  the
• 23:35
  Nazca
• 23:36
  boobies
• 23:37
  in
• 23:37
  the
• 23:37
  Galapagos,
• 23:38
  I
• 23:39
  was
• 23:39
  trying
• 23:39
  to
• 23:40
  get
• 23:40
  records
• 23:41
  of
• 23:41
  deaths
• 23:42
  because
• 23:42
  I,
• 23:43
  I
• 23:43
  thought,
• 23:43
  okay,
• 23:44
  this
• 23:44
  is
• 23:44
  a
• 23:45
  bigger
• 23:45
  booby
• 23:47
  and
• 23:48
  they
• 23:48
  should
• 23:48
  dive
• 23:48
  deeper,
• 23:49
  you
• 23:50
  know,
• 23:50
  because
• 23:51
  if
• 23:51
  they
• 23:51
  use
• 23:51
  the
• 23:52
  momentum
• 23:52
  of
• 23:52
  the
• 23:52
  fall,
• 23:53
  the
• 23:54
  heavier
• 23:54
  you
• 23:54
  are,
• 23:55
  the
• 23:55
  deeper
• 23:56
  you
• 23:56
  will
• 23:56
  attain
• 23:57
  in
• 23:57
  the
• 23:58
  water
• 23:58
  of
• 23:59
  the
• 23:59
  culling
• 23:59
  water.
• 24:00
  So
• 24:00
  I
• 24:01
  was
• 24:02
  tagging
• 24:02
  Nazca
• 24:03
  boobies
• 24:03
  in
• 24:03
  the
• 24:04
  Galapagos
• 24:04
  Islands
• 24:05
  to
• 24:05
  find
• 24:05
  out
• 24:05
  how
• 24:06
  they
• 24:06
  dive.
• 24:07
  And
• 24:07
  when
• 24:08
  I
• 24:08
  recovered
• 24:08
  the
• 24:09
  loggers,
• 24:09
  I
• 24:09
  found
• 24:10
  out
• 24:10
  that
• 24:11
  something
• 24:11
  was
• 24:12
  wrong.
• 24:12
  And
• 24:13
  I
• 24:13
  thought
• 24:14
  that
• 24:14
  the
• 24:15
  loggers
• 24:15
  were
• 24:15
  not
• 24:16
  working
• 24:17
  because
• 24:17
  really,
• 24:18
  you
• 24:18
  know,
• 24:19
  I
• 24:19
  found
• 24:19
  for
• 24:19
  example,
• 24:20
  5
• 24:20
  dives
• 24:21
  or
• 24:22
  6
• 24:22
  dives
• 24:23
  of
• 24:23
  less
• 24:23
  than
• 24:24
  1
• 24:24
  meter
• 24:25
  in
• 24:27
  13
• 24:28
  hour
• 24:28
  trip
• 24:30
  while
• 24:30
  the
• 24:30
  blue
• 24:31
  footed
• 24:31
  boobies
• 24:32
  can
• 24:32
  make
• 24:32
  50,
• 24:33
  70,
• 24:34
  100
• 24:34
  dives
• 24:36
  in
• 24:36
  less
• 24:37
  than
• 24:37
  2
• 24:37
  hours
• 24:38
  or
• 24:39
  at
• 24:39
  the
• 24:39
  most
• 24:39
  3
• 24:40
  hours.
• 24:40
  And
• 24:42
  honestly
• 24:42
  I
• 24:43
  thought
• 24:43
  my
• 24:43
  loggers
• 24:44
  were
• 24:44
  not
• 24:44
  working
• 24:44
  at
• 24:45
  all.
• 24:46
  But
• 24:46
  then
• 24:47
  I
• 24:48
  found
• 24:49
  out
• 24:49
  for
• 24:49
  first
• 24:49
  time
• 24:51
  that
• 24:51
  one
• 24:51
  possibility
• 24:52
  was
• 24:52
  that
• 24:52
  they
• 24:53
  were
• 24:53
  catching
• 24:54
  the
• 24:54
  prey
• 24:55
  in
• 24:55
  the
• 24:55
  air.
• 24:56
  But
• 24:56
  by
• 24:56
  that
• 24:57
  time
• 24:57
  I
• 24:57
  didn't
• 24:57
  know
• 24:57
  that,
• 24:58
  so
• 24:59
  was
• 24:59
  not
• 24:59
  a
• 24:59
  very
• 25:00
  common
• 25:00
  finding.
