Latest / دانشگاه صوتی چکیده ماندگار | کتاب تاریخی سیاسی / خلاصه کتاب اسلحه میکروب فولاد، نوشته: جرد دایموند

Transcript

خلاصه کتاب اسلحه میکروب فولاد، نوشته: جرد دایموند · دانشگاه صوتی چکیده ماندگار | کتاب تاریخی سیاسی

• 0:01
  Speaker 1: In short, the book Guns, Germs and Steel The Fates
• 0:12
  Speaker 1: of Human Societies by Jared Diamond. In 1972, in the
• 0:17
  Speaker 1: island of Guinea, New Guinea, an American scientist named Jared
• 0:20
  Speaker 1: Diamond was trying to find a local politician Be naam-e
• 0:30
  Speaker 1: Yali be ou resid. Oona yek saad ba ham qadem zadan.
• 0:35
  Speaker 1: Yali ke hargez az gine-e nou biron na rafte boud,
• 0:39
  Speaker 1: soali porsid ke 25 saal-e bad shod yek ketab-e 480
• 0:44
  Speaker 1: safhe-i ke shoma allan darid khalase-e ono mishnavid.
• 0:49
  Speaker 2: Soal-e Yali in boud.
• 0:52
  Speaker 1: Chara shoma sefid pusta in hame kala-o wasile saktid-o be
• 0:56
  Speaker 1: inja avordid. Amma ma siya pusta We had few clothes
• 1:01
  Speaker 1: and tools. The book of weapons, microbes and fuels answers
• 1:07
  Speaker 1: this question. If we want to summarize this book in
• 1:12
  Speaker 1: one sentence, it is this. The imbalance of power and
• 1:17
  Speaker 1: wealth between countries and countries has nothing to do with
• 1:21
  Speaker 1: the survival or survival of any nation.
• 1:25
  Speaker 2: Rather, it is the result of the.
• 1:26
  Speaker 1: Differences in geography of which caves had more animals and plants,
• 1:31
  Speaker 1: were their caves east-west or north-south, and how much they
• 1:37
  Speaker 1: were in conflict with the neighbors. Hello, I am Esfandiar Khodai.
• 1:42
  Speaker 1: We publish an important book of Iran and the world
• 1:49
  Speaker 1: every week in the Soti University of Chikideh Mandegar. which
• 1:58
  Speaker 1: you may not have had the opportunity to read, we
• 2:00
  Speaker 1: will summarize it in the shortest possible time. Let's go
• 2:03
  Speaker 1: to the author of the book Microbe Weapons, Foulad. Jared Diamond,
• 2:12
  Speaker 1: born in 1937 in Boston, is a physiologist and graduate
• 2:18
  Speaker 1: student at the University of Los Angeles, California, who has
• 2:22
  Speaker 1: worked on new birds for decades.
• 2:24
  Speaker 2: This field work.
• 2:28
  Speaker 1: He has also brought the famous MacArthur Foundation and the
• 2:33
  Speaker 1: National Medal of Science of the.
• 2:35
  Speaker 2: United States to him.
• 2:38
  Speaker 1: And this sense of intelligence distinguishes his view of human
• 2:43
  Speaker 1: history from the view of most historians. He interprets history
• 2:49
  Speaker 1: as a historical science next to geoscience, geoscience and complementary geoscience.
• 2:55
  Speaker 1: The book was published in 1997 and won the Pulitzer
• 2:58
  Speaker 1: Prize and has been converted into one of the most
• 3:03
  Speaker 1: popular and well-known human sciences books of the last three decades.
• 3:09
  Speaker 1: In a statement to this book, Edward O. Wilson, Harvard's professor,
• 3:16
  Speaker 1: says about this book, No scientist like Diamond can explain
• 3:23
  Speaker 1: history and science to the best of both worlds to
• 3:27
  Speaker 1: give a deeper understanding of human.
• 3:32
  Speaker 2: Life.
• 3:33
  Speaker 1: Publishers Weekly wrote, This book is a masterful combination. It
• 3:37
  Speaker 1: is an unrecognized history that takes us from the science
• 3:41
  Speaker 1: of human science, behavioral science, language science, epidemiology and epidemiology.
• 3:51
  Speaker 1: Luca Cavalli, a geneticist at Stanford University, says that the
• 3:56
  Speaker 1: question of why the human race is so different has
• 3:59
  Speaker 1: always been a question of salvation. But Diamond, with his
• 4:03
  Speaker 1: efforts on various projects, shows that local trends and conditions
• 4:08
  Speaker 1: can explain much of the course of human history. This
• 4:17
  Speaker 1: book has been written in 4 chapters and 19 episodes.
• 4:22
  Speaker 1: Chapter 1, From Eden to the end of Spain and
• 4:26
  Speaker 1: these countries in.
• 4:28
  Speaker 2: Peru, in the United States.
• 4:30
  Speaker 1: Chapter 2, The roots of agriculture and agriculture. Chapter 3,
• 4:35
  Speaker 1: How to convert agriculture into a weapon of microbes and waste.
• 4:40
  Speaker 1: And chapter 4, Pishgoftar. Porsesh Yali. Daimond exposes the Porsesh Yali.
• 5:19
  Speaker 2: In this way.
• 5:20
  Speaker 1: Why did Europeans, not the red-skinned Americans or the black-skinned Africans,
• 5:27
  Speaker 1: go to other continents with weapons and ships and defeat
• 5:31
  Speaker 1: or destroy the earth?
• 5:32
  Speaker 2: He gives two kinds of answers.
• 5:40
  Speaker 1: Nakhust is a revolutionary answer that compares the superiority of.
• 5:46
  Speaker 2: Europeans to their self-awareness.
• 5:49
  Speaker 1: Diamond, who has lived and worked with different types for years,
• 5:52
  Speaker 1: says that they are less aware of the extent of Europeans.
• 5:55
  Speaker 2: But the second answer is a description that is only
• 6:01
  Speaker 2: closely related. For example, he says.
• 6:06
  Speaker 1: Europe had weapons and ships and that's why it advanced
• 6:12
  Speaker 1: without asking why weapons, ships and ships arrived in Europe
• 6:17
  Speaker 1: and Asia and not in Africa and America. Diamond instead
• 6:23
  Speaker 1: of these goes to search for the abyss of the past.
• 6:26
  Speaker 1: The chain of misfortune and destruction that begins with geographies.
• 6:30
  Speaker 2: The key point is that The production of food, i.e.
• 6:35
  Speaker 1: Agriculture and agriculture, could only take shape in places where
• 6:39
  Speaker 1: there were enough wild plants and animals that could be grown.
• 6:42
  Speaker 2: The production of food, in its own way.
