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23 - History of the Philippines by David Prescott Barrows · History of the Philippines

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Speaker 1: Chapter thirteen, Part one of A History of the Philippines.
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Speaker 1: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
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Speaker 1: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
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Speaker 1: visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Alma Melino. A History
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Speaker 1: of the Philippines by David Barrows, Chapter thirteen, Part one,
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Speaker 1: Chapter thirteen, America and the Philippines. Beginning of a new era.
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Speaker 1: With the passing of the Spanish sovereignty to the Americans,
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Speaker 1: a new era began in the Philippines. Already the old
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Speaker 1: Spanish rule seems so far removed that we can begin
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Speaker 1: to think of it without feeling, and study it without prejudice.
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Speaker 1: Development of the United States of America. The American nation
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Speaker 1: is the type of the New World. Beginning in a
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Speaker 1: group of colonies planted half a sea century later than
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Speaker 1: the settlement of the Philippines, it has had a development
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Speaker 1: unparalleled in the history of states. Although peopled by emigrants
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Speaker 1: from Europe who rigidly preserved both their purity of race
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Speaker 1: and pride of ancestry, the American colonists at the end
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Speaker 1: of a century were far separated in spirit and institutions
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Speaker 1: from the Old World. Struggle with the wilderness and with
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Speaker 1: a savage produced among them a society more democratic and
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Speaker 1: more independent than Europe had ever known. While their profound
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Speaker 1: religious convictions saved the colonists from barbarism and intellectual decline.
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Speaker 1: It can truthfully be said that in seventeen seventy five,
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Speaker 1: at the outbreak of the American Revolution, the colonists had
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Speaker 1: abler men and greater political ability than the mother country
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Speaker 1: of England. It was these men who, at the close
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Speaker 1: of the Revolution, framed the American Constitution, the greatest achievement
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Speaker 1: in the history of public law. This nation, endowed at
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Speaker 1: its commencement with so precious an inheritance of political genius,
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Speaker 1: felt its civil superiority to the illiberal or ineffective governments
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Speaker 1: of Europe, and this feeling has produced in Americans a
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Speaker 1: supreme and traditional confidence in their own forms of government
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Speaker 1: and democratic standards of life. Certainly, their history contains much
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Speaker 1: to justify the choice of their institutions. One hundred and
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Speaker 1: twenty five years ago, these colonies were a small nation
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Speaker 1: of two million, five hundred thousand people, occupying no more
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Speaker 1: than the Atlantic coast of the continent. Great mountain chains
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Speaker 1: divided them from the interior, which was overrun by the
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Speaker 1: fiercest and most warlike type of man that the races
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Speaker 1: have produced, the American Indian, with an energy which has
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Speaker 1: shown no diminishing from generation to generation. The American broke
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Speaker 1: through these mountain chains, subdued the wilderness, conquered the Indian tribes,
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Speaker 1: and in the space of three generations, was master of
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Speaker 1: the continent of North America. Even while engaged in the
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Speaker 1: war for indepen Tendance, the American frontiersmen crossed the Appalachians
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Speaker 1: and secured Kentucky and the Northwest Territory, and with them
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Speaker 1: the richest and most productive regions of the temperate zone,
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Speaker 1: the Mississippi Valley. In eighteen o three, the Great Empire
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Speaker 1: of Louisiana, falling from the hand of France, was added
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Speaker 1: to the American nation. In eighteen eighteen, Florida was seated
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Speaker 1: by Spain, and in eighteen forty eight, as a result
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Speaker 1: of war with Mexico, came the Greater West and the
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Speaker 1: Pacific Sea Board. This vast dominion, nearly three thousand miles
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Speaker 1: in width from east to west, has been peopled by
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Speaker 1: natural increase and by immigration from Europe until at the
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Speaker 1: end of the nineteenth century, the American nation numbered seventy
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Speaker 1: six million souls. This development has taken place without fundamental
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Speaker 1: change in the constitution or form of government, without loss
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Speaker 1: of individual liberty, and with ever increasing national prosperity. Moreover,
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Speaker 1: the States have survived the Civil War, the most bloody
