Latest / Daniel and Kelly’s Extraordinary Universe / Listener questions about alien tech, the Earth's orbit and its future!

Transcript

Listener questions about alien tech, the Earth's orbit and its future! · Daniel and Kelly’s Extraordinary Universe

• 0:08
  Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel, what's your favorite part of living in California? Oh?
• 0:12
  Speaker 1: That's easy, is it? The frozen yogurt, the celebrity sightings,
• 0:15
  Speaker 1: every time you look in the mirror, That's all great stuff.
• 0:19
  Speaker 1: But no, it's the sunshine. The sunshine makes you happy. Yeah.
• 0:24
  Speaker 1: I've spent enough time in cold and dark places to
• 0:27
  Speaker 1: appreciate when I moved here how happy the sunshine makes me.
• 0:31
  Speaker 1: Are you saying photons are like little bundles of joy?
• 0:35
  Speaker 1: Yes they are. They're like little quantized packets of happiness.
• 0:38
  Speaker 1: That's my quantum happiness theory. I'm not so sure about
• 0:41
  Speaker 1: your theory. Does that mean that every time you put
• 0:43
  Speaker 1: on sunscreen you're blocking out happiness? Yeah? Or maybe nobody
• 0:48
  Speaker 1: can be happy at night. I guess maybe I should
• 0:50
  Speaker 1: stick to physics. Hi, I'm or handmade cartoonists and the
• 1:08
  Speaker 1: creator of PhD comics. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist.
• 1:12
  Speaker 1: And even though photons make me more massive, I do
• 1:15
  Speaker 1: appreciate them. I thought they made you more light that too,
• 1:20
  Speaker 1: and nicely and cents on burn and a little red
• 1:24
  Speaker 1: happy red and light and massive and massive. Exactly, it's
• 1:28
  Speaker 1: a little appreciated that every time you're heated up by
• 1:31
  Speaker 1: the sun, you also get a tiny bit heavier. Yeah,
• 1:34
  Speaker 1: because light has energy, that's right, and mass is reflection
• 1:38
  Speaker 1: of energy. So as you get hotter, you get heavier.
• 1:42
  Speaker 1: That's a massive revelation. That's right. You want to get hot,
• 1:44
  Speaker 1: just soak up the rays. But welcome to our podcast.
• 1:47
  Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge explain the university production of My Heart Radio,
• 1:50
  Speaker 1: in which we make light of the heaviest things in
• 1:52
  Speaker 1: the universe, the deepest questions, the craziest concepts, the biggest
• 1:56
  Speaker 1: mysteries in the universe. We ask questions about the very
• 1:59
  Speaker 1: beginning of time, the nature of time, how time will end,
• 2:03
  Speaker 1: how this entire bonkers universe comes together and makes sense,
• 2:07
  Speaker 1: or whether it does. We like to think about anything
• 2:10
  Speaker 1: and everything out there in the universe because our goal
• 2:13
  Speaker 1: is to take the entire universe, slice it up into
• 2:15
  Speaker 1: quantized packets of understanding and shoot them at you. Yeah,
• 2:19
  Speaker 1: because it is a massive universe full of interesting and
• 2:22
  Speaker 1: cool phenomenon that we like to illuminate you on so
• 2:25
  Speaker 1: that you can share with the rest of the universe.
• 2:27
  Speaker 1: And it's amazing to me sometimes that it just sort
• 2:30
  Speaker 1: of works like there are laws of physics out there
• 2:33
  Speaker 1: apparently describing and defining what's supposed to happen in the universe,
• 2:36
  Speaker 1: and it just sort of seems plugging along. Nothing ever,
• 2:38
  Speaker 1: like breaks down your surprise, the universe works like, like,
• 2:43
  Speaker 1: what's it going to do? Not work? Well? No program
• 2:46
  Speaker 1: that I've ever written has ever worked the first time.
• 2:48
  Speaker 1: But you know, hey, the universe there's no bugs to
• 2:51
  Speaker 1: report so far, right right, Maybe you should stick to physics,
• 2:54
  Speaker 1: not programming. I should stay away from universe design. Thankfully
• 2:58
  Speaker 1: that you weren't in charge of. I mean, the universe.
• 3:01
  Speaker 1: Whoever did it did an incredible job, because it seems
• 3:03
  Speaker 1: so remarkably self consistent. You know, every time we discover
• 3:07
  Speaker 1: something we think doesn't make sense, we can always, in
• 3:10
  Speaker 1: the end find an explanation for it, a parsimonious and
• 3:13
  Speaker 1: beautiful description of the underlying mathematics. So it's fascinating to
• 3:18
  Speaker 1: me that there are these mathematical stories that underpinned the
• 3:21
  Speaker 1: universe and are understandable by our tiny human brains. Maybe
• 3:25
  Speaker 1: we're not the first version of the universe, Like, maybe
• 3:27
  Speaker 1: we're you know, a universe three point oh, or Universe
• 3:31
  Speaker 1: Leopard or universe you know and t or vista, I
• 3:34
  Speaker 1: see so that suggests there are future improved versions of
• 3:37
  Speaker 1: the universe to come, right, what are those going to feature?
• 3:40
  Speaker 1: You know, like more taco trucks and every corner. We
• 3:42
  Speaker 1: have to wait for the update, and of course it's
• 3:44
  Speaker 1: going to come at the worst time, and you're like
• 3:46
  Speaker 1: on a deadline and suddenly the universe going to be
• 3:48
  Speaker 1: like old, Please while we update your universe. How big
• 3:51
  Speaker 1: is that update? Ten to the ninety bytes or something
• 3:54
  Speaker 1: like that. Might be waiting for a while looking at
• 3:56
  Speaker 1: that little hour glass turning and turning. But yeah, it
• 3:59
  Speaker 1: is a pretty wonderful universe, full of interesting things to discover,
• 4:02
  Speaker 1: and full of questions to ask about it, and full
• 4:05
  Speaker 1: of interesting answers to get from those questions that illuminate
• 4:09
  Speaker 1: us to how everything works. Yeah, And part of the
• 4:11
  Speaker 1: process of physics is taking our understanding and the way
• 4:14
  Speaker 1: we think the universe works and asking questions about it
• 4:17
  Speaker 1: and wondering like, does this make sense? I think that
• 4:21
  Speaker 1: this should happen. Why does that happen instead? That's the
• 4:23
  Speaker 1: process of doing physics. That's what we do on this
• 4:26
  Speaker 1: show is to try to apply our knowledge of physics
• 4:29
  Speaker 1: to the crazy bonkers universe that's out there and That's
• 4:32
  Speaker 1: what we love to encourage in our listeners to take
• 4:35
  Speaker 1: your understanding of physics and look at the universe around
• 4:38
  Speaker 1: you and wonder, do I understand how this all fits together? Yeah,
• 4:42
  Speaker 1: because it's not just physicists and working scientists who ask questions.
• 4:45
  Speaker 1: Everybody has questions. Everyone from little kids to the old
• 4:48
  Speaker 1: and retired, we all have questions about the universe because
• 4:51
  Speaker 1: we all look around and we think, boy, why is
• 4:54
  Speaker 1: it like that? Or why does that work? Or how
• 4:56
  Speaker 1: can we ever understand what's going on? Yeah, curiosity belong
• 5:00
  Speaker 1: to everyone. I used to have a pretty common experience
• 5:02
  Speaker 1: back when I was flying on airplanes that I'd sit
• 5:04
  Speaker 1: next to somebody and they'd say what do you do
• 5:06
  Speaker 1: And I'd say I'm a physicist and they say, oh,
• 5:08
  Speaker 1: I hated that in high school. And then there'd be
• 5:11
  Speaker 1: an awkward silence, and a couple of minutes later they'd say, hey,
• 5:14
  Speaker 1: can you explain to me how the Big Bang works?
• 5:16
  Speaker 1: Or something like that. There's always some sort of physics
• 5:19
  Speaker 1: question that bubbled up inside them because it's not just
• 5:23
  Speaker 1: academic physicists who want to understand the universe. It's a
• 5:26
  Speaker 1: human thing. Everybody wants to know how this crazy universe works. Yeah,
• 5:30
  Speaker 1: well that's what you get for talking to strangers. Then
• 5:33
  Speaker 1: that's why I stopped flying. It wasn't COVID. It's just
• 5:35
  Speaker 1: that that's right, right, Or just tell them you're an astrologer.
• 5:38
  Speaker 1: They'll really get him interested or turn off, which works
• 5:41
  Speaker 1: out either way. They might have even more questions in
• 5:44
  Speaker 1: that case. But then I can just make up the
• 5:46
  Speaker 1: answers and it's all kosher, right, there are no rules. Yeah, yeah,
• 5:50
  Speaker 1: you can just predict the future. But yeah, we love questions.
• 5:53
  Speaker 1: We like to celebrate questions, and sometimes we even like
• 5:56
  Speaker 1: to answer questions. So on this podcast we like to
• 5:58
  Speaker 1: sometimes take good questions we get from listeners through Twitter
• 6:02
  Speaker 1: or through email, and questions we definitely get right, Daniel, Oh,
• 6:05
  Speaker 1: we certainly do, and we love them. So if you
• 6:07
  Speaker 1: are thinking about the universe and there's something that doesn't
• 6:10
  Speaker 1: quite sit right with you, or you've heard us explain
• 6:12
  Speaker 1: something but doesn't mesh with something else you understand, or
• 6:16
  Speaker 1: some scenario where you don't understand how it works right
• 6:18
  Speaker 1: to us two questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com,
• 6:22
  Speaker 1: or engage with us on Twitter at Daniel and Jorge.