• 6:45
  Speaker 1: Was a more complex community, the youth of a single person,
• 6:49
  Speaker 1: the supply of food, the professional specialists, the centralized governments,
• 6:53
  Speaker 1: the line, and most importantly, killed microbes that were used
• 7:06
  Speaker 1: against non-human communities. The title of the book, Weapons, Microbes
• 7:11
  Speaker 1: and Phalanges, is the summary of these three ultimate tools
• 7:16
  Speaker 1: of conquest that have an impact on the production of food,
• 7:21
  Speaker 1: not on the personal survival and national security. Fasle awal,
• 7:30
  Speaker 1: residen be khat shuru. Diamond safar ro az takamol insan
• 7:36
  Speaker 1: dar Afrika agaz mikone. Wa muhajarat o pakhshodan insan be
• 7:40
  Speaker 1: saire gharraha ro dombal mikone. Australia wa Guinea 9 hudud 40-30,000
• 7:47
  Speaker 1: sale pish. Europa hudud 40,000 sale pish. Jahi ke insan
• 7:53
  Speaker 1: modern ya hamon insan kharatmand janeshine Neandertal ha shod. And
• 7:58
  Speaker 1: in the end, the American cave through the Brink and
• 8:02
  Speaker 1: Alaska Trench was probably about 11,000 to 13,000 years ago,
• 8:06
  Speaker 1: at the end of the Ice Age. The important point
• 8:09
  Speaker 1: of the century is that in the 11,000 years BC,
• 8:13
  Speaker 1: all humans were still hunters in all caves. No cave
• 8:17
  Speaker 1: had any personal heritage. The next changes must be explained
• 8:30
  Speaker 1: from the same starting point, and this is what the
• 8:33
  Speaker 1: rest of the book is going to do. The second
• 8:35
  Speaker 1: phase is a natural experiment in.
• 8:39
  Speaker 2: History.
• 8:40
  Speaker 1: In December 1835, in Chatham, New Zealand, 500 miles east,
• 8:43
  Speaker 1: a group called the Moriuri, who had lived independently and
• 8:46
  Speaker 1: in peace, with the attack of 900 armed Maoris and Tabars.
• 9:01
  Speaker 1: The Maoris were two against two attackers and could have resisted.
• 9:05
  Speaker 1: But they remained loyal to their solitude tradition and decided
• 9:08
  Speaker 1: to come to peace with the attackers. Before the attack
• 9:12
  Speaker 1: reached Pishnahad, the attack began. Hundreds of people were killed
• 9:16
  Speaker 1: and the survivors were taken prisoner. The shocking point is
• 9:27
  Speaker 1: that the Maoris and Morioris were less than a thousand
• 9:32
  Speaker 1: years ago from a united Polynesian nation. Diamond calls this
• 9:37
  Speaker 1: adventure a natural test of history. From a battle, from
• 9:43
  Speaker 1: two different geographical environments. Migrants in New Zealand, Syria, emigrated,
• 9:50
  Speaker 1: their community was accumulated, They found professional leaders and warriors
• 9:56
  Speaker 1: and built advanced weapons. Keshavarzi kardan, jamiyat shon mutarakem shod,
• 9:53
  Speaker 1: rahbaran wa janjouyan herfei peyda kardan wa silaha ye pishrafte sakhtan.
• 9:59
  Speaker 1: Ama hamon muhageran dar jazayir sarda wo kouchak e chatam,
• 10:04
  Speaker 1: ke mahsulat shon nemi roeed, nachar be shikar wo gerdavari budan.
• 10:09
  Speaker 1: Jamiyati kouchak, barabari talab, bedone farmandeh wa bedone tajrebe jangi.
• 10:15
  Speaker 1: Pas barandegan kasani budan ke silah behtar, They had a
• 10:19
  Speaker 1: united leadership and experience of war, not those who had
• 10:23
  Speaker 1: more numbers. The environment did not create these two headlines.
• 10:28
  Speaker 1: Although the island was bigger and more rural, the society
• 10:33
  Speaker 1: was more class-oriented and more centralized. The third season ended
• 10:41
  Speaker 1: in Kakhamarka. November 16, 1532 In the mountainous city of
• 10:48
  Speaker 1: Cajamarca in Peru, Francisco Pizarro, with only 168 tired Spanish
• 10:53
  Speaker 1: soldiers and far from the homeland and far from any
• 10:58
  Speaker 1: kind of help, in the heart of the Inca empire,
• 11:03
  Speaker 1: in the siege of the army of 80,000 people of Atahualpa,
• 11:07
  Speaker 1: an empire that had just come out of an internal war, stood.
• 11:12
  Speaker 1: With this, in just a few minutes, Pizarro captured Atahualpa
• 11:19
  Speaker 1: from the front. Atahualpa, as a symbol of his freedom,
• 11:26
  Speaker 1: built a room that was 7 meters long and 5
• 11:30
  Speaker 1: meters high and more than 2 meters high. The largest
• 11:35
  Speaker 1: tower in history. Pizarro captured Tala. but a few moments
• 11:40
  Speaker 1: later he said it and executed Atahualpa. Daimond considers this
• 11:45
  Speaker 1: incident to be a milestone in the history of the world,
• 11:48
  Speaker 1: because the same factors that occurred on that day were
• 11:51
  Speaker 1: repeated in similar incidents with the world around the world.
• 11:54
  Speaker 1: The military technology, weapons and weapons, European nuclear weapons, Daryanavardi's fiction,
• 12:08
  Speaker 1: a political center and writing letters. Why did Atahualpa go straight.
• 12:15
  Speaker 2: To the grave?
• 12:16
  Speaker 1: Because he had no information from the Spaniards. He only
• 12:20
  Speaker 1: sent a message that the Spaniards had seen and said
• 12:24
  Speaker 1: in their worst condition that they were not happy. While
• 12:29
  Speaker 1: Pizarro was unscrupulous, It was a written tradition that the
• 12:34
  Speaker 1: story of the victory of Mexico was repeated by General
• 12:38
  Speaker 1: Kurtz with 800 soldiers.
• 12:40
  Speaker 2: He copied exactly.
• 12:43
  Speaker 1: The same map of Kurtz. Sawad experienced the Spaniards for
• 12:49
  Speaker 1: thousands of years and at the same time Atahualpa did
• 12:53
  Speaker 1: not even know of such a threat anywhere in history.
• 13:02
  Speaker 1: We have summarized the story of General Kurtz of Spain
• 13:06
  Speaker 1: and how he defeated 800 soldiers at the feet of
• 13:09
  Speaker 1: a 5 million-year-old Mexican throne in the book of Unpublished
• 13:14
  Speaker 1: History in 50 minutes in Chiquide Mandegar. If you are interested,
• 13:19
  Speaker 1: listen to the summary of Unpublished History. The second part
• 13:23
  Speaker 1: of the.
• 13:25
  Speaker 2: Book is the.
• 13:26
  Speaker 1: Emergence and expansion of food production. The fourth season, the
• 13:33
  Speaker 1: power of the farmer. Diamond starts this season with a
• 13:39
  Speaker 1: personal memory. In 1956, he was a young man who
• 13:42
  Speaker 1: worked in a farm in Montana, America for a Swiss
• 13:47
  Speaker 1: farmer named Fred Hirschi. One day, an American farmer named
• 13:53
  Speaker 1: Levi complained in a sad state The life of a
• 14:28
  Speaker 1: citizen also causes mothers to have children every two years,
• 14:33
  Speaker 1: not every four years, like street hunters. Because they are
• 14:38
  Speaker 1: no longer forced to kill their children. And when the
• 14:42
  Speaker 1: food is sold, the works are specialized. Some of the
• 14:45
  Speaker 1: people become kings, priests, writers, artists or professional soldiers. They
• 14:55
  Speaker 1: were the same professional soldiers who later defeated the British
• 15:00
  Speaker 1: army against the New Zealand Maoris.