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Speaker 1: and persistently fought war of all modern centuries, a war
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Speaker 1: in which a million soldiers fell, and to sustain which
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Speaker 1: three and a half billion dollars in gold were expended
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Speaker 1: out of the national treasury. This war accomplished the abolition
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Speaker 1: of Negro slavery, the greatest economic revolution ever effected by
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Speaker 1: a single blow. Such, in brief is the history of
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Speaker 1: the American nation, so gifted with political intelligence, so driven
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Speaker 1: by sleepless energy, so proud of its achievements, and inwardly
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Speaker 1: so contemptuous of the more polished but less liberal life
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Speaker 1: of the old World. Europe has never understood this nation,
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Speaker 1: and not until a few years ago did Europeans dream
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Speaker 1: of its progress and its power. Relation of the United
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Speaker 1: States to South American republics toward the republics of Spanish America,
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Speaker 1: the United States has always stood in a peculiar relation
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Speaker 1: these countries achieved their independence of Spain under the inspiration
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Speaker 1: of the success of the United States. Their governments were
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Speaker 1: framed in imitation of the American and in spite of
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Speaker 1: the turbulence and disorder of their political life, the United
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Speaker 1: States has always felt and manifested a strong sympathy for
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Speaker 1: these states as fellow republics. She has moreover pledged herself
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Speaker 1: to the maintenance of their integrity against the attacks of
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Speaker 1: European powers. This position of the United States in threatening
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Speaker 1: with resistance the attempt of any European power to seize
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Speaker 1: American territory is known as the Monroe doctrine because it
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Speaker 1: was first declared by President Monroe in eighteen twenty three.
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Speaker 1: Sympathy of American people for the oppressed Cubans. The fact
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Speaker 1: that the American nation attained its own independence by revolution
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Speaker 1: has made the American people give ready sympathy to the
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Speaker 1: cause of the revolutionists. The people of Cuba, who made
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Speaker 1: repeated ineffective struggles against Spanish sovereignty, always had the good
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Speaker 1: wishes of the American people. By international law, however, one
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Speaker 1: nation may not recognize or assist revolutionists against a friendly
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Speaker 1: power until their independence is practically effected. Thus, When rebellion
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Speaker 1: broke out afresh in Cuba in eighteen ninety four, the
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Speaker 1: United States government actively suppressed the lending of assistance to
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Speaker 1: the Cubans, as was its duty, although the American people
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Speaker 1: themselves heartily wished Cuba free. The war in Cuba dragged
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Speaker 1: along for years and became more and more merciless. The
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Speaker 1: passions of Cubans and Spaniards were so inflamed that quarter
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Speaker 1: was seldom given and prisoners were not spared. Spain poured
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Speaker 1: her troops into the island until there were one hundred
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Speaker 1: and twenty thousand on Cuban soil, but the rebellion continued.
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Speaker 1: The Spanish have always been merciless in dealing with revolutionists. Americans,
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Speaker 1: on the other hand, have always conceded the moral right
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Speaker 1: of a people to resist oppressive government, and in the
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Speaker 1: entire history of the United States, there has scarcely been
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Speaker 1: a single punishment for political crime. Although probably the fiercest
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Speaker 1: war in history was the American Civil War from eighteen
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Speaker 1: sixty one to eighteen sixty five, there was not a
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Speaker 1: single execution for treason. Thus, the stories of the constant
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Speaker 1: executions of political prisoners on an island in sight of
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Speaker 1: its own shores greatly exasperated America, as did the policy
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Speaker 1: of Governor General Whaler, which was excessive in its severity
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Speaker 1: war with Spain destruction of the main As the contest
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Speaker 1: proceeded without sign of termination, the patients of the American
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Speaker 1: people grew less. Then February fifteenth, eighteen ninety eight occurred
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Speaker 1: one of the most deplorable events of recent times. The
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Speaker 1: American battleship Maine, lying in the harbor of Havana, was
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Speaker 1: in the night blown to destruction by mine or torpedo,
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Speaker 1: killing two hundred sixty six American officers and sailors. It
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Speaker 1: is impossible to believe that so dastardly an act was
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Speaker 1: done with the knowledge of the higher Spanish officials. But