• 6:25
  Speaker 1: And we're even on discord so you can come and
• 6:27
  Speaker 1: discuss and chat with other listeners about crazy things you
• 6:31
  Speaker 1: heard on the episodes. Yeah, and we even accept noubes
• 6:34
  Speaker 1: on discord right and pro gamers. Oh yeah, absolutely. In fact,
• 6:37
  Speaker 1: I'm kind of a discord nube. I had to have
• 6:39
  Speaker 1: my fourteen year old show me how it works. Wow,
• 6:43
  Speaker 1: all right, welcome to the internet. But yeah, So to
• 6:45
  Speaker 1: be on the podcast, we'll be tackling listener questions Number
• 6:54
  Speaker 1: twenty three. This is our episode in which we answer,
• 6:58
  Speaker 1: or at least we try to answer sutions from listeners.
• 7:00
  Speaker 1: These are real questions that people send in. These are
• 7:03
  Speaker 1: if you write as a question, you will definitely get
• 7:05
  Speaker 1: an answer. And if you write as a super interesting
• 7:07
  Speaker 1: question that I think other listeners might want to hear
• 7:09
  Speaker 1: the answer to, then I'll ask you to send us
• 7:11
  Speaker 1: an audio recording so your voice can be heard on
• 7:14
  Speaker 1: the pod and so we can all discuss your fascinating question.
• 7:18
  Speaker 1: Oh man, I make it sound like it's a contest.
• 7:20
  Speaker 1: People are going to try extra hard to send you
• 7:22
  Speaker 1: interesting questions. Now that sounds great. I don't know if
• 7:24
  Speaker 1: these people have one or lost though, you know, featured
• 7:27
  Speaker 1: on the podcasts our prize or punishment. Interesting well, at
• 7:31
  Speaker 1: least they will be podcast famous just like we are. Yeah,
• 7:33
  Speaker 1: they can cash that in for retirement, I'm sure. Yeah,
• 7:36
  Speaker 1: for little photons of joy. Yeah, we like to answer
• 7:40
  Speaker 1: questions and to they. We have three pretty interesting questions
• 7:43
  Speaker 1: from listeners, both young and old, and they have to
• 7:45
  Speaker 1: do with Earth's orbit, about the growing sun, and also
• 7:51
  Speaker 1: about alien technology. Now we're not just talking about the
• 7:54
  Speaker 1: new iPhone, are we We're talking about the whole universe,
• 7:56
  Speaker 1: which apparently you think is some sort of technology, some
• 7:59
  Speaker 1: sort of soft as long as it wasn't made by windows. Well, basically,
• 8:05
  Speaker 1: physics is trying to reverse engineer the universe, right, so
• 8:08
  Speaker 1: we're trying to unravel the rules by which it works. Wait,
• 8:11
  Speaker 1: are you saying that physicists are actually engineers? Like at
• 8:15
  Speaker 1: the at their core, we're all engineers in our hearts,
• 8:18
  Speaker 1: in our hearts. Are you saying the reverse engineers? They're
• 8:21
  Speaker 1: like the anti engineer. There you go, you collid to
• 8:24
  Speaker 1: physicists and engineer. Boom, you get comedy. That's right. Engineers
• 8:29
  Speaker 1: are trying to make things better. Physicists are doing the reverse.
• 8:33
  Speaker 1: There's always got to be balanced to the universe, man,
• 8:35
  Speaker 1: there's always a dark side. Haven't you watched enough science
• 8:37
  Speaker 1: fiction to know that. I thought Star Wars was fantasy.
• 8:41
  Speaker 1: There's no dragons in it, so I don't know. But yeah,
• 8:44
  Speaker 1: so let's jump right into these questions. These are all
• 8:46
  Speaker 1: pretty interesting questions, and the first question we have is
• 8:49
  Speaker 1: from Scott, who has a question about the Earth's orbit. Hello.
• 8:53
  Speaker 1: My name is Scott, and I'm writing to you from SPOKEMP, Washington.
• 8:56
  Speaker 1: I love the show and please keep up the great work.
• 8:58
  Speaker 1: My question do you as in regard to solar sales.
• 9:01
  Speaker 1: I understand the very basic theory of a solar sale.
• 9:03
  Speaker 1: Photons bounce off of a surface and apartmamentum to the object.
• 9:06
  Speaker 1: Planets around to start bombarded with photons and all the
• 9:09
  Speaker 1: other junk of star shoots at them all the time.
• 9:11
  Speaker 1: Planets have a fairly large surface area to absorbable that energy.
• 9:14
  Speaker 1: Wire planets not pushed away from stars. Thank you for
• 9:17
  Speaker 1: your time and have a great day, all right, thank you. Scott.
• 9:20
  Speaker 1: Speaking of not having sunshine, he's from Spokane, Washington, where
• 9:24
  Speaker 1: I think it rains like eleven months a year, right.
• 9:26
  Speaker 1: I think he's wishing there was more solar radiation pushing
• 9:29
  Speaker 1: against the Earth. Maybe that's why why he was thinking
• 9:31
  Speaker 1: about sunshine. Yeah, well he has a fascinating question about
• 9:34
  Speaker 1: why the Earth is not blown out of the Solar
• 9:37
  Speaker 1: system by all of that solar radiation. Yeah, because we've
• 9:41
  Speaker 1: had episodes about solar sales, and it turns out you
• 9:43
  Speaker 1: could sort of surf the solar wind out there. If
• 9:46
  Speaker 1: you have a big enough sale, the sunshine from the
• 9:49
  Speaker 1: Sun will actually push you, and it could maybe push
• 9:52
  Speaker 1: a spaceship out of the Solar system. That's right, And
• 9:54
  Speaker 1: these solar sales are an analogy to the kinds of
• 9:57
  Speaker 1: sales you find on a Sailboat's not literal wind in
• 10:00
  Speaker 1: space the same way we have wind here on Earth.
• 10:03
  Speaker 1: We have streams of air molecules, but there are particles
• 10:06
  Speaker 1: moving through space that we can call wind. The solar
• 10:10
  Speaker 1: wind is a stream of protons and electrons and other
• 10:13
  Speaker 1: kinds of radiation that the Sun is pumping out, and
• 10:16
  Speaker 1: so you can capture that energy and grab its momentum
• 10:19
  Speaker 1: and use it to accelerate a very small, lightweight spacecraft
• 10:23
  Speaker 1: that can get going really kind of shockingly fast. Yeah,
• 10:27
  Speaker 1: because there's a lot of stuff coming out of the Sun,
• 10:29
  Speaker 1: and if you catch it, you could write it out
• 10:31
  Speaker 1: of the solar system. But I guess Scott's question is, like,
• 10:33
  Speaker 1: you know, the Earth is pretty big, so it's almost
• 10:36
  Speaker 1: like a giant sail, and it's catching all this you know,
• 10:39
  Speaker 1: stuff from the Sun. Why doesn't that push the Earth
• 10:42
  Speaker 1: out of orbit? It's a great question, and the Sun
• 10:45
  Speaker 1: is pushing on the Earth. He's totally right. The Earth
• 10:48
  Speaker 1: is like a big solar sail, and the Sun's radiation
• 10:52
  Speaker 1: doesn't just heat it up, it also pushes on it.
• 10:54
  Speaker 1: And so I had to do a little bit of
• 10:56
  Speaker 1: a calculation to figure out like how big an effect is.
• 10:59
  Speaker 1: That turns out the Sun puts out about a thousand
• 11:02
  Speaker 1: watts per meter squared. That's like how much energy is
• 11:05
  Speaker 1: deposited on a square meter of Earth by the Sun.
• 11:11
  Speaker 1: That's a lot. That's like a you know, a couple
• 11:13
  Speaker 1: of hundred lightbulbs. It's not a tiny amount. So when
• 11:15
  Speaker 1: I got that number, I thought, oh, we might be
• 11:17
  Speaker 1: in trouble. You know. I felt like if I got
• 11:20
  Speaker 1: the wrong answer, I might blow the Earth out of orbit.
• 11:23
  Speaker 1: Or you may be figured out that Scott had uncovered
• 11:26
  Speaker 1: some kind of deep secret that what he had thought about. Well,
• 11:28
  Speaker 1: that's the really fun thing about these questions is like, well,
• 11:31
  Speaker 1: you know, the Earth is in orbit. You just have
• 11:33
  Speaker 1: to understand like why it works. Clearly, the universe is
• 11:36
  Speaker 1: functioning somehow the Earth is staying in its orbit. But
• 11:40
  Speaker 1: the name of the game in physics is to understand
• 11:42
  Speaker 1: how all these mechanisms work together to explain that. So
• 11:45
  Speaker 1: I love this kind of question because here Scott is saying, like,
• 11:48
  Speaker 1: you explained this to me, how does that mesh with
• 11:49
  Speaker 1: what I already know over there? Right? Because um, you know,
• 11:53
  Speaker 1: so far we're still in orbit around the Sun. As
• 11:55
  Speaker 1: far as I know, we haven't been blown out of
• 11:57
  Speaker 1: this solar system. And so I guess the question is
• 11:59
  Speaker 1: why is that? You know, like why doesn't all that
• 12:01
  Speaker 1: sunlight pushes out? Yeah? Because the Earth is pretty big, right.
• 12:04
  Speaker 1: The Earth has ten to the fourteen meter square of area.