• 15:02
  Speaker 2: Now, after the war.
• 15:04
  Speaker 1: Two other factors are directly related to the battlefield. But
• 15:08
  Speaker 1: completely separate from each other. One of the weapons that
• 15:11
  Speaker 1: was used in the war was very painful for the
• 15:16
  Speaker 1: European users. Diamond calls the weapon the jeep and tank
• 15:22
  Speaker 1: of the bastion wars. And it was the same army
• 15:28
  Speaker 1: that allowed the Kurds and Pizaro to overthrow the Aztec
• 15:33
  Speaker 1: empires with hundreds of soldiers. The next event was microbes,
• 15:38
  Speaker 1: diseases such as Ebola, which reach humans from the human
• 15:41
  Speaker 1: organs and European generations have been opposed to them over time.
• 15:49
  Speaker 1: These were the microbes that later, in contact with people
• 15:52
  Speaker 1: who had never seen these diseases, led to deadly epidemics
• 15:56
  Speaker 1: that we will discuss in the next episodes. If food
• 16:00
  Speaker 1: production is so decisive, why did they only start in
• 16:05
  Speaker 1: some areas? Diamond is mostly nine independent regions in the
• 16:19
  Speaker 1: world that the country has become self-sufficient in them.
• 16:23
  Speaker 2: Halal is the.
• 16:24
  Speaker 1: Source of the Middle East, which starts from the Zagros Mountains, China, Mesoamerica,
• 16:34
  Speaker 1: Andes and Amazon, North America and a few points in
• 16:38
  Speaker 1: Africa and New Guinea. This is the turning point. Most
• 16:44
  Speaker 1: of these deserts, including Iraq and Iran today, are relatively
• 16:47
  Speaker 1: dry and polluted lands, not green lands. That is, agriculture
• 16:52
  Speaker 1: is not in the most fertile lands today, but wherever
• 16:56
  Speaker 1: the weather, plants and wild animals are suitable, life begins.
• 17:00
  Speaker 1: The rest of the world or agriculture is from these canons,
• 17:10
  Speaker 1: like Europe, which also received the halal of the Middle East,
• 17:14
  Speaker 1: or never got hold of it, like the Australian boomers.
• 17:18
  Speaker 1: Some young people, like the South African peasants, were replaced
• 17:20
  Speaker 1: by the Banto countrymen instead of the countrymen. Daimond confirms
• 17:27
  Speaker 1: that these differences have nothing to do with him. It
• 17:38
  Speaker 1: is related to what kind of plant and animal was
• 17:41
  Speaker 1: in the hands of the ancestors of those people. If
• 17:43
  Speaker 1: farming is so good, why did people wait for thousands
• 17:48
  Speaker 1: of years and then went to farming? And why did
• 17:53
  Speaker 1: some people, even when their neighbor was farming, still not
• 17:56
  Speaker 1: go to the farm?
• 18:08
  Speaker 2: Diamond first puts aside a wrong idea.
• 18:10
  Speaker 1: A hunter-gatherer's life was not necessarily bad luck and hunger.
• 18:14
  Speaker 1: On the contrary, archaeologists showed that the first hunters in
• 18:17
  Speaker 1: many areas compared to previous hunters were shorter, less educated,
• 18:21
  Speaker 1: sicker and had less life. We have also mentioned this
• 18:35
  Speaker 1: point in the summary of the valuable book of Khardmand,
• 18:39
  Speaker 1: written by Yuval Nuh Harari, and you probably heard that
• 18:43
  Speaker 1: we have previously published the book of Khardmand by Nuh
• 18:46
  Speaker 1: Harari in two parts. If you haven't heard it, be
• 18:48
  Speaker 1: sure to listen to it. Farming was neither a challenge
• 18:50
  Speaker 1: nor a conscious choice. Because someone who has never seen
• 19:01
  Speaker 1: agriculture can not choose it consciously. There are even examples
• 19:04
  Speaker 1: of hunters who have been hunting with farmers for years,
• 19:08
  Speaker 1: but they have never become farmers. So if there was
• 19:11
  Speaker 1: no conscious choice, what made the field of farming so intense?
• 19:14
  Speaker 1: Diamond includes five factors. The reduction of wild hunting, increasing
• 19:32
  Speaker 1: the daily consumption of wild plants, being able to tame animals,
• 19:38
  Speaker 1: creating the necessary facilities for collecting and storing food, and
• 19:45
  Speaker 1: increasing the number of people who are Anbāšt fanaverīhāy lāzim
• 19:43
  Speaker 1: barāy jamāverī wa zakhīrī ghazā, roshd-e jam'iyyat ka ham ellat
• 19:49
  Speaker 1: wa ham ma'lūl-e keshāvarzī būd, wa dar nahāyat righābat-e mustaqīm.
• 19:56
  Speaker 1: Jawām-e keshāvarz, chun jam'iyyat-e shun mutarakimtar būd, ya shikārchīyān-e hamsāyir-o
• 20:02
  Speaker 1: kenār mizadan, ya majbūr-e shun mikardan, khud-e.
• 20:05
  Speaker 2: Shun ham keshāvarzī konan.
• 20:07
  Speaker 1: The same Zakhireh of Qaza-e-Mazad also asked for something else.
• 20:10
  Speaker 1: Unlike most of the young hunters who were relatively equal
• 20:15
  Speaker 1: in demand, the life of a survivor was dependent on Zakhireh.
• 20:22
  Speaker 1: He preferred the most suitable for shaping the order and inequality.
• 20:28
  Speaker 1: A topic that Daimon later refers to in the 14th century.
• 20:35
  Speaker 1: The end point and the beginning of this period, the
• 20:38
  Speaker 1: rise of the community, not the abundance of food, caused farmers,
• 20:42
  Speaker 1: in comparison with the hunters who were replaced, to be
• 20:45
  Speaker 1: less persecuted because the community rose a little faster from food.
• 20:48
  Speaker 1: How did the seventh period, almonds and wheat, become popular?