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Speaker 1: the American people rightly demanded that a government such as
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Speaker 1: Spain maintained in Cuba, unable to prevent such an outrage
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Speaker 1: upon the vessel of a friendly power, and that could
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Speaker 1: neither suppress its rebellion nor wage war humanely, should cease
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Speaker 1: declaration of war. On April twentieth, the American Congress demanded
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Speaker 1: that Spain withdraw from the island and recognized the independence
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Speaker 1: of Cuba. This was practically a declaration of war. Spain
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Speaker 1: indignantly refused and resolved upon resistance. Unfortunately, the ignorant European
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Speaker 1: press claimed for spain military and naval superiority. The war
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Speaker 1: was brief and was an overwhelming disaster to Spain. Every
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Speaker 1: vessel of her proud navy that came under the fire
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Speaker 1: of American guns was destroyed. For a few months battle
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Speaker 1: raged along the coasts of Cuba, and then Spain sued
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Speaker 1: for peace Dewey's victory in miss Aranilla Bay, but meanwhile
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Speaker 1: the war begun without the slightest reference to the Philippine
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Speaker 1: Islands had brought about surprising consequences here. At the opening
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Speaker 1: of the war, both Spain and the United States had
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Speaker 1: squadrons in Asiatic waters. The Spanish fleet lay at Cavite,
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Speaker 1: the American ships gathered at Hong Kong. Immediately on the
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Speaker 1: declaration of war, the American naval commander Dewey was ordered
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Speaker 1: to destroy the Spanish fleet, which was feared on the
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Speaker 1: Pacific coast of America. Dewey entered the Bay of Manila
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Speaker 1: in darkness on the morning of May first and made
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Speaker 1: direct for the Spanish vessels at Cavite. His fleet was
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Speaker 1: the more powerful and immeasurably the more efficient. In a
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Speaker 1: few hours, the Spanish navy was utterly destroyed, and Manila
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Speaker 1: lay at the mercy of his guns. A new insurrection
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Speaker 1: under Aginaldo. At this signal catastrophe to Spain, the smoldering
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Speaker 1: insurrection in the islands broke out afresh. The Spanish troops
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Speaker 1: not in Manila were driven in upon their posts and
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Speaker 1: placed in a position of siege. The friars, so hated
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Speaker 1: by the revolutionists, were captured in large numbers and were
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Speaker 1: in some cases killed. With the permission and assistance of
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Speaker 1: the American authorities, Aginaldo returned from Singapore and landed at Cvide.
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Speaker 1: Here he immediately headed anew the Philippine Insurrection. Capture of Manila.
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Speaker 1: Troops were dispatched from San Francisco for the capture of Manila.
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Speaker 1: By the end of July eight thousand, five hundred men
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Speaker 1: lay in the transports of Cvide. They were landed at
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Speaker 1: the little estuary of Baragnac and advanced northwards upon Fort
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Speaker 1: San Antonio and the defenses of Malate. The Spaniards behind
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Speaker 1: the city's defenses, although outnumbering the Americans, were sick and dispirited.
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Speaker 1: One attempt was made to drive back the invading army,
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Speaker 1: but on the following day, the Americans swept through the
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Speaker 1: defenses and lf line of blockhouses, and Manilla capitulated August thirteenth,
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Speaker 1: eighteen ninety eight. The Filipinos had scarcely participated in the
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Speaker 1: attack on the city, and they were excluded from occupying
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Speaker 1: it after its surrender. This act was justified because the
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Speaker 1: Filipino forces had been very recently raised, The soldiers were undisciplined,
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Speaker 1: and had they entered the city with passions inflamed as
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Speaker 1: they were, it was feared by the Americans that their
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Speaker 1: officers might not be able to keep them from looting
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Speaker 1: and crime. Misunderstanding between Americans and Filipinos. Up to this point,
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Speaker 1: the relations between the American and Filipino armies had been friendly.
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Speaker 1: But here began that misunderstanding and distrust which for so
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Speaker 1: many months were to alienate these two peoples and embitter
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Speaker 1: their intercourse. Provisional Government of the Filipinos. In the interval
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Speaker 1: between the destruction of the Spanish fleet and the capture
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Speaker 1: of Manila, the Filipinos in Cavite had organized the Provisional
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Speaker 1: Government and proclaimed the independence of the Archipelago American ideas
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Speaker 1: in regard to the Philippines, the idea of returning these
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Speaker 1: islands to the Spanish power was exceedingly repugnant to American sentiment.