• 25:02
  But
• 25:02
  then
• 25:03
  having
• 25:03
  all
• 25:04
  these
• 25:05
  pieces
• 25:06
  like,
• 25:06
  you
• 25:07
  know,
• 25:08
  very
• 25:08
  few
• 25:09
  dives,
• 25:11
  not
• 25:11
  so
• 25:12
  deep,
• 25:12
  very
• 25:12
  shallow
• 25:13
  dives
• 25:13
  and
• 25:14
  returning
• 25:15
  with
• 25:16
  flying
• 25:16
  fish
• 25:17
  in
• 25:17
  their
• 25:17
  stomachs.
• 25:18
  So
• 25:19
  make
• 25:19
  me
• 25:19
  think
• 25:19
  that
• 25:20
  that
• 25:20
  would
• 25:20
  be
• 25:21
  a
• 25:21
  possibility
• 25:22
  then,
• 25:22
  you
• 25:23
  know,
• 25:23
  with
• 25:24
  the
• 25:24
  use
• 25:24
  of,
• 25:24
  of
• 25:25
  small
• 25:26
  video
• 25:26
  cameras,
• 25:28
  I'm
• 25:28
  talking
• 25:28
  about
• 25:29
  15
• 25:29
  years
• 25:29
  later,
• 25:30
  20
• 25:30
  years
• 25:30
  later.
• 25:31
  Yeah,
• 25:31
  yeah.
• 25:32
  Was
• 25:32
  confirmed
• 25:33
  that
• 25:33
  in
• 25:34
  fact
• 25:34
  they
• 25:34
  feed
• 25:35
  on
• 25:35
  flying
• 25:35
  fish
• 25:36
  in
• 25:36
  the
• 25:36
  air.
• 25:37
  So
• 25:37
  that
• 25:37
  was
• 25:38
  the
• 25:38
  reason
• 25:38
  why
• 25:40
  I
• 25:40
  didn't
• 25:40
  get
• 25:41
  too
• 25:41
  many
• 25:42
  dives
• 25:42
  for
• 25:42
  this
• 25:43
  large
• 25:43
  booby,
• 25:44
  you
• 25:44
  know.
• 25:45
  Yeah,
• 25:46
  yeah.
• 25:47
  So
• 25:47
  this
• 25:47
  is
• 25:48
  some
• 25:48
  of
• 25:48
  the,
• 25:49
  you
• 25:49
  know,
• 25:50
  the
• 25:50
  differences
• 25:51
  I
• 25:51
  found
• 25:51
  and
• 25:52
  why
• 25:52
  I
• 25:52
  am
• 25:52
  still
• 25:53
  working
• 25:53
  with
• 25:53
  the
• 25:54
  movies.
• 25:54
  There
• 25:55
  is
• 25:55
  another
• 25:55
  reason
• 25:56
  too.
• 25:57
  The
• 25:57
  boobies
• 25:57
  in
• 25:58
  Peru
• 25:59
  played
• 26:00
  a
• 26:00
  so
• 26:00
  important
• 26:02
  historical
• 26:03
  role
• 26:05
  because
• 26:07
  the
• 26:07
  movie
• 26:08
  together.
• 26:08
  With.
• 26:11
  One
• 26:11
  Eye
• 26:11
  Cormorant
• 26:12
  and
• 26:12
  the
• 26:12
  Peruvian
• 26:13
  Pelican
• 26:14
  are
• 26:14
  guano
• 26:15
  producers.
• 26:16
  For
• 26:16
  those
• 26:17
  who
• 26:17
  are
• 26:17
  not
• 26:17
  familiar
• 26:18
  of
• 26:19
  guano,
• 26:20
  guano
• 26:21
  is,
• 26:21
  you
• 26:21
  know,
• 26:22
  it's
• 26:22
  the
• 26:23
  dropping
• 26:23
  of
• 26:23
  seabirds
• 26:26
  and
• 26:27
  here
• 26:27
  in
• 26:28
  Peru
• 26:28
  they
• 26:29
  accumulate
• 26:30
  built
• 26:30
  up
• 26:30
  in
• 26:31
  large
• 26:31
  amounts.
• 26:32
  I'm
• 26:32
  talking
• 26:32
  about
• 26:34
  tens
• 26:34
  of
• 26:34
  thousands
• 26:35
  of
• 26:36
  tons
• 26:37
  accumulated
• 26:39
  on
• 26:39
  the
• 26:39
  surface
• 26:40
  of
• 26:40
  the
• 26:40
  island
• 26:41
  because
• 26:41
  we
• 26:41
  have
• 26:41
  large
• 26:42
  numbers
• 26:42
  of
• 26:43
  Peruvian
• 26:44
  boobies,
• 26:44
  one
• 26:44
  eyed
• 26:44
  cormorants
• 26:45
  and
• 26:45
  Peruvian
• 26:46
  pelicans.
