Latest / Authentic Living / Psychological Hazards in the Workplace and the ROR: Return On Relationships with Linda Crockett
Transcript
- 0:01Welcome to authentic living with Roxanne, a place where we have as conversations about
- 0:08things that really matter in our lives.
- 0:11And now here's your host, Roxanne Derhodge.
- 0:36Hi, everyone.
- 0:36It's Rob Derhodge.
- 0:38It's yet again another week, and I have a another amazing a guest with me, Linda
- 0:43Crockett, Linda, attended a a a Powell that we have not too long ago and it was well received.
- 0:51And I asked Linda to come back today to speak a little bit more on her expertise, which is
- 0:57psychological hazards in the workplace.
- 0:58So Linda, thanks for coming in today.
- 1:01Happy to be here.
- 1:02Thanks for having me back.
- 1:04Oh, well, you know what?
- 1:05I always love when my my guests come back and spend some more time with you with me.
- 1:09Sorry.
- 1:10So I'm gonna tell you a little bit about Linda and, we'll felt a little bit more into her
- 1:15background, but she's an international specialist for preventing and addressing
- 1:19workplace psychological hazards.
- 1:22And she's the founder of the Canadian Institute for Workplace Building Resources.
- 1:28So Linda, that's you know, when you think about a path like this and I'm always intrigued, when
- 1:35I hear someone working in, I would say a subset of a specialty, which is workplace concerns or
- 1:42workplace health.
- 1:44Tell me kind of your path and what kind of How does one grow up to work in psychological
- 1:50hazards in the in the workplace?
- 1:53I think it in 2008, when I was sitting at my rock bottom, I was wondering the same thing,
- 1:58Roxanne.
- 2:01But at at that point in my career, I was a bachelor's degree social worker.
- 2:06And I had 22 years of experience in my profession.
- 2:11So I knew what abuse was.
- 2:13I certainly, I mean, I I even supervised and trained investigators, assessors, You name it.
- 2:22I knew what abuse was.
- 2:24If it was child abuse, sexual abuse, drug abuse, domestic violence, I knew all the signs.
- 2:30I knew all the the systems that you walk people through.
- 2:35You know what I'm talking about there, the mental health system, the justice system, I
- 2:40walked through with hundreds of people, thousands, families.
- 2:44And yet in 2008, something was happening to me in my workplace and I couldn't figure it out.
- 2:48I just I noticed this dark cloud kind of followed me everywhere I go because pretty much
- 2:53every time I spoke up and said, hey, you can't have an affair in the workplace.
- 2:57I would get transferred out.
- 2:59Or if I said, Hey, you can't drink while you're working, I would get punished, you know, So
- 3:05this kind of dark cloud cloud followed me, but I never knew why I kept getting in trouble.
- 3:10I thought I was doing the right thing.
- 3:12But at the 22 year mark, I hit rock bottom.
- 3:15I ended up I was working in a cancer center.
- 3:18I was a medical social worker.
- 3:20I was helping people through one of the most difficult things you could ever help people
- 3:24through, whether they recovered or they passed away.
- 3:26I was helping families afterwards.
- 3:29I loved my job.
- 3:31This is where I wanted to dig my heels in, my roots.
- 3:34I wanted to stay there until I retired.
- 3:37But, unfortunately, it turned out to be the most toxic workplace for me.
- 3:43I was a a target of mopping and mobbing is when 2 or more people act out with negative tactics
- 3:51and behaviors towards 1 or more people.
- 3:54So bullying with a gang mentality, really.
- 3:57And the leader of that gang was a psychologist.
- 4:00So you could imagine that there would be a lot of pretty sophisticated skills there in order
- 4:06to figure out what your buttons were.
- 4:08His sidekick was a supervisor, and she was in, a bachelor's degree of social work as well.
- 4:14And the other per two people were human resource at workers.
- 4:18And then there was, an office manager who I would call the silent bully because she met
- 4:23them behind closed doors and was on their side, but never ever did anything in front of me.
- 4:28So on any given day, it would be any given one of them or a few of them, that would, do
- 4:34something towards me that would just leave me baffled, sideline, dead, confused, and
- 4:39completely feeling unsafe, psychologically unsafe.
- 4:42Because I I didn't know when I was gonna walk out my office door and be accused of something
- 4:47that I hadn't even thought of yet.