• 21:01
  Speaker 1: Wild almonds are naturally toxic because they contain amygdalin, a
• 21:06
  Speaker 1: substance that turns into cyanide in the body, the same
• 21:11
  Speaker 1: poison that was used years later in the gas chambers
• 21:14
  Speaker 1: of the Nazis. So how did all these fine almonds
• 21:19
  Speaker 1: become today's sweet almonds? Daimon says that a rare and
• 21:24
  Speaker 1: coincidental genetic mutation Darakhti bi zahr be dunya miavurd. Dar
• 21:32
  Speaker 1: tabiat in darakht shansi nadasht, chon parandaha hamey dunahashu mikhordan,
• 21:39
  Speaker 1: wa naslash qat mishod. Amma bachaha ye keshawarzan nakhostin, wakti
• 21:44
  Speaker 1: in badamha ye bitalkhi ro micheshidan do mipesandidan, nakhudaga haminha
• 21:50
  Speaker 1: ro jam mikardan do mikashtan, wa teye chan nasl, bian
• 21:54
  Speaker 1: ke kasi ghast ahlisazi dashde bashe, Badam Shirin took the
• 22:00
  Speaker 1: place of Badam Talkh. The most interesting point is the
• 22:04
  Speaker 1: story of wheat. Here, man himself did not even know
• 22:07
  Speaker 1: what he was doing. A wild wheat seed is growing
• 22:09
  Speaker 1: on a branch that breaks itself and the seeds are
• 22:12
  Speaker 1: thrown on the ground to grow again. This is necessary
• 22:14
  Speaker 1: for the development of wheat in nature, but sometimes a
• 22:18
  Speaker 1: rare phenomenon It takes this self-destruction from the inside and
• 22:31
  Speaker 1: the dunes remain on the field. In nature, this harvest
• 22:36
  Speaker 1: is deadly for the plant because its dunes never reach
• 22:40
  Speaker 1: the ground to grow young. But these were the damaged
• 22:43
  Speaker 1: fields that man could easily bear and take home because
• 22:46
  Speaker 1: the healthy dunes that fell to the ground and never
• 22:49
  Speaker 1: reached the hands of man. So every time the farmers
• 22:58
  Speaker 1: of Nakhustin, unaware of any genetics, re-picked the harvested grains,
• 23:04
  Speaker 1: they chose the same unknown crop. In a few years,
• 23:08
  Speaker 1: all the crop was filled with this solid wheat. Perhaps
• 23:11
  Speaker 1: Nakhustin is the human hand in a plant that is
• 23:14
  Speaker 1: right in the heart of the Halal of Haselkheez.
• 23:18
  Speaker 2: A little bit of.
• 23:24
  Speaker 1: The eastern coast of the Mediterranean, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, starts
• 23:28
  Speaker 1: from the middle of the Arabian Sea today and reaches
• 23:32
  Speaker 1: the Zagros mountains in the west of Iran. The eighth season,
• 23:40
  Speaker 1: Sib or Sorkhpustan, which one was it? Why did the
• 23:45
  Speaker 1: Sorkhpustan of North America, despite the presence of wild Sibs around.
• 23:49
  Speaker 2: Them, never acknowledge it?
• 23:54
  Speaker 1: Was it the division of the red cloth itself or
• 23:59
  Speaker 1: the division of the sheep? Daimon's answer is clear from
• 24:04
  Speaker 1: the beginning. It was not the division of time. The
• 24:08
  Speaker 1: Americans started farming later. To understand this answer, we must
• 24:13
  Speaker 1: first understand why farming in the United States began later
• 24:18
  Speaker 1: than the harvest of the middle class. The harvest of
• 24:22
  Speaker 1: the middle class The wheat and barley were both fertile
• 24:26
  Speaker 1: in nature and had.
• 24:28
  Speaker 2: A good crop.
• 24:30
  Speaker 1: For their development, only a simple genetic mutation was enough.
• 24:36
  Speaker 1: But the main product of America came from a wild
• 24:41
  Speaker 1: plant called Teosinte, which had sharp and stone skin and
• 24:45
  Speaker 1: required thousands of years of hard work.
• 24:49
  Speaker 2: So the east of America.
• 24:54
  Speaker 1: Did not even have a powerful fundamental product such as
• 24:59
  Speaker 1: wheat in their possession and farming there began more than 6,000
• 25:04
  Speaker 1: years later than Halal Khasilkhiz Khabar-e-Miyaneh.
• 25:07
  Speaker 2: Now we return to the main question of the century.
• 25:10
  Speaker 1: Was it the lack of culture and the lack of
• 25:14
  Speaker 1: awareness of the red-clad people that did not get the
• 25:17
  Speaker 1: seed or the American seed itself had a problem? Daimon's
• 25:22
  Speaker 1: answer is No one, even in Eurasia, was able to
• 25:27
  Speaker 1: do it because it took more time to develop it,
• 25:29
  Speaker 1: almost 8,000 years after the beginning of agriculture. Now, if
• 25:32
  Speaker 1: we calculate this 8,000 years from the point of the
• 25:35
  Speaker 1: beginning of agriculture in America, the American Red Cross is
• 25:39
  Speaker 1: also about 5,500 years after the millennium, that is, 3,500
• 25:42
  Speaker 1: years after now, But the development of Europe in the
• 25:56
  Speaker 1: year 1500 AD came from the road and this natural
• 25:58
  Speaker 1: path was completed 4,000 years earlier than the time. Again,
• 26:02
  Speaker 1: it was geography and time that proved it, not the
• 26:05
  Speaker 1: mind and will of any nation. The ninth season, the
• 26:09
  Speaker 1: unsuccessful marriage of the Gor-e-Kharha. Of the 148 wild wild
• 26:24
  Speaker 1: animals in the world, only 14 have become famous throughout history.
• 26:29
  Speaker 2: And only 5 of them, i.e. cows, sheep, goats, sheep.
• 26:32
  Speaker 1: And sheep, have found importance all over the world. All
• 26:36
  Speaker 1: of them have become famous in Eurasia. Why, for example,
• 26:48
  Speaker 1: did the African tiger never become able to get close
• 26:50
  Speaker 1: to the lion? Diamond says, becoming able to become a
• 26:54
  Speaker 1: animal requires success in six conditions at the same time.
• 26:58
  Speaker 1: Simple diet, quick rise, being in a hurry, calmness against fear,
• 27:01
  Speaker 1: and a clear life with a clear leader. Like the
• 27:16
  Speaker 1: skull of a snake that has one nerve and a
• 27:19
  Speaker 1: few parts and they follow it, a person can easily
• 27:22
  Speaker 1: sit in the place of this leader and control the
• 27:24
  Speaker 1: whole skull. It is enough for a creature to stay
• 27:27
  Speaker 1: in one of these six conditions forever. The snake is
• 27:32
  Speaker 1: exactly in this place. It catches fire and breathes. Every
• 27:44
  Speaker 1: year in America, he injures more than a dozen of
• 27:47
  Speaker 1: the guardians of his garden. And even the heroes of Rudeau,
• 27:52
  Speaker 1: who are standing on the branch of the branch, cannot
• 27:56
  Speaker 1: throw the branch around the head of Gour-e-Khar. Because he
• 28:01
  Speaker 1: pulls his head aside. Ghazal is also another example. In
• 28:06
  Speaker 1: the halal of Khawar-e-Miyaneh, he was the most aggressive wild animal.
• 28:13
  Speaker 1: But it is so scary and scary that in the
• 28:15
  Speaker 1: cage it knocks itself against the wall and dies. Despite
• 28:18
  Speaker 1: the fact that man had the opportunity to tame it
• 28:23
  Speaker 1: for thousands of years.
• 28:24
  Speaker 2: This difference in the.
• 28:28
  Speaker 1: Number of animals capable of taming was not necessarily the
• 28:31
  Speaker 1: intelligence or effort of most people who separated the five-legged
• 28:35
  Speaker 1: from each other.