• 26:47
  And
• 26:47
  the
• 26:47
  government
• 26:48
  harvest
• 26:49
  this
• 26:49
  guano
• 26:50
  every
• 26:50
  five,
• 26:50
  six
• 26:51
  years
• 26:51
  on
• 26:51
  different
• 26:52
  islands
• 26:53
  to
• 26:53
  be
• 26:53
  all
• 26:55
  as
• 26:55
  an
• 26:55
  organic
• 26:56
  fertilizer.
• 26:57
  And
• 26:58
  in
• 26:58
  Peru
• 26:59
  we
• 26:59
  have
• 26:59
  this
• 26:59
  tradition
• 27:00
  since
• 27:00
  the
• 27:01
  Inca
• 27:01
  times.
• 27:02
  So
• 27:02
  the
• 27:02
  Inca.
• 27:03
  Yeah,
• 27:03
  it's
• 27:03
  incredible.
• 27:04
  Yeah.
• 27:05
  And
• 27:05
  the
• 27:05
  bubies
• 27:06
  and
• 27:06
  the
• 27:06
  cormorants
• 27:07
  were
• 27:08
  not
• 27:08
  painted,
• 27:09
  but
• 27:09
  they
• 27:10
  were
• 27:10
  represented
• 27:12
  in
• 27:12
  the
• 27:12
  walls
• 27:14
  of
• 27:15
  the
• 27:15
  temples
• 27:16
  of
• 27:17
  ancient
• 27:18
  civilizations
• 27:19
  here
• 27:19
  in
• 27:19
  Peru.
• 27:21
  So
• 27:21
  Peruvians
• 27:22
  are
• 27:22
  very,
• 27:23
  very
• 27:24
  familiar.
• 27:26
  And
• 27:26
  we
• 27:26
  are
• 27:27
  or
• 27:27
  the
• 27:27
  coastal
• 27:28
  population
• 27:28
  live
• 27:29
  in
• 27:29
  close
• 27:29
  association
• 27:30
  with
• 27:30
  the
• 27:30
  Peruvian
• 27:31
  boom
• 27:31
  since
• 27:32
  historical,
• 27:33
  ancient
• 27:34
  times.
• 27:36
  And
• 27:36
  this
• 27:37
  is
• 27:37
  why,
• 27:38
  from
• 27:38
  my
• 27:38
  point
• 27:39
  of
• 27:39
  view,
• 27:40
  it's
• 27:40
  so
• 27:40
  important
• 27:41
  to
• 27:41
  study
• 27:41
  them
• 27:42
  because
• 27:42
  they
• 27:43
  still
• 27:43
  play
• 27:43
  an
• 27:44
  important
• 27:44
  role
• 27:44
  in
• 27:45
  the
• 27:45
  ecosystem,
• 27:46
  provide
• 27:47
  services
• 27:48
  like
• 27:48
  guano,
• 27:49
  for
• 27:49
  example.
• 27:50
  But
• 27:51
  now
• 27:51
  or
• 27:52
  today
• 27:52
  they
• 27:53
  are
• 27:53
  suffering
• 27:54
  the
• 27:54
  consequences
• 27:56
  of
• 27:57
  different
• 27:57
  pressures
• 27:58
  like
• 27:59
  avian
• 28:00
  flu,
• 28:01
  recurrent
• 28:01
  and
• 28:02
  more
• 28:02
  frequent
• 28:03
  El
• 28:03
  Nino
• 28:04
  pollution,
• 28:06
  invasive
• 28:06
  species
• 28:07
  on
• 28:07
  the
• 28:07
  island,
• 28:08
  rats,
• 28:08
  cats,
• 28:09
  et
• 28:09
  cetera.
• 28:10
  So
• 28:10
  the
• 28:11
  populations
• 28:11
  are
• 28:11
  decreasing.
• 28:12
  So
• 28:12
  now
• 28:12
  I,
• 28:13
  I'm
• 28:14
  very
• 28:14
  interested
• 28:14
  to
• 28:15
  know
• 28:15
  how
• 28:16
  to
• 28:16
  solve
• 28:16
  all
• 28:16
  these
• 28:17
  problems.
• 28:18
  Yeah,
• 28:19
  history
• 28:19
  is
• 28:19
  amazing.
• 28:19
  Like
• 28:20
  the
• 28:20
  history
• 28:20
  of
• 28:20
  the
• 28:20
  guano
• 28:21
  industry
• 28:21
  and
• 28:21
  how
• 28:21
  much
• 28:22
  money
• 28:22
  was
• 28:22
  made
• 28:23
  off
• 28:23
  of
• 28:23
  poop
• 28:23
  from
• 28:24
  birds.