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Speaker 1: Spain's attitude toward revolutionists was well understood in America, and
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Speaker 1: the Filipinos had acted as America's friends and allies. On
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Speaker 1: the other hand, the American government was unwilling to turn
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Speaker 1: over to the newly organized Filipino Republic the government of
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Speaker 1: the archipelago. It was felt in America, and with reason,
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Speaker 1: that this Filipino government was not truly representative of all
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Speaker 1: the people in the Philippines, that the Filipino leaders were
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Speaker 1: untried men, and that the people themselves had not had
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Speaker 1: political training and experience. The United States, having overthrown the
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Speaker 1: Spanish government, here was under obligation to see that the
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Speaker 1: government established in its place would represent all and do
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Speaker 1: injustice to none. The Filipinos were very slightly known to America,
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Speaker 1: but their educated class was believed to be small and
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Speaker 1: their political ability unproven. Thus, no assurances were given to
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Speaker 1: the Filipino leaders that their government would be recognized or
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Speaker 1: that their wishes would be consulted in the future of
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Speaker 1: the islands. In fact, these matters could be settled only
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Speaker 1: by action of the American Congress, which was late in
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Speaker 1: assembling and slow to act the terms of peace. Spain
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Speaker 1: and America were now negotiating terms of peace. These negotiations
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Speaker 1: were conducted at Paris and dragged on during many critical weeks.
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Speaker 1: The Filipinos were naturally very much concerned over the outcome. Finally,
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Speaker 1: the American government demanded of Spain that she seed the
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Speaker 1: islands to the United States and accept the sum of
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Speaker 1: twenty million dollars gold for public works and improvements which
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Speaker 1: she had made suspicions of the Filipino leaders. These terms
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Speaker 1: became known in November eighteen ninety eight. They served to
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Speaker 1: awaken the worst suspicions of the Filipino leaders. Many believed
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Speaker 1: that they were about to exchange the oppressive domination of
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Speaker 1: Spain for the selfish and equally oppressive domination of America.
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Speaker 1: There is reason to believe that some leaders counseled patients
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Speaker 1: and during the succeeding months, made a constant effort to
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Speaker 1: maintain the peace. But the radical party among the Filipinos
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Speaker 1: was led by a man of real gifts and fiery disposition.
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Speaker 1: Antonio Luna. He had received an education in Europe, had
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Speaker 1: had some instruction in military affairs, and when in September
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Speaker 1: the Filipino government was transferred to Malolos, Luna became the
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Speaker 1: General in chief of the military forces. He was also
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Speaker 1: editor of the most radical Filipino newspaper, La Independentia New
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Speaker 1: Filipino Government. On January fourth, eighteen ninety nine, President McKinley
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Speaker 1: issued a special message to General Otis, commanding the armies
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Speaker 1: of the United States in the Philippines, declaring that American
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Speaker 1: sovereignty must be recognized without conditions. It was thought in
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Speaker 1: the United States that a firm declaration of this kind
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Speaker 1: would be accepted by the Filipinos and they would not
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Speaker 1: dare to make resistance. The intentions of the American President
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Speaker 1: and nation, as subsequent events have proven, were to deal
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Speaker 1: with the Filipinos with great liberality. But the President's professions
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Speaker 1: were not trusted by the Filipinos, and the result of
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Speaker 1: mister mc kinley's message was to move them at once
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Speaker 1: to frame an independent government and to decide on war.
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Speaker 1: This new government was framed at Malolos, Bulacan by a
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Speaker 1: congress with representatives from most of the provinces of Central Luzon.
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Speaker 1: The Malolos Constitution was proclaimed January twenty third, eighteen ninety nine,
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Speaker 1: and Don Emilio Aginaldo was elected president. The cabinet or
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Speaker 1: ministry included Don Apollinario Mabini, Secretary of State, Don Teodoro Sandco,
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Speaker 1: Secretary of a Nas, General Baldomero Aginaldo, Secretary of War,
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Speaker 1: General Mariano Trias, Secretary of Treasury, Don Ingracio Gonzaga, Secretary
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Speaker 1: of Public Instruction and Agriculture. War were the Americans Battle
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Speaker 1: of Manila. The Filipino forces were impatient for fighting, and
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Speaker 1: attack on the American lines surrounding Manila began on the
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Speaker 1: night of February fourth. It is certain that battle had
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Speaker 1: been decided upon and in preparation for some time, and
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Speaker 1: that fighting would have been begun in any case before
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Speaker 1: the arrival of reinforcements from America. But the attack was
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Speaker 1: precipitated a little early by the killing at San Juan
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Speaker 1: Bridge of a Filipino officer who refused to halt when
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Speaker 1: challenged by an American sentry. On that memorable and dreadful night,
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Speaker 1: the battle raged with great fury along the entire circle
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Speaker 1: of defenses surrounding the city from Tondo on the north
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Speaker 1: to Fort's San Antonio Diaba south of the suburb of Malate,
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Speaker 1: along three main avenues from the north, east, and south.