- 4:49You know, or accused of stealing, I broke, 40 hours of overtime while I was drilled, like, I
- 4:56was put through, you know, some sort of camp for torture on these 40 hours.
- 5:03And when they figured out they made the mistake, there was no apology, which is
- 5:06constant insult insults, insults to my reputation, to my character.
- 5:11Some people call it character assassination.
- 5:14Anyway, ended up with total, I had acid reflux.
- 5:18I had ulcers in my stomach.
- 5:20I had a permanent gastrointestinal diagnosis.
- 5:23And I ended up with depression, anxiety.
- 5:26I lost so much weight, and my hair was falling out.
- 5:29So if we all know that, you know, high long term stress will impact your auto immune
- 5:34system.
- 5:35And I was your basic, you know, great example of that.
- 5:39I look like I was on chemo.
- 5:41I by the time it was finished, I could barely say a word.
- 5:44I could barely talk.
- 5:46So I went on sick leave to get some recovery.
- 5:48Didn't know what this was.
- 5:49What was this?
- 5:51You know, I didn't realize it was workplace bullying or psychological harassment.
- 5:55I didn't realize it.
- 5:57And someone gave me a research paper on it and I read about a paragraph gassed and threw that
- 6:03paper across the room thinking that can't happen to me, not with my trading, It was it
- 6:10sat there for about a week.
- 6:11I picked it up off the floor and read it.
- 6:13I mean, I was sick to my stomach.
- 6:15Yes, this is it.
- 6:16I am being psychologically honest.
- 6:18I am being bullied.
- 6:19And it was so shaming Roxanne because, well, look at my training.
- 6:25I should have seen it.
- 6:26I should have known better.
- 6:27I should have blah blah blah blah blah.
- 6:29That stuff we say to ourselves.
- 6:30And, you know, I went into isolation.
- 6:33I went into shame.
- 6:34I just shrunk.
- 6:36And, I think it was it was quite a long time before I realized, wait a minute, you know,
- 6:42doctors make mistakes, nurses make mistakes, police officers make mistakes, why can't a
- 6:47social worker?
- 6:48Nobody trained us on this stuff?
- 6:50Nobody gave us language to identify what workplace psychological harassment was or
- 6:55psychological violence.
- 6:56Nobody gave us this language.
- 6:58No one is to this day is training.
- 7:011st year students in nursing or 1st year students in social work on this topic.
- 7:06It should be mandatory.
- 7:08We're talking 13 years ago, and we're still not training.
- 7:11But so how was I supposed to know what this was?
- 7:13This is a far more insidious subtle, crazy making, psychological harassment.
- 7:20It is a childhood bullying, And we could talk about that later, but anyway, you asked why did
- 7:26I end up here?
- 7:28Well, I realized when I looked for help, there was nothing in Canada Nothing.
- 7:32Nobody was talking about it.
- 7:33There was no help.
- 7:35I tried 4 therapists.
- 7:37They all made me worse.
- 7:39Because they didn't understand this injury.
- 7:42And one even cried with me because she knew she couldn't help me.
- 7:46The 5th one was the one that helped me.
- 7:48It wasn't until I was in that 5th one that I realized I've gotta do something about this.
- 7:53So I went, like, I got my master's degree.
- 7:56This was my thesis.
- 7:57I then, went out to the United States, and I took Gary Naomi's course, which is the
- 8:02Workplace Building Institute in the USA.
- 8:05And, and him and I are now good friends.
- 8:08I am the Institute in Canada.
- 8:10So I still felt a real responsibility to be even more qualified than that.
- 8:16I then became a trauma therapist.
- 8:18I got certified in somatic experience in trauma therapy and EMDR and post traumatic, a few
- 8:24other things, but I I felt I really needed to be responsible, for these vulnerable people
- 8:30because I knew the walk I knew the hell.
- 8:34I knew the horror of it, and I wanted to make sure I was responsible, very qualified but I
- 8:40also had to heal a lot too, so I was healing during that time.
- 8:44And then I started this company and just crack and open the door.
- 8:47It was floodgates.
- 8:4813 years, I've never not been busy, not even touching the tip of the iceberg on this
- 8:53problem.
- 8:54But, you know, I'm in Canada, I'm proud to say that we have some legislation in our every
- 9:00province.