• 28:24
  Like,
• 28:25
  for
• 28:25
  folks
• 28:25
  listening,
• 28:26
  it's
• 28:26
  hard
• 28:26
  to
• 28:26
  overstate
• 28:27
  the
• 28:27
  importance
• 28:27
  of
• 28:27
  the
• 28:27
  guano
• 28:28
  industry
• 28:28
  to
• 28:28
  Peru
• 28:29
  as
• 28:29
  a
• 28:29
  country
• 28:29
  historically,
• 28:30
  I
• 28:30
  mean,
• 28:31
  and
• 28:31
  contemporarily
• 28:32
  back
• 28:33
  before
• 28:33
  we
• 28:33
  had
• 28:34
  the
• 28:34
  ability
• 28:34
  to
• 28:34
  make
• 28:35
  ammonium,
• 28:36
  basically
• 28:36
  before
• 28:37
  the
• 28:37
  Haber
• 28:37
  Bosch
• 28:38
  process
• 28:38
  was
• 28:38
  discovered,
• 28:39
  natural
• 28:39
  bird
• 28:40
  guano
• 28:40
  in
• 28:40
  places
• 28:41
  like
• 28:41
  Peru
• 28:41
  and
• 28:42
  then
• 28:42
  just
• 28:42
  a
• 28:42
  few
• 28:42
  places
• 28:43
  in
• 28:43
  the
• 28:43
  United
• 28:44
  States
• 28:44
  was
• 28:44
  this
• 28:44
  really
• 28:45
  important
• 28:45
  source
• 28:45
  of
• 28:45
  nitrogen
• 28:46
  for
• 28:46
  both
• 28:47
  fertilizer
• 28:48
  and
• 28:48
  gunpowder
• 28:49
  production.
• 28:49
  And
• 28:50
  so
• 28:50
  the
• 28:50
  Humboldt
• 28:50
  current
• 28:51
  is
• 28:51
  this,
• 28:51
  we've
• 28:52
  alluded
• 28:52
  to
• 28:52
  it.
• 28:52
  It's
• 28:53
  for
• 28:53
  me,
• 28:53
  it's
• 28:53
  the
• 28:54
  most
• 28:54
  impressive
• 28:55
  marine
• 28:55
  ecosystem
• 28:56
  I've
• 28:56
  ever
• 28:56
  witnessed.
• 28:57
  It's
• 28:57
  like
• 28:57
  the
• 28:58
  richest,
• 28:58
  most
• 28:59
  full
• 28:59
  of
• 28:59
  life
• 29:00
  place,
• 29:00
  you
• 29:00
  know.
• 29:01
  Could
• 29:01
  you
• 29:01
  walk
• 29:01
  us
• 29:02
  through
• 29:02
  what
• 29:02
  happens
• 29:02
  when
• 29:02
  there's
• 29:03
  a
• 29:03
  really
• 29:03
  strong
• 29:03
  El
• 29:03
  Nino?
• 29:04
  So
• 29:04
  when
• 29:04
  you
• 29:05
  have
• 29:05
  warm
• 29:06
  water
• 29:06
  instead
• 29:06
  of
• 29:06
  cold
• 29:07
  water,
• 29:07
  what
• 29:07
  does
• 29:07
  that
• 29:08
  do
• 29:08
  to
• 29:08
  the
• 29:08
  birds?
• 29:09
  And
• 29:09
  you
• 29:10
  just
• 29:10
  alluded
• 29:10
  to
• 29:10
  the
• 29:10
  fact
• 29:11
  that
• 29:11
  these
• 29:11
  El
• 29:11
  Nino
• 29:11
  events
• 29:12
  are
• 29:12
  becoming
• 29:13
  more
• 29:13
  frequent
• 29:13
  and
• 29:14
  more
• 29:14
  intense.
• 29:14
  So
• 29:15
  what
• 29:15
  impact
• 29:15
  is
• 29:16
  that
• 29:16
  having
• 29:16
  on,
• 29:16
  on
• 29:17
  Peruvian
• 29:17
  boobies?
• 29:18
  I
• 29:18
  think
• 29:18
  the
• 29:19
  sea
• 29:19
  surface
• 29:19
  temperature
• 29:20
  increase
• 29:20
  is
• 29:20
  the
• 29:21
  most
• 29:21
  notorious.
• 29:22
  Why?
• 29:22
  Because
• 29:24
  the
• 29:24
  anchovy,
• 29:25
  which
• 29:26
  is
• 29:26
  the
• 29:26
  main,
• 29:27
  you
• 29:27
  know,
• 29:27
  or
• 29:27
  the
• 29:28
  keystone
• 29:28
  prey
• 29:29
  in
• 29:29
  the
• 29:29
  whole
• 29:30
  ecosystem,
• 29:33
  is
• 29:34
  they
• 29:34
  don't
• 29:34
  like
• 29:35
  warm
• 29:35
  water,
• 29:36
  they
• 29:36
  live
• 29:36
  in
• 29:36
  cold
• 29:37
  water
• 29:38
  and
• 29:38
  when
• 29:38
  El
• 29:38
  Nino
• 29:39
  arrives,
• 29:40
  they
• 29:40
  disperse
• 29:41
  to
• 29:41
  cold
• 29:41
  water
• 29:41
  or
• 29:42
  they
• 29:42
  are
• 29:42
  Going
• 29:43
  deeper
• 29:43
  in
• 29:43
  the
• 29:44
  water.