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Speaker 1: The Filipinos attempted to storm and enter the capitol, but
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Speaker 1: although they charged with reckless bravery and four hours sustained
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Speaker 1: a bloody combat, they had fatally underestimated the fighting qualities
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Speaker 1: of the American soldier. The volunteer regiments of the American
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Speaker 1: Army came almost entirely from the Western United States, where
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Speaker 1: young men are naturally trained to the use of arms
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Speaker 1: and are imbued by inheritance with the powerful and aggressive
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Speaker 1: qualities of the American frontier. When morning broke, the Filipino
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Speaker 1: line of attack had at every point been shattered and
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Speaker 1: thrown back, and the Americans had advanced their positions on
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Speaker 1: the north to Galaocan, on the east to the waterworks
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Speaker 1: and the Maraquina Valley, and on the south to Passai
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Speaker 1: declaration of war. Unfortunately, during the night attack and before
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Speaker 1: the disaster to Filipino arms was apparent, a Ninaldo had
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Speaker 1: longed the United States a declaration of war. This declaration
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Speaker 1: prevented the Americans from trusting the overtures of certain Filipinos
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Speaker 1: made after this battle, and peace was not achieved. The
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Speaker 1: Malolos Campaign, on March twenty fifth, began the American advance
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Speaker 1: upon the Filipino capital of Malolos. This Malulos Campaign, as
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Speaker 1: it is usually called, occupied six days and ended in
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Speaker 1: the driving of the Filipino army and government from their capital.
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Speaker 1: The Filipino army was pursued in its retreat as far
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Speaker 1: as Columbete, where on the southern bank of the Rio
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Speaker 1: Grande des Bambanga the American line rested during the height
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Speaker 1: of the rainy season. During this interval, the volunteer regiments
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Speaker 1: whose terms of service had long expired were returned to
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Speaker 1: the States and their places taken by regiments of the
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Speaker 1: regular Army. Some hard fighting had taken place during this campaign,
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Speaker 1: and two extremely worthy American officers were killed, Colonels Edbert
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Speaker 1: and Stats the American Army. The American Army at that time,
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Speaker 1: besides the artillery, consisted of twenty five regiments of infantry
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Speaker 1: and ten of cavalry. Congress now authorized the organization of
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Speaker 1: twenty four new regiments of infantry, to be known as
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Speaker 1: a twenty sixth to the forty ninth regiments of US
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Speaker 1: Volunteers and one volunteer regiment of Cavalry, the eleventh, for
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Speaker 1: a service of two years. These regiments were largely officered
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Speaker 1: by men from civil life, familiar with a great variety
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Speaker 1: of callings and professions, men for the most part, of
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Speaker 1: fine character, whose services in the months that followed were
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Speaker 1: very great, not only in the field, but in gaining
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Speaker 1: the friendship of the Filipino people and in representing the
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Speaker 1: character and intentions of the American government anti war agitators
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Speaker 1: in America through the summer of eighteen ninety nine, the
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Speaker 1: war was not pressed by the American general, nor were
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Speaker 1: the negotiation with the Filipino leaders conducted with success. The
20:03
Speaker 1: Filipinos were by no means dismayed in spite of their reverses.
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Speaker 1: They believed the conquest of the islands impossible to foreign troops. Furthermore,
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Speaker 1: the war had met with tremendous opposition in America. Many
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Speaker 1: Americans believed that the war was against the fundamental rights
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Speaker 1: of the Filipino people. They attacked the administration with unspeakable bitterness.
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Speaker 1: They openly expressed sympathy for the Filipino revolutionary cause, and
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Speaker 1: for the space of two years, their encouragement was an
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Speaker 1: important factor in sustaining the rebellion spread of the insurrection.