• 28:39
  Speaker 2: Eurasia, with having the.
• 28:40
  Speaker 1: Greatest of great sins, had the most time for civilization.
• 28:44
  Speaker 2: 10. Why did the eastern-western axis win? This may be
• 28:47
  Speaker 2: the most creative period of the book, to put it simply.
• 29:03
  Speaker 1: The points that are located on a geographical area of
• 29:06
  Speaker 1: 1 son, that is, they are one step away from
• 29:09
  Speaker 1: the equator, have a similar length of day, seasons and weather,
• 29:15
  Speaker 1: even if they are thousands of kilometers apart. Therefore, when
• 29:19
  Speaker 1: a agricultural product or a private dam moves to the
• 29:24
  Speaker 1: east or west, that is, on that geographical area, without
• 29:33
  Speaker 1: the need for change, rises in the new environment.
• 29:35
  Speaker 2: But if the same product.
• 29:40
  Speaker 1: Wants to move to the north or south, it has
• 29:44
  Speaker 1: to adjust itself with the seasons, cold, hot and completely
• 29:50
  Speaker 1: different day length, which takes years.
• 29:53
  Speaker 2: Now look at the map.
• 29:58
  Speaker 1: The main port of Eurasia is from Portugal to Iran
• 30:02
  Speaker 1: to China, east to west. But the main port of
• 30:07
  Speaker 1: America and Africa is south to north. This simple Indian
• 30:10
  Speaker 1: difference had a great result. The middle of the Mediterranean,
• 30:14
  Speaker 1: which only moved east and west with a speed of
• 30:18
  Speaker 1: about 1 km per year, It reached both Europe and India.
• 30:32
  Speaker 1: But the Mexican force to reach the north of the
• 30:35
  Speaker 1: United States, although its distance was much less, had to
• 30:40
  Speaker 1: continue to be organized with fresh geographical values. For this reason,
• 30:45
  Speaker 1: its movement was three times more complex. Another example is Lama,
• 30:52
  Speaker 1: the only large American ship that looks like.
• 30:55
  Speaker 2: A ship without a ship.
• 30:58
  Speaker 1: In the Ande Mountains, in the western mountains of South
• 31:04
  Speaker 1: America in the Peru and Bolivia, it became popular, but
• 31:09
  Speaker 1: never reached Mexico, because this route was to the east-west, north-south.
• 31:15
  Speaker 1: Even the wheel that was also invented in Boston, never
• 31:19
  Speaker 1: reached the same Ande, while the wheel of the Middle
• 31:23
  Speaker 1: East Zarf chand gharn ta roode send dar hend resid.
• 31:32
  Speaker 1: Bakhsh sevom ketab. Az gaza ta aslahe mikrob wa fulad.
• 31:40
  Speaker 1: Fasle yazdahom mikrob hediyeye margbar damha. Bishtar bimarihaye koshandeye tarikh
• 31:48
  Speaker 1: bashar dar asl bimarihaye damha budan ki jahesh yaftan wa
• 31:54
  Speaker 1: be insanha montagel shodan. Sorkhak as Sorkhak-e-Gavi, Anfulanza as Khouk-e-Ordak,
• 32:03
  Speaker 1: and Abel-e-Gav-ha. Hatta dar meydan-e-jeng, ta pish az jeng-e-jahani-e-douvom, sarbazan
• 32:13
  Speaker 1: bish-tar bar-asar-e-hamin bimar-i-ha-e-wagirdar mi-mordand, ta zakhb-ha-e-meydan-e-nabard. Hala nokte-e-mohem in-e-ke, in-bimar-i-ha,
• 32:24
  Speaker 1: When they first arrived from the dam to humans, they
• 32:27
  Speaker 1: were also dead.
• 32:28
  Speaker 2: For the farmers of Eurasia.
• 32:29
  Speaker 1: But since these youths had lived thousands of years, generation
• 32:33
  Speaker 1: after generation, next to these dams, little by little those
• 32:36
  Speaker 1: who were more resistant survived and transferred that resistance to
• 32:41
  Speaker 1: their children. Until the year 1492, that is, the year
• 32:44
  Speaker 1: when Christophe Colomb America discovered that these terrible diseases such
• 32:58
  Speaker 1: as measles and influenza had been converted into relatively common
• 33:03
  Speaker 1: diseases for Europeans during their childhood.
• 33:06
  Speaker 2: But the.
• 33:08
  Speaker 1: Americans and Africans had no chance against Europeans for thousands
• 33:15
  Speaker 1: of years until they gradually and generation after generation became
• 33:19
  Speaker 1: equipped with these microbes and found resistance. These diseases reached
• 33:26
  Speaker 1: their destination once and in a few years with European ships.
• 33:31
  Speaker 1: It was precisely this uncertainty that killed the epidemic to
• 33:36
  Speaker 1: this extent. When General Kurtz arrived in Mexico with 600
• 33:41
  Speaker 1: Spanish soldiers, half of the hostages were taken away.
• 33:44
  Speaker 2: Including the emperor himself.
• 33:53
  Speaker 1: The Mexican population dropped from 20 million people in 1518
• 33:57
  Speaker 1: to 1618 to 1.6 million people. For the entire American population,
• 34:04
  Speaker 1: the population of Bumi in the first two centuries after
• 34:11
  Speaker 1: Christophe Colomb was 95% reduced. More than any war for
• 34:14
  Speaker 1: the sake of microbes. Why was this exchange one-sided? Because
• 34:24
  Speaker 1: the United States had only five indigenous animals Bugalamon, Lama,
• 34:31
  Speaker 1: Indian fox, Muscovite and dog In comparison to dozens of
• 34:36
  Speaker 1: indigenous people of Eurasia This lack of food caused such
• 34:41
  Speaker 1: deadly diseases in the United States before the immigrants When
• 35:16
  Speaker 1: Nakhustin made the phonograph in 1877, he suggested.
• 35:18
  Speaker 2: Ten works for him.
• 35:19
  Speaker 1: He took the decision of the judges to teach Emlah,
• 35:23
  Speaker 1: but the music part was not even in his mind.
• 35:26
  Speaker 1: Until years later, when others used his hands to use music,
• 35:30
  Speaker 1: he read this work in detail. Diamond is the product
• 35:45
  Speaker 1: of a great and connected society, not just a single person.
• 35:49
  Speaker 1: A society that accepts the need, improves and preserves it.
• 35:55
  Speaker 1: Its example is Tasmania, an island in South Australia.
• 36:01
  Speaker 2: The origin of this island is when.