• 29:44
  So
• 29:45
  they
• 29:45
  are
• 29:45
  far
• 29:45
  away
• 29:46
  from
• 29:46
  their
• 29:46
  predators,
• 29:47
  including
• 29:47
  boobies,
• 29:48
  cormorants,
• 29:48
  penguins,
• 29:49
  whatever
• 29:50
  the
• 29:50
  consequence
• 29:51
  is.
• 29:51
  This
• 29:51
  is
• 29:51
  a
• 29:52
  severe
• 29:53
  drop
• 29:53
  of
• 29:53
  the
• 29:53
  population
• 29:54
  number.
• 29:55
  So
• 29:55
  very
• 29:55
  severe.
• 29:56
  Severe.
• 29:57
  So
• 29:57
  from
• 29:57
  millions
• 29:58
  to
• 29:58
  maybe
• 29:59
  hundred
• 30:00
  thousands.
• 30:00
  Okay.
• 30:01
  Wow.
• 30:02
  And
• 30:02
  after
• 30:03
  El
• 30:03
  Nino,
• 30:04
  usually
• 30:05
  in
• 30:05
  the
• 30:06
  past,
• 30:07
  you
• 30:07
  have
• 30:08
  a
• 30:08
  period
• 30:08
  of
• 30:09
  time
• 30:10
  for
• 30:10
  the
• 30:11
  population
• 30:11
  to
• 30:11
  recover
• 30:13
  before
• 30:13
  the
• 30:13
  next
• 30:14
  El
• 30:14
  Nino
• 30:14
  arrives.
• 30:15
  In
• 30:16
  the
• 30:16
  last
• 30:16
  20
• 30:16
  years,
• 30:17
  for
• 30:17
  example,
• 30:18
  we
• 30:18
  have
• 30:19
  witnessed
• 30:19
  at
• 30:20
  least
• 30:20
  12
• 30:20
  El
• 30:20
  Nino
• 30:22
  between
• 30:22
  years.
• 30:23
  12.
• 30:25
  That's
• 30:25
  more
• 30:26
  than
• 30:26
  historical.
• 30:27
  Yeah,
• 30:27
  of
• 30:27
  course.
• 30:28
  And
• 30:28
  this
• 30:29
  year
• 30:29
  we
• 30:29
  have
• 30:29
  another
• 30:30
  one.
• 30:31
  This
• 30:31
  year
• 30:31
  is
• 30:31
  going
• 30:31
  to
• 30:32
  be
• 30:32
  a
• 30:32
  big
• 30:32
  one,
• 30:32
  right?
• 30:32
  Yeah.
• 30:33
  And
• 30:33
  we
• 30:33
  had
• 30:33
  one
• 30:34
  big
• 30:34
  one
• 30:34
  two
• 30:35
  years
• 30:35
  ago,
• 30:36
  so.
• 30:38
  So
• 30:38
  the
• 30:38
  birds
• 30:38
  are
• 30:39
  trying,
• 30:39
  of
• 30:39
  course,
• 30:39
  of
• 30:40
  do
• 30:40
  their
• 30:41
  or
• 30:42
  follow
• 30:42
  their
• 30:42
  instincts.
• 30:43
  Right.
• 30:44
  They
• 30:44
  don't
• 30:44
  think
• 30:46
  that
• 30:46
  El
• 30:46
  Nino
• 30:47
  is
• 30:47
  coming.
• 30:47
  They
• 30:48
  just
• 30:48
  found
• 30:48
  the
• 30:49
  conditions
• 30:49
  breeding
• 30:50
  as
• 30:50
  crazy
• 30:52
  and
• 30:53
  trying
• 30:53
  to
• 30:53
  recover,
• 30:54
  you
• 30:54
  know,
• 30:54
  have
• 30:55
  this
• 30:55
  pattern
• 30:56
  and
• 30:56
  still
• 30:57
  have
• 30:57
  more
• 30:58
  anthropogenic
• 30:59
  pressure,
• 31:00
  like,
• 31:00
  for
• 31:00
  example,
• 31:00
  overfishing,
• 31:03
  avian
• 31:03
  influenza,
• 31:05
  pollution,
• 31:06
  et
• 31:06
  cetera,
• 31:07
  et
• 31:07
  cetera,
• 31:07
  et
• 31:07
  cetera.