- 9:01I'm proud to say we have some federal legislation didn't think we'd see that in our
- 9:05lifetime, my lifetime.
- 9:08But what we do, we still have a lot of work to do on it.
- 9:12But that's how I ended up here.
- 9:14I went through it.
- 9:15Wow.
- 9:16What's what a path?
- 9:17I know I was gonna ask you about you know, how you began, but, what an unfortunate path,
- 9:25through, such adversity, but to be able to come out you know, the other side of it and giving
- 9:31what I believe is so necessary, because of the kind of work that I've done in In workplace,
- 9:38health and safety as well.
- 9:39So that's such an important thing.
- 9:42I think I realized the 2000 when I hit rock bottom that I'd actually been trained for all
- 9:46my life.
- 9:47So that's why I went through it as a child.
- 9:50So that's why I went through it with sibling bullying.
- 9:53I experienced sibling bullying and childhood bullying.
- 9:56Totally different than the workplace bullying, but then I started experiencing it through that
- 10:0022 years in my social work career.
- 10:02Like I said to you, I called out an affair in the workplace and got transferred out I called
- 10:06out a woman, a supervisor who was drinking, and I got punished.
- 10:10I called out another supervisor for yelling and screaming at a secretary.
- 10:14I stepped up and spoke up and said the right thing, but I always got punished for it.
- 10:19So then I realized, yeah, I've actually been formally trained an entire life this is gonna
- 10:25help me in the business that I'm gonna create.
- 10:27You know what?
- 10:28I find fascinating, actually, and and I'm so goodness.
- 10:31Thanks so much for sharing that.
- 10:33And I know you know, oftentimes that vulnerability, for a lot of people, they keep
- 10:37it in.
- 10:38I can say, you know, and I've been in the field now.
- 10:41I started off in trauma, by the way.
- 10:43At age twenty one.
- 10:44I worked with a Metro trauma police.
- 10:46And trauma, like yours, I have specialties in EMDR, I worked in complex PTSD for almost 20
- 10:54years.
- 10:55So understand what you're talking about.
- 10:58What I find unfortunate, and I think I can say it after all these years, I'm now fifty seven
- 11:03years old after being in the field for so long, combination of frontline, manage aerial
- 11:09leadership positions and also in health and wellness, with one of the biggest behavioral
- 11:15change companies, internationally.
- 11:17Is that sometimes the environments that you expect that should have knowledge, and know how
- 11:24are are oftentimes the ones that are most toxic.
- 11:28So I wonder if we could chat a little bit about that because I can share a little bit about my
- 11:32experiences that sometimes they were more brutal that environments that you would expect
- 11:39less, kind of safety in.
- 11:42Mhmm.
- 11:43Well, nothing nothing shocks me anymore.
- 11:46I mean, 13 years, I've worked with a lot of organizations, and I've had thousands of them
- 11:50targets.
- 11:51And bystanders.
- 11:52And I even work with the respondents.
- 11:55And, you know, some of the organizations that promote psychological safety Well, their staff
- 12:00is coming to me.
- 12:02That says something, doesn't it?
- 12:06I can't name names, but some people that, you know, hold, events for psychological safety, I
- 12:14get their staff who are being bullied.
- 12:16So there's a lot of hypocrisy There's a lot of lip service.
- 12:20You know, we the larger the organization, the worse I find it.
- 12:24So our larger organizations, I think we can all figure out what those are.
- 12:29I see, for some reason, I see a lot more, talk and the leadership.
- 12:36I don't know if it's competition.
- 12:37I don't know if we're not hiring for merit.
- 12:39We're hiring our buddies instead.
- 12:41We're not putting in p people in positions that they're you know, trained and experienced and
- 12:46mentored on.
- 12:47We're not monitoring our leaders.
- 12:49They're getting away with stuff.
- 12:51And you've just got too many chefs in the in the kitchen.
- 12:54I don't know what it is, but it is far more Roxanne, the larger the organization.
- 13:00Interesting.
- 13:01Yeah.
- 13:01Because, you know, again, in my role, I manage companies, different, you know, sometimes
- 13:07upwards of 50 companies at any given point.
- 13:10And sometimes it's the environments that you shouldn't believe.
- 13:13You know, these are people that we talk about communication.
- 13:15We talk about transparency.