• 36:03
  Speaker 1: About 10,000 years ago, with the rise of sea water,
• 36:12
  Speaker 1: As Australia was separated from the rest of the world,
• 36:15
  Speaker 1: the techniques that were more advanced, such as fishing, were
• 36:20
  Speaker 1: gradually given up because their community was much smaller to
• 36:25
  Speaker 1: maintain those techniques. As a result, although the community of
• 36:32
  Speaker 1: a larger and more diverse group is easier in it,
• 36:36
  Speaker 1: it also has more diversity, and the possibility of a
• 36:41
  Speaker 1: crack is reduced. The population of Eurasia in the year 1492,
• 36:45
  Speaker 1: the year of the discovery of America, was close to
• 36:47
  Speaker 1: 6 times that of America and about 230 times that
• 36:51
  Speaker 1: of Australia. And this difference is a big part of
• 36:55
  Speaker 1: the absence of technology in other continents. It was not
• 36:59
  Speaker 1: a lack of knowledge and talent that, according to Diamond,
• 37:09
  Speaker 1: In Guinea-Norway and.
• 37:10
  Speaker 2: Anywhere else in the world, the talent is abundant. 14.
• 37:12
  Speaker 1: From tribe to thief, the path of formation of the state.
• 37:16
  Speaker 1: Diamond holds the human youth in four stages. Band is
• 37:21
  Speaker 1: a few dozen people without an official leader. Qabila chand
• 37:37
  Speaker 1: sad nafar hanouz bedoune divansalari. Sarkardegi chand hezar nafar ba
• 37:44
  Speaker 1: rahbariye mahrousi. Wa daulat bish az panjah hezar nafar divansalariye
• 37:51
  Speaker 1: chand laye.
• 37:53
  Speaker 2: Dalil e in jahesh riyaziye.
• 37:56
  Speaker 1: Dar guruhi bis nafar e sadonnavat rabateye dotayi wujud dare.
• 38:00
  Speaker 2: Wa hamehan digar ro mishnasan.
• 38:02
  Speaker 1: But in a group of 2,000 people, this number is
• 38:06
  Speaker 1: close to 2 million. There is no other way to
• 38:10
  Speaker 1: solve the differences with familiarity and familiarity. So the society
• 38:17
  Speaker 1: either leaves or needs a central leader. Daimond calls these
• 38:22
  Speaker 1: interests kleptocracy or the government of thieves. Thieves take money
• 38:27
  Speaker 1: from the people and only a part of it is returned.
• 38:35
  Speaker 1: But how can this regime survive without a revolution? Four
• 38:41
  Speaker 1: ways to solve it. 1. The general weapon of the people. 2.
• 38:47
  Speaker 1: Keeping the people happy with the re-explanation of wealth. 3.
• 38:51
  Speaker 1: And more effectively, 4. Building a religion or ideology that
• 38:56
  Speaker 1: proposes inequality.
• 39:25
  Speaker 2: Thank you for watching.
• 39:20
  Speaker 1: Season 15 Yali people Yali who is for you, the
• 39:27
  Speaker 1: same political leader of the New Guinea who with the
• 39:30
  Speaker 1: question of why do you have all these clothes but
• 39:34
  Speaker 1: we don't have, this book is his tribute. Diamond starts
• 39:39
  Speaker 1: the world tour from the same land of Yali, Australia
• 39:42
  Speaker 1: and the New Guinea of Indonesia. Why did the Australians
• 39:48
  Speaker 1: never farm after 40,000 years? While the people of New Guinea,
• 39:51
  Speaker 1: who were one piece of land with Australia until the end,
• 39:54
  Speaker 1: raised their own independent farming.
• 39:56
  Speaker 2: Daimon sees the answer in the environment.
• 40:00
  Speaker 1: Australia is the driest and poorest cave in terms of
• 40:04
  Speaker 1: plants and animals that can be cultivated. Diné Noé, however,
• 40:16
  Speaker 1: with the spring rain, bananas and taro, something similar to potatoes,
• 40:23
  Speaker 1: made them popular, although its products had little protein and
• 40:28
  Speaker 1: its community never raised that much to bring government.
• 40:34
  Speaker 2: Or line.
• 40:35
  Speaker 1: And here, Diamond returns to the question of Yali. Today's Australia,
• 40:40
  Speaker 1: with large cities, culture and technology.
• 40:45
  Speaker 2: No one was built on the Australian soil.
• 40:48
  Speaker 1: All of these were brought to them by Europeans. Dam, Mahsul, Filizkari, Khat,
• 40:56
  Speaker 1: Alefba were all from Eurasia, not from Australia itself.
• 41:01
  Speaker 2: That is, the same diamond to the Yali.
• 41:04
  Speaker 1: A lot of clothes is the result of the geography
• 41:07
  Speaker 1: of a land, not its people's intelligence and talent. 16th
• 41:12
  Speaker 1: century We continue our journey around the world to China.
• 41:18
  Speaker 1: How did China become Chinese? The interesting point that Daimon
• 41:24
  Speaker 1: says is that China has a small population with only 40,000
• 41:29
  Speaker 1: years of human history. But China has more than 1
• 41:36
  Speaker 1: billion people and half a million years of human presence
• 41:40
  Speaker 1: on this planet.
• 41:44
  Speaker 2: It's almost one hand and one tongue. Why?
• 41:46
  Speaker 1: The Chinese countryside is made up of two independent canons.
• 41:52
  Speaker 2: Arzan is on the yellow, cold and dry north.
• 41:54
  Speaker 1: Rice is on the south warm and warm south. But
• 41:59
  Speaker 1: the same mechanism that we saw in the book A
• 42:11
  Speaker 1: more complex and more sophisticated community becomes the placeholder of
• 42:16
  Speaker 1: smaller communities. This time, this was repeated in China as well.
• 42:23
  Speaker 1: The farmers of these two canons went to the south
• 42:27
  Speaker 1: and spread out. And they sold the Bumi people to
• 42:32
  Speaker 1: themselves or to the Rundans. The same people that today
• 42:37
  Speaker 1: the Vietnamese ancestors and other people of Southeast Asia. As
• 42:41
  Speaker 1: a result, a political collapse of China was in the
• 42:44
  Speaker 1: year 221 B.C. and the linguistic and genetic similarity that
• 42:48
  Speaker 1: continues to this day.
• 42:49
  Speaker 2: Chapter 18. The collapse of the half-breeds.
• 43:06
  Speaker 1: Do you remember what happened in Cajamarca in the first book? Pizarro,
• 43:12
  Speaker 1: with only 168 soldiers, captured Atahualpa, the empire of Inca,
• 43:18
  Speaker 1: with an army of 80,000 people in just a few minutes. Now,
• 43:25
  Speaker 1: here Daimon wants to show why this happened. With a
• 43:30
  Speaker 1: direct comparison between Eurasia and America. Eurasia had 13 large
• 43:37
  Speaker 1: dams for meat, milk, attack and transport, fighting and war.
• 43:44
  Speaker 1: But the entire American continent had only one dam, Lama.
• 43:49
  Speaker 1: It was only in the middle of the Andes mountains,
• 43:53
  Speaker 1: which neither gave milk, nor attacked the cavalry, nor.
• 43:59
  Speaker 2: Was it a war.
• 44:00
  Speaker 1: Eurasia's agriculture lasted for about 5,000 years, was started earlier
• 44:05
  Speaker 1: than America and had more proteins. America had less proteins
• 44:13
  Speaker 1: and was weaker. As a result, Eurasia reached Phileas, Fuladi's weapons, Charkh,
• 44:23
  Speaker 1: the ship of Oguyanus and Khat but did not reach America.
• 44:28
  Speaker 2: So when Pizarro and.
• 44:30
  Speaker 1: Kurtz, these two Spanish generals, With hundreds of soldiers arriving
• 44:35
  Speaker 1: in America, they brought all of them with them.
• 44:36
  Speaker 2: All of them were their supporters.
• 44:40
  Speaker 1: .
• 44:43
  Speaker 2: .
• 44:57
  Speaker 1: .
• 44:58
  Speaker 2: .
• 45:02
  Speaker 1: This time we travel to Africa. How
• 45:05
  Speaker 1: did Africa become black? Unlike the imagination of the past,
• 45:10
  Speaker 1: Africa was never black. Before the arrival of the Europeans,
• 45:16
  Speaker 1: five large groups of people lived in this cave. The blacks,
• 45:18
  Speaker 1: the whites of North Africa, the Pygmies, the short-sighted people
• 45:22
  Speaker 1: of the Western jungles, the South Africans, the hunter-gatherers of Bumi,
• 45:34
  Speaker 1: and the Estonian immigrants of Madagascar. The biggest trend of
• 45:40
  Speaker 1: the century is the expansion of the Banto people, farmers
• 45:45
  Speaker 1: from Nigeria and Cameroon, armed with agricultural products and later
• 45:50
  Speaker 1: agricultural tools, have been moving to the east and south
• 45:54
  Speaker 1: of Africa for thousands of years, and the Pygmy community
• 46:01
  Speaker 1: and the peasants took advantage of the war, the disease,
• 46:05
  Speaker 1: or the crisis. It was the Banto immigrants who mainly
• 46:10
  Speaker 1: blackened South Africa today. But this expansion was stopped near
• 46:14
  Speaker 1: Cape Town, the capital of.
• 46:17
  Speaker 2: South Africa today. Why?
• 46:19
  Speaker 1: Because Banto products, like the African Zohrat, They wanted rain
• 46:31
  Speaker 1: in the rainy season, while the Cape had a Mediterranean
• 46:36
  Speaker 1: climate and the rain was winter. For this reason, when
• 46:41
  Speaker 1: the Dutch arrived in the year 1652 in the Cape,
• 46:43
  Speaker 1: they were only faced with the low-income miners, not the
• 46:46
  Speaker 1: armed farmers of Banto, and were easily occupied. But when
• 46:57
  Speaker 1: they finally reached the actual border of Banto, that is,
• 47:01
  Speaker 1: the Khusa people, this time it was not easy to
• 47:06
  Speaker 1: defeat the rest of the Qareh. The 9th Payapey War
• 47:10
  Speaker 1: lasted 175 years until the border of Estimar was only
• 47:16
  Speaker 1: one mile ahead in a year. Because this time, the
• 47:21
  Speaker 1: two armies of Keshavarz and Musallah to Filiz The end
• 47:25
  Speaker 1: of the book. The future of human history as a science.
• 47:30
  Speaker 1: Daimond returns to the question of Yali and gives its
• 47:34
  Speaker 1: final answer. The difference between the writing of Qarraha and
• 47:38
  Speaker 1: the personal difference of the people does not come. It
• 47:41
  Speaker 1: comes from the four environmental factors. that which cave had
• 47:53
  Speaker 1: more wild animals and plants, how fast its meadow was
• 47:57
  Speaker 1: allowed to spread, how many caves had paths, and how
• 48:01
  Speaker 1: vast and crowded each cave was, so that more competition
• 48:07
  Speaker 1: and competition could be created. But Diamond a more difficult
• 48:22
  Speaker 1: question is also asked. If Eurasia was so superior, why
• 48:29
  Speaker 1: in the end Europe, not the halal of the Middle
• 48:33
  Speaker 1: East or China, which were thousands of years ahead, was
• 48:39
  Speaker 1: occupied by the world? For the halal of the Middle East,
• 48:44
  Speaker 1: Daimond draws a historical picture. After the emergence of the
• 48:49
  Speaker 1: first governments in this land, the center of power was
• 48:54
  Speaker 1: built in.
• 48:54
  Speaker 2: The same area.
• 48:55
  Speaker 1: From Babel to the Hittites in Anatolia, to Ashur and
• 49:02
  Speaker 1: finally to the Persians of Hakhaman.
• 49:05
  Speaker 2: But this area, with its own hands, lost the end
• 49:09
  Speaker 2: of the revolution.
• 49:20
  Speaker 1: Of the forest were burned to the ground, and the
• 49:24
  Speaker 1: trees of the forest were cut down. The trees of
• 49:27
  Speaker 1: the forest were burned to the ground, and the trees
• 49:31
  Speaker 1: of the forest were cut down. The trees of the forest.
• 49:36
  Speaker 2: Were burned to the ground, and the trees of the
• 49:38
  Speaker 2: forest were cut down.
• 49:40
  Speaker 1: And the last forests around the ancient Petra in Jordan
• 49:43
  Speaker 1: were cut down a hundred years ago by the Ottomans
• 49:47
  Speaker 1: to build the Hijaz road. The Middle East region, which
• 49:55
  Speaker 1: was once a holy land, is now a major part
• 50:00
  Speaker 1: of the Biavan and Shur-e-Zar and the rapid growth of
• 50:05
  Speaker 1: oil in some countries of the region, According to Daimond, only.
• 50:09
  Speaker 2: The basic poverty of this land has been covered.
• 50:12
  Speaker 1: Europe remained safe from this crisis, not because of more
• 50:18
  Speaker 1: intelligence and power, but because of luck. The rain was more,
• 50:25
  Speaker 1: and its crop was greener. For China, too, the answer
• 50:28
  Speaker 1: is political. The geography of a part of China led
• 50:39
  Speaker 1: to a one-time decision, such as the stoppage of the
• 50:44
  Speaker 1: sea level expansion in the 15th century, to open the
• 50:48
  Speaker 1: whole country up to a new era. However, the mountainous
• 50:53
  Speaker 1: Europe was never so vulnerable. In the valuable book, Henry Kissinger,
• 51:07
  Speaker 1: On the subject of the stoppage of the Chinese sea
• 51:08
  Speaker 1: port expansion and its impact on China's survival in recent years,
• 51:14
  Speaker 1: we talked and this book has been summarized in the book.
• 51:19
  Speaker 1: If you are interested, listen to the book about China.
• 51:22
  Speaker 1: Diamond also answers the question of its eternity.
• 51:25
  Speaker 2: Is it true?
• 51:35
  Speaker 1: Does this book basically mean that the environment and geography
• 51:40
  Speaker 1: determine everything and the creativity and effort of humans is meaningless?
• 51:46
  Speaker 1: He says no, the environment only takes the raw materials
• 51:52
  Speaker 1: into account For example, what kind of plants and animals
• 51:56
  Speaker 1: were available to be cultivated? But the fact that the
• 52:01
  Speaker 1: people have the right to choose and create exactly from
• 52:04
  Speaker 1: the raw materials.
• 52:06
  Speaker 2: For this reason, the environment and.
• 52:08
  Speaker 1: Geography explain the great and 13,000 years of the differences
• 52:12
  Speaker 1: of the continents. But the smallest part of history is
• 52:15
  Speaker 1: that why a nation went this way and its neighbor
• 52:18
  Speaker 1: went another way is also in the hands of humans.
• 52:21
  Speaker 1: The final message of Diamond says, History can and must
• 52:34
  Speaker 1: be read like the knowledge of the earth and the knowledge.
• 52:37
  Speaker 2: Of the universe. His book is not the final answer.
• 52:40
  Speaker 1: It is the beginning for the scientific understanding of human writing. Daimon,
• 52:46
  Speaker 1: six years after the publication of the book, in response
• 52:53
  Speaker 1: to his critics, once again asked the same question, Why
• 53:01
  Speaker 1: does Europe and not China hide and confess that this
• 53:05
  Speaker 1: is still a place of debate? Some historians, instead of
• 53:09
  Speaker 1: establishing geography, refer to more recent factors such as motor
• 53:15
  Speaker 1: science in Britain, that is, the implementation of science in
• 53:19
  Speaker 1: the construction of steam engines. They also refer to recent
• 53:24
  Speaker 1: discoveries about the expansion of Korean agriculture to Japan, and
• 53:29
  Speaker 1: the real path of reaching maturity points to the east
• 53:32
  Speaker 1: of the United States, is a sign that the book
• 53:35
  Speaker 1: is not a closed theory, but an invitation.
• 53:37
  Speaker 2: To further research.
• 53:39
  Speaker 1: But the criticism on the book of Microbe and Foulaerts weapons.
• 53:48
  Speaker 1: Here we review two criticisms. The first criticism is the
• 53:53
  Speaker 1: geographical distortion. Some historians, such as James Blatt, In Erupa Mehvari,
• 53:59
  Speaker 1: he says that the change of human history to a
• 54:02
  Speaker 1: few environmental and geographical factors ignores the role of culture
• 54:07
  Speaker 1: and human selection and in practice, this time he points
• 54:11
  Speaker 1: out the superiority of Europe with the language of science
• 54:16
  Speaker 1: instead of the language of resistance. Now, Daimond replies that
• 54:21
  Speaker 1: his saying is not.
• 54:24
  Speaker 2: That Europeans are more intelligent.
• 54:27
  Speaker 1: Their environment is only the primary material for division, competition
• 54:33
  Speaker 1: and oppression in their control. Second, the institutions are more important.
• 54:41
  Speaker 1: Daron Ajamoglu and James Robinson in their book, Why Do
• 54:45
  Speaker 1: Nations Defeat, give an interesting example. North Korea and South
• 54:51
  Speaker 1: Korea are exactly the same in terms of geography and people.
• 54:56
  Speaker 1: One island, one nation, even one common history until 1945.
• 55:00
  Speaker 1: But today it is one of the poorest and the
• 55:02
  Speaker 1: other of the richest countries in the world. So if
• 55:06
  Speaker 1: the geographies were so defined, these two should not all
• 55:10
  Speaker 1: have a difference. According to these two economists, these political
• 55:14
  Speaker 1: and economic institutions who write about a nation, not its
• 55:28
  Speaker 1: natural geographical environment.
• 55:32
  Speaker 2: Daimon says in.
• 55:33
  Speaker 1: Pasokh that there is no contradiction because he and these
• 55:39
  Speaker 1: two writers actually answer two different questions. The question of
• 55:45
  Speaker 1: Darun Ajamoglu and Robinson is why the North and South
• 55:48
  Speaker 1: Koreas in the past 70 years have taken so much
• 55:50
  Speaker 1: distance from each other And the answer to this question
• 55:57
  Speaker 1: really has nothing to do with geographies, and they are right.
• 55:59
  Speaker 1: But the question of Daimond is why did agriculture, government
• 56:06
  Speaker 1: and writing start 13,000 years ago from the Halal Khasilkheez
• 56:11
  Speaker 1: of Khabar-e-Miyaneh, not from the.
• 56:13
  Speaker 2: Island of Korea?
• 56:14
  Speaker 1: And only geographies can answer this question. In other words,
• 56:18
  Speaker 1: the geographical environment is the first material of that distance
• 56:25
  Speaker 1: thousands of years in the middle of the continents. The continents,
• 56:29
  Speaker 1: on a much smaller scale, usually determine what each nation
• 56:32
  Speaker 1: does with its heritage for a century or 50 years.
• 56:35
  Speaker 1: The final conclusion The message of the Book of Weapons.
• 56:39
  Speaker 2: Microbes and Phalanges can be summarized as follows.
• 56:52
  Speaker 1: The differences in the writing of the maps in the
• 56:56
  Speaker 1: past 13,000 years are the result of the geographical differences,
• 57:02
  Speaker 1: not the difference in civilization or culture. Where there were
• 57:07
  Speaker 1: more wild plants and animals that could be cultivated, the
• 57:11
  Speaker 1: harvest of the Middle East, China.
• 57:13
  Speaker 2: And Europe began to grow faster.
• 57:17
  Speaker 1: Keshavarzi allowed the collective, centralized government, line, technology and microbes
• 57:25
  Speaker 1: and the Eastern-Western axis of Eurasia to produce these products
• 57:31
  Speaker 1: faster than any other plant. As a result of the
• 57:35
  Speaker 1: combination of.
• 57:38
  Speaker 2: A number of microbes.
• 57:40
  Speaker 1: And substances that were found in the Caucasus and the
• 57:44
  Speaker 1: United States, Australia and Africa.
• 57:49
  Speaker 2: Counted millions of people. The final message.
• 57:54
  Speaker 1: Of the book can be this. There is no nation
• 57:58
  Speaker 1: that is stronger or stronger than the other nation. What
• 58:04
  Speaker 1: creates inequality between nations today is no longer a natural geography.
• 58:37
  Speaker 1: If you find it useful to listen to the summary
• 58:41
  Speaker 1: of the book, I recommend reading the original book, because
• 58:45
  Speaker 1: it is full of historical and historical stories that are
• 58:48
  Speaker 1: not included in a summary. The summary of each book,
• 58:52
  Speaker 1: from reading and looking at the text to reading, editing
• 58:57
  Speaker 1: and publishing, from reading and reading a text to reading,
• 59:02
  Speaker 1: editing and publishing, requires at least one or two weeks
• 59:07
  Speaker 1: of hard work. With this, all our content will be
• 59:10
  Speaker 1: available to everyone and will remain available to everyone. But
• 59:15
  Speaker 1: being available does not mean being without a cost. The
• 59:55
  Speaker 1: link to register for financial support and the bank card
• 59:59
  Speaker 1: number is in the description of this post and also
• 1:00:03
  Speaker 1: in the bio of the channel. 2.
• 1:00:05
  Speaker 2: In every.
• 1:00:08
  Speaker 1: Platform that hears this summary, like and comment and especially
• 1:00:13
  Speaker 1: send this content to your groups and friends to support
• 1:00:17
  Speaker 1: and introduce us.
• 1:00:23
  Speaker 2: Thank you and goodbye.