• 31:09
  This,
• 31:09
  you
• 31:09
  know,
• 31:11
  pattern
• 31:11
  is
• 31:12
  still
• 31:12
  more
• 31:12
  sharp.
• 31:14
  Yeah,
• 31:14
  that
• 31:14
  downward
• 31:15
  trend
• 31:15
  will
• 31:15
  continue.
• 31:15
  And
• 31:16
  we
• 31:16
  did
• 31:16
  talk
• 31:16
  about
• 31:16
  on
• 31:17
  a
• 31:17
  previous
• 31:17
  episode
• 31:17
  of
• 31:18
  the
• 31:18
  podcast
• 31:18
  Avian
• 31:18
  flu,
• 31:19
  which
• 31:19
  has
• 31:19
  hit
• 31:19
  Peruvian
• 31:21
  boobies
• 31:21
  pretty
• 31:22
  hard
• 31:22
  in
• 31:22
  Peru,
• 31:22
  along
• 31:23
  with
• 31:23
  other
• 31:23
  seabird
• 31:24
  species
• 31:24
  along
• 31:24
  the
• 31:25
  coast
• 31:25
  of
• 31:25
  Peru.
• 31:25
  They've
• 31:25
  experienced
• 31:26
  pretty
• 31:26
  strong
• 31:26
  declines
• 31:27
  because
• 31:27
  of
• 31:27
  avian
• 31:28
  flu.
• 31:29
  And
• 31:29
  then
• 31:29
  again,
• 31:29
  the
• 31:30
  anchovy
• 31:30
  fishery
• 31:31
  off
• 31:31
  the
• 31:31
  coast
• 31:31
  of
• 31:31
  Peru
• 31:32
  is
• 31:32
  incredibly
• 31:32
  important
• 31:33
  economically,
• 31:33
  and
• 31:33
  it's
• 31:34
  in
• 31:34
  direct
• 31:34
  competition
• 31:35
  with
• 31:35
  the
• 31:35
  birds
• 31:36
  for
• 31:36
  the
• 31:36
  food
• 31:36
  that
• 31:36
  they
• 31:37
  need
• 31:37
  for
• 31:37
  their
• 31:38
  chicks.
• 31:38
  So,
• 31:39
  yeah,
• 31:39
  there's
• 31:39
  a
• 31:39
  lot
• 31:40
  more
• 31:40
  anthropogenic
• 31:40
  stressors
• 31:41
  on
• 31:41
  that
• 31:41
  species
• 31:42
  now
• 31:42
  than
• 31:42
  there
• 31:42
  were
• 31:42
  historically.
• 31:43
  We've
• 31:44
  reached
• 31:44
  the
• 31:44
  part
• 31:44
  of
• 31:44
  the
• 31:44
  show
• 31:45
  that
• 31:45
  we
• 31:45
  call
• 31:45
  that's
• 31:45
  BS
• 31:46
  or
• 31:46
  that's
• 31:46
  bird
• 31:47
  stuff,
• 31:47
  where
• 31:47
  we
• 31:47
  give
• 31:48
  our
• 31:48
  guests
• 31:48
  an
• 31:48
  opportunity
• 31:49
  to
• 31:49
  debunk
• 31:49
  a
• 31:49
  myth
• 31:50
  that
• 31:50
  ruffles
• 31:50
  their
• 31:50
  feathers.
• 31:51
  So,
• 31:51
  Carlos,
• 31:52
  what
• 31:52
  do
• 31:52
  you
• 31:52
  want
• 31:52
  to.
• 31:52
  Call
• 31:52
  BS
• 31:53
  on
• 31:54
  Some
• 31:54
  people
• 31:54
  think
• 31:55
  that
• 31:55
  boobies
• 31:56
  are
• 31:56
  incubating
• 31:57
  their
• 31:58
  eggs
• 31:59
  with
• 31:59
  their
• 31:59
  bellies,
• 32:01
  but
• 32:01
  actually
• 32:02
  what
• 32:02
  they
• 32:02
  do
• 32:03
  is
• 32:03
  use
• 32:03
  their
• 32:03
  feet.
• 32:05
  Really?
• 32:05
  Yeah.
• 32:06
  To
• 32:07
  heat
• 32:08
  their
• 32:08
  eggs
• 32:09
  during
• 32:09
  incubation.