• 12:09
  Speaker 1: So if you take the Earth and you sort of
• 12:10
  Speaker 1: look at its image from the Sun, it would look
• 12:12
  Speaker 1: like a disc, and you can ask how big is
• 12:15
  Speaker 1: that disk? And you know, ten to the fourteen meter
• 12:18
  Speaker 1: squared is a big number. Ten to the twelve is
• 12:21
  Speaker 1: a trillion, ten to the fifteen is a quadrillion, So
• 12:24
  Speaker 1: we're talking about like a hundred trillion square meters of
• 12:28
  Speaker 1: area times a thousand watts per square meters, so how
• 12:32
  Speaker 1: much why So that's like ten to the seventeen watts,
• 12:36
  Speaker 1: which is an enormous amount of energy, right, but you
• 12:39
  Speaker 1: know the Earth is pretty massive until it takes a
• 12:42
  Speaker 1: lot of energy to have sort of any real impact
• 12:44
  Speaker 1: on the Earth. Well, how does that translate into force?
• 12:47
  Speaker 1: Like what's the overall fours of all that sunlight? There's
• 12:50
  Speaker 1: one more step involved in figuring that out, because watts
• 12:53
  Speaker 1: is energy per second. But we do know the energy
• 12:57
  Speaker 1: of photons that hit the Earth since we know they're
• 13:00
  Speaker 1: wavelength are in the visible light. So we can convert
• 13:02
  Speaker 1: that to the number of photons per second, which is
• 13:05
  Speaker 1: about ten to the thirty five photons per second. That's
• 13:10
  Speaker 1: a huge number, and each one has a certain amount
• 13:13
  Speaker 1: of momentum, and since force is basically a change in momentum,
• 13:17
  Speaker 1: we can get the total force. So the effective force
• 13:20
  Speaker 1: of all that sunlight is one billion Newton's right, And
• 13:25
  Speaker 1: so for example, the force on you is nine point
• 13:29
  Speaker 1: eight times your mass in kilograms, So like the force
• 13:32
  Speaker 1: of the Earth on a one kilogram object is about
• 13:36
  Speaker 1: ten newtons, So this is a billion newtons, which is
• 13:40
  Speaker 1: not a trivial amount of force. Right. It's also not
• 13:43
  Speaker 1: a phraser here every day a billion mutants. I don't
• 13:46
  Speaker 1: think i've ever in my in my forty five years
• 13:48
  Speaker 1: of life, i've heard that this towards said at the
• 13:50
  Speaker 1: at the same phrase. It makes me think of that
• 13:52
  Speaker 1: whole like infinite monkey's room, you know, typing out Hamlet.
• 13:55
  Speaker 1: If you had a billion Isaac Newton's in a room,
• 13:57
  Speaker 1: how many different theories of physics could you come up with? Well,
• 14:01
  Speaker 1: as long as they stopped monking around, they can probably
• 14:04
  Speaker 1: solve the secrets of the universe. And so a billion
• 14:06
  Speaker 1: newtons sounds like a big force, but it's actually pretty
• 14:09
  Speaker 1: small compared to the other forces on the Earth, Like
• 14:12
  Speaker 1: the force of the Moon on the Earth, you know,
• 14:15
  Speaker 1: the thing that gives us tides and stuff like that,
• 14:17
  Speaker 1: that's tend to the twenty newtons. So it's like more
• 14:21
  Speaker 1: than ten to the ten times bigger than the force
• 14:24
  Speaker 1: of the Earth as a solar sale. Wow. So it's
• 14:27
  Speaker 1: like maybe like a trillion or a half a trillion
• 14:30
  Speaker 1: of of the amount of force that it gets from
• 14:32
  Speaker 1: the Moon, and the force of the Sun on the
• 14:35
  Speaker 1: Earth from its gravity is tend to the twenty three Newton's.
• 14:39
  Speaker 1: So it's like almost a quadrillionth of the force of
• 14:42
  Speaker 1: gravity from the Sun. So the Sun is pulling on
• 14:45
  Speaker 1: us with gravity, and that's an attractive force, and it's
• 14:48
  Speaker 1: also very gently pushing on us. About one quadrillion of
• 14:52
  Speaker 1: the force of its gravity is repulsive because of the
• 14:55
  Speaker 1: solar radiation in the solar sale effect, So we are
• 14:58
  Speaker 1: getting pushed by the Sun, but it's a really tiny
• 15:00
  Speaker 1: amount compared to you know, all of the forces and
• 15:03
  Speaker 1: the mass of the Earth that that are going on,
• 15:05
  Speaker 1: so it's almost negligible. But you know, you can never
• 15:07
  Speaker 1: really discount stuff in astronomy because the Earth has been
• 15:10
  Speaker 1: going around the Sun for billions of years, and so
• 15:13
  Speaker 1: even a very small change in the force of gravity
• 15:16
  Speaker 1: would have an impact on the Earth's orbit eventually, right,
• 15:18
  Speaker 1: And so the real answer to Scott's question doesn't actually
• 15:21
  Speaker 1: depend on how strong this force is. The force from
• 15:24
  Speaker 1: the solar sale could be really, really huge. The real
• 15:27
  Speaker 1: answer is that it's already accounted for in the Earth's orbit.
• 15:31
  Speaker 1: So the effect of a solar sale basically reduces the
• 15:34
  Speaker 1: strength of the Sun's gravity and changes where the Earth
• 15:37
  Speaker 1: can orbit. So the Earth's orbit already accounts for the
• 15:40
  Speaker 1: fact that the Sun is gently pushing on it as
• 15:42
  Speaker 1: well as very strongly pulling on it. Interesting, like, it's
• 15:46
  Speaker 1: it's there. It's a quadrilliant of the force from the Sun,
• 15:48
  Speaker 1: but it's there. It's still right. Like. It does affect
• 15:51
  Speaker 1: the Earth's orbit, and it is part of kind of
• 15:53
  Speaker 1: what holds it and balance exactly. If you, for example,
• 15:56
  Speaker 1: turned off this solar sale effect somehow because you were
• 15:59
  Speaker 1: mass through the universe, then the Earth wouldn't be in
• 16:02
  Speaker 1: the right orbit anymore. Right, gravity would get a tiny
• 16:05
  Speaker 1: little bit stronger, and eventually the Earth would spiral into
• 16:09
  Speaker 1: the Sun because the Earth doesn't have enough velocity to
• 16:12
  Speaker 1: be in this orbit if gravity is stronger, So the
• 16:14
  Speaker 1: Earth is in just the right place, has just the
• 16:17
  Speaker 1: right orbit, the direction, the velocity for all these forces
• 16:20
  Speaker 1: to keep it in a stable place. Wow, makes me
• 16:23
  Speaker 1: realize just how precarious our orbit is. Right, Like, if
• 16:26
  Speaker 1: you added a quadrillion of the mass of the Sun
• 16:29
  Speaker 1: to the Sun, then we would spiral in, or if
• 16:31
  Speaker 1: you took out that much, we would spiral out. Yeah,
• 16:33
  Speaker 1: although it's not an accident that we're here, right, We're
• 16:35
  Speaker 1: here because a chunk of stuff found itself in a
• 16:38
  Speaker 1: stable orbit. So it's sort of like a selection effect.
• 16:41
  Speaker 1: All those pre planetary blobs that ended up falling into
• 16:44
  Speaker 1: the Sun, no life evolved on them. To ask questions
• 16:46
  Speaker 1: of podcast hosts, right, well, technically it is an accident.
• 16:51
  Speaker 1: Were but we're just the lucky ones that survived. Yes,
• 16:53
  Speaker 1: it is an accident. And it's also a really cool
• 16:55
  Speaker 1: idea to think about other things in a solar system,
• 16:58
  Speaker 1: because it's a useful way to very gently nudge objects.
• 17:01
  Speaker 1: If you, for example, discover an asteroid that's going to
• 17:05
  Speaker 1: hit the Earth in you know, like a thousand years
• 17:08
  Speaker 1: or a hundred years, you could change its orbit slightly
• 17:11
  Speaker 1: by like painting it with really bright white paint so
• 17:15
  Speaker 1: that reflected the Sun more dramatically and would tweak its
• 17:18
  Speaker 1: orbit a tiny bit. Interesting. You could maybe spray painted
• 17:21
  Speaker 1: with gold or something, you know, why not, right, go
• 17:24
  Speaker 1: a little fancy, you'll be more reflective. Yeah. In fact,
• 17:26
  Speaker 1: I was reading a paper this morning that just came out.
• 17:29
  Speaker 1: They calculated that an asteroid that's like a Tunguska class,
• 17:33
  Speaker 1: you know, like one of these really massive ones like
• 17:35
  Speaker 1: fifty in diameter, if you covered it with like one
• 17:39
  Speaker 1: micron of lithium or sodium metal, which is very reflective
• 17:43
  Speaker 1: over its surface. You could change where it would hit
• 17:45
  Speaker 1: on the Earth by a thousand kilometers for every hundred
• 17:48
  Speaker 1: years of its orbit. So if you wanted to miss
• 17:51
  Speaker 1: the Earth, you'd have to like spotted a couple hundred
• 17:54
  Speaker 1: years in advance, send out a spacecraft to like paint it,
• 17:57
  Speaker 1: you know, like spray painted with metal or something thing,
• 18:00
  Speaker 1: and you could basically save humanity. Wow, so graffiti could
• 18:03
  Speaker 1: save the human race. Like Banks, it could be like
• 18:06
  Speaker 1: the ultimate hero in the next Armagenna movie. Yeah, exactly.