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Speaker 1: In these same summer months, the revolutionary leaders spread their
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Speaker 1: cause among the surrounding provinces and islands. The spirit of
20:47
Speaker 1: resistance was prominent, at first only among the Tagalogs, but
20:51
Speaker 1: gradually nearly all the Christianized population was united in resistance
20:55
Speaker 1: to the American occupation occupation of Negros. The Americans had
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Speaker 1: meanwhile occupied Iloilo and the Bisayas, and shortly afterwards the
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Speaker 1: presidios in Mindanao surrendered by the Spaniards. In Negros, also,
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Speaker 1: exceptional circumstances had taken place. The people in this island
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Speaker 1: invited American sovereignty, and General James Smith, sent to the
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Speaker 1: island in March as governor, assisted the people in forming
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Speaker 1: a liberal government, through which insurrection and disorder in that
21:26
Speaker 1: island were largely avoided. Death of General Luna, with a
21:32
Speaker 1: cessation of heavy rains, the fighting was begun again in
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Speaker 1: northern Luzon. The Filipino Army had its headquarters in Darlac,
21:41
Speaker 1: and its lines occupied the towns of the provinces of
21:44
Speaker 1: Bungasinan and nuevea Isesiha, stretching in a long line of
21:48
Speaker 1: posts from the Zambalis mountains almost to the upper waters
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Speaker 1: of the Rio Bambanga. It was still well armed, provisioned,
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Speaker 1: and resolute. But the brilliant, though wayward organizer of this
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Speaker 1: army was the Nationalist Tunta, which had directed the Philippine
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Speaker 1: government and army had not been able to reconcile its differences.
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Speaker 1: It is reported that Luna aspired to a dictatorship. He
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Speaker 1: was killed by soldiers of Aginaldo at Cabana Duan. The
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Speaker 1: campaign in northern Luzon, the American generals now determined upon
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Speaker 1: a strategic campaign. General MacArthur was to command in advance
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Speaker 1: up the railroad from Columbia upon Tarlac. General Lawton, with
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Speaker 1: a flying column of swift infantry and cavalry, was to
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Speaker 1: make a flanking movement eastward through Nueva Esiha and ham
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Speaker 1: the Filipino forces in upon the east. Meanwhile, General Wheaton
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Speaker 1: was to convey a force by transport to the Gulf
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Speaker 1: of lim Gayen to throw a cordon across the Ilocano
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Speaker 1: coast that should cut off the retreat of the Filipino
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Speaker 1: army northward as a strategic movement. This campaign was only
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Speaker 1: partially successful. MacArthur swept northward, crushing the Filippino line on
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Speaker 1: his front, his advance being led by the active regiment
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Speaker 1: of General J. Franklin Bell. Lawton's column scoured the country eastward,
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Speaker 1: marching with great rapidity and tremendous exertions. Swollen rivers were
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Speaker 1: crossed with great loss of life, and the column, cutting
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Speaker 1: loose from its supplies, was frequently in need of food.
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Speaker 1: It was in this column that the Filipino first saw
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Speaker 1: with amazement the great American cavalry horse, so large beside
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Speaker 1: the small pony of the Philippines. Lawton's descent was so
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Speaker 1: swift that the Philippine government and staff narrowly escaped capture.
23:37
Speaker 1: On the night of November eleventh, the Filipino generals held
23:40
Speaker 1: their last council of war at Bayambang on the Rio Agno,
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Speaker 1: and resolved upon dispersal. Meanwhile, Wheaton had landed at San
23:48
Speaker 1: Fabian upon the southern Ilocano coast, but his force was
23:52
Speaker 1: insufficient to establish an effective cordon, and on the night
23:55
Speaker 1: of November fifteenth, Aguinaldo, with a small party of ministers
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Speaker 1: and officers, closely pursued by the Cavalry of Lawton under
24:03
Speaker 1: the command of General Young, slipped past through the mountains
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Speaker 1: of Poso, Ubio and Rosario and escaped up the Ilocano coast.
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Speaker 1: Then began one of the most exciting pursuits in recent wars.
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Speaker 1: The chase never slackened, except in those repeated instances when
24:19
Speaker 1: for the moment the trail of the Filipino general was lost.