- 13:17We we talk about you know, vulnerability, you know, to be able to join with others.
- 13:23And these are all things that you expect would be a basic kind of level of acumen, and that
- 13:29oftentimes would be the environments.
- 13:31We'd be dealing more with people coming forward and having issues with arbitrations, you know,
- 13:39lots of in new unit environments.
- 13:41A lot of people saying, you know, I would go forward, but, you know, I know nothing's gonna
- 13:45done those types of things.
- 13:46And I'm now I'm talking when I started in that world, it was 2000.
- 13:51And like you're saying as much as 13 years ago, You were when you went through your concern,
- 13:59there really hadn't been much shifts.
- 14:00So it's it's it's it's great to know now, that there are resources because, you know, I would
- 14:08say I believe that truly all of us go to work because, we wanna make a difference with with
- 14:15whatever we're doing, but to go to work with the concept of then I have to be a a concerned
- 14:22or if I'm belittled or, you know, if there's harassment, but it's it's joking.
- 14:29And then I, like you say, I talk myself out of it.
- 14:33That kind of implicit belief that maybe that's not a thing.
- 14:38People stay a little bit longer before they kind of start to talk to others to say this
- 14:43isn't feeling very good for me.
- 14:46I'm I'm glad that that we now have a resource like that in Canada.
- 14:49Yeah.
- 14:50We do, you know, but it's still happening.
- 14:52It's still, in my opinion, an epidemic.
- 14:56I still see people.
- 14:57Obviously, I'm still very, very busy, so it's still a problem.
- 15:01And, you know, we've got people who think they can fix it.
- 15:05You know, they don't understand the true definition.
- 15:07There's a lot of confusion around the definition of what is workplace psychological
- 15:11harassment or psychological violence.
- 15:13There's a confusion there.
- 15:14You've got a lot of employers who are bearing their head in the sand and not taking the
- 15:17training that is mandatory.
- 15:19You know, so there's mandatory that your your legislation, your policies and procedures must
- 15:25align with the new act, whether it's federal provincial, it must align, right?
- 15:30And then you must train your staff on that policy and procedure, but that's not enough
- 15:36because this issue is not just the policy and procedure issue.
- 15:40This is a human issue.
- 15:43It's just like domestic violence and sexual assault.
- 15:46So why aren't we training people on in-depth trauma informed training, policies and
- 15:52procedures, great, useless if the leaders aren't following them, and enough a lot of
- 15:57leaders are not following them, so they're useless.
- 16:00There's they're not creating psychological safety if they're not following their policies
- 16:04and procedures consistently.
- 16:06If you don't have a cohesive leadership team that all buys into 0 tolerance, we're gonna
- 16:12practice what we preach.
- 16:13We're gonna walk or talk.
- 16:14We're gonna we're gonna show our staff that we are gonna follow our policies and procedures no
- 16:20matter what the case, we're gonna follow them.
- 16:23That's what's gonna teach your staff that you you respect psychological safety that you
- 16:27protect them.
- 16:28That's what's gonna show them that, but we don't have that happening.
- 16:31It's very rare.
- 16:32We have some great employers out there.
- 16:34I'm not kidding you there.
- 16:35Have give some we're giving up some awards this year for that, but that's not the norm, you
- 16:42know, to be following that the policies and procedures and giving them and talking about
- 16:46the human aspect.
- 16:48So let's let's let's back up a little bit because I think I'm remiss in I know I know
- 16:54what it is, the definition you are, the expert in the definition.
- 16:59Can you anybody listening, that's probably thinking, okay, I think I missed a step here
- 17:03because I'm not really sure what the actual basic definition of psychological health and
- 17:08safety and the requirements for the place.
- 17:10What is the basic definition of being psychologically safe under the act in the
- 17:16workplace?
- 17:18Well, again, where are we talk?
- 17:19Which province are we talking?
- 17:21Well, let's say let's say, okay, I'm in Ontario, and then you're in Alberta.
- 17:25So let's talk about those 2.
- 17:27Let's talk about the federal umbrella after that so that people and then, you know, if
- 17:32necessary, we can drop the link so that people can check their province.
- 17:36Just figure out what what guidelines they have to follow.
- 17:39Yeah.
- 17:40Well, it's hard for all that they all have different word let's say that.