• 32:10
  So
• 32:11
  if
• 32:12
  you
• 32:12
  have
• 32:12
  the
• 32:12
  chance
• 32:13
  to
• 32:14
  check
• 32:14
  a
• 32:15
  booby
• 32:15
  nest
• 32:15
  with
• 32:16
  eggs,
• 32:17
  and
• 32:17
  you
• 32:17
  will
• 32:18
  see
• 32:18
  that
• 32:18
  they
• 32:18
  are
• 32:19
  protected
• 32:20
  by
• 32:20
  the
• 32:20
  webs
• 32:21
  of
• 32:21
  the
• 32:21
  feet
• 32:22
  very
• 32:22
  carefully
• 32:23
  over
• 32:24
  the
• 32:24
  eggs
• 32:25
  to
• 32:26
  transfer
• 32:26
  the
• 32:27
  heat
• 32:28
  from
• 32:28
  the
• 32:28
  body
• 32:29
  to
• 32:29
  the
• 32:29
  eggs.
• 32:29
  This
• 32:30
  is
• 32:30
  why
• 32:32
  the
• 32:32
  feet
• 32:32
  of
• 32:33
  the
• 32:33
  webs
• 32:33
  and
• 32:33
  feet
• 32:34
  of
• 32:34
  the
• 32:35
  boobies
• 32:35
  are
• 32:35
  very,
• 32:36
  very
• 32:38
  full
• 32:38
  with
• 32:39
  arteries,
• 32:41
  and
• 32:41
  that's
• 32:41
  because
• 32:42
  they
• 32:42
  use
• 32:42
  them
• 32:42
  for
• 32:43
  heat
• 32:43
  transfer
• 32:44
  to
• 32:44
  the
• 32:44
  eggs.
• 32:45
  That
• 32:45
  makes
• 32:45
  total
• 32:45
  sense.
• 32:46
  I
• 32:46
  hadn't
• 32:46
  thought
• 32:46
  about
• 32:47
  that.
• 32:47
  And
• 32:47
  I've
• 32:47
  even
• 32:47
  seen
• 32:47
  these
• 32:48
  birds
• 32:48
  in
• 32:48
  the
• 32:48
  wild,
• 32:49
  but
• 32:49
  a
• 32:49
  lot
• 32:49
  of
• 32:49
  birds
• 32:49
  develop
• 32:50
  what
• 32:50
  we
• 32:50
  call
• 32:50
  a
• 32:50
  brood
• 32:51
  patch
• 32:51
  where
• 32:51
  they
• 32:51
  lose
• 32:52
  their
• 32:52
  feathers
• 32:52
  and
• 32:53
  then
• 32:53
  they
• 32:53
  have
• 32:54
  gross
• 32:54
  looking
• 32:55
  really
• 32:55
  heavily.
• 32:57
  Yeah.
• 32:58
  Wrinkled
• 32:59
  skin
• 32:59
  that
• 33:00
  they
• 33:00
  put
• 33:00
  on
• 33:00
  their
• 33:00
  eggs
• 33:00
  to
• 33:01
  keep
• 33:01
  them
• 33:01
  warm.
• 33:01
  But
• 33:01
  if
• 33:01
  you're
• 33:01
  a
• 33:02
  seabird
• 33:02
  diving
• 33:02
  into
• 33:03
  cold
• 33:03
  water,
• 33:03
  that
• 33:04
  would
• 33:04
  be
• 33:04
  really
• 33:04
  bad
• 33:04
  to
• 33:05
  have
• 33:05
  a
• 33:05
  huge
• 33:05
  exposed
• 33:06
  part
• 33:06
  of
• 33:06
  your
• 33:06
  belly.
• 33:07
  So
• 33:07
  very
• 33:08
  cool
• 33:08
  that
• 33:08
  they
• 33:08
  use
• 33:08
  their
• 33:09
  their
• 33:09
  feet
• 33:09
  to
• 33:09
  incubate.
• 33:10
  That's
• 33:10
  awesome.
• 33:11
  I
• 33:11
  really
• 33:11
  appreciate
• 33:11
  you
• 33:11
  joining
• 33:12
  us
• 33:12
  today
• 33:12
  to
• 33:12
  talk
• 33:12
  about
• 33:13
  boobies,
• 33:13
  Carlos.
• 33:13
  I
• 33:14
  look
• 33:14
  back
• 33:14
  on
• 33:14
  our
• 33:14
  time
• 33:14
  in
• 33:15
  fondly
• 33:15
  and
• 33:16
  I
• 33:16
  tell
• 33:16
  those
• 33:16
  stories
• 33:16
  to
• 33:17
  a
• 33:17
  lot
• 33:17
  of
• 33:17
  folks.
• 33:17
  So
• 33:18
  it's
• 33:18
  fun
• 33:18
  to
• 33:18
  revisit
• 33:18
  them
• 33:19
  and
• 33:19
  also
• 33:19
  get
• 33:19
  to
• 33:20
  chat
• 33:20
  more
• 33:20
  about
• 33:21
  boobies
• 33:21
  and
• 33:22
  how
• 33:22
  cool
• 33:22
  they
• 33:22
  are.