• 18:09
  Speaker 1: Who needs Bruce Willis Now we need Bans. Yeah, So
• 18:13
  Speaker 1: that's a pretty interesting question. My question now is like
• 18:15
  Speaker 1: when physicists model the Solar System, you do predictions about orbits,
• 18:20
  Speaker 1: do you take into account the solar win or did
• 18:22
  Speaker 1: you say, oh, it's like a trillionth of the effect,
• 18:24
  Speaker 1: we're going to ignore it. It really depends on the
• 18:26
  Speaker 1: question you're asking. And that's sort of the cool thing
• 18:29
  Speaker 1: about physics is that when we ask questions, we're always
• 18:31
  Speaker 1: using some approximate description in the universe. We're never including
• 18:34
  Speaker 1: every tiny detail because it'd be impossible. So when you
• 18:37
  Speaker 1: do physics, a big part of the work is figuring
• 18:39
  Speaker 1: out what to include and what to neglect. You know,
• 18:42
  Speaker 1: we might also, for example, include the gravitational effect of
• 18:45
  Speaker 1: Andromeda when you're calculating where your baseball is going to go.
• 18:49
  Speaker 1: But obviously you can ignore it. So this is the
• 18:51
  Speaker 1: kind of thing that's really really small. And so if
• 18:54
  Speaker 1: you're asking questions about what's going to happen in the
• 18:56
  Speaker 1: next hundred years or thousand years, you can ignore this stuff.
• 18:59
  Speaker 1: If you have questions about the very long term stability
• 19:02
  Speaker 1: of the Solar system, then you might need to take
• 19:05
  Speaker 1: it into account. Interesting, Yeah, you might need to shed
• 19:07
  Speaker 1: some sunlight into your calculations. All right, Well that's a
• 19:11
  Speaker 1: Scott's questions. Why is the Earth not pushed out of
• 19:13
  Speaker 1: or by the Sun's light. The answer is that the
• 19:15
  Speaker 1: Sun's light does push on the Earth. It is an effect,
• 19:18
  Speaker 1: but it's pretty insignificant compared to all of the other
• 19:21
  Speaker 1: forces that are going on, and it's already accounted for
• 19:23
  Speaker 1: in determining our orbit. So even if it was like
• 19:26
  Speaker 1: half the strength of gravity, the Earth would be in
• 19:29
  Speaker 1: a place appropriate to that balanced force. Yeah, I think
• 19:32
  Speaker 1: you mean, like the order we're in is also due
• 19:34
  Speaker 1: in part two because of the sunlight. Alright, let's get
• 19:37
  Speaker 1: into our two other questions, one about alien technology and
• 19:40
  Speaker 1: the other one about the growing sun. But first let's
• 19:43
  Speaker 1: take a quick break. Al Right, we are answering listener questions,
• 19:59
  Speaker 1: trying to give our as answers. Um Daniel is thinking
• 20:02
  Speaker 1: philosophically speaking, can you have an answer without a question?
• 20:05
  Speaker 1: And if we didn't have questions, will we have answers?
• 20:07
  Speaker 1: I don't know what it would mean to have an
• 20:09
  Speaker 1: answer without a question. It's like, you know, no tree
• 20:12
  Speaker 1: falls in the woods, doesn't make a noise anyway. So
• 20:14
  Speaker 1: if a physicists ask a question in the forest and
• 20:17
  Speaker 1: and it doesn't have any equipment to measure the experiment with,
• 20:20
  Speaker 1: do they really learn anything? Yeah? I think you know,
• 20:23
  Speaker 1: the beautiful thing about answers is that they come from questions,
• 20:26
  Speaker 1: and they are matched with that question. They're defined by
• 20:28
  Speaker 1: that question. And so I think you've got to have
• 20:31
  Speaker 1: questions in order to have answers. And without answers, we
• 20:34
  Speaker 1: wouldn't I guess no things about the universe, right, Yeah,
• 20:37
  Speaker 1: It's sort of part of the way our mind works.
• 20:39
  Speaker 1: You know. We don't just have questions and answers. We
• 20:41
  Speaker 1: have stories that we tell ourselves. We describe the universe
• 20:44
  Speaker 1: in terms of cause and effect, and this happens because
• 20:47
  Speaker 1: of that, it reveals a lot about the way the
• 20:48
  Speaker 1: universe works, but it also might reveal a lot about
• 20:51
  Speaker 1: the way our minds work, which is why I would
• 20:54
  Speaker 1: be super fascinating to learn about, you know, alien science
• 20:57
  Speaker 1: to see if what they have learned about the universe
• 20:59
  Speaker 1: is similar. Would suggests that maybe we've learned something universal,
• 21:02
  Speaker 1: or whether their stories about the universe are completely different,
• 21:05
  Speaker 1: or if they even think in terms of stories, which
• 21:08
  Speaker 1: might tell us that everything we've learned about the universe
• 21:10
  Speaker 1: is really just very human. Yeah, what's a good story
• 21:14
  Speaker 1: without a good question in it? And so that happens
• 21:16
  Speaker 1: to be our next question. This one is from Craig
• 21:18
  Speaker 1: and he has a question about alien technology. Hey, Daniel Horgey,
• 21:22
  Speaker 1: this is Kurt York from Dallas, Texas. I have a fun,
• 21:24
  Speaker 1: mind bending question for you guys, which you guys will
• 21:27
  Speaker 1: absolutely thrive off of. Well, I hope. So anyway, here
• 21:30
  Speaker 1: we go. If scientists found three functional alien anti gravity guns,
• 21:33
  Speaker 1: what process would they used to understand the physics and
• 21:35
  Speaker 1: technology underlying that gun? Basically, how would they rever reverse engineering? Okay,
• 21:40
  Speaker 1: as of right now, you are officially in charge of
• 21:41
  Speaker 1: the project. I give you all the greatest scientists on
• 21:43
  Speaker 1: Earth and a five billion dollar budget, how would you
• 21:45
  Speaker 1: pull it off? Which leads to the big Kahuna question.
• 21:48
  Speaker 1: If we've got our best physicists together with alien physicists,
• 21:50
  Speaker 1: could our physicists even groc or understand their super advanced
• 21:54
  Speaker 1: science or technology? And this is something they were super
• 21:57
  Speaker 1: patient like nurturing aliens and empathetically carefully walked us through
• 22:00
  Speaker 1: the concepts. And I appreciate your time um for this podcast.
• 22:04
  Speaker 1: Every episode opens an entire universe for me, both from
• 22:07
  Speaker 1: a physics as well as from a philosophical perspective, So
• 22:09
  Speaker 1: thank you guys very much. Alright, awesome question, Craig, and
• 22:12
  Speaker 1: I feel like Craig could use his own podcast like
• 22:14
  Speaker 1: that question was totally entertaining in itself. I got questions
• 22:18
  Speaker 1: for Craig. Oh my gosh, pretty cool question and apparently
• 22:23
  Speaker 1: it comes with resources. So he's given us a billion
• 22:25
  Speaker 1: dollars to answer this question. Well, yeah, maybe you can
• 22:28
  Speaker 1: have a billion. I heard him say five billion, So
• 22:31
  Speaker 1: that's four billion for the physicists and one billion for
• 22:34
  Speaker 1: the engineers for me, but then you also have to
• 22:38
  Speaker 1: build stuff too to make it work right exactly. It's
• 22:41
  Speaker 1: a super fun question, you know, imagining of a piece
• 22:44
  Speaker 1: of alien technology like fell out of the sky landed here,
• 22:48
  Speaker 1: How could we figure out how it works? How could
• 22:51
  Speaker 1: we reverse engineer to learn some physics from an existing
• 22:55
  Speaker 1: working piece of technology. Yeah, yeah, And I feel like
• 22:58
  Speaker 1: Craig was very specific, like he did and just want
• 23:00
  Speaker 1: us to talk about how to reverse engineer technology, But
• 23:03
  Speaker 1: he had a very specific example, like if what if
• 23:05
  Speaker 1: we found three anti gravity guns and then how we
• 23:09
  Speaker 1: would figure out how those work? Yeah, and that's a
• 23:11
  Speaker 1: really cool target because anti gravity is something we would
• 23:15
  Speaker 1: love to see, we would love to understand. We don't
• 23:17
  Speaker 1: even know if it's possible. You know, currently, our understanding
• 23:21
  Speaker 1: of how gravity works is that you have massive objects
• 23:24
  Speaker 1: which change the way spaces bent, and that's bending of
• 23:27
  Speaker 1: space that affects how mass is moved. But anti gravity
• 23:31
  Speaker 1: is something completely different, something repulsive gravity is not something
• 23:34
  Speaker 1: we have seen except in very special cases. Maybe dark
• 23:38
  Speaker 1: energy might be repulsive gravity. So a demonstration of repulsive
• 23:42
  Speaker 1: gravity would already revolutionize and reorient all of our physics research.
• 23:46
  Speaker 1: You know, just like knowing that something is possible is
• 23:49
  Speaker 1: a huge benefit, is a huge clue when you're doing research. Well,
• 23:54
  Speaker 1: I guess I have a question for Craig, which is like,
• 23:56
  Speaker 1: what is an anti gravity gun? Like, you know, what
• 23:59
  Speaker 1: does it do? Does shoot anti gravity? Does it make
• 24:02
  Speaker 1: the thing you shoot it at, you know, not have gravity?
• 24:05
  Speaker 1: Or what does that mean? What is it? What do
• 24:07
  Speaker 1: you think that this gun does. I'm imagining you pointed
• 24:10
  Speaker 1: at something and then gravity basically just can't affect that thing. So,
• 24:13
  Speaker 1: for example, you pointed at the Empire State building and
• 24:16
  Speaker 1: then any little kid can come by and just like
• 24:17
  Speaker 1: pick up the building because it basically weighs nothing. I
• 24:21
  Speaker 1: see you like, do you think you shoot at once
• 24:23
  Speaker 1: or do you have to keep the trigger on? You know?
• 24:25
  Speaker 1: Is it like a ray or is it like a
• 24:27
  Speaker 1: like a birth man? It sounds like you want to
• 24:30
  Speaker 1: read the manual for this alien tech whatever. We're going
• 24:32
  Speaker 1: to reverse engineer and we I gotta know how it works, right, Yeah?
• 24:35
  Speaker 1: So I guess according to Jorge, first step is like
• 24:37
  Speaker 1: play with the gun, see what it can do. Stuff. Right,
• 24:44
  Speaker 1: somebody gives you an anti gravity gun through reverse engineer,
• 24:46
  Speaker 1: You're not just gonna like start to take it apart.
• 24:48
  Speaker 1: You gotta see what it does first, right, I guess
• 24:50
  Speaker 1: that's what I would do as an engineer, see what
• 24:52
  Speaker 1: it does, right, Right, But in a realistic scenario, you know,
• 24:55
  Speaker 1: like an alien ship crash lands and the aliens are
• 24:57
  Speaker 1: dead and all we have is their technology. We don't
• 24:59
  Speaker 1: know that this thing is an anti gravity gun because
• 25:02
  Speaker 1: nobody's told us. The aliens haven't been Like, Merry Christmas,
• 25:05
  Speaker 1: here's an anti gravity gun. Figure it out. We just
• 25:07
  Speaker 1: have some piece of technology. Now you're telling me Rory
• 25:10
  Speaker 1: is just gonna start like mashing buttons and pointing at
• 25:13
  Speaker 1: things to see what it does. Like, I want to
• 25:14
  Speaker 1: get pretty far away. Mm I see, I see. You're saying, like,
• 25:17
  Speaker 1: what if it just found this thing and didn't know
• 25:19
  Speaker 1: it was a anti gravity gun? Yeah, what would you do?
• 25:22
  Speaker 1: Like what if this thing is like a black hole
• 25:23
  Speaker 1: machine or creates work bubbles? Yeah, an alien piece of technology,
• 25:27
  Speaker 1: there's effectively no limits on what it could potentially be. Well,
• 25:32
  Speaker 1: I guess then that's a different question, right. You're not
• 25:34
  Speaker 1: trying to reverse engineer, you're just trying to figure out
• 25:36
  Speaker 1: what it does. You're trying to like reverse use it. Yeah,
• 25:40
  Speaker 1: because it could be, for example, something that opens up
• 25:42
  Speaker 1: a wormhole to the center of the sun and then
• 25:44
  Speaker 1: all of a sudden you have like a stream of
• 25:47
  Speaker 1: plasma shooting out like so it could be pretty dangerous.
• 25:50
  Speaker 1: But if you do already somehow know what it is
• 25:53
  Speaker 1: and know what it can do, maybe correct's question is about, like,
• 25:56
  Speaker 1: how would you figure out the physics of it? How
• 25:58
  Speaker 1: would you detect the mechanism on which it's based. Yeah,
• 26:01
  Speaker 1: I think that's more of this question, like if you
• 26:03
  Speaker 1: knew what it does, and specifically this idea of anti gravity,
• 26:06
  Speaker 1: how would you know how it works? So I'm assuming
• 26:09
  Speaker 1: that the aliens label all of their weapons or tools, Yeah,
• 26:13
  Speaker 1: in which case, I hope they also labeled the insides
• 26:16
  Speaker 1: of it, so they tell us like, oh, here's the
• 26:18
  Speaker 1: graviton generator, and here's the graviton tuner, and here's the
• 26:21
  Speaker 1: graviton lens. Or I guess first of all, I hope
• 26:25
  Speaker 1: they brought a dictionary so they can read these labels.
• 26:29
  Speaker 1: It would be, on one hand, a tremendous clue right
• 26:33
  Speaker 1: to know that this is possible, so now we can
• 26:35
  Speaker 1: sort of try to extend our theories of physics to
• 26:38
  Speaker 1: accommodate it. On the other hand, it would still be
• 26:41
  Speaker 1: tremendously confusing because you don't necessarily know anything about how
• 26:45
  Speaker 1: it works. And this technology could rely on physics which
• 26:48
  Speaker 1: could be you know, hundreds or thousands or millions of
• 26:51
  Speaker 1: years ahead of hours, and so it would quite difficult.
• 26:55
  Speaker 1: You know, imagine, for example, dropping a laptop in Galileo's
• 26:59
  Speaker 1: time him. Would he be able to reverse engineering and
• 27:02
  Speaker 1: understand all of the physics that are inherent inside of it,
• 27:05
  Speaker 1: you know, semiconductor technology and quantum mechanics. Could he reverse
• 27:09
  Speaker 1: engineer all of that from a laptop? It would be
• 27:12
  Speaker 1: totally impossible. That's basically the situation we're in. Especially if
• 27:16
  Speaker 1: you don't give him the password. And you don't give
• 27:18
  Speaker 1: him the password, he's stuck in the welcome screen on
• 27:21
  Speaker 1: he don't even know what this thing does. Type you know,
• 27:23
  Speaker 1: password in in Italian, and that's like he's not gonna
• 27:25
  Speaker 1: get anywhere. It's gonna lock him out. He's gonna have
• 27:29
  Speaker 1: to call the genius bar and they'll take a few
• 27:32
  Speaker 1: hundred years forget it. So, you know, practically speaking joking aside,
• 27:37
  Speaker 1: I think it might be impossible unless we're very very
• 27:41
  Speaker 1: lucky to figure out how it works, like the underlying
• 27:44
  Speaker 1: physical principles, Unless it's like a direct step forward from
• 27:48
  Speaker 1: what we are doing already that I think it might
• 27:50
  Speaker 1: be impossible, And that's sort of what he was laying out, like,
• 27:52
  Speaker 1: maybe it uses gravitons, which is a theoretical idea about
• 27:56
  Speaker 1: how gravity might be married with quantum mchann. If in
• 28:00
  Speaker 1: fact this thing is like an intense source of gravitons,
• 28:04
  Speaker 1: then we might be able to detect that. Well. I
• 28:08
  Speaker 1: think we were on the right track before when we
• 28:10
  Speaker 1: said that the first thing that you would do to
• 28:11
  Speaker 1: reverse engineer this is to see how it works, Like
• 28:14
  Speaker 1: you would, you know, sort of treat the object as
• 28:17
  Speaker 1: a thing, not try to get into its inside or
• 28:19
  Speaker 1: to see what the insides do or how it's put together,
• 28:22
  Speaker 1: but just to sort of understand it as a black box,
• 28:25
  Speaker 1: Like if I do this to the black box, what
• 28:26
  Speaker 1: does the black box do? What can it do? You know? Like,
• 28:29
  Speaker 1: what kind of signals can you read off of this
• 28:32
  Speaker 1: black box? Does it's sucking energy? Does it output energy?
• 28:35
  Speaker 1: I think that would be a first step, wouldn't it,
• 28:37
  Speaker 1: at least as an engineer, That's that's what would make sense. Sure,
• 28:40
  Speaker 1: But aren't all engineers famous for taking things apart? You know?
• 28:43
  Speaker 1: Didn't you take toasters apart? As a kid, Are you
• 28:44
  Speaker 1: not going to be tempted to take apart this alien
• 28:47
  Speaker 1: see what's going on inside of it? No? I think
• 28:50
  Speaker 1: that would be step two. I think, you know, like
• 28:52
  Speaker 1: I think step one. You know, when you get a
• 28:54
  Speaker 1: new toast, when an engineer gets a new toaster, and
• 28:56
  Speaker 1: we don't just like, hey, a new toaster, own to
• 28:58
  Speaker 1: stick it apart, We're like, oh, what can this toast
• 29:00
  Speaker 1: to do? Let's press this bums, press that button. Let's
• 29:02
  Speaker 1: put in three slices of bread and see if it explodes. Yeah,
• 29:05
  Speaker 1: so we could try to do that, and you know,
• 29:07
  Speaker 1: gravitons are something that we are looking for. We could,
• 29:10
  Speaker 1: for example, try to see if this thing is emitting
• 29:13
  Speaker 1: quantum gravity particles. But gravitons are very very difficult to
• 29:18
  Speaker 1: see if they even do exist. And the reason is
• 29:21
  Speaker 1: that gravity itself is really really weak, and so gravity
• 29:25
  Speaker 1: is a force is you know, the weakest force among
• 29:27
  Speaker 1: all of them. It's much weaker than electricity and magnetism,
• 29:30
  Speaker 1: or the strong force or the weak nuclear force. And
• 29:33
  Speaker 1: that's important because it means that gravitons, which if they exist,
• 29:36
  Speaker 1: would be like the basic building block of the force
• 29:38
  Speaker 1: of gravity, are also super duper duper, duper faint. So
• 29:42
  Speaker 1: even if you had something that generated gravitons, would be
• 29:45
  Speaker 1: difficult to pick up individual gravitons. We might not be
• 29:48
  Speaker 1: hard to see like quadrillion gravitons altogether, but to understand
• 29:52
  Speaker 1: that they are gravitons is tricky. We see like the
• 29:55
  Speaker 1: power of the Sun's gravity all the time, if those
• 29:58
  Speaker 1: are gravitons, and there's just like quadrillions of gravitons all
• 30:02
  Speaker 1: the time. To discover gravitons, you have to see them
• 30:04
  Speaker 1: sort of like separated, individually quantized, and that's tricky, even
• 30:08
  Speaker 1: if you have a gun that can create them. M Well,
• 30:10
  Speaker 1: I think the hard part is that gravitons are the
• 30:13
  Speaker 1: particles that supposedly transmit gravity, right, the force of gravity. Right,
• 30:17
  Speaker 1: So this gun probably wouldn't shoot gravitons, right, would it.