- 17:44They all have different wordings, whether it's, you know, demeaning behavior, showing showing
- 17:48respect, whether it's do not humiliate, do not embarrass, do not What it reasonably no would
- 17:54cause harm?
- 17:56That that's your policy.
- 17:58That's what the legislation says.
- 17:59Wording like that.
- 18:01You have your your international research out there that can give you definitions as well.
- 18:05But I actually break it down to a really simple definition.
- 18:08And you'll see that it fits for any province.
- 18:11So it's it's it's never a one time that's that's one place where our legislation fails.
- 18:17Because harassment and psychological harassment are very different.
- 18:20We can we could be charged with harassment based on one specific insult, right?
- 18:25If I on those protective grounds, but psychological harassment, bullying usually
- 18:32weaves in between those protected grounds It's far more subtle and insidious, so it's never a
- 18:38one time incident.
- 18:40So a variety of negative behaviors tactics, nonverbals, verbals, whether it's emails, text
- 18:47messages, photographs, whatever, a variety of these negative behaviors.
- 18:53Directed towards a specific person or a group of people.
- 18:58Very different from conflict.
- 19:00So it's directed towards a person or a group of people, like I mentioned before, lobbying.
- 19:06With or without conscious intent, We gotta take that part out.
- 19:10You cannot prove intent with or without conscious intent that causes some form of harm.
- 19:16That's as simple as it gets.
- 19:18So look at the the quote death by a 1000 cuts.
- 19:21I changed that to psychological injury by a 1000 psychological insults.
- 19:27That might not might not be the the first three hundred times that you slammed the dormant face
- 19:32or Roll your eyes at me or I caught you gossiping or I caught you lying to me or you
- 19:37accused me of something I didn't do.
- 19:39It might not be the hundred thing that gets me.
- 19:43So that's why we call people too sensitive, you know, but you're not realizing this is a
- 19:47cumulative injury.
- 19:48This is accumulative over time, just like domestic violence, except it's psychological.
- 19:53It might be the 800th one that takes you down Roxanne, might be the 9 to 100th one that takes
- 19:59me down.
- 20:00Eventually, this kind of behavior is gonna take anyone down.
- 20:03The people coming through my door are highly educated, resilient, articulate, strong,
- 20:11dedicated loyal people.
- 20:13So it isn't about a lack of it is about an injury.
- 20:17We've they've been injured.
- 20:19Their resilience is injured.
- 20:21Their self esteem is injured.
- 20:23Their self confidence.
- 20:24Their sense of safety in the world, their identity, it's all injured, cut by cut by cut
- 20:30by cut.
- 20:32Wow.
- 20:33Okay.
- 20:33That that really makes it very clear.
- 20:36So let me let me play devil's advocate for a second.
- 20:41And say it's a merger and acquisition scenario and the manager potentially is under a lot of
- 20:51pressure.
- 20:52How does one delineate between The guidelines or guide posts that that leader has to hit, and
- 21:03the pressure that the frontline employee might feel and how, you know, because I'm thinking I
- 21:09I think it becomes blurry at some point, and because you're living in this world, if
- 21:13someone's listening and they're an employee saying, oh my god.
- 21:15I'm I'm going through that, Linda.
- 21:18I can't, you know, how does one start to wonder, is this This is performance based on
- 21:26metrics because one company is modeled another and there's some business objects if they have
- 21:31to hit.
- 21:32Versus this is psychological harassment.
- 21:36Right.
- 21:36Great question.
- 21:37And you're right.
- 21:38It is blurry.
- 21:39And I think people have to understand that you know, I said over a period of time,
- 21:43international research consistently says over 6 months or more.
- 21:48I say 3 months or more, so we have to have a measurement It's not exact, but we have
- 21:52separate measurement.
- 21:53If someone is behaving this way towards you for a period of 3 months or more, I think we're
- 21:59safe to say we're looking at potentially a case of psychological harassment.
- 22:02But prior to that, is abrasiveness incability, rudeness, meanness, you know, ostracism, these
- 22:12things happening that that sarcasm, that the joke came under the guise of, you know,
- 22:17whatever, that that just inconsistency, even some of that gaslighting stuff prior to that 3
- 22:24months, if you're if you're consistently being poked at, then it is abrasiveness or something
- 22:29like that.
- 22:30So Is it a one time incident?
- 22:32Is it because the person is grieving?
- 22:34Is it because the person has had a car accident suffering in body pain?
- 22:38Are they under a great deal of stress?
- 22:40Certainly, there are factors that can explain the behaviors, but abuse is never going to be
- 22:45okay.
- 22:46You know, abrasiveness, incivility is never going to be okay.
- 22:50If that leader's under a great deal of pressure, that leader now knows that there's a
- 22:54risk factor for acting out towards an employee that might get me a a complaint of harshness
- 23:01bra abrasiveness or whatever.
- 23:03So we have to have some level of self insight our finger on our own pulse of when have we
- 23:10reached our limit that where we might become that person who bites somebody else and we
- 23:15might need to reach out and get ourselves an executive coach or a therapist for that matter.
- 23:20So if we're struggling, we need to be self accountable Right?
- 23:25Yeah.
- 23:26And if you're that employee who's being bit several times because the the, leader is
- 23:32stressed out understanding that there's reasons going on, you have a right to say, I don't
- 23:37deserve that.
- 23:38You need to stop and find another way to manage your stress.
- 23:43And on ultimately, if it's, you know, if it's the lack of awareness and it comes to the
- 23:51readers, attention, that ultimately it's up to the leader to recognize, woah.
- 23:57You know, I I just went through the separation or, you know, I'm having some struggles with a
- 24:03loss or whatever.
- 24:04And we're all human.
- 24:05Right?
- 24:05You know, gone into the days where we believe relief, you know, professional in that at, you
- 24:11know, at the office, you hit the the front door of your home.
- 24:15Now we're in such different worlds.
- 24:16Whereas when I was in corporate, that was the that was the given line, by the way.
- 24:21You forget the professional Roxanne and who will you bring the professional Roxanne to
- 24:25work?
- 24:25She works 12 hours and she picks up the you know, the personal Roxanne to go home.
- 24:30Again, I'm not sure how they thought that was possible, but that was the world that I was
- 24:33living in when I was in corporate.
- 24:35So I think absolutely, and, you know, with my work, with my new book.
- 24:39I talk a lot about responsibility of leaders, and what I call the ROR, which is return our
- 24:45relationship, which is to be which ultimately awareness is the biggest umbrella in
- 24:50leadership.
- 24:50You are leaders have accumulated capacity so they are brought up and and brought into these
- 24:56roles.
- 24:56And that would that comes a a a huge responsibility, for the fact that you are, you
- 25:01know, leading people that have full lives and they're looking to you for guidance.
- 25:08And if you're if you're inept or impaired, you know, I don't know if an Ept would be the
- 25:13impaired.
- 25:13It's your responsibility to get the help to be able to be optimally functioning.
- 25:18Oh, there are leaders out there that are in that.
- 25:20There are leaders out there that are impaired.
- 25:23There are positions that they shouldn't be in.
- 25:26And a lot of leaders know that.
- 25:28You know, so there's a little bit of imposter syndrome going on.
- 25:30Wanna wonder when I'm gonna get caught.
- 25:32You know, so we need to do our due diligence for leaders and set them for success, we need
- 25:37to put them in positions where they're qualified for.
- 25:39And if they're not qualified and we believe in them, then let's train them.
- 25:43Let's mentor them.
- 25:44Let's monitor them.
- 25:45And let's and, you know, confident competent leaders don't harass.
- 25:50They're staff.
- 25:52Confident competent leaders don't bully their staff.
- 25:55You know, so that says it all right there.
- 25:58Research shows it's quite a high percentage that is bullying top down.
- 26:03So that tells us we have a problem in the leadership area.
- 26:07Let's solve that problem.
- 26:09Let's make sure we're not hiring our friends because we owe a favor or our sister because we
- 26:13owe them a favor.
- 26:15Let's watch that nepotism stuff.
- 26:17Let's let's follow those policies.
- 26:20Absolutely.
- 26:21So important.
- 26:22This was such a great interview that we decided to turn it into a two part series.
- 26:26Be sure to tune in next week for part 2 so you don't miss out on the amazing content.
- 26:35With Roxanne, creating the space for positive healthy change.
- 26:39Roxanne is a keynote speaker, psychotherapist, and coach to work with Roxanne, visit
- 26:46rocksandirhaj.com/blueprint.
- 26:49We'll see you next time.
- 26:51On authentic living with Roxanne.