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Speaker 1: From Candon Aginaldo turned eastward through the commandanches of Lepanto
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Speaker 1: and Bonduc into the wild Egoro country of the Cordoliera Central.
24:34
Speaker 1: The trail into Lepanto leads over the lofty mountains through
24:38
Speaker 1: the precipitous Tila Pass. Near the summit in what was
24:41
Speaker 1: regarded as an impregnable position, Gregorio del Pilar, little more
24:45
Speaker 1: than a boy but a brigadier general with a small
24:48
Speaker 1: force of soldiers the remnant of his command, attempted to
24:52
Speaker 1: cover the retreat of his president, but a battalion of
24:55
Speaker 1: the thirty third Infantry under Major March carried the pass
24:59
Speaker 1: with a the total destruction of Pilar's command, he himself
25:03
Speaker 1: falling amid the slain capture of Aguinaldo. Major March then
25:09
Speaker 1: pursued Aguinaldo into Buondoc and then southward into the wild
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Speaker 1: and mountainous territory of Guiangan. On Christmas night, eighteen ninety nine,
25:18
Speaker 1: the American soldiers camped on the crest of the Cordilliera,
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Speaker 1: within a few miles of the Igorota village, where the
25:24
Speaker 1: Filipino force was sleeping. Both parties were broken down and
25:28
Speaker 1: in dire distress through the fierceness of the fight and pursuit,
25:32
Speaker 1: but for several weeks longer, Aginaldo's party was able to
25:35
Speaker 1: remain in these mountains and elude its pursuers. A month later,
25:40
Speaker 1: his trail was finally lost in the valley of the Gagayan.
25:44
Speaker 1: He and his small party finally passed over the exceedingly
25:47
Speaker 1: difficult trail through the Sierra Madre mountains to the little
25:50
Speaker 1: Degalok town of Palanan near the Pacific coast. Here, almost
25:55
Speaker 1: entirely cut off from active participation in the insurrection, Aguinaldo
26:00
Speaker 1: remained until March of nineteen oh one, when he was
26:02
Speaker 1: captured by the party of General Funston. For some weeks
26:06
Speaker 1: following the disintegration of the Filipino army, the country appeared
26:10
Speaker 1: to be pacified and the insurrection over. The new regiments
26:14
Speaker 1: arriving from the United States. An expedition was formed under
26:17
Speaker 1: General Schwan, which in December and January marched southward through
26:22
Speaker 1: Gavide and Laguna Provinces and occupied Batangas, Dayavas, and the Gamarinas.
26:28
Speaker 1: Other regiments were sent to the Besayas and to northern Luzon,
26:31
Speaker 1: until every portion of the archipelago except the islands of
26:35
Speaker 1: Mindoro and Balawan, contained large forces of American troops. Reorganization
26:41
Speaker 1: of the Filipino army. The Filipinos had, by no means, however,
26:46
Speaker 1: abandoned the contest, and this period of quiet was simply
26:49
Speaker 1: a calm while the insurgent forces were perfecting their organization
26:53
Speaker 1: and preparing for a renewal of the conflict under a
26:56
Speaker 1: different form. It being found impossible for a Filipino arts
27:00
Speaker 1: army to keep the field, there was effected a secret
27:02
Speaker 1: organization for the purpose of maintaining irregular warfare through every
27:06
Speaker 1: portion of the archipelago. The islands were partitioned into a
27:10
Speaker 1: great number of districts or zones. At the head of
27:14
Speaker 1: each was a zone commander, usually with the rank of general.
27:18
Speaker 1: The operations of these men were to a certain extent
27:21
Speaker 1: guided by the council or directions of the secret Revolutionary
27:24
Speaker 1: Juntas in Manila or Hong Kong, but in fact they
27:28
Speaker 1: were practically absolute and independent, and the exercised extraordinary powers.
27:33
Speaker 1: They recruited their own forces and commissioned subordinate commanders. They
27:38
Speaker 1: levied contributions upon towns, owners of haciendas, and individuals of
27:43
Speaker 1: every class, and there was a secret civil or municipal
27:46
Speaker 1: organization for collecting these revenues. The zone commanders, moreover, exercised
27:52
Speaker 1: the terrible power of execution by administrative order. End of
27:58
Speaker 1: Chapter thirteen, Part one, recording by Alma Molino