• 30:21
  Speaker 1: Like shooting graviton would just mean that you're pushing or
• 30:24
  Speaker 1: you're attracting it. According to our understanding, this anti gravity
• 30:27
  Speaker 1: gun is totally impossible. You're right, even if you shoot gravitons.
• 30:31
  Speaker 1: If we build a gun that shot gravitons, it would
• 30:33
  Speaker 1: not accomplish anti gravity. So but there might be some
• 30:37
  Speaker 1: way that we don't understand that gravity works at a
• 30:39
  Speaker 1: deeper quantum level, So maybe gravitons can cause them like
• 30:42
  Speaker 1: destructive interference to cancel out local gravity somehow. I mean,
• 30:46
  Speaker 1: I'm just totally speculating, and it sucks gravitons, like maybe
• 30:49
  Speaker 1: it's actually a graviton vacuum cleaner, not to my understanding.
• 30:53
  Speaker 1: Like currently, there's no way to have anti gravity. We
• 30:56
  Speaker 1: had a whole episode about anti gravity, and you know,
• 30:59
  Speaker 1: it's you'd have to change the local shape of space.
• 31:02
  Speaker 1: You have the empire state building and you wanted to
• 31:05
  Speaker 1: not have any gravity. Instead of space being curved by
• 31:08
  Speaker 1: the mass of that object, you have to somehow uncurved
• 31:11
  Speaker 1: space so the space is not curved by that object's mass,
• 31:15
  Speaker 1: so there's no force of gravity on it. So gravitons
• 31:18
  Speaker 1: would have to come in and like somehow distort the
• 31:20
  Speaker 1: shape of space in a way that's opposite that mass
• 31:23
  Speaker 1: usually does. And so maybe you need like negative mass particles,
• 31:27
  Speaker 1: exotic particles, you know, a negative mass to counteract the
• 31:30
  Speaker 1: mass of these objects. Like here again we're just totally speculating. Yeah, yeah,
• 31:34
  Speaker 1: Well we've talked before about how mass is kind of
• 31:37
  Speaker 1: like a label, like the spin of an electron or something.
• 31:40
  Speaker 1: Could you shoot something and maybe like reverses the polarity
• 31:43
  Speaker 1: of your mass or flips your mass to anti mass.
• 31:46
  Speaker 1: Negative mass is not something we've ever seen. It's a
• 31:49
  Speaker 1: hypothetical concept that was invented for example, to like hold
• 31:52
  Speaker 1: wormholes open. It's not something we really understand if it
• 31:56
  Speaker 1: even can exist. But you know, if we're talking about
• 32:00
  Speaker 1: alien ideas of physics and we see that it works somehow,
• 32:03
  Speaker 1: then we got to throw our ideas out the window
• 32:05
  Speaker 1: and be open to crazy new ideas. And that's gonna
• 32:08
  Speaker 1: be helpful because it's gonna be a bunch of theorists
• 32:10
  Speaker 1: be like, all right, well, we thought that was impossible,
• 32:12
  Speaker 1: so we didn't explore that. Now let's try it. Let's
• 32:15
  Speaker 1: sit down and try to work out a theory where
• 32:18
  Speaker 1: what you just described is possible, and see if we
• 32:20
  Speaker 1: can make it come together. That's why, you know, seeing
• 32:22
  Speaker 1: these things work in practice is a very important clue
• 32:25
  Speaker 1: because it tells you, like, look, there is an answer.
• 32:28
  Speaker 1: There is a way to make this work, because we
• 32:30
  Speaker 1: see it happening in the universe, right right. Well, I
• 32:33
  Speaker 1: think all of this just kind of gives us some
• 32:34
  Speaker 1: clues as to how these guns might work, right, And
• 32:37
  Speaker 1: I think the general ideas that you would sort of
• 32:39
  Speaker 1: break down what you know of the theory of gravity
• 32:41
  Speaker 1: and see how this gun might be doing what it's doing.
• 32:44
  Speaker 1: Like that we just name some possibilities, right, like maybe
• 32:47
  Speaker 1: shooting anti Yeah, like maybe shooting anti mass particles, or
• 32:50
  Speaker 1: somehow flipping the mass of the particles, or maybe somehow
• 32:53
  Speaker 1: like changing the shape of space around this object. And
• 32:56
  Speaker 1: so that would be pretty interesting. You know, I'm not
• 32:58
  Speaker 1: optimistic that it would be very easy that even having
• 33:01
  Speaker 1: this kind of gun in front of us would make
• 33:04
  Speaker 1: like a rapid explosion. It's not like you get this
• 33:07
  Speaker 1: gun and then a year later we are masters of
• 33:09
  Speaker 1: space and time. You know. I think it could shift
• 33:12
  Speaker 1: the direction of theoretical physics. But if we didn't have
• 33:14
  Speaker 1: like the gun's inventor there to explain it to us,
• 33:18
  Speaker 1: I think it could take us decades or hundreds of
• 33:20
  Speaker 1: years to gain all of its insights. It's a kind
• 33:22
  Speaker 1: of thing which would probably like inform physics for a
• 33:25
  Speaker 1: thousand years. Physicists in five hundred years would think of
• 33:29
  Speaker 1: news questions about this new ideas that might be inspired
• 33:33
  Speaker 1: by this gun that we don't even think of today, right,
• 33:35
  Speaker 1: but it would blow people's mind, right, Like it would
• 33:38
  Speaker 1: show physicists that it's possible. And then there's something about
• 33:41
  Speaker 1: gravity we don't understand and this might help us like
• 33:43
  Speaker 1: figure that absolutely, and you know, just to sort of
• 33:46
  Speaker 1: like give people a scale of the problem, like it's
• 33:49
  Speaker 1: not easy to reverse engineer, like even human technology, it's
• 33:53
  Speaker 1: not easy to to do this, like figure out how
• 33:55
  Speaker 1: somebody has solved the problem, what techniques they have used
• 33:58
  Speaker 1: to a loss of physics that relies on not a
• 34:00
  Speaker 1: trivial task, and so engineering like future human tech also
• 34:04
  Speaker 1: very difficult engineering alien tech, like, wow, that is a struggle.
• 34:08
  Speaker 1: And I don't mean to sound pistomistic about it, like
• 34:10
  Speaker 1: I would be very excited to be part of that team.
• 34:12
  Speaker 1: That would be a dream come true. But I don't
• 34:15
  Speaker 1: want people to imagine that we would like suddenly understand
• 34:17
  Speaker 1: the universe much more deeply. Right, But it would be accelerated, right, Oh,
• 34:21
  Speaker 1: for sure, just having this this gun around, you could
• 34:23
  Speaker 1: do things. Maybe you could do experiments with it, right,
• 34:26
  Speaker 1: very potentially dangerous experiments, but yes, you certainly could do experiments.
• 34:30
  Speaker 1: You might go through a few engineers though, right right,
• 34:33
  Speaker 1: which we know are actually physicists and so let's throw
• 34:37
  Speaker 1: let's throw those in first, their physicists with the opposite mass,
• 34:41
  Speaker 1: that's the reverse engineers. All right, well that's a correct question.
• 34:44
  Speaker 1: Thank you for your question. And when we get your
• 34:46
  Speaker 1: check for five billion dollars, well we'll get right on it.
• 34:49
  Speaker 1: That's right. And also, don't forget to send us the
• 34:51
  Speaker 1: alien guns. All right, we have one more question, this
• 34:53
  Speaker 1: one from adrial Josephine, who has a question about the
• 34:57
  Speaker 1: growing sun. So we'll answer her question, but first let's
• 35:00
  Speaker 1: take a quick break. All right, we are answering listener questions.
• 35:16
  Speaker 1: We've answered questions about the Sun's light, the alien technology,
• 35:20
  Speaker 1: and now we have one from eight year old Josephine.
• 35:23
  Speaker 1: Here's your question. Hi, my name is Josephine. I met
• 35:26
  Speaker 1: yours old and living in Cloma, Ohio. My dad and
• 35:29
  Speaker 1: I enjoy looking into space to see other galaxies, of
• 35:32
  Speaker 1: the planets and all the stars. My dad once showed
• 35:35
  Speaker 1: me that the Sun will expand to get so big
• 35:37
  Speaker 1: that really easier. My question is that could we make
• 35:41
  Speaker 1: a shield that would protect the Earth from this happening?
• 35:45
  Speaker 1: Thank you, I look forward to hearing my answer. Awesome,
• 35:48
  Speaker 1: Thank you just mean what a great question and what
• 35:51
  Speaker 1: a world post question too. I know that you have
• 35:53
  Speaker 1: to wonder about, you know, making eight year olds have
• 35:55
  Speaker 1: existential angst. No, I mean it sounds like Josephine, a
• 36:00
  Speaker 1: pretty cool dad first of all, takes her out and
• 36:02
  Speaker 1: to watch the stars and galaxies, and she thought about
• 36:05
  Speaker 1: these things. She was told something about the universe, and
• 36:07
  Speaker 1: she had a question about it. Yeah, and she's a
• 36:09
  Speaker 1: bit of an engineer. She's like, Okay, this is a problem.
• 36:11
  Speaker 1: We're all gonna get fried. What can we do about it.
• 36:14
  Speaker 1: Let's solve the problem. And she lives in Columbus, Ohio,
• 36:16
  Speaker 1: which it does get some light I think half of
• 36:18
  Speaker 1: the year, or at least half of the time each day.
• 36:21
  Speaker 1: All right, So her question is, well, we know that
• 36:22
  Speaker 1: the Sun is going to grow at some point, right,
• 36:25
  Speaker 1: We know that that that our son is a special
• 36:27
  Speaker 1: kind of sun, and we know that from looking at
• 36:29
  Speaker 1: other stars. We know kind of what's going to happen
• 36:31
  Speaker 1: to our son. It's gonna start to heat up and
• 36:33
  Speaker 1: get bigger, and it's going to grow, and an adventure
• 36:35
  Speaker 1: is gonna grow so big it's gonna overtake where we
• 36:38
  Speaker 1: are in the Solar system exactly, because the Sun is
• 36:41
  Speaker 1: a huge fusion furnace. It's burning hydrogen to make helium,
• 36:46
  Speaker 1: and that helium accumulates in the core and so then
• 36:50
  Speaker 1: for hygien to burn has to burn sort of in
• 36:52
  Speaker 1: the more outer layers, which makes the Sun get bigger
• 36:55
  Speaker 1: and puffier and hotter. And it's not just that the
• 36:58
  Speaker 1: Sun eventually will be big enough so that the Earth
• 37:01
  Speaker 1: is inside the outer layers of the Sun. It's also
• 37:04
  Speaker 1: getting brighter year after year after year. So every billion years,
• 37:09
  Speaker 1: for example, the Sun gets about ten percent hotter, which
• 37:12
  Speaker 1: means that global temperatures are going to rise because of
• 37:16
  Speaker 1: the Sun's increase in its output. Wait did you say
• 37:19
  Speaker 1: ten percent each year every billion years? That's a big
• 37:26
  Speaker 1: that's a big difference. I was looking forward to a
• 37:29
  Speaker 1: die line of heat next year living in southern California.
• 37:34
  Speaker 1: You know, every billion years, it's very gentle, it's very gradual.
• 37:36
  Speaker 1: But you know, if like Josephine, you are planning for
• 37:39
  Speaker 1: the very far future survival of the human race, it's
• 37:42
  Speaker 1: something you do need to take into account as you
• 37:45
  Speaker 1: build your planetary defense system. Yeah. Yeah, So, so the
• 37:48
  Speaker 1: Sun is going to grow enough to where it's going
• 37:50
  Speaker 1: to be so big we're actually going to be or
• 37:52
  Speaker 1: where we are now, it's actually going to be inside
• 37:54
  Speaker 1: of it. And when is that going to happen. That's
• 37:56
  Speaker 1: gonna happen near the end of the Sun's life. The
• 37:58
  Speaker 1: Sun lasts around ten billion years and it's about five
• 38:01
  Speaker 1: billion years into that life cycle. It's gonna burn happily
• 38:05
  Speaker 1: for a few more billion but near the end of
• 38:07
  Speaker 1: its life, in a few billion years, it's going to
• 38:10
  Speaker 1: start to expand it's gonna blow these outer layers out.
• 38:14
  Speaker 1: And as you said, the Sun is gonna it's really
• 38:16
  Speaker 1: gonna get transformed. Like it's pretty big already, it's you know,
• 38:19
  Speaker 1: a million times the volume of the Earth, but it's
• 38:22
  Speaker 1: gonna grow. So it's outer layers really do envelope the Earth.
• 38:26
  Speaker 1: And it's not going to be like super dense hot
• 38:28
  Speaker 1: plasma like exists at the center of the Sun right now.
• 38:31
  Speaker 1: But there will be a lot of solar material out here,
• 38:34
  Speaker 1: a lot of plasma, and it will get very very hot. Yeah,
• 38:36
  Speaker 1: And like you said, it's it's getting hotter ten percent
• 38:39
  Speaker 1: every billion years, and so even that ten percent, it's
• 38:42
  Speaker 1: probably gonna be very lethal to our planet, right, I mean,
• 38:45
  Speaker 1: our planet is so precarious and unstable in terms of
• 38:49
  Speaker 1: our atmosphere and the balance of life. It's it seems
• 38:53
  Speaker 1: like a ten percent increase in sunlight would basically toast everything. Yeah,
• 38:56
  Speaker 1: I was reading one projection that said in a couple
• 38:59
  Speaker 1: of billion years, the global average temperature would rise to
• 39:03
  Speaker 1: a hundred celsius, which means basically no liquid water on
• 39:07
  Speaker 1: the surface, right, it's all vapor, And so that's pretty hot.
• 39:11
  Speaker 1: That's a couple of billion years away. Again, not next week.
• 39:14
  Speaker 1: This is not weather predictions here. This is the very
• 39:17
  Speaker 1: far future of the Earth. But yeah, we need to
• 39:19
  Speaker 1: prepare for that if we're going to somehow keep the
• 39:22
  Speaker 1: Earth at its nice cozy level right right. And so
• 39:25
  Speaker 1: I guess Josephine's answer to this problem is that maybe
• 39:28
  Speaker 1: we can build a shield to kind of like protect
• 39:31
  Speaker 1: us from the growing sun. Yeah, and while I wish
• 39:34
  Speaker 1: you luck, Josephine, because that is an enormous task. Yeah,
• 39:37
  Speaker 1: So what do you think she's Do you think she's
• 39:39
  Speaker 1: thinking like a wall between us and the sun, or
• 39:41
  Speaker 1: do you think she's thinking like a shell for the
• 39:43
  Speaker 1: entire earth. I'm not sure what she had in mind,
• 39:45
  Speaker 1: but you know, in order to be practical, it would
• 39:47
  Speaker 1: have to essentially reflect an enormous amount of energy. And
• 39:52
  Speaker 1: so we talked earlier about the amount of energy deposited
• 39:55
  Speaker 1: by the Sun on the Earth's surface is currently about
• 39:57
  Speaker 1: a thousand watts per square meter. We're talking about a
• 40:00
  Speaker 1: lot more energy now. We're cranking that up by orders
• 40:03
  Speaker 1: and orders of magnitude. So you have to somehow effectively
• 40:07
  Speaker 1: reflect that. But if you're reflecting that, then you're getting
• 40:10
  Speaker 1: momentum transfer, right, Like if you have like something which
• 40:13
  Speaker 1: reflects bullets, when the bullets bounce off, they're giving you
• 40:16
  Speaker 1: still a little bit of a push. So if you
• 40:18
  Speaker 1: build like a really effective shield that reflects all of
• 40:21
  Speaker 1: the Sun's energy, and the Sun cranks up too much,
• 40:24
  Speaker 1: much hotter than it is today, that it really might
• 40:26
  Speaker 1: change the Earth's orbit. Oh wow, we're referencing our first
• 40:29
  Speaker 1: question from the episode. Whoa yeah, And that might actually
• 40:33
  Speaker 1: be a good way to go. Like, if you need
• 40:35
  Speaker 1: to protect the Earth from the Sun, I think the
• 40:37
  Speaker 1: best thing to do might be like, hey, let's move,
• 40:40
  Speaker 1: let's find a better orbit, because you don't really want
• 40:43
  Speaker 1: to live inside the Sun, right, So you're saying that
• 40:46
  Speaker 1: you know this, I think maybe she was thinking, like, hey,
• 40:48
  Speaker 1: let's put up a shield kind of like you would
• 40:50
  Speaker 1: put a roof over your head so you don't get
• 40:51
  Speaker 1: as hot in a in a sunny day. But you're
• 40:54
  Speaker 1: saying like, probably won't work, Like just the roof is
• 40:57
  Speaker 1: not going to protect us from the sun because eventually
• 40:59
  Speaker 1: all that heat is gonna you know, seep through the
• 41:02
  Speaker 1: through the roof. Maybe is it is that why it
• 41:04
  Speaker 1: needs to be reflective. Why does it need to be reflective.
• 41:07
  Speaker 1: If it's not reflective, it's gonna absorb all that heat
• 41:09
  Speaker 1: and eventually it's just gonna get you know, like immolated.
• 41:12
  Speaker 1: Like nothing can absorb that much heat all the time.
• 41:15
  Speaker 1: You know, perhaps you could absorb it somehow. You can
• 41:17
  Speaker 1: imagine building like solar panels perhaps which absorb that and
• 41:20
  Speaker 1: converted to electricity, and you have an incredible source of power.
• 41:24
  Speaker 1: Perhaps that might be one way to build a shield
• 41:27
  Speaker 1: which absorbs that energy. Could you use that energy to
• 41:30
  Speaker 1: power like a giant air conditioning in it. I'm only
• 41:33
  Speaker 1: half joking because right when that solar problem, yeah, I
• 41:37
  Speaker 1: suppose you could. But even solar panels, right, they do
• 41:40
  Speaker 1: take momentum. A solar panel only absorbs half of the
• 41:44
  Speaker 1: momentum of reflective panel. Reflective panel, because it's changing the
• 41:48
  Speaker 1: direction of the photon gets twice as much momentum as
• 41:51
  Speaker 1: a photovol take panel which absorbs the photon. But you
• 41:54
  Speaker 1: still are absorbing all of that momentum. And so if
• 41:57
  Speaker 1: the Sun really does crank up, even if you build
• 41:59
  Speaker 1: like a solar panel to absorb all that energy and
• 42:02
  Speaker 1: so that Jorge can stay nice and cool inside the
• 42:05
  Speaker 1: largest a C unit, ever, it's still going to start
• 42:07
  Speaker 1: to impact the Earth's orbit. And so my advice still is,
• 42:11
  Speaker 1: let's move the Earth. Interesting, But couldn't you use some
• 42:13
  Speaker 1: of that energy to, like, you know, put put some
• 42:16
  Speaker 1: thrusters on the other side maybe and you know, counteract
• 42:19
  Speaker 1: with the push from the Sun. You certainly could. But like,
• 42:22
  Speaker 1: why stay in the Earth's original orbit. It's no longer
• 42:25
  Speaker 1: a very nice place. Like Let's pick up shop and
• 42:27
  Speaker 1: move out a little bit further. You know, let's bump
• 42:30
  Speaker 1: Mars out of orbit and take its spot, because suddenly
• 42:33
  Speaker 1: Mars seems to have a much nicer place to live. Oh,
• 42:36
  Speaker 1: I see you're saying, forget the shield. That doesn't sound practical,
• 42:40
  Speaker 1: or maybe that doesn't sound like a good long term solution,
• 42:44
  Speaker 1: But you need to build an enormous for example, solar
• 42:47
  Speaker 1: array to capture enough energy to move the Earth anyway.
• 42:51
  Speaker 1: So you know, first step is build a huge solar
• 42:54
  Speaker 1: array sort of as a shield also to capture that energy,
• 42:57
  Speaker 1: and then use that energy not to keep the Earth
• 43:00
  Speaker 1: in its orbit, but to shift it to a better orbit. Interesting,
• 43:04
  Speaker 1: I guess the question is, though, you know, the Sun
• 43:07
  Speaker 1: would be pushing those outwards, but that wouldn't necessarily put
• 43:10
  Speaker 1: us in a stable orbit, would it? Like I thought,
• 43:13
  Speaker 1: I thought to get into like a wider all orbit
• 43:15
  Speaker 1: eity to pick up speed. You're right, there's a close
• 43:17
  Speaker 1: connection between how far away you are from the Sun
• 43:19
  Speaker 1: and the velocity, but it works the opposite way. Things
• 43:22
  Speaker 1: that are further out actually travel more slowly than things
• 43:25
  Speaker 1: that are close up. You know, for example, a comet
• 43:27
  Speaker 1: when it falls in towards the center of the Solar
• 43:29
  Speaker 1: System is going fastest when it whips around the Sun
• 43:32
  Speaker 1: when it's really close. But you're right that we would
• 43:35
  Speaker 1: need to adjust the earth velocity. We can't just like
• 43:37
  Speaker 1: give the Earth a push and then hope that it
• 43:40
  Speaker 1: ends up in a stable configuration. Most likely that leads
• 43:43
  Speaker 1: to Earth like drifting out of the Solar System and
• 43:45
  Speaker 1: becoming a rogue planet, which would be bad. So it
• 43:47
  Speaker 1: would take some really careful sort of solar system engineering
• 43:52
  Speaker 1: to get Earth in the right place, in another orbit
• 43:54
  Speaker 1: at the right velocity. I see. So you're saying a
• 43:57
  Speaker 1: shield is not a good long term solution, but maybe
• 44:00
  Speaker 1: a shield is a good idea in terms of like
• 44:02
  Speaker 1: absorbing sunlight energy so that we can move the Earth
• 44:07
  Speaker 1: or propel it to a better orbit that would be
• 44:09
  Speaker 1: safer around the bigger Sun. Yeah. And I read an
• 44:12
  Speaker 1: analysis that suggested that the amount of energy required to
• 44:16
  Speaker 1: move the Earth, like not a small project, is like
• 44:20
  Speaker 1: five hundred thousand times all of the energy that humanity
• 44:24
  Speaker 1: has ever produced. So it's a pretty big project. And
• 44:27
  Speaker 1: they would require like a solar array that's like ten
• 44:30
  Speaker 1: to the fifteen square meters that's a quadrillion square meters
• 44:35
  Speaker 1: to produce enough energy to power like a thruster you
• 44:38
  Speaker 1: could put like on the South Pole or something to
• 44:40
  Speaker 1: shift the Earth out to a wider orbit. Interesting. I
• 44:43
  Speaker 1: think I saw that movie on Netflix. How did it end?
• 44:47
  Speaker 1: Totally seriously, this is a movie on Netflix where they
• 44:51
  Speaker 1: like the giant thrusters at Earth and they try to
• 44:54
  Speaker 1: move Earth because something something's happening to the solar system,
• 44:58
  Speaker 1: And how did it end how my pat year after movies?
• 45:02
  Speaker 1: So did not did not think? Did not go as expected?
• 45:06
  Speaker 1: Oh well, but probably you know that it was all
• 45:08
  Speaker 1: about the physics they learned along the way, right, well, yes,
• 45:12
  Speaker 1: and the friends they lost as well, exactly, and the
• 45:17
  Speaker 1: investments they made in solar power technology. So yeah, so
• 45:20
  Speaker 1: you're saying that, you know, the shield is a good idea,
• 45:22
  Speaker 1: but let's maybe put the Earth in a safer spot.
• 45:25
  Speaker 1: And I think that that's an enormous project, well beyond
• 45:28
  Speaker 1: anything humanity has ever conceived or accomplished. But there's no
• 45:32
  Speaker 1: physics that says that it can't be done, and technically
• 45:36
  Speaker 1: we know how to do it, so it would just
• 45:38
  Speaker 1: be like an massive engineering project, I see, and and
• 45:42
  Speaker 1: who knows, like it might be a matter of our survival,
• 45:45
  Speaker 1: you know, like we don't do it, then we're toast,
• 45:47
  Speaker 1: literally toast, and so we maybe have to do it
• 45:50
  Speaker 1: in the future, billions of years from now. And the
• 45:52
  Speaker 1: good news is we have billions of years because while
• 45:54
  Speaker 1: this is inevitable, it's very slow moving, so we can
• 45:58
  Speaker 1: put it off for a little while. But you know,
• 46:00
  Speaker 1: it's important that the next generation start planning. Yeah, and
• 46:03
  Speaker 1: we should call it the Josephine Plant in honor of
• 46:06
  Speaker 1: Josephine who asked this question, which planted the seed for
• 46:09
  Speaker 1: our future survival. Thank you, Josephine for saving all of
• 46:12
  Speaker 1: our lives. All right, Well, those are three awesome questions,
• 46:15
  Speaker 1: and it's always fascinating I think to hear what people
• 46:18
  Speaker 1: are thinking about and wondering about. You know, we sort
• 46:21
  Speaker 1: of talk about these ideas on the podcast and people
• 46:23
  Speaker 1: kind of take them to the next level. Yeah, and
• 46:25
  Speaker 1: sometimes the questions are exactly the kind of things that
• 46:27
  Speaker 1: I've been thinking about, and I'm excited to write back
• 46:29
  Speaker 1: to people. And sometimes there are questions I've never heard
• 46:32
  Speaker 1: before that make me think about things in a new way,
• 46:34
  Speaker 1: or maybe go off and have to research something. Either way,
• 46:37
  Speaker 1: it's super fun. I love it. Please don't be shy
• 46:40
  Speaker 1: right to us with your questions. Two questions at Daniel
• 46:43
  Speaker 1: and Jorge dot com. Yeah it probably this more probably
• 46:46
  Speaker 1: called you ask you were tinkering with your anti gravity
• 46:49
  Speaker 1: gun in your garage. Right. I was in the middle
• 46:51
  Speaker 1: of a zoom call with the Aliens when this one
• 46:53
  Speaker 1: came in. I was asking them questions about their gun. Yeah, right, right,
• 46:57
  Speaker 1: except that the lays in the alien zoom call are extreme.
• 47:00
  Speaker 1: You have to say a word every what ten years exactly.
• 47:03
  Speaker 1: It's high through put but very high latency. All right, Well,
• 47:05
  Speaker 1: if you have questions, please send them to us. We
• 47:07
  Speaker 1: love to talk about them and answer them. In the meantime,
• 47:10
  Speaker 1: look out into the universe and wonder how it all works.
• 47:14
  Speaker 1: And encourage the next generation to ask their questions about
• 47:17
  Speaker 1: the universe. Because remember that science is not an institution.
• 47:20
  Speaker 1: It's just a bunch of people who decided to devote
• 47:23
  Speaker 1: their lives to answering one specific question about how the
• 47:27
  Speaker 1: universe works. So if you want more scientists and more
• 47:29
  Speaker 1: technology and fancier iPhones, we need to train the next
• 47:33
  Speaker 1: generation of curious minds. That's right, the next generation of
• 47:36
  Speaker 1: anti engineers and also engineers. Just don't put them in
• 47:40
  Speaker 1: the same room together or give them a podcast, because
• 47:43
  Speaker 1: then that used annoys everybody. Sometimes they figure out how
• 47:47
  Speaker 1: to work together. All right. Well, we hope you enjoyed that.
• 47:49
  Speaker 1: Thanks for joining us, See you next time. Thanks for listening,
• 48:00
  Speaker 1: and remember that Daniel and Jorge explained the universe is
• 48:03
  Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio. Or more podcast from
• 48:06
  Speaker 1: my Heart Radio. Visit the i Heart Radio app. Apple
• 48:09
  Speaker 1: Podcasts or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.