• 33:23
  So
• 33:23
  thanks
• 33:23
  for
• 33:23
  joining
• 33:23
  us
• 33:24
  today
• 33:24
  on
• 33:24
  the
• 33:24
  podcast.
• 33:25
  Thank
• 33:25
  you.
• 33:25
  A
• 33:25
  pleasure
• 33:26
  to
• 33:26
  talk
• 33:26
  about
• 33:26
  boobies
• 33:27
  and
• 33:27
  be
• 33:27
  here
• 33:28
  to
• 33:28
  your
• 33:29
  audience
• 33:29
  too.
• 33:29
  Thank
• 33:30
  you.
• 33:30
  Awesome.
• 33:34
  Birds
• 33:35
  are
• 33:35
  dinosaurs
• 33:36
  and
• 33:36
  around
• 33:36
  here
• 33:36
  we
• 33:36
  like
• 33:36
  our
• 33:37
  snacks.
• 33:37
  So
• 33:37
  we
• 33:37
  end
• 33:37
  each
• 33:38
  episode
• 33:38
  with
• 33:38
  a
• 33:38
  dinosaur
• 33:39
  nugget.
• 33:39
  Today's
• 33:39
  nugget
• 33:40
  is
• 33:40
  There
• 33:40
  are
• 33:40
  around
• 33:41
  10
• 33:41
  species
• 33:41
  of
• 33:41
  boobies
• 33:42
  and
• 33:42
  gannets,
• 33:42
  and
• 33:43
  at
• 33:43
  least
• 33:43
  one
• 33:43
  of
• 33:43
  them
• 33:43
  lives
• 33:43
  in
• 33:44
  nearly
• 33:44
  every
• 33:44
  ocean
• 33:45
  on
• 33:45
  earth
• 33:45
  except
• 33:46
  the
• 33:46
  waters
• 33:46
  around
• 33:46
  Antarctica.
• 33:48
  They
• 33:48
  get
• 33:48
  their
• 33:48
  name
• 33:48
  from
• 33:48
  the
• 33:48
  Spanish
• 33:49
  word
• 33:49
  for
• 33:50
  bobo
• 33:50
  because
• 33:51
  sailors
• 33:51
  saw
• 33:51
  them
• 33:52
  being
• 33:52
  clumsy
• 33:52
  on
• 33:52
  land
• 33:52
  and
• 33:53
  didn't
• 33:53
  bother
• 33:53
  to
• 33:53
  watch
• 33:54
  what
• 33:54
  they
• 33:54
  did
• 33:54
  in
• 33:54
  the
• 33:54
  water.
• 33:55
  The
• 33:55
  next
• 33:55
  time
• 33:55
  someone
• 33:56
  calls
• 33:56
  a
• 33:56
  booby
• 33:56
  a
• 33:56
  dummy,
• 33:57
  you
• 33:57
  can
• 33:57
  let
• 33:57
  them
• 33:57
  know
• 33:57
  they're
• 33:58
  insulting
• 33:58
  one
• 33:58
  of
• 33:58
  the
• 33:59
  most
• 33:59
  impressive
• 33:59
  hunters
• 34:00
  in
• 34:00
  the
• 34:00
  entire
• 34:00
  bird
• 34:00
  family
• 34:01
  tree.
• 34:02
  That's
• 34:02
  a
• 34:02
  wrap
• 34:02
  on
• 34:02
  this
• 34:03
  week's
• 34:03
  episode:
• 34:03
  Okay,
• 34:04
  but...
• 34:04
  boobies!
• 34:05
  What
• 34:05
  other
• 34:05
  okay,
• 34:06
  but
• 34:06
  birds
• 34:06
  questions
• 34:07
  do
• 34:07
  you
• 34:07
  have?
• 34:07
  Leave
• 34:08
  us
• 34:08
  a
• 34:08
  comment
• 34:08
  and
• 34:08
  let
• 34:09
  us
• 34:09
  know.
• 34:09
  And
• 34:09
  leave
• 34:09
  a
• 34:09
  rating
• 34:10
  or
• 34:10
  like,
• 34:10
  while
• 34:10
  you're
• 34:10
  down
• 34:10
  there,
• 34:11
  we'll
• 34:11
  catch
• 34:11
  you
• 34:11
  next
• 34:11
  time.
• 34:12
  Bye.
• 34:16
  Okay,
• 34:18
  But...
• 34:18
  Birds
• 34:19
  is
• 34:19
  hosted
• 34:19
  by
• 34:20
  Scott
• 34:20
  Taylor,
• 34:21
  with
• 34:21
  production
• 34:21
  and
• 34:22
  creative
• 34:22
  by
• 34:22
  Zach
• 34:23
  